Addis Ababa University

College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture

A guide to graduate research proposal and thesis/dissertation writing

INTRODUCTION

Preparation and submission of a research proposal is mandatory for a graduate student of any
discipline at the Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture. The
ultimate success of any MSc thesis or PhD dissertation research depends on the preparation of
a sound research proposal. All graduate students should follow a uniform pattern in the
preparation of their respective research proposals. The formats and contents that you, graduate
students of the College should follow in writing research proposals are briefly described in
part II. Part I is dedicated to rules applicable to both research proposals and thesis/dissertation
writing.

We hope that the knowledge that you gain form part I and II of this manual will lend a hand to
you in your thesis or dissertations write up, the format of which is depicted in part III. The
research work that you do and the eventual thesis or dissertation writing are carried out under
the guidance of senior faculty member(s) specialized in the student’s major field of study.

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 Chapter I. RULES COMMON TO RESEARCH PROPOSALS, THESIS AND
DESSERTATION

Some rules are followed all through the entire MSc/PhD research project proposals and
corresponding thesis and dissertation write up. For the sake of clarity, these are divided further
into sub-sections as indicated below.

1. Margins and Fonts

Margins of 3.0 cm (1.5 inches) on the left (for binding) and 2.5 cm (1.0 inch) on the right, top
and bottom are required. While an UPPER CASE 12 points font is recommended for the first
order (major titles), all the rest of the proposal including the text, sub-headings and captions of
tables and figures must be written in 12 points font of “times New roman” style.

2. Starting on New Pages

Each component of the Preliminaries, each of the five first order titles (chapters) of the Text
and the Reference and Appendix parts of the proposal/thesis/dissertation must start on a new
page. As a rule, each component of the preliminaries is expected to be short and not exceeding
a page. Exceptions may be the Table of contents and/or the List of Tables. In case the Table of
Contents and/or the List of Tables are more than one page, the title followed in bracket with
the word “Continued” must appear on every additional page, e.g. TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued). The Appendix comes following the reference, and the title: APPENDIX is
written on the center of a plane paper that has a page number on it.

3. Letter Cases and Numbering of Headings

Each of the titles of the preliminaries and the major titles (chapters) of the text as well as the
titles: References and Appendix(ces) must be written in upper case letters and centered. Each
chapter of the text opens with one or two paragraph(s) discussing general issues of the chapter
so that sub-headings do not occur just below the chapter heading. Chapter headings of the text
are numbered with Arabic numerals starting from 1 for the Introduction and ending with 7 in

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the Appendices (if any) or with 6 in the reference. However, none of the titles of the
preliminaries are numbered including in the Table of Contents.

The second order titles (sub-headings) are numbered consecutively with fractions of the
Arabic numeral of their respective chapters (e.g. 1.1., 1.2., or 2.1., 2.2., etc) and must be
written in bold title case letters (that is, only the first letter of all major words of the heading
written in upper case letters), flushed left and should not run with text. However, all the third
and higher order sub-division headings are numbered consecutively with fractions of the
Arabic numeral of their respective sub-headings (e.g. 1.11., 1.1.2., or 2.1.1., 2.1.2., etc) and
written in italic lower case letter (except the first letter of the first word and proper nouns),
flushed left margin, No titles or headings of any division and headings of either Tables or
figures are underlined.

4. Spacing and Indentation

The spacing between the lines in text is 1.5 and between paragraphs is always two line spaces,
that is one more free line of 1.5 spacing in addition to the automatically applied 1.5 line
spacing. A free line space is required both between the paragraphs above and below the sub-
headings and division headings in the text. A free line spacing of 1.5 is also required between a
table and its caption as well as between a figure and a figure caption. Indenting the first line of
a paragraph as a substitute of one free line spacing between two paragraphs is not acceptable.

5. Page Numbering

Although not every page has a page number typed on it, every page (perhaps except the Cover
Page) is assigned a page number. The use of two different series of page numbering is
recommended. In the first series Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.) are used for all the pages
starting from the beginning of the “table of contents” page and ending at the last page
preceding the “Introduction”. In the second series, Arabic numerals (1,2,3, etc.) are used from
the first page of the “Introduction” and continues up to the end of the “ appendix section. The
first page of both series must not have its page number typed on it. Thus, page numbering
starts with “ii” at the bottom-center of the next page in the first series and with “2” on the
second page of the “introduction” at the bottom-center of the page in the second series.

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6. Other Common Rules

 In case a sub-heading title falls just below a major (chapter) heading or a division
heading falls below a subheading (and so on), the lower heading title that falls below
the upper heading title must be indented inside just by one “Tab” and the space
between the two titles remains to be a double space.
 To have a numbered sub-heading or division or sub-division heading there must be at
least two sub-heading, or two divisions/sub-divisions’ headings discussed under the
upper division heading. It is unacceptable to number headings with 1.1., 1.1.1., , etc. if
there is no at least one more heading to be numbered as 1.2.1,1.2.2, etc, respectively.
 Scientific names in any part of the research proposal are written in Italic Font, the
genus name starting with capital (upper case) whereas the species name in small (lower
case) letters. Similarly, none English Language terminologies (words, nouns, pronouns
etc.) shall be italicized.
 All measurements shall be given in Metric units and currencies either in Birr or US
Dollars or Perhaps EURO.

Chapter II. RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITING

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1. Structure and contents of the research proposals

Like all the means of communications, the structure and coverage of MSc/PhD research
proposal must be tailored to the subject to be treated. However, a formal research proposal to
be submitted by a graduate student of the College is expected to have the following basic
components and format although there can be a slight variation as per the program and nature
of the study.

Preliminaries Text
VII. INTRODUCTION
I. COVER (TITLE) PAGE VIII. LITERATURE REVIEW
II. TABLE OF CONTENTS IX. MATERIALS AND METHODS
III. LIST OF TABLES (if any) X. WORK PLAN
IV. LIST OF FIGURES (if any) XI. LOGISTICS/RESOURCES
V. LIST OF APPENDICES (if any) Reference/appendix
VI. ABBREVIATIONS (if any) XII. REFERENCES
XIII. APPENDIX (if any)
XIV. APPROVAL SHEET

The components listed from 1 to 14 above constitute the three major parts’ viz., “the
Preliminaries, the Text and the Reference/Appendix” of a graduate research proposal. Each
components of the proposal is briefly described in section 2 of this part of the guidelines.
Graduate students of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture are thus requested to
adhere to these structure and contents, occurring in the order presented in preparing their
proposal.

2. Description of the elements of research proposal

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2.1. Cover (Title) Page and the Research Project Title

The “cover page” should be informative, free from any ambiguity and incompleteness. It
contains:

 The logo (s) of the university and/or the college

 Name of the University, College and Department
 The title of the project: A proposal on:…
 MSc/PhD research proposal
 The name of the student: By
 Research Advisors/Supervisors: Name, qualification, rank)
 The month, year and place

The student must make sure that the cover page is free from any spelling and grammatical
errors. Title case letters are recommended in the style of writing although the name of the
University and the School are usually in BOLD CAPITAL LETTERS. A sample of a model
cover page for a proposal is given in Appendix I for further reference.

 The “title” of MSc/PhD thesis/dissertation research project proposal should be as clear,

specific and concise as possible.
 Many experienced researches suggest that the project should have a precise and
concise title and should be as short as possible.
 Phrases such as “the Study of” or An Investigation on” are considered just extra, thus
need to be avoided unless they are really demanded by the nature of the title.
 The core point is that efforts should be made to develop a title that most appropriately
captures and reflects the main theme of the proposed study. Scientific terms can be
included in the title.

2.2. Table of Contents

 The heading and/or all entries in the “table of contents” page should correspond
exactly in wordings, fonts and cases with headings as they appear in the text.
 The words “title” and “page” as well as dotted lines connecting headings and
respective pages in the “table of contents” page are to be avoided.
 Usually, notations for sub-divisions of sub-headings should not exceed three decimals.
 In case such divisions are necessary, the 4th and higher order division headings may be
ignored from entering in to the “table of contents” so that the table of contents may not
be too long.
 A sample “table of contents” page that illustrates the capitalization, indentation, line
spacing and numbering of contents is shown in Appendix II as well as Appendix IX.

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  Please note that in case the list of the “table of contents” is more than a page, the title
followed in bracket with the word “Continued” e.g. TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued) must appear on every additional page.

2.3. List of Tables (if any)

Whenever applicable, the “list of tables” comes next to the “table of contents”. For the
acceptable format of preparing the “list of tables”, reference can be made to the “sample list of
tables” given in Appendix X.

2.4. List of Figures (if any)

The “list of figures”, which comes after the “list of tables” is prepared the same way the “list
of tables” is prepared (Appendix X) except that the title “Table” written flash left margin
above the list of tables is changed by the word “Figure”. In the absence of “list of tables”, the
“list of figures” comes just after the “table of contents” page. Please refer to the “sample list of
figures” in Appendix XI for further information.

2.5. List of appendices (if any)

 As a normal practice, a graduate research proposal might not include appendices.

Nevertheless, there may be occasions which require appendices calling for “list of
appendices”.
 The supportive and supplementary technical matters such as formulae, derivations,
methodologies to be followed, questionnaires to be administered etc. in undertaking
the proposed study are given in Appendix/Appendices.
 It can be sub-divided into sections such as Appendix Tables, Appendix Figures and so
on under the Appendices. The “list of tables” and “list of figures” in the Appendix are
prepared in the same manner the list of tables and the list of figures are prepared except
that the titles “Table” and “Figure” flash the left margin above the list of tables and
above the list of figures are replaced by “Appendix Table” and “Appendix Figure”,
respectively. Please refer appendix XI

2.6. Abbreviations or Acronyms (if any)

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  Generally, the use of author coined uncommon abbreviations shall be avoided or at
least minimized.
 For author coined abbreviations the first letters of key words written in upper case
letters must be used.
 The abbreviations are then listed in alphabetical order of the terms written in full form
on a new page preceding the “introduction” section.
 No abbreviation may be used either in a heading of any division or at the beginning of
any sentence.
 Each abbreviation should be defined in full when it is first used in the manuscript
followed by the abbreviation in bracket.
 The standard units of measurements and internationally known and accepted
abbreviations need be listed. Some abbreviations and symbols such as i.e. e.g. etc.
should be italicized. Sample “list of abbreviations or acronyms and abbreviations” is
given in Appendix VIII.

2.7. Introduction

 The “Introduction” part of the MSc or PhD research proposal is the first major heading
(chapter) of the text.
 The introduction section gives pertinent background information on the research
project work and should be as brief as possible and to the point.
 It may not exceed 750 words or two (2) pages of 1.5 line spacing of 12 point Times
News Roman font for MSc research proposal and not exceed 1200 words or three (3)
pages of 1.5 line-spacing of 12 points (Times News Roman) font for PhD research
proposal.
 In a research proposal, the “introduction” part usually includes:
o A background and clear statement of the problem which reveal the nature,
symptoms and extent of the problem and the variables influencing the problem and
thus leading to clean set of research objectives, and
o Objectives specifying the goals of research information to be generated, research
questions to be answered and/or research hypotheses developed and to be tested.
o It is preferred to write the “introduction” part without dividing it into sub-heading

2.8. Literature Review

 The “literature review” presents a critical analysis of the existing knowledge on the
research problems; objectives and methods. It includes strength of previous studies,

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 limitations and the gaps. The review of literature delineates how the present study will
refine, revise or add to the already documented facts. It clarifies, strengthens and
directs each stage of research and indicates what is new in the proposed study.
 As literature review is a continuous process, a graduate research proposal is expected
to concentrate only on the important and recent advances that are relevant to the
proposed topic of research.
 Generally, the review of literature of graduate research proposal shall be brief (not
exceeding 2500 words (7 pages) in MSc proposal and about 3500 words (10 pages) in
the case of PhD research proposal).
 More importantly, the review needs to be well focused to the research problem under
consideration.
 Proper citation is another important aspect of writing the “literature review” as well as
the “introduction”, and the “materials and methods” sections of graduate research
project proposal.
 Therefore, the following are the guidelines for citation in appropriate sections of the
proposal.
o Chronological order within the parenthesis separated by semicolons- (Anderson et
al., 1995; Abebe, 1998; Yacob and Bersisa, 2002). It is advisable to quote only 3 to
4 recent references for a statement
o If there are several publications by the same author(s), citation will be as: (Tesfaye,
1998, 1999, 2002)
o Citations of two or more publications of the same author(s) published in the same
year need to be distinguished as: Hagos (2003a, 2003b, 2003c) and include the
letters a,b,c after the year in the reference list. Multiple author publications are also
treated in the same way,
o Chronological order outside bracket as: Fikru and Reta (1989), Fekadu et al. (1995)
and Roman (1998). Note that et al. is used for more than two authors and it be
italicized
o Personal communication (Jewaro, J. Personal communication), although students
have to avoid its use as much as possible. However, Personal communication is
cited only in the text but not listed in the “reference” section
o If a student is citing from a Universal Resource Locator (URL) on the internet,
he/she must give the name of the Organization (in full or abbreviated form) or
author(s) followed by the year. See Sub-section 1.3.1. of PART III for detailed rules
in citation references in the text and listing the references section.

2.9. Materials and Methods

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 The “materials and methods” section includes precise descriptions of what and how
research will be done, the data needed, the proposed tools (instruments) to be used in data
collection and the methods of analyzing the data.
 In this section the student should give a clear, specific and appropriate plan of work that
would be followed to attain the proposed objective(s) of the study.
 The research methodology should be appropriate to the problem area, i.e., to the statement
of the problem, the objectives and the hypotheses.
 In selecting appropriate research method(s) and technique(s) and thereby research design,
the student is persistently asking the key question: “how will it be carried out?” the
logistics required for implementing the study should be analyzed in close juxtaposition
with the design selection process.
 The student should concentrate on the questions of affordability in terms of the expenses
to be involved and of feasibility in both temporal and spatial senses
 Depending on the nature of the study, the following components may be included usually
under separate sub-headings:
o descriptions of the study/experimental site,
o materials (example study animals),
o design and procedures,
o type of data to be collected,
o the methods(s) of data collection
o method(s) of data analysis

Moreover, the experimental (Statistical) design and procedures, the population from which the
student is to collect samples, analytical methods including laboratory analysis methods, field
layout and other technique(s) and management practices are usually and conveniently
described under the sub-heading: Experimental Design and Procedures. However, in the
“materials and methods” section, one is basically much more concerned with the method(s) of
data collection and methods(s) of data analysis the contents of which are discussed in the sub-
sections below.

2.9.1. Methods of Data Collection

Whereas the details could be confined to an appendix, a brief description of data collection
method(s) should be given under the above sub-heading. The description should include the
information (data) requirements of the study, nature and sources of data, the method(s) of data
collection or measurement and the unit(s) of measurement. When necessary, the methods of
data collection and nature of data can further be grouped under different sub-division
headings.

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The selection of variables is an important task as it dictates the database for the study. The
student should recognize the nature of the data (quantitative, qualitative), kind and sources of
data (secondary, primary) and how to collect the data-through survey, observation and
measurement, experiment, or a combination of these methods. Once a method or a
combination of methods is chosen, reasonable amount of description of the method(s) should
be given as to how it would be used.

2.9.2. Methods of Data Analysis

During the proposal writing stage, the student should also decide, at least in a broad outline,
how the information would be analyzed. Description of the analytical including laboratory
analysis method(s), technique(s), tool(s) and statistical models and tests that will be used in
analyzing the data to discover truth should be given. The data analysis procedure(s) should be
appropriate to the problem on the basis of existing theory, past research and resources (time,
money, personnel and facilities) available. The student should take a further opportunity for
second thought as to whether the study, as planed is likely to meet its objectives. By doing all
this, the investigator can reach at an effective research methodology.

2.10. Work Plan

 The “work plan” refers to budgeting of time for the implementation of the research
project. This is to assign dates for the completion of various activities of the proposed
research.
 Submitting a “work plan” in the research proposal systematizes the study and
minimizes the natural tendency to procrastinate.
 A detailed work plan showing jobs to be done in the main phases of the study and the
time sequence (the operating schedule), in most cases conveniently presented in the
form of table, is essential, if the project is to be carried out smoothly and efficiently.
 Another role of the work plan is to schedule the research project so that it can be
conducted in time to influence and help decisions.
 A realistic estimate of the time involved for carrying out the components of the
research project is also essential for the scheduling of the various activities to ensure
smoothness of operations, the monitoring of the project and reviewing its progress.
 In estimating the time required for the research, due consideration should be given to
the time needed for the necessary organization and arrangements, data collection, data
analysis and report writing.

2.11. Logistics/resources

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  The “logistics” section of a research proposal sets out the financial resources required
for the implementation of the project. This ensures that the necessary personnel, travel,
per diem, equipment, materials and associated services and expendable supplies will be
available for the project.
 The student should summarize towards the end all the expenditure under various
headings that may include unforeseen expenditure (contingency allowance of 5% to
10%) as well together with the sources.
 The budget estimate must, therefore, be prepared with utmost care and thoroughness. It
must be realistic, as both overestimation and underestimation should be scrupulously
avoided.

2.12. References

The “references” must include all works cited or referred to for information while writing the
research proposal. The section contains all published and unpublished scholarly materials like
books, periodicals, documentary materials, theses/dissertations, pamphlets, yearbooks, statical
abstract, annual reports, etc which were consulted for relevant information following strictly
the rules of scientific references. The rules that govern the preparation of bibliographical
references are clearly explained in subsection 1.3.1 of PART III.

2.13. Appendix( if any)

Master’s thesis and PhD dissertation research proposals should be complete in transmitting all
the necessary materials without being too bulky. Any detailed technical matters of interest to
small minority of readers should be put at the back end of the proposal. Therefore, a
preliminary draft of the questionnaire, mathematical formulae or derivations, detailed
description of the sample selection procedure(s) etc… if they are deemed necessary, should be
confined to the appendix (ices). They can either be bound with the actual proposal or attached
separately. In many circumstances appendix is not necessary especially in graduate research
proposals.

2.14. Signature and Approval Sheet

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This is the last item of an MSC/PhD research proposal. Students may obtain the format of the
“approval sheet” either from their respective departments or from the office of the Dean of the
School of Graduate Studies. A sample page of “approval sheet” is given in Appendix V and
VI

Chapter III. THESIS AND DISSERTATION WRITING

The graduate thesis (dissertation) generally consists of three major divisions’ viz., “the
Preliminaries, the Text and the Reference plus Appendix Materials” The format and the
major components of the three major divisions of the thesis and/or the dissertation manuscripts
are briefly described in the following sections. Graduate students of the College of Veterinary
Medicine and Agriculture of the Addis Ababa University are therefore requested to adhere to

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these general structure and contents, occurring in the order presented in preparing their thesis
and dissertation manuscripts.

1. Structure and Contents of the Preliminaries

1.1. Title page

The “title page” is the first page of a thesis or dissertation that is usually printed out on a hard
cover or a material other than a white sheet of paper. It includes the title of the study, the type
of the degree for which the work is conducted MSc/PhD, the full name of the candidate, and
the month-year and university the degree is to be granted. It may also contain logo(s) of the
institution in which the student has studied. This is the only page of a thesis or dissertation
manuscript for which a page number is not assigned. Please refer to “Sample Title Page”
presented in Appendix III for further information on its format, contents and sequence of
occurrence of contents in the page.

It should also be noted that the length of the title itself should not be too long. The thesis or
dissertation research project title should be selected carefully and must be brief, concise but
descriptive and comprehensive enough to include all key words and phrases that explain the
contents of the study. Scientific names may be included in the title.

1.2. Cover page

The “cover page” is the second page of a thesis or dissertation but the first page for which a page
number (i) is assigned although does not have the number typed on it. It includes the title of the
thesis; the designation of the faculty and college/school and the university to which the thesis is
submitted; the degree for which the manuscript is presented; the full name of the candidate; and the
month/year and place (university) the degree is to be granted. Please refer to the model “cover page”
given under Appendix V for further information about its format and contents.

1.3. Approval and signature (page) sheet

The “approval page” presents the names of the schools and universities attended the title of
the research project, name of candidate and the degree sought, and the names and dated
signatures of all examining board members of the open defense testifying their acceptance
and recommendation of the thesis or dissertation as fulfilling the requirement for the degree

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 sought. The signature page must contain the title of the project, the name of the student, list
of names foer internal approval by advisors and department chairperson. The Associate Dean
of Graduate Programs may also provide enough copies of the “approval page (sheet)” to all
bonafide graduate students at the time of the open defense. Students are advised to consult
Appendix V and VI for detailed information on the contents and format (to be strictly
followed) of the “approval page”

1.4. Dedication (if any)

A student preferring to dedicate his/her manuscript to someone for some reason has the right to do so
just on a new page next to the Approval Sheet Page. In such a situation, the title “Dedication” written
in bold-Italicized upper case letters is placed in the center of the page. A very brief statement of
dedication is then entered below the title as shown in the following examples.

Dedication

This thesis/dissertation manuscript is dedicated of --------------, A renowned veterinary Doctor, My

mother, etc.

Or, I dedicate this thesis/dissertation manuscript to ------------, A renowned veterinary Doctor, My

mother, etc.

Or, this thesis/dissertation manuscript is dedicated to my father, ----------, and my mother, ----------, for
nursing the author with affection and love and for their dedicated partnership in the success of his life.

1.5. Statement of author

This is the place where the candidate solemnly declares that the thesis or dissertation represents his/her
own work and is not submitted to any other institution elsewhere for the award of any degree, diploma
or certificate. The candidate also acknowledges here the various sources of information, ideas, views
and opinions and the likes that he or she borrowed and used in the manuscript. A sample page of the
“statement of author” is given in Appendix VII of this Manual for further reference about its style and
contents.

1.6. Biographical sketch (do we need this??)

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This section comes next to the statement of author. The candidate is not expected to write too large a
biographical sketch, rather, it should be condensed, very precise and concise. It would suffice the need
if he/she includes information on a) Date and place of birth b) Educational Qualification C) Work
Experience and d) Marital Status. It is preferably written in a third English style as the sample
indicated below.

Sample Biographical Sketch:

The author was born on February 28, 1976 in Addis Ababa City, He/She attended his/her Elementary and
secondary school education at Ethiopia Tikdem No. 1 Elementary school and Menelik II comprehensive
Secondary School Addis Ababa respectively. He/She joined the then Addis Ababa University, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine and graduate with DVM degree in Veterinary Medicine in July 1997.

1.7. Acknowledgements

“Acknowledgements” recognize the persons and/or institutions the candidate is indebted to for
guidance, assistance received and those to whom he/she remains thankful for a special aid or
support. Good taste calls for acknowledgements to be expressed simply and tactfully. Like the
Biographical Sketch, the “Acknowledgments” is preferably written in a third person English
form as the sample given below.

Sample Acknowledgments:

The author is highly indebted to his/her advisor. Professor------ as without his encouragement, insight, guidance
and professional expertise the completion of this work would not have been possible. His special appreciation
also goes to Dr. ------- who had advised him on matters pertinent to the thesis/dissertation. A special word of
thanks goes to Mrs. -------- who meticulously typed the manuscript.

1.8. List of abbreviations (if any)

As a rule, the use of author coined and uncommon abbreviations or acronyms shall be avoided
or at least minimized. For author coined abbreviations, the first letters of key words written in
upper case letters must be used. The abbreviations are then listed in alphabetical order of the
terms written in full form a new page preceding the “Table of Contents” Section. No
abbreviation may be used either in a heading of any division or at the beginning of nay
sentence. Each abbreviation should be defined in full when it is first used in the manuscript
followed by the abbreviation in bracket. The standard units of measurements and well known
or internationally accepted abbreviations need not be listed. Some abbreviations and symbols
such as i.e., e.g., etc., should be italicized. Sample “list of abbreviations” is given in Appendix
VIII for further information.

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 1.9. Table of contents

The “table of contents” follows the “list of abbreviations”. Strict observation of the following
guidelines will make the Table of Contents more rational and persuasive.

 All headings or entries in the “table of contents” should correspond exactly in wording (including
fonts and cases) with the headings as they appear in the text,

 The relationships between main headings and subheadings and between divisions and subdivisions
must be shown by appropriate use of indentation and capitalization,

 The main headings in the table of contents, including each component of the preliminaries and the
major division (chapter) titles of the text as well as the reference and appendix(ces) must be written
in full capitals as they should also appear in the text

 Except that of the preliminaries, the main headings in the thesis must be consecutively numbered
with Arabic numerals and the subheadings and divisions be numbered with fractions of the number
in the upper headings or divisions,

 The second and/or third line of a headings requiring more than one line must be indented to the
position of the first letter of the first line.

 Line between chapter headings and between a chapter heading and its sub-heading must be double-
spaced, where as between sub-headings and sub-divisions are single-spaced,

 The sub- headings and sub-division headings are indented inside with appropriate spaces to show
that they are sub-headings and sub-division headings.

 The initial letters of the first word and of all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs. And verbs of the
sub-headings are capitalized, whereas in the sub-divisions only the first letters of the first world
and of proper nouns are capitalized both in the text and in the “table of contents”.

 The 4th order divisions headings and above may be ignored from entering in to the “table of
contents” so that the table of contents may not be too long.

 No terminal punctuation is used for any level headings and their subdivisions

 The page number on which each of these begins in the text is shown in the column at the right-
hand margin.

The word “title” and “page” in the table of contents page and so also dotted lines connecting headings
and respective pages are to be avoided. Notation for subdivisions of sub-headings should not exceed 3
decimals. A sample “table of contents” page that illustrates the details discussed above is shown in
Appendix IX.

17
 1.10. List of tables in the appendix (if any)

 In the text, all Tables are numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals starting with
“Table 1” for the table which appeared fist in the text, and the caption of each Table
apart from being short and descriptive, must appear on the top of the table.
 In the “list of tables”, the number of the Table, the caption (title)with all entries
corresponding exactly in wording (including fonts cases) with that in the text and the
page number of the manuscript on which each table occurs are entered,
 Only the initial letters of the first word and of proper nouns are capitalized both in the
text and in the “ list of tables”,
 No Table caption is either italicized or underlined and no terminal punctuation is used
for Table captions both in the text and in the “list of tables”
 The word “Table” and “Page” with their initial letters in capitals head their respective
columns, flush with the respective columns.

For the recommended format of preparing the “list of tables”, reference can be made to the
sample given in Appendix X.

1.11. List of figures/illustrations (if any)

The “list of figures or illustrations” appears on a new page following the “list of tables”. This section
presents the captions of the Figures and/or illustrations included in the text of the thesis or dissertation.
The following are major points deserving attention in preparing the list of Figures/Illustrations:

 In the text, all Figures and Illustrations are numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals
starting with “Figure. 1” for the Figure or Illustration, which appeared first in the text, and the
captions apart from being short and descriptive, must appear on the bottom of each Figure
unlike with the captions of Tables,
 In the “list of figures or illustrations”, the number of the Figure, the caption (or Figure title)
with that in the text and the page number of the manuscript on which each Figure occurs are
entered.
 Only the initial letters of the first word and of proper nouns are capitalized both in the text and
in the “list of figures”.
 No terminal punctuation, italic font and underlining are used for the headings or after any title
listed therein
 The words “Figure” and “Page” with their initial letters in capitals head their respective
columns, flush with the respective columns.

For further information and illustrations of the details discussed above, please refer to the Sample “list
of figures/illustrations” depicted in Appendix XI.

18
 1.12. List of appendix (if any)

In a thesis or dissertation containing tables in the appendix, the “list of tables in the appendix” is typed
on a new page, following the “list of figures”. Each table in the appendix section of the manuscript is
numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals starting from “Appendix Table 1” for the table, which
appeared first in the appendix section, and has a caption which is short and descriptive and that appears
on the top of each Appendix Table.

Therefore, the “list of tables in the appendix” section presents the captions of the tables included in the
appendix along with their respective page numbers and table numbers in the manuscript. The major
points to be observed in preparing the “list of tables in the appendix are exactly the same as those of
the “list of tables” as discussed in Section 4.10 above. The only exception is that the word “Table”
heading the list flush of the column will be replaced by Appendix Table. Therefore, please refer to the
sample “list of tables” given in appendix X for further information on the details to be followed in
preparing the “list of tables in the appendix”.

If a thesis or dissertation contains figures or illustrations in the appendix, they must be listed under the
“list of figures in the appendix” which needs to be typed on a new page, following the “list of tables in
the appendix” (if any) or next to the “list of figures” otherwise. Each figure of illustration in the
appendix part of the manuscript is numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals starting from
“Appendix Fig 1” for the figure or Illustration which appeared first in the appendix section of the thesis
or dissertation, and has a short and descriptive caption typed at the bottom of the Figure.

Therefore, the “list of figures illustrations in the appendix” section presents the captions of the figures
in the appendix along with their respective figure numbers and page numbers in the manuscript. The
major points to be observed in the preparation of the “list of figures in the appendix” are exactly the
same as those of the “list of figures/illustrations” (See section 4.11 above). The only exception is that
the word “Figure” heading the list flush left of the column will be replaced by Appendix Figure.
Therefore, readers are requested to refer to the sample “list of figures” given in Appendix XI.

1.13. Abstract

The “abstract” is the last component of the preliminaries of a thesis as well as the dissertation
manuscript. It generally consists of short statements on the problem, objectives, methodology followed
by condensed summary of major findings with relevant data to support the results and the conclusions
to be drawn. The text of the abstract is therefore short, usually about 250 words and in any case not
exceeding 350 words in MSc thesis and 500 words in a PhD dissertation, written in 12 points font,
italicized with line spacing of 1.5. No citations of previous study, reference to Tables and/or figures in
the text are made in this section. Provision of less important data and author coined abbreviations must
be avoided. Abstract must not be paragraphed.

19
The abstract starts on a new page just preceding the “Introduction” of the thesis or dissertation. The
title of the thesis/dissertation is written in full upper case letters and centered on the top of the page
where the abstract starts. The names of the author and the advisor(s) with their last degree, the
institution they are employed with and addresses need not be written on the abstract page of the thesis
or dissertation. Nevertheless, these must be written next to the research title on the abstract sheets
prepared for distribution at the time of open defence. In the abstract to be attached to the thesis or
dissertation, the title “ABSTRACT” written in bold capital letters and centered appears next to the
research project title. A free extra line space is left both below and above this title. The example below
shows the format of “abstract” page which starts on a new page.

Example of “Abstract” Page

ASSESSMENT OF PREVALENCE AND HOST- RELATED RISK FACTORS

OF CAMEL TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF AFAR
PASTORAL
AREA, NORTH EAST ETHIOPIA
By
Andualem Yimer: DVM, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture

ADVISORS: YYYY, MSc, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture

ZZZZ, PhD, Aklilu Lema-Institute of Pathobiology

2. Structure and Contents of the Text of the Thesis/Dissertation

ABSTRACT
Then follows the content (text) of the “Abstract” here….

The thesis and dissertation proper being with the very first page of Chapter 1 that follows the
preliminaries detailed above. In both cases, the text is readily divided into six main chapters:
(1) the introductory chapter, (2) the literature review chapter; (3) the chapter that deals with
the conditions under which the experiment was conducted, including materials, methods and
procedures used; (4) the results; (5) discussion; and (6) the summary chapter (conclusion and
Recommendation) which should contain executive summary of the findings of the study and
the conclusions and recommendations that might be drawn based on the findings of the study.
Each chapter of the text may further be divided into sub-chapters/sub-headings, divisions and
sub-divisions.

2.1. Introduction

20
The “introduction” is the first of the five six main chapters discussed under the text of a thesis
and dissertation. This chapter is usually brief giving only the most relevant and pertinent
background information about the graduate research project under consideration. This chapter,
among others, provides:

 Background information on the subject (Supported with brief review of literature) and
clear and complete statement of the problem investigated,
 Validation/justification of the problem or underlying hypothesis for undertaking the study,
which, by a discussion of discriminatingly selected reasons, established the significance of
the problem, and
 The general and major but specific objectifies of the investigation written clearly and
precisely.

Additional points to be considered in preparing the introduction section are:

 The chapter must start on a new page, the chapter heading must be numbered and all
letters are written in bold upper case letters as: 1, INTRODUCTION,
 The Introduction must not be divided into sub chapters and divisions. Rather, all the
contents of the section must be presented in a logical order and well organized as to
maintain a good flow and sequence of presentation ideas under the heading itself, and
 The entire section must be as brief as possible, usually less than 1000 words (< 3 pages)
for MSc thesis and less than 1500 words (< 5 pages) in PhD dissertation of 1.5 line
spacing.

2.2. Literature review

The “literature review” is the second chapter of the thesis and/or the dissertation. This section
of the text provides a resume of the history and the present status of the problem by means of a
brief critical review of the findings of previous and most recent investigations of the research
problem in question as well as of problems very closely related to it. Each one of the literature
review items presented in this regard should be made clear together with the fact that the
investigation now in progress arises from the fallacies or inadequacies of earlier studies.

Additional points to be observed during the preparation of the “literature review” section of an
MSc thesis and PhD dissertation are:

 The chapter heading, starting on a new page, must be numbered (with “2”) and all letters
be written in bold capital letters as: 2. LITERATURE REVIEW,
 The chapter may be divided into as many sub-chapter and divisions and sub-divisions
depending of the nature of the study, and

21
 The section must be kept as brief as possible by limiting the review material to information
essential to orient the reader about the state of present knowledge about the subject under
investigation.
 Proper citation is another important aspect of writing the Literature Review as well as the
Introduction, Materials and Methods and the Results and Discussion sections of graduate
research thesis and dissertation. Therefore, the following are the guidelines for citation in
appropriate sections of the thesis and/or dissertation.
 Chronological order within the parenthesis separated by semicolons-(Anderson et al.,
1997; Seifu, 1999; Abraham and Mesfin, 2003). It is advisable to quote only 3 to 4 recent
references for a statement
 If there are several publications by the same author(s), citation will be as; (Mesfin, 1999,
2001,2003),
 When an author has two or more publications in same year, they need to be distinguished
as; Yacob (2003a, 2003b, 2003c) and include the letters a, b, c after the year in the
reference list. Multiple author publications are also treated in the same way
 Chronological order outside bracket; Abebe and Jobire (1995), Anderson et al. (1997) and
Seifu (2000). Note that et al. is used for more than two authors and it be italicized.
 Personal communication (Morris, J. Personal communication), although students are
advised to avoid its use as much as possible, are cited only in text but not listed in the
Reference section.
 If a student is citing from a Universal Resource Locator (URL) on the internet he/she must
give the name of the Organization (in full or abbreviated form) or author(s) followed by
the year.

2.3. Materials and methods

The “materials and methods” section is the third chapter of the text of the thesis as well as the
dissertation manuscript. This section provided a statement of the sources of data and the
methods and procedures of data collection and analysis. A brief and concise description of the
conditions under which the investigation was carried out and the materials, procedures,
techniques, treatments, experimental design/techniques and the treatments and inputs used
should be given under this heading.

Additional points to be observed during the preparation of the “Materials and Methods”
section of a thesis/dissertation are:

 The chapter heading, numbered (with “3”) and all letters written in bold upper case letters
as: 3. Materials and Methods shall start on a new page,

22
 The chapter could be divided into as many sub-chapters/sub-headings and divisions and
sub-divisions depending on the nature of the study, and
 The section is expected to be as much as possible detail and comprehensive. Sufficient
information must be provided to allow the reader to repeat the experiment/study in an
identical manner
 It should be written in past tense in an impersonal style (ex. Rather than saying I collected
the samples from three sites, say the data were collected from three sites).

2.4. Results

The “results” section is the fourth chapter of the text of the thesis as well the dissertation
manuscript. This section of the text presents the results and analyses. It is impossible to give
specific directions for organizing the findings of all studies, because of the wide variety of
topics investigated, techniques employed and kind and volume of data and information
collected. It is thus suffice to say that the contents of this chapter are the core matter of the
entire study of the thesis or dissertation as these are the student’s contribution to knowledge.

All other portions of the manuscript are subordinate to what actually has been discovered and
it is only here that the findings of the present study are being disclosed. The student should,
therefore, take great pains to present clearly his major findings and assess the significance of
the results.

 A table or Figure must normally be placed on the same (or jus next) page where it is cited
in the text for the first time.
 The contents of Tables and Figures presenting the results should be very clear to be
independently comprehensible without reference to text.
 Lengthy Tables should be avoided by dividing information into two or more separate
Tables.
 One should not break a Table in to two pages. If a table (e.g. Table 1) runs to two or more
pages write: Table 1. “Continued” at the top-left of the next page.
 In case of Table, column headings are brief and self-explanatory. Align digits to proper
position and centered to column headings.
 No vertical lines in the Table and no horizontal lines other than the one at the top, one at
the bottom and one separating the column heading from contents of the Table.
 The footnote for the level of significance, abbreviations or any other footnote can be given
at the bottom of the Table.

Additional points to be observed during the preparation of the “Results and Discussions”
section of a thesis or a dissertation are (some of these may also apply to the discussion
section):

23
 The chapter heading numbered with “4” and all letters written in bold capital letters as:
4, RESULTS must start on a new page,
 The chapter could be divided into as many sub-chapters/sub-headings and divisions and
sub-divisions depending on the nature of the study. In fact as much as possible sequences
of the sub-heading need to follow the sub-headings and division/sub-division headings of
the “literature review” section,
 The section is expected to be as much as possible detail and comprehensive to orient the
reader about the results obtained from the study and the practical significance of the
findings,
 Repetitions of numerical values, as for example presenting the same data both in Table and
in Figures should be avoided, similarly, do not repeat data presented in the text description
in tables or figures
 However, when data are presented in form of Figures in the text, the data used to create
each Figure in the text must be shown in the Appendix(ces)
 Numerical values must be always followed by unit of measurement,
 One should not begin a sentence with numeral, instead provide another word or spell out
the number and the unit of measurement that follows,
 When a word intervenes between the numeral and its unit, the unit has to be spelled out,
e.g. 10 consecutive days,
 Following words start with capital letter followed by Arabic numerals like Table 6, Figure
7, Experiment 3, Group 6, Lot 9, and Treatment 2, and
 There is no space between numerals and %. However, one space is to be given between
numerals and unit of measurements.

2.5. Discussion

The “discussion” section is the 5th chapter of the text of the thesis as well the dissertation
manuscript. This section of the text discusses the findings of the investigation. The contents of
this chapter are the second core matter of the entire study of the thesis or dissertation as these
are the student’s contribution to knowledge. The student should, therefore, discuss the possible
practical implications with reference to the problems indicated and the objectives stated in the
“introduction” section’ Citations that the author feels that they would strengthen the results as
well as those contradicting the present findings are also quoted in this section. However,
attempts have to be made to give appropriate explanation for obtaining contradictory findings
with the findings of previous studies.

In discussing the results, simple, short, direct, rational and declarative sentences should be
used. Chain effect of sentences within the paragraph and continuity of logical order between
the paragraphs is important. Using past tense when referring to the thesis research and
reverting to present for discussing existing knowledge or prevailing concepts for conclusion is

24
a better way writing. All the facts stated and quoted from the other sources must be referred
and acknowledged. Plagiarism is illegal and unethical.

Additional points to be observed during the preparation of the “Discussions” section of a

thesis or a dissertation are:

 The chapter heading numbered with “5” and all letters written in bold capital letters as:
5, DISCUSSION must start on a new page,
 The chapter could be divided into as many sub-chapters/sub-headings and divisions and
sub-divisions depending on the nature of the study. In fact as much as possible sequences
of the sub-heading need to follow the sub-headings and division/sub-division headings of
the “result” section,
 The section is expected to be as much as possible detail and comprehensive to orient the
reader about the practical significance of the findings

2.5.1. Conclusion and recommendation

The “conclusion and recommendation” section is the sixth and the last chapter of the texts of
the thesis and dissertation. As this chapter is independent entity, it should provide a very brief
narration of important objectives, material and methods, and the major findings of the study. It
is therefore meant to restate the developments of previous chapters and presents succinctly the
more important findings of the investigation; draw conclusions and perhaps give
recommendations on development or policy implications based on the results obtained only
from his/her study. The author may also list unanswered questions that he/she has encountered
with but which require research beyond the limits of the undertaking report. In general, this
section is brief and abridged but prepared carefully in a way to reflect the important contents
of the manuscript.

Additional points to be observed during the preparation of the “conclusion and

recommendation” section of a thesis/dissertation are:

 The chapter may be divided into two sub-chapters as: 6.1. Conclusions, 6.2.
Recommendation if necessary but not more than these
 The section is expected to be as brief as possible, preferable less than 2 pages (MSc) and
as a rule of thumb, not exceeding four pages (PhD) of 1.5 line spacing,
 In this section, except under a few exceptional cases, citations of previous study results
and references to table or figures in the text or appendix of the manuscripts shall be
avoided, and

25
 3. References and Appendices

3.1. References

The “references” is a separate section of the thesis/dissertation manuscript that follows the
body of text of the thesis. As the “references” is an integral part of the format of the
manuscript, it is paged continuously with the text in Arabic numerals. The “references” section
presents a complete list of the journal articles, books, periodicals, reports and other reference
materials cited in the text. Reference should be selected based on relevance, and as much as
possible, recent references should be cited and the majority of these need to be articles
published in journals. Much dependence on text and reference books, newsletters, annual and
progress reports and other unpublished materials, as references are not acceptable.

All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references following the text
of the manuscript. The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of
author's names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list.

There are various styles and forms to be followed in presenting references. Therefore, it
appears to be the responsibility of the author to check the accuracy of presenting the
references. In thesis and dissertation manuscripts to be submitted to the Addis Ababa
University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, references should be presented in
the author-year- article title style. Please refer Appendix XII for further details in this regard.
In addition, students are required to strictly observe and follow the following points and
examples thereof:

 References are listed alphabetically by the first authors’ last names

 In cases where articles of the same author are cited, reference are listed chronologically,
e.g. Getachew Tilahun, 1997, then follows Getachew Tilahun, 1998 and Getachew
Tilahun, 1999 both in the “Text and the “References” section.
 In cases where more than one articles of the same author published in the same year are
cited, small letters, a,b,c etc. are assigned to each article and identified using these letters,
e.g. Girma Zewude, 1998a, Girma Zewude, 1998b and Girma Zewude, 1998c both in the
“Text and the “References” section,
 In referring journal articles, the list includes the names of author(s), year of publication,
the title of the journal article referred as it appears in the journal, the name of the
journal (with standard abbreviation), the volume and the pages where in the journal the
article occurs in this order,
 Ethiopian names should be given according to their national usage (the first name of the
author (his/her real name) is written first followed by his/her father’s name) in the text
sections (e.g., Dinka Ayana et al., 2007, Tesfaye Sisay) but treated just like non-Ethiopian

26
 names in the reference list (e.g., Ayana D., Sisay T.), or as they were written in the journal
or other reference used in case either only the first or the second name are given and it
appears difficult to identify the last from the first name
 In the text, citation is listed in chronological order, e.g. (Yohannes, 1972; Dorchies and
Cabaret, 1975; Solomon, 1978; Mesfin and Ketema, 1989; Anderson et al., 1995; Seifu,
1998; Abraham, 2000)
 In the text, the first author followed by “et al.” makes citation of an article co-authored by
more than two authors and then the year the article was published. E.g. Getachew et al.
(2007) or (Getachew et al., 2007)
 In The “References” section, however, the use of “et al.” is not allowed. Rather, the last
names and initials of all co-authors of an article are carefully and correctly entered. e.g.
Abrol I.P., Dahiya I.S. and Bhumbla D.R. (1975). Title of the article. Journal name,
volume: page range
 Journal names should be italicized and volume number must be in bold
 As much as possible, citation of unpublished and other sources of materials not readily
available in the library must be avoided or at least kept to be minimum.
 As a rule, cross-reference is not allowed, and if it is to be used due to unavoidable reasons,
it may not be more than two to three citations in a manuscript
 In the case of publications in any language other than English, the original title is to be
retained. However, the titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets should be
transliterated, and a notation such as "(in Russian)" or "(in Greek, with English abstract)"
should be added.
 Web references may be given. As a minimum, the full URL is necessary. Any further
information, such as Author names, dates, reference to a source publication and so on,
should also be given.
 Articles available online but without volume and page numbers may be referred to by
means of their Digital Object identifier (DOI) code.

Use the following system for arranging your references:

Journal Articles

Authors Citation in the text Reference list style

Single Dorchies (1978), Dorchies Ph. (1978). Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in apparently
(Dorchies, 1978) healthy sheep in southern France. Vet. Parasitol., 27:54-59.
Two Goff and Horst (1997), Goff J. P. and. Horst R. L. (1997): Physiological changes at
(Goff and Horst 1997) parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J.
Dairy Sci., 80:1260-1268.
>2 authors Caroline et al. (2004) Caroline G., Ste´phane H., Paul K. and Geoffrey L. (200):
(Caroline et al., 2004) Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. J. General
Virol., 85: 105–117.
Ethiopian Ayana et al. (2007) Ayana D., Ashenafi H. and Regassa F. (2007): Effect of
name (Ayana et al., 2007) Toxoplasma gondi infection on fertility of sheep under zero

27
 grazing. Eth. Vet. J. 14: 7-14.

Organization OIE (2006) OIE (2006). Bovine tuberculosis. OIE manual for diagnostic
(OIE, 2006) techniques of livestock diseases. Office International des
Epizooties (OIE), Paris, France. pp. 287-296.
Accepted article

Jobre Y., Malone J. B., McCarroll J. C., Erko B., Mukaratirwa S. and Xinyu Z. (2013). Satellite
climatology and the environmental risk of Schistosoma mansoni in Ethiopia and east Africa. Acta
Trop., (In press)

Articles available online but not yet published

Datiko J., Terefe G. & Bekele J. (2012). Anthelmintic utilization practices and prevalence of
gastrointestinal helminth infections in sheep kept in the urban and peri-urban areas of Bishoftu
Town. Tropical Animal Health and Production, DOI 10.1007/s11250-012-0270-6

Text and Reference Books

Thrusfield M. (2005): Veterinary Epidemiology. 3rd Ed, Blackwell science Ltd, UK, Pp. 233-250.

Buol S.W., Hole F.D. and McCracken R.J. (1973): Soil Genesis and Classification. The Iowa State
University Press, Ames, 360p.

Chapter in Book

Loegering,w.Q., 1984. Genetics of the pathogen-host association. In:W.R. Bushnell and A.P. Roelfs
(Eds.) the Cereal Rusts, Vol. 1. pp. 165-192. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

Paper in Proceedings

Abebe M. (1982). An investigation into the cause of wilt in cotton. Pp. 129-139. Proceedings of
Symposium on Cotton Production under Irrigation in Ethiopia. Melka Werer, Ethiopia, 21-22
October 1982, Institute of Agricultural Research.

Thesis and Dissertation Manuscripts

Haftu R, (2012). Lumpy skin disease (LSD): outbreak investigation, isolation and molecular detection
of LSDV in selected areas of eastern Shewa, Ethiopia. MSc thesis Submitted to the College of
Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, 61p.

International Web Sites

28
If one cites from an International Web Sites in the internet, it is necessary to give full address of the
Web Site and the date on which the page was accessed as:

Author. (Date published if available; n.d.(no date) if not). Title of article. Title of web site. Retrieved
date. From URL.

Example:

Landsberger, J. (n.d.). Citing Websites. In Study Guides and Strategies. Retrieved January 13, 2013,
from http://www.studygs.net/citation.htm.

3.2. Appendices (if any)

If an “appendix (ces)” is needed, it is placed just after the “references” as a separate section of
the thesis/dissertation manuscript. It is preceded by a division of white sheet of paper
containing the single capitalized word: APPENDIX (CES) in the center of the paper, and is
paged (including the division sheet) continuously with the text in Arabic numerals.

Original data tables (a typical example being Analysis of Variance Table) or figures that
present data of minor importance (as distinguished from those presenting major data which are
included in the text), supportive legal decisions or laws, and pertinent documents that are not
readily available to the reader are placed in the “Appendix”. Supplementary illustrative
materials, such as forms, questionnaires, descriptions, and other documents may also be
presented in the” Appendix”. Frequently, an appendix offers a check upon the validity of the
data of thesis, and may also include materials that cannot readily be reproduced in the text. In
fact, one of the purposes of placing tables and other matter in the Appendix is to prevent the
text of the thesis or dissertation from becoming unduly bulky. The appendix may be
subdivided according to the classification of the materials included, especially if they are
heterogeneous (e.g. set of Tables, set of Figures, set of Maps or Sketches etc.). In such a
situation. Each “Appendix” could be numbered either by Capital Alphabets such as A, B, C,
etc. or in Capital Roman numerals as I, II, III, etc. and the letter and title should list each
section both in the “Table of Contents” and the appendix section under the main heading of
APPENDICES as:

 Appendix A. Analysis of Variance and Other Tables

 Appendix B. Soil Profile Description
 Appendix C. Forms and Questionnaire Used

29
 Addis Ababa University

College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture

Chapter IV. APPENDICES (SAMPLES OF SELECTED PAGES)

Appendix I: Cover (Title) page of a proposal

Characterization of Common Horse Feeds and Feeding Systems in Selected Areas of Ethiopia

Logo MSc Thesis (or PhD Dissertation) Research Proposal

Logo
AAU CVMA
By

Eyerus Muleta

Department of Animal Production Studies

MSc/PhD program in Tropical Animal Production and Health

Major/Principal Advisor_____________________

Co-Advisor_______________________________

30 October, 2005

Debre Zeit
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS I
LIST OF TABLES II
LIST OF FIGURES III
LIST OF APPENDICES IV
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS V
ABSTRACT vi
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Appendix2.1.
II:XXXXXX
Table of contents of 5
thesis/dissertation proposal
2.1.1. XXXXXXX 6
2.1.2. XXXXXXX 6
2.1.3. XXXXXXX 7
2.1.4. XXXXXX 8
2.1.5. XXXXXXX 8
2.1.6. XXXXXXX 9
2.1.7. XXXXXXX 10

2.2. XXXXXX 11
2.2.1. XXXXXXX 12
2.2.2. XXXXXXX 14
2.2.3. XXXXXXX 15

2.3. XXXXXX 15
2.3.1. XXXXXXX 16
2.3.2. XXXXXXX 16
2.3.3. XXXXXXX 17

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 18

3.1. Experimental Site 18
3.2. Experimental Materials 19
3.3. Experimental Design 20
3.4. Data Collection 21
3.4.1. XXXXXX 21
3.4.2. XXXXXX 21
3.5. Methods of Data Analysis 22
4. WORK PLAN 23
5. LOGISTICS/RESOURCES 24
6. REFENECES 25
7. APPENDIX 26
8. APPROVAL SHEET

NB: A “table of contents” exceeding a page shall continue on next pages by re-writing the title on the top-
center on each additional “table of contents” Page as:

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

31
 Thesis/Dissertation Ref. No. _____

Appendix III: Title page of thesis/dissertation

Characterization of Common Horse Feeds and Feeding Systems in Selected Areas of Ethiopia

MSc Thesis/PhD Dissertation

By

Eyerus Muleta

Department of Animal Production Studies

MSc/PhD program in Tropical Animal Production and Health

32 October, 2005

College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Debre Zeit

Appendix IV: Cover page of a thesis/dissertation (inside page)

CHARACTERIZATION OF COMMON HORSE FEEDS AND FEEDING SYSTEMS IN

SELECTED AREAS OF ETHIOPIA

A Thesis/dissertation submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture of

Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science/Doctor of Philosophy in Tropical Animal Production

By

Eyerus Muleta

33 October, 2005

College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Debre Zeit

 Title: ………………… (Write title of MSc or PhD Research Proposal/thesis/dissertation here)

Submitted by:___________________ ____________ _____________

Appendix V: Signature
Name ofpage of proposal/thesis/dissertation
Student Signature Date

Approved for submittal to a proposal/thesis/dissertation assessment committee

1. ________________________ _________________ ____________________

Major Advisor Signature Date

2. ____________________ __________________ ____________________

Co- Advisor (can be > 1) Signature Date

3. ______________________ _____________________ ____________________

Department chairperson Signature Date

Note that, for a proposal you do not need Appendix VI. Hence, for a proposal, include the
following:

Proposal Assessed by:

1. _________________ __________________ _________________

Assessor 1 Signature Date

2. _________________ __________________ _________________

Assessor 2 Signature Date

Final approval and acceptance of the proposal is contingent upon the submission of its revised
copy to the department after signing by the principal advisor.

1. ________________________ _________________ ____________________

Major Advisor Signature Date

34
2. ______________________ _____________________ ____________________

Department chairperson Signature Date

 Addis Ababa University

College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture

Department of Animal Production Studies

As members of the Examining Board of the final MSc/PhD open defense, we certify that we
Appendix
have VI:read
Approvaland
page ofevaluated
thesis/dissertation
the Thesis/Dissertation prepared by:
……………………………………………..

Entitled:
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………
And recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis/dissertation requirement for the
degree of: ……………………………………………………………………………….
___________________________ _______________ _______________
Chairman (title and name) Signature Date
____________________________ _______________ _______________
Internal Examiner (title and name) Signature Date
_____________________________ _______________ _______________
External Examiner (title and name) Signature Date

Final approval and acceptance of the thesis dissertation is contingent upon the submission of its
final copy to the CGS/FGC through the departmental graduate committee (DGC) of the
candidate’s major department.

I hereby certify that I have read the revised version of this thesis prepared under my direction
and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis/dissertation requirement.

__________________________________ __________ _______________

Thesis/dissertation advisor (title and name) Signature Date

35
_________________________ ________________ ____________________

Assoc. Dean for Graduate Prog. Signature Date

Appendix VII: Sample statement of author of thesis/dissertation

Statement of author

First, I declare that this thesis/dissertation is my bonafide work and that all sources of
material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced (MSc/PhD) degree at Addis
Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture and is deposited at the
University/College library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I
solemnly declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the
award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate.
Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission provided that
accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended
quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the
head of the major department or the Dean of the College when in his or her judgment the
proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances,
however permission must be obtained from the author.

Name:_______________________ Signature:______________

College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Debre Zeit

Date of Submission:_________________________

36
Appendix VIII: List of abbreviations for part II and III

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AAU Addis Ababa University

CSA Central Statistical Authority

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization

EPO Eosinophil peroxidase

WFP World Food Program

NB: A “List of abbreviations” exceeding a page continues on next pages by re-writing

the title on the top-center on each additional page as:

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (Continued)

37
Appendix IX. Table of contents of thesis/dissertation
TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHOR i

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii

ABBERVIATIONS iv

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX vii

LIST OF FIGURES IN THE APPENDIX viii

ABSTRAT ix

1. INTRODCTION 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1. Xxxx 4
2.2. Xxxx
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6

NB: A “table of contents” exceeding a page shall continue on next pages by re-writing the
title on the top-center on each additional “table of contents” page as:
38
Appendix X: Sample list of tables

Table Page

1. Map of study site 20

2. Prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in local and cross breed cows 29

NB: A “list of tables” exceeding a page may continue on next pages by writing the title:

”List of tables (continued)” on the top-center on each additional page as:

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

39
Appendix XI. Sample appendix for part I and II

1. Appendix I: Sample Questionnaire Distributed to Development Agents

1. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a) -----------------------------------------------------

b) -----------------------------------------------------

2. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a) -----------------------------------------------------

b) -----------------------------------------------------

c) -----------------------------------------------------

d) -----------------------------------------------------

3. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a) -----------------------------------------------------

b) -----------------------------------------------------

c) -----------------------------------------------------

(Continue with other categories of Appendix if any)

40