Unnikrishna Pillai J - A Study of Literature On Temple Art in History of Malayalam Literature

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A Study of
Literature on Temple Art
in
History of Malayalam Literature
Thesis submitted to the Kannur University for the Degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in the faculty of Indian Languages
UNNIKRISHNA PILLAI. J
Department of Malayalam
Kannur University
Dr.P.K. Rajan Memorial Campus
Nileswaram
2010 12345678901234567890
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t]m-bn-´p≠pXm\pw. t£{X-Ie
- I
- ƒ \ΩpsS kz¥w Iem-cq-]ß
- fpw
an°Xpw ¢m nIv Ie-Ifpw IqSn-bm-sW-∂p-≈ kwKXn ]cn-K-Wn®v
Ah-bpsS Imen-I-{]-k-‡n-bpw, Imem-Xn-h¿Øn-Xzhpw IqSp-X¬
]T-\-hn-j-b-am-t°≠ hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. Cu BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Im-
eØv CØcw Ie-If
- psS \ne-\n¬∏n-\mbn Ah-bpsS ÿmbn-bmb
`mh-cq-]ß
- ƒ \jvSs
- ∏-SmsX F{X-tØmfw ]cn-jvIcWhpw ]ptcm-
K- a - \ hpw ]co- £ - W ßfpamIm- s a∂pw Nn¥n- t °- ≠ - X p- ≠ v .
A√mØ]£w ]pg-Iƒ ad-bp-tºmse t£{X-I-e-Ifpw Hmtcm-
∂mbn Ime-b-h-\n-I-bv°p-≈n¬ ad-™p-t]m-Ipw.
A©m-a-[ymbw D]-kw-lm-c-am-Wv. Kth-j-W-^-e-ambn Dcp-

Øn-cn™ \nK-a-\-ßfpw \nco-£-W-ßfpw Kth-j-Is‚ {]k-‡-
amb ]T-\k
- a
- o-]\
- ß
- fpw t{ImUo-Ic
- n®v ap∏-Ønb©v \nK-a\
- ß
- ƒ
A°-an´v tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. A`napJßfpw Nn{XßfpaSßp∂
A\p-_-‘w IqSn Cu {]_-‘-Øn-ep-≠v. BZy`mKw A`n-ap-J-ß-
fm-Wv. {]_-‘-hn-j-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hn.-I-em-[-c≥ (Iem
\ncq]I≥), thWpPn (sN-b¿am≥, \S-\s
- sI-cf
- n, Ccn-ßm-e°
- p-S), Xma-
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c-°p-Sn- am-Ã¿Icp-Wm-Ic
- ≥ (Xp-≈¬\S\IemcXv\w), tUm.-am-¶pfw 12345678901234567890
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13
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IrjvW≥\-ºq-Xn-cn (sN-≠-hn-Zzm≥, hnkn-‰nwKv s{]m^-k¿, alm-
flm-Km‘n k¿∆-I-em-im-e, tIm´-bw) F∂n-h-cp-ambn \S-Ønb
A`n-ap-Jß
- f
- mWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X
- v. IqØºew, Xp≈¬{Xbw
F∂nhbpsS Nn{XßfmWv A\p-_‘Øns‚ DØc`mKw.
IÆq¿ k¿∆-I-em-ime ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw A[y-£\pw \ote-

izcw ]n.-sI.-cm-P≥ satΩm-dn-b¬ Imºkv Ub-d-IvS-dp-amb tUm.-
F.-Fw.-{io-[-c≥amjns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn-emWv Cu Kth-j-W-{]-
_‘w Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xp-ap-X¬
{]_-‘c
- N
- \
- b
- psS Hmtcm L´-Ønepw \n¿t±-iß
- fpw Adn-hp-Ifpw
]I¿∂p-X∂ tUm.- F-kv.-sI. -h-k-¥≥ amjn-t\m-Sp≈ \µn lrZ-
b-Øn-se∂pw kq£n-°pw. {]_-‘-c-N-\-bv°m-h-iy-amb ]pkvX-
I-ßfpw teJ-\-ßfpw \¬In klm-bn® s{]m^. ]n.- \m-cm-b-W-
ta-t\m≥, s{]m^.- h-´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n-≈, tUm.- ]q-P-∏pc
IrjvW≥\m-b¿, tUm.- tXm´w `ph-t\-{µ≥\m-b¿, tUm.- sI. tPm-bv
t]mƒ, Iem-`m-cXn cmP≥ (-I-Y-I-fn-\-S≥), Iem-a-WvUew {io\mYv
(I-Y-Ifn kwKo-X-⁄≥) XpS-ßn-b-hsc \µn-tbmsS Hm¿°p-∂p.
IqSmsX {]_-‘-c-N-\-bn¬ Fs∂ t{]m’m-ln-∏n® Fs‚ kplr-
Øp-°ƒ°pw _‘p-°ƒ°pw \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
IrXym-¥c_mlp-ey-Øn-\n-Sb
- nepw A`n-ap-JØ
- n\v Ah-kcw
\¬Inb thWp-Pn, Xma-c-°p-Sn- am-Ã¿Icp-Wm-I-c≥, hn.- I-em-[-
c≥, tUm.- am-¶pfw IrjvW≥\-ºq-Xn-cn F∂n-h-tcm-Sp≈ \µnbpw
IS-∏mSpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]T-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Nn{X-ßƒ FSp-
Øp-X∂ sjm¿Æq¿ IrjvW≥\m-b¿ ÃpUn-tbm-bnse {]ho-jn-
t\mSpw \µn-bp-≠v.
Kth-jW
- k
- u-Icyw Hcp-°n-Ø∂ tIcf kmln-Xy-A°
- m-Za
- n,
tIc-fk
- ¿∆-Ie
- m-ime sse{_-dn, Imcy-h´w am\p-k{v In]v‰v sse{_-dn,
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IÆq¿ k¿∆-I-em-ime ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw sse{_-dn, Xncq¿ Xp©≥ 14
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kvamcI sse{_-dn, ]I¬°p-dn Iem-`m-cXn Kpcp-sN-ß-∂q¿ IY-
Ifn A°m-Zan sse{_-dn, Xriq¿ ae-bmf ]T-\-K-th-j-W-tI{µw
sse{_dn F∂o ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m-tcmSpw kplr-Øp-
°-tfmSpw Gsd \µnbpw IS-∏m-Sp-ap-≠v.
{]_‘cN\ Bcw`n®XpapX¬ Ahkm\n°p∂Xphsc

IrXyamb am¿§\n¿t±ihpw {]tNmZ\hpw \evIn cN\bpsS t¢iw
eLqIcn® {io[c≥amjnt\mSp≈ \µn hm°pIfn¬ HXpßp
∂X√.
Cu {]_‘w `wKn-bmbn ssS∏v sNbvXv ka¿∏-W-Øn\v

tbmKy-am-°n-Ø∂ KthjIkplrØv kp[odn-t\m-Sp≈ \µn
F∂pw a\- n-ep-≠m-Ipw.
xxx
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15
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A[ym-bw 1-
Iebpw Iem-ZÀi-\§- fpw
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Iebpw Iem-ZÀi-\-§fpw
A[ym-bw- 1-
1.0 I-em-ZÀi\w Ing¡pw ]Sn-ªmdpw
1.1 `mc-Xob Iem-ZÀi\w
Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw NneÀ¡v Hcp ZuXy-am-Wv. Ime-{I-a-

¯nÂ {]Ir-Xnbpw \Znbpw timjn¨v at\m-lm-cnX \jvS-s¸-Sp-
t¼mse `mjIÄ¡pw Ie-IÄ¡pw timjWw kw`-hn-¡mw.
F¦nepw F¡m-e¯pw am\-hn-IX
- b
- psS Xpcp-¯p-If
- mWv Iebpw
kmln- X y- h pw. {]Xy- £ - ¯ n- e hsIm- v F´p {]tbm- P - \ - s a¶v
tXm¶mw. hÀ®- § fpw hm¡p- I fpwsIm- p w `mhm- ` n- \ bwsIm- p w,
ssIam-dp¶ Hcp kmkvIm-cnI Xe-ap-- XnÂ. AXn-\mÂ Ie-IÄ
hln-¡p¶ ZuXyw hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. hnim-e-amb `mc-Xob
kwkvIm-cs¯ ]qcn-¸n-¡p¶ ZuXy-amWv `mc-XobIe-IÄ Gsä-Sp-
¯-Xv. Bi-b]
- c
- a
- mbn FÃm Ie-Ifpw H¶m-sW-¦nepw Hcp tZi-
¯nsâ ss]XrIw, ka-ky-IÄ, k¦-e]
v \
- §
- Ä, {]Xo-£I
- Ä, {]Xym-
i-IÄ XpS-§n-bhsbÃmw Ch-bnÂ amdn amdn {]Xn-^-en-¡pw.
A§s\ Hcp \mSnsâ kzXzm-hn-jv¡m-ca
- mbn Ie-IÄ amdp-¶p.
]pXnb P\-Xbpw ]pXnsbmcp kwkvIm-chpw P\n-¡p-¶Xv

IemkmlnXykrjvSn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-sW¶v ImWmw. kwkvIm-c- 12345678901234567890
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¯nsâ ]pXnb Nmep-IÄ Iodp-¶Xv ]e-t¸mgpw Fgp-¯p-Im-cm- W
- v. 17
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]pXp-Xmbn Fs´-¦nepw kw`m-h\ sN¿m³ Iem-Im-c-·mÀ¡p
am{Xta Ign-bq. `mh\ a\p-jy-lr-Zb
- t- ¯m-sSm¸w k©-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ
`mjbv¡v \h-`m-hp-IXzw ssIh-cp-¶p. AXn-eqsS ]pXnb ]Z-§Ä
k©-bn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶p. cN-\I
- Ä¡v `mhp-IXz]cn-Wmaw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p.
DZm¯cN-\I
- Ä¡v temI-sa¶pw _lp-am-\m-Zc
- §
- Ä \evIn-t¸m-¶p.
hnizalm-Ih
- n-Is
- f¶ \ne-bnÂ hmevao-Inbpw hymk\pw Imfn-Zm-
k\pw BZ-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv AXp-sIm--m-Wv. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ tIc-fob
kwkv I mcku[- a mbn \ne- s Im- f - f p- ¶ Xpw AXpsIm- p Xs¶.
"-\nXyw\ncp-]a`àym' Fgp-¯Ñ
- ³IrXn-IÄ ]mcm-bWw sN¿-s¸-
Sp-¶p. Aim-ń-bnÂ\n¶v imń-]ÀÆ-¯n-te-¡mWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³
Hcp P\-Xsb B\-bn-¨X
- v.
`àn{]Øm\w Cý-bmsI Ae-bS- n¨ hntam-N\{]Øm-\-

am-Wv. Cuiz-csâ ap¼nÂ a\p-jy-scÃmw H¶m-sW¶ hn¹-hm-th-
i-ap-WÀ¯p-¶X
- m-bn-cp¶p `àn-Im-hy-§Ä. a\p-jy-sc am\-kn-I-
ambpw sshI-mcn-Ia
- mbpw GIo-`h
- n-¸n-¡p-Ib
- mWv IeI-fpsS {][m-
\-[À½w. FÃm X«n-ep-ap-ff P\-§sf Hcp-an-¸n-¡p-Is
- b¶ kmkvIm-
cnI tkh-\hpw Ie-IÄ \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶p. a\p-jycpw kap-Zm-b-
§fpw kwkvIm-c§
- fpw X½n-ep-ff irwJ-em-_Ô
- w (Repulsion)
Ie- I Ä Gsä- S p¯ ZuXy- a m- W v . a\p- j yÀ X½nÂ X½n- e pw,
a\pjy\pw Cuiz-c\pw X½n-epw, a\p-jy\pw kaq-lhpw X½n-epÅ
aa-Xm-_Ôw Ie-IÄ¡v hnj-ba
- m-Ip-¶p. `àn, t{]aw, hmÕ-eyw,
Imcp-Wyw, Zb, kvt\lw XpS-§nb {]Im-ct- `-Z§
- f
- nÂ {]I-Sa
- m-Ip¶
hnImcw H¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv. `àn Kpcp-hn-t\m-Sm-hp-t¼mÄ Kpcp-`-
ànbpw Cuiz-c-t\m-Sm-hp-t¼mÄ Cuiz-c-`-ànbpamIp-¶p. `àn
F¶Xv \½Ä km[m-cW Icp-Xp¶ amXn-cn-bp-ff bmYm-Øn-Xn-I
(Conventional) `àn-bÃ
- . AXv, hniz-iàn Ah-t_m-[a
- m-Wv. hniz-
sa¶pw a\p-jy-\nÂ AÛp-Xhpw hnkvab
- hpw P\n-¸n-¡p¶ H¶m- 12345678901234567890
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18
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Wv. Nn´-bmWv Cu hnkvab
- ¯
- n\v B[m-cw.
Blm-cþ\olm-cþhnlm-cþssaYp\w FÃm Xncy-¡p-IÄ¡p-
ap- - v . AXn- e qsS Ah- b v s ¡Ãmw kwXr- ] v X n- b p- - v . F¶mÂ a\p-
jy\v am{X-amWv CXnÂ Akw-Xr-]vXn. Imc-Ww, tamlhpw {]Xo-
£-bpw, `mh-\bpw, Nn´bpw a\p-jy\p am{X-ap-ff kn²n-If
- m-Wv.
A¯cw a\p-jy-`m-h\
- I
- s
- f (-hn-Im-c§
- s
- f) Bhn-jvIc
- n-¡p-¶X
- mWv
Ie. hnizw Xs¶-bmWv AXn-¶m-[m-cw. a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Xs¶-bmWv
Iebv¡v apJyhnj-bw. Iem-kzm-Z\
- ¯
- n-em-Is
- «, a\-Ênsâ AXn-
cp-IÄ IS-¡p-¶p. cho-{µ-\mY SmKqÀ KoXm-Ú-en-bpsS XpS-¡-
¯nÂ Ie-IÄ a\-Ênsâ ]cn-an-Xn-Isf DÃw-Ln-¡p¶Xmbn ]d-bp-
¶ p - v .1 Xqcn-bm-hØ tbmKn¡p am{X-aÃ, km[m-cW a\p-jyÀ¡pw
A\p-`h
- n-¡m³ Ign-bpw. DZm¯ Iem-kr-jvSn-bnÂ ]qÀ®-ambn apgp-
Ip-t¼mÄ Xqcn-bm-hØ kwPm-Xa
- m-Ipw. ]ns¶ {]]-©s
- ¯-¸ä- n-sbm,
Ah-\h
- s\-¸ä- ntbm Dff Nn´-bn-Ã. Ie-bpsS B´-c`- m-h¯
- nÂ
a\Êv hne-bw-{]m-]n-¡p-¶p. Hcp `mhw am{Xw D·o-en-Xa
- m-hpw. kz´w
A\p-`q-Xn-bn-te¡v B Iem-cq]w kw{I-aWw sN¿-s¸-Spw. CXn-
s\Ãmw \nbm-aI
- a
- mbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv Ah\nse bpànbpw hnizm-
k-hp-am-Wv. FÃm a\p-jy-t\-«§
- f
- p-sSbpw kIeIe-If
- p-sSbpw ASn-
Øm\hp-an-Xm-Wv. kvarXn(HmÀ½) a\p-jz-Xz-¯nsâ ap{Z-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ
D]-Im-ck
- vac
- W
- bpw {]Xyp-]I
- m-chpw a\p-jy-[À½-ambn IW-¡m-
¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. \f-Nc
- nXw H¶mw Znh-k¯
- nÂ \falmcmPmhv lwk-
s¯ "]d-¶n-Ñb
- vs¡m-¯h
- ®w KÑ \o' F¶p ]dªp hmÕ-ey-
t¯msS Ahs\ XgpIn hn«bbv¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ, ]d-¶p-t]mb
lwkw DS³ XncnsI h¶v \f-t\mSv ]d-bp¶Xp t\m¡pI:
"DuÀÖn-Xm-ib
- , ]mÀ°n-h, Xh Rm³
D]-Imcw Ipcymw'2
Xsâ Poh³ Xncn¨pIn«nb lwk-¯nsâ {]Xyp-]I
- mc[À½w 12345678901234567890
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19
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]n¶oSv \fsâ Pohn-Xs
- ¯-¯s¶ amäp-¶p. [Àt½mZvt_m-[\]c-
§-fmb DZm¯ Ie-If
- psS s]mXp-hmb e£Ww IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.
`mcXob Ie-If
- psS imkv{Xob ASn-Øm-\h
- p-an-Xm-W.v Fgp-¯Ñ
- sâ
alm-`m-cXw Infn-¸m-«nepw A²ymßcmambW¯nepw \nc-h[n
aplqÀ¯-§Ä taev]d- ª [À½-t_m-[¯
- n\v DZm-lc
- n¡mhp¶-
Xm-Wv.
s]mXpsh GsX¦nepsamcp am\-knI `mh-¯nsâ {]Xn-ê

- -
\-amWv H«p-an¡ kmln-Xym-Zn-Ie
- I
- fpw. "Rm³', "Fsâ', F¶p-ff
t_m[w(Reasoning) a\p-jys\ kZm Nn´m-Ip-e\
- m-¡p-¶p. Ft¸m-
gp-samcp Zzµzm-ht- _m[w Ahs\ PmK-cq-I\
- m-¡p¶p. Ccpfpw shfn-
¨hpw t]mse a\p-jys\ Ae-«p¶ Ah\pÅnse At\Iw Zzµz-
`m-h§
- Ä Iem-kr-jvSn-IÄ¡p \nan¯-am-Ip-¶p. Ah-bnÂ\n¶p-ff
bpàn-]qÀÆ-amb sXc-sª-Sp-¡Â Iesb DZm¯ `mh-¯n-te¡p
\bn-¡p-¶p. ""a\Êv F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀ°s¯ ap³\nÀ¯n
kwkm-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ AXv a\\w sN¿p-¶Xv {]hr-¯n-
bnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvXa
- m-bn-«v. AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Hcp-]mSv kn²m-´§
- Ä
D- m - b n- « p- - v . Cý- b nse an¡ Nn´m- ] - ² - X n- I - f nepw aq¶p- L- S - I -
ap--v. ico-cw, a\-Êv, Bßm-hv. ]mÝm-Xy-X-¯z-Nn-´-bnÂ kmam-\y-
am- b n«v ct- Df- f p. AXp- s Im- v a\- Ê ns\ AXn- h À¯n- ¨ n«v Tran-
scend sNbvXn«v asäm-c-h-Ø-bp-s-¶v `mc-Xo-bÀ Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶p''3
`mc-Xob ss]Xr-Is¯ A[n-\n-th-i-kw-kvImcw AI-än-

\nÀ¯n-sIm--n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-am-Wn-Xv. Ie-IÄ s]mXpsh
ss]Xr-I-¯nsâ _ewsIm-mWv hf-cp-¶-Xv. `mjIfpw Ie-Ifpw
\in-¡p-t¼mÄ kwkvIm-ca
- mWv \in-¡p-¶X
- v. Ie-IÄ tIh-em-\µ
- -
¯n-tâXp am{X-aÃ
- , kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS Bg-§Ä Af-¡p¶ apg-t¡m-
em-Wv. kmÀÆ-Im-enI iàn-bp-ff
- X
- mWv Imhy-`m-j. Hcp P\-Xb
- psS
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ià-amb kmwkvIm-cnI am[yaw Cu Imhy-`m-jb
- m-Wv. Hcp tZi- 12345678901234567890
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¯nsâ Zriy-I-em-km-lnXyw B P\-X-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-hpw
kmwkvImcnIhpamb XpSn-¸p-If
- m-Wv. AY-hm, Ie-IÄ Hcp P\-X-
bpsS kzXzm-hn-jvImcw IqSn-bm-Ip-¶p. B \nebv¡v, `mc-Xob Ie-
IÄ ]peÀ¯p-¶Xv tIh-ea
- mb ùXnI kpJ-t`mKhnh-cWw am{X-
aÃ; Bßo- b - X - b psS kzc- h p- a - X n- e p- - v . cma- I Y ]- p apX- e v t ¡-
]e Ihn-Ifpw ]mSn. F¶mÂ Fgp-¯Ñ
- sâ B[ym-ßn-IX IqSn
tNÀ¶-t¸m-gm-WXv P\-lr-Zb
- §
- f
- nÂ Øm\w t\Sn-bX
- v. \f-IY ae-
bm-f¯
- nÂ ]ecpw hnj-ba
- m-¡n-sb-¦nepw D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS \f-
N- c nXw B«- ¡ Y {i²n- ¡ - s ¸- « Xv AXnse Pohn- X - Z Ài\hpw
\mSIobXbpw sIm- m - W v .
lrZ-b¯
- nÂ Ie-bpsS thtcm-Sm³ ss]Xr-I¯
- nsâ XpSÀ¨
(Succeed)bp-m-I-Ww. AXv Bkz-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-I-s«, kÀ¤-e-b-
Xmfw Xncn-¨d- n-bp-¶X
- n-\p-ff Ignhv thWw. AXn-\\
- p-kc
- n-¨mWv Hcm-
fnÂ Ihn-Xbpw Iebpw {Ia-s¸-Sp-¶X
- v. Iem]mc-¼c
- y-¯n-sâbpw
ss]Xr-I-¯n-sâbpw A`mhw a\-Ên\v hma-\Xzw hcp-¯pw.
A§s\ hcp-t¼mÄ, ]mc-¼cyIe-Ifpw ¢mknIvIe-Ifpw apJy-
- nÂ\n¶v (Main stream) AI-äs
[m-cb - ¸-Spw. Ie k©nXkwkvIm-
c-¯n-tâ-Xm-Wv. k©nXkwkvIm-c-sa¶mÂ \ap¡v I-pw tI«pw
hmbn¨pw ]Tn¨pw A\p-`h
- n¨pw In«p¶ kwkvIm-cw. AXn-em-ß\
- n-
jvT-X-bpw kuµcyt_m[hpap-mIpw. kaq-l-¯nsâ apJ-`mhw
AXn-eqsS hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡mw. Nne ]c¼cmKX amaq-ep-Ifpw hnizm-
k-§fpw AXnÂ IS-¶p-sh-¶p- hcmw. F¦nepw Bßob P\m-[n-]X
- yw
(Spiritual Democracy) `mcXob Ie-If
- psS apJ-ap-{Z-bm-Wv.
kÀ¤m-ß-I-Xbpw kuµ-cy-t_m-[hpw ka-\z-bn-¡p-t¶-S-

¯mWv Ie cq]wsImÅp-¶X
- v. Ie-bnÂ A´À\n-ln-Xa
- mb ckw
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- ³ `pPn-¡p-t¶-S¯
- mWv Bkzm-Z\w Hcp {]{In-bb
- mbn amdp- 21
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¶Xv. Bkzm-Z\
- ¯
- nsâ Cu kmÀÆ-eu-In-IX
- bpw kmÀÆ-P\
- o-\X
- z-
amWv `mc-Xob Ie-IÄ apt¶m-«p-h¡
- p¶ `mhp-IX
- z-¯nsâ DZm¯
ZÀi\w. temN-\, `mc-Xn-If
- n-eqsS A`n-\h
- K
- p-]vX³ \nco-£n¨ A`n-
hy-àn-hm-Zhpw CXm-Wv. \S\pw t{]£-I\pw X½n-ep-ff X·-bo-`m-
h-amWv {][m-\w. Imfn-µnbpw KwKbpw kwK-an-¡p-¶n-S¯v \ndw
Xncn-¨d- n-bm³ Ign-bm-¯X
- p-t]mse Ihnbpw klrZb\pw kam-\-
`m-h¯
- n-se-¯W
- w. Imfn-µn-bnse shffw Idp-¸pw, KwK-bn-teXv shf-
f-bp-am-Wv. c-pw tNcp-¶n-S¯v \ndw Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ km[y-a-Ã. AXn\v
Ihn-sb-t¸mse ]cn-]m-Iw-h¶ {]Xn` kmam-Pn-I-\p-ap--m-h-Ww.
kÀÆ-`m-jm-kc
- k
- z-Xn-bmWv Zriy-Ie
- m-km-ln-Xyw. GXp `mj
kwkm-cn-¡p-¶h
- À¡pw AwKnIm`n\-b¯
- n-eqsS Zriy-Ie
- sb Bkz-
Zn-¡m³ Ign-bpw. CXns\ km[m-cW
- o-Ic
- W
- s
- a¶v ]d-bpw. hyàn-
b-\p-`h
- §
- Ä aäp-ff
- h
- c
- psS A\p-`h
- a
- m¡n amäp¶ {]{In-bb
- m-Wn-X.v
Ie P\-Io-ba
- m-Ip-¶X
- n-hn-sS-bm-Wv. kmÀÆ-eu-InI Iem-Nn-Í
- Ä
F¡m-e¯pw {]k-àa
- m-Ip-¶p. Ac-§ns\ ASn-Øm-\s
- ¸-Sp-¯n-
bmWv `mc-Xob \mSy-]m-c¼
- cyw NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶X
- v. \mSy-im-kv{X-
IÀ¯m-hmb `c-X-ap-\nbpw A`n-\-b-ZÀ¸-Wm-Im-c-\mb \µn-tI-
izc\pw B«-{]-Im-chpw {Ia-Zo-]n-Ibpw cNn¨ tXme-I-hnbpw,
_mecma`cXw cNn¨ [À½cmPmhpw ck-þ`- mhNÀ¨bv¡v {]am-W-
ambn kzoI-cn-¨Xv \mSy-Ie
- s
- b-bm-Wv. `c-Xa
- p-\n¡v tijw, [z\n-
Imc\mb B\- µ - h À²- \ - \ mWv "Imhy- c - k hpw \mSy- c - k hpw
emhWyNn´-bnÂ A-[n-jvTn-Xa
- m-sW¶pw ck-[z\n Imhy¯nsâ
Bßm-hm-sW¶pw XoÀ¯p-]d- ª
- X
- v. ]Z-§Ä¡p {]Xo-ba
- m-\a
- mb
HcÀ°w tZymXn-¡p-t¶-S¯p am{Xta [z\nbpw ckhpw DÛq-Xa
- m-
hp-Ib
- p-ff
- p. Cu {]Xo-ba
- m-\mÀ°w F§-s\-sb-¦nepw h¶p-Iq-Sn-
bmÂ t]mcm. hàm-hnsâ hnh-£b - \
- p-kc
- n¨v Xs¶ kw`-hn-¡W - w. 12345678901234567890
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AXp Xosc Ahy-àa- m-hmt\m hfsc {]kv^p-Sa - m-hmt\m ]mSnÃ.'4 12345678901234567890
`c-X³ apXÂ PK-¶mY ]WvUn-X³hsc-bp-ff Imhyaoamw-
k-I·
- mcpw BZn-Ih
- n-ap-XÂ Imfn-Zm-k³hsc-bp-ff alm-Ih
- n-Ifpw
hmKÀ°-§-fpsS ]mc-kv]-cyhpw AÀ°-\n-th-Z-\-i-ànbpw I--
dn- ª - h - c m- W v . "Pohn- X - ¯ n- s e- ¶ - t ]mse Ie- b nepw Ahiyw
HuNnXyw Zo£nt¨ ]äq F¶v t£ta-{µ\pw ]d-bp-¶p. hmNn-Im-`n-
\-b¯
- nÂ am{Xw t]mcm, HuNnXyw; \mS-I¯ - nsâ aäw-K§
- f
- nepw
thWw'5 hymJym-Xm-hv, klr-Zb
- ³, {]Xn-`, Bkzm-Z\
- w, Imhym-\p-
ioew F¶o kwÚ-IÄ `mc-Xob Imhy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ BhÀ¯n-
¡-s¸-Sp¶ kwK-Xn-If
- m-Wv. a\-Ên\v {][m-\a
- mbpw Pm{K-Xv, kpjp-
]vXn, kz]v\w, Xpcobw F¶o Ah-Ø-I-fp-s-¶pw, Xqco-bm-h-Ø-
bn-emWv Imhyw ]cn-I-ev]\ sN¿-s¸«v ckm-\p-`qXn D-m-Ip-¶-
sX¶pw `mc-Xo-bÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. D¯a Ie-IÄ \ÂIp¶ B\µw
tIh-ea
- mb B\-µa
- Ã
- . "{_Òm-\µ
- k
- t- lm-Zc--sa-s¶Ãmw hniz-\mY
Ihn-cm-P³ ]d-bp¶ B\-µ-hn-ti-j-am-W-Xv. "ctkm ssh kx'
F¶pÅ D]-\n-jZv hmIy-a\
- p-kc
- n¨v ckw, Ah³ Xs¶; ]c-am-\-
µ-Zm-b-I-amb \nÀhrXn hnti-jw. ]t©-{µnbk©m-c-§-f-S§n
a\Êv {]im-á
- mb Ah-Øb
- n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ B\-tµm-Õhw \S-
¡p-¶p. C§-s\-sbmcp k¦ev]w ]mÝm-Xy-Ie
- m-ZÀi-\¯
- nÂ ImWp-
¶n-Ã. Ah-cX
- ns\ H_vPI
- vSohv tImþ-dn-te-äohv Fs¶Ãmw ]dªp
Hgp-¡³ a«nÂ t]mIp¶tX-bpÅq.
ckw, [z\n, Ae-¦m-cw, coXn, HuNn-Xyw, ht{Im-àn, A\p-am-\w,

KpWw F¶o F«p ]²-Xn-If
- n-eq-sS-bmWv `mc-XobImhy-imkv{Xw
\n_-Ôn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. Imhy¯nÂ ba-I{]km-Zn-If
- psS {]m[m\yw
D®mbn hmcy-cpw6 tIc-fh - À½bpw7 tIm«-b¯p X¼p-cm\pw8 tÇmI-
cq-t]W X§-fpsS IhnXmk¦-ev]§
- Äs¡m¸w hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p-v-.
alm-`m-cX
- ¯
- nÂ KmÔm-co-hn-em]wt]mse lrZ-bm-hÀÖ-Ia
- mb Hcp 12345678901234567890
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23
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]cn-tZ-h\
- hpw, Ipcpt£{Xw t]msemcp PohnXkwK-chpw, ]mÀ°-
km-cY
- o-hÀ®-\t- ]m-semcp cq]hÀ®-\bpw A[n-Ia
- mÀ¡pw krjvSn-
¡m³ Ign-sª¶p hcn-Ã. CXp Xs¶-btÃ ssIc-fn-bpsS ]pWyw.
s]mXpsh `mc-XobIe-IÄ X¯z-Nn-´b
- nepw Bßob]cn-th-j¯
- n-
ep-amWv Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶X
- v. Zpc-´hpw kÀÆ-\m-ihpw `mc-Xob Iem-
ZÀi-\¯
- nsâ s]mcp-fÃ; adn¨v {]Xym-ibpw {]Xo£bpw \·-bpsS
BXyńI hnP-bh
- p-amWv Ah DÂtLm-jn-¡p-¶X
- v.
1.2 ]mÝmXyIem-ZÀi\w
Hmtcm Ime-¯n\pw tbmPn-¡p¶ {]h-WX

- I
- Ä (Trends) Ah-
X-cn-¸n-¡p-hm-\mWv ]mÝmXyIemImc·mÀ {ian-¨-Xv. Ie-I-fpsS
Bßo-bX
- sb¸än (Spirituality) Ah-c[
- nIw Nnń-¡p-¶n-Ã. Bib
kwLÀj-amWv ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS Iem-ZÀi-\¯
- nsâ ImXÂ. Ie-bpsS
_mly-{]-tbm-P\ - mWv (Exterior motto) A¡q-«c
- a - psS t\m«w. Imhy-
c-N-\bv¡v "Ihn-in-£'tbm, Imhy-]-²-Xn-Itfm ]mÝm-XyÀ¡n-Ã.
Acn-tÌm-«nÂ Zpc´\mS-Is
- ¯-bm-Wv (Tragady) Gähpw D¶-Xa
- mb
Ie-bmbn I--Xv. "A\p-`-h-§-sfbpw _Ô-§-sfbpw kzIm-cyX
F¶ aXnÂsI-«nÂ\n¶p ]pd-t¯-¡v, kzmX-{ý-t¯m-sS, \o«n-
s¡m- p t]mIm³ Ie D]- I - c n- ¡ p'9-sa¶v tPmÀÖv Fenbäv ]d-
bp-¶p.
amXyp BÀt\mÄUv Ihn-Xbv¡v hfsc hnim-ea

- mb AÀ°-
X-e§
- f
- mWv \evIn-bn-«p-ff
- X
- v. `mj-bpsS A\-á
- mb km[y-XI
- Ä
D]-tbm-Ks
- ¸-Sp-¯m-hp¶ aWvUe
- a
- m-Wn-Xv. "a\p-jysâ hm¡p-IÄ
sIm-p F¯n-¸n-Sn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Gähpw hnt\m-Z-Zm-b-Ihpw
]qÀW-hp-amb {]I-S\ - mWv Ihn-X'.10 EXp-t`-Z§fpsS at\m-lm-cn-
- a
Xbpw _nw_-I-ev]-\-I-fpw (Imagaries) ]mÝm-Xy-temIw F¡m-
ehpw BZ-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. thUvkvhÀ¯v, sjÃn, tPm¬Ioävkv F¶n-
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hÀ Imev]\
- n-IX
- bv¡pw k¦ev]¯n\pw Gsd {]m[m\yw sImSp- 12345678901234567890
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¯-h-cm-Wv. "Ihn-Xsb Adn-hnsâ Poh-izm-khpw at\m-l-c-amb
Bßmhpw Bbn-«mWv thUvkvhÀ¯v ImWp-¶X - v.11 a\pjycpsS
sshImcnIXew kÀ¤-kr-jvSn-bpsS Dd-hn-S-ambn ]mÝm-Xycpw I-p.
Nn´-Ifpw hnIm-c§
- fpw aäp-ff
- h
- t- cmSv ssIam-dm-\p-ff am[y-aa
- mbn
AhÀ Iesb {]tbm-P\ - s
- ¸-Sp-¯n. "lmkvenäv Ihn-Xsb k¦-ev]-
¯n- s âbpw hnIm- c - ¯ n- s âbpw `mj- b mbn Icp- X p¶p.' 12
"s]mXphmb AÀ°-¯nÂ Ihn-Xsb \nÀÆ-Nn-¨mÂ, AXv k¦-ev]-
¯nsâ {]I-S\
- a - ¸-Sp-¶p.13 tUm.-
- m-sW'¶v sjÃnbpw A`n-{]m-bs
tPm¬kWpw CXn-t\mSp tbmPn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. "k¦-ev]-
¯nsâ klm-bt- ¯msS kt´m-jhpw kXyhpw kwtbm-Pn-¡p-
t¼mÄ Ie P\n-¡p-¶p'14 F¶mWv At±l¯nsâ aXw.
a\p-jy-Po-hnXw sshhn²y-amÀ¶ {]hr-¯n-IÄsIm-p Hcp

alm-\m-SIwt]mse-bm-sW¶v ]mÝm-XyÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. kaq-l-
¯n-t\mSpw Pohn-X¯
- n-t\m-Sp-ap-ff Ahsâ {]Xn-Ic
- W
- §
- Ä Ah-
\nÂ Bß- k w- L Àj- a p- - m - ¡ p- ¶ p. AXp- s Im- - m Wv "kmlnXyw
Pohn-X¯
- nsâ hnaÀi-\a - m-sW¶v' amXyp BÀt\mÄUv BhÀ¯n¨v
- v.15 a\p-jy\v kaq-l¯
{]Jym-]n-¨X - n-t\mSpw hyàn-_Ô
- §
- t- fmSpw
{]Xn-_-²-Xbpw IS-¸m-Sp-ap--v. Nne-t¸mÄ _mlyhpw B´-cn-I-hp-
amb k½À±-¯mÂ Ah³ A´Àap-J\
- m-Ipw. BÄ¡q-«¯
- nÂ X\n-
¨m-Ip¶ A\p-`hw Ah-\nÂ AkvXnXzZpxJhpw A\yYmt_m[hpw
DSseSp¡p¶Xn\v ImcW-am-Ipw. A¯cw am\knI {]Xn-ê
- \
- -
§fmWv B[p-\nI kmln-Xyw (Modern Literature) DÄs¡m-ff
- p-
¶Xv.
Ie PohnXKÔnbpw PohnXhnaÀi-\h
- p-am-IW
- s
- a¶ Imcy-
¯nÂ Ing¡pw ]Sn-ªmdpw GIm-`n-{]m-ba
- m-WpÅXv. "at\m-lcw'
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F¶ am\-knI`mhw P\n-¡p-¶n-St¯ Ie hnP-bs¯ {]m]n-¡p- 25
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¶p-Åq. "a\-Êns\ lcn-¡p-¶Xv' F¶m-WtÃm Cu hm¡nsâ
AÀ°w. "AXp-sIm--mWv D¯a kmln-Xy-cp-Nn-IÄ Fhn-sSbpw
H¶m-Ims\ Xc-ap-ffp F¶v ap--tÈcn ]d-ª-Xv.16 kmÀÆ-eu-InI
Nn´-IÄ Fhn-sSbpw H¶m-Wv. chn-hÀ½ Nn{X-§Ä D¯-tc-ý-
bnÂ Ihn-X-IÄ cNn-¡m³ t{]c-W-bm-Ip-¶Xv AXpsIm-mWv.
hmb-\, Bi-¦I
- Ä¡v D¯cw \evIp-¶p. Bß-h¯
- (Authentic
self) Ihn-bnepw Bkzm-ZI
- \
- nepw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p. ChnsS \ap¡v
]mÝmXy]uckvXy ImhyNn´-If
- psS a[y-aamÀ¤w ImWm³ Ign-bpw.
`À¯r-l-cn-bpsS hmIy-]-Zo-bhpw ]mWn\n alÀjn-bpsS

AjvSm-[ym-bn-bpw Bg-¯nÂ ]Tn-¨X
- nsâ e£-W§
- Ä kkq-dnsâ
LS-\m-hm-Z (Structuralism)¯nep--v. hymI-c-Whpw X¯zNn´bpw
Hcp-an-¨p-t]m-Ip¶ `mc-XobZÀi\w ]mÝm-Xy-scbpw BIÀjn-¨n-«p-v-.
FÃm krjvSn-IÄ¡p ]pd-Inepw e£y-ap--v. F¦nepw Nne hnh-
£n-X§
- Ä (Signs) sIm-p-h-cm-\mWv ]mÝm-XyÀ {][m-\-ambpw
{i²n-¡p-¶X
- v. ImhyIeIfneqsS AXn-\p-tbm-Pn-¡p¶ hmÀ¸p-IÄ
(mould) Is- - ¯ p- I - b mWv AhÀ sN¿p- ¶ - X v . ""hcn-IÄ¡n-Sb
- n-eq-
sS-bp-ff hmb\'' hymJym-Xm-hmWv Ihn-Xm-ckNmXpcyw Is--¯p-
¶-X;v 17 `mj-bpsS AwKm-Kn-s¸m-cp¯w t\m¡-Ww F¶n-§s
- \-bpÅ
Imhyk¦-ev]§
- Ä ]mÝmXykmln-Xy-tem-I¯v hnc-fa
- m-Wv. t¹täm,
Acn-tÌm-«nÂ XpS§n Sn.-Fk- v.F
- e
- n-bäv hsc-bp-ff ZmÀi-\n-I·
- mÀ
]d-ªp-h¨ Nn´m]-²X - mWv AhÀ¡v amÀ¤-ZÀi-\w.18 klr-Z-
- n-If
bsâ kuµ- c y- t _m- [ s¯ F{X- a m{Xw \o«n- s ¡m- - p - t ]m- b n,
BkzmZ\w \ne-\nÀ¯m³, Ign-bp-sa-¶X - mWv Iem-kr-jvSn-bpsS
- mb e£yw.19 Hcp Iem-kr-jvSn-bpsS KpWw AXnsâ
BXy-ń-Ia
e£ys¯ ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWv hne-bn-cp-t¯-- sX¶v ]mÝm-XyÀ
s]mXpsh Icp- X p- ¶ p. AXn- \ - ¸ p- d - t ¯- ¡ p- Å [À½- t _m- [ - 12345678901234567890
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Nn´sbm¶pw A¡q-«À¡n-Ã.
hm¡p-If
- psS hnkvab
- a
- mWv Fgp-¯nsâ temIw. kÀ¤m-ßI
- Ä (Creative Writtings) hm¡p-IÄ¡p-¸p-dt- ¯-¡p-ff temIw
cN-\I
Xpd-¡p-¶p. `mc-Xo-bhpw ]mÝm-Xy-hp-amb ¢mkn-¡p-Ifpw A¯cw
Iem- k r- j v S n- I - f n- e q- s S- b p- f f k©mchpw sshhn- ² y- a mÀ¶
a\pjykwkvIr-Xnsb ASp-¯d- n-bm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. ""alm-{]-Xn-
`-IÄ t]mb hgn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn¨v kz´w Câyq-j³sIm-p
tXm¶nb Nne Imcy-§Ä kz´w saäo-cn-b-enÂ B¡p-Ibpw
sNbv X p. AXnsâ ê- a m- b n- « p- - m - b - X mWv c- m - a qgw''20 F¶v Fw.Sn
]d-bp-¶p. "]g-b ¢mkn¡nte¡v \mw Xncn¨p t]mIp-¶Xv ]pXnb
NneXp ]d-bm-\mWv. ]pXp-Xm-sb-s´-¦nepw ]d-bm-\mWv \mw
Ft¸mgpw {ian-t¡-- Xv. hmb\ Hcp ]cn[nhsc ]g-bh a\-Ên-em-
¡m\pw ]pXn-bXv ]d-bm\pw klm-bn-¡pw.21
BJym-\¯
- nepw Iem-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nepw `mc-X¯
- n\v kz´-amb
]mc-¼c
- yw (Tradition) D - v . cmam-bW
- hpw alm-`m-cX
- hpw ]pcm-W-
§fpw thtZm-]-\n-j-¯p-Ifpw {]Zm\wsNbvX AXn_rl-¯mb
]mc-¼c
- y-am-WX
- v. ]Xn-s\«p ]ÀÆ-§f
- n-embn ]c¶p InS-¡p¶ alm-
`m-cX
- ¯
- nsâ inev]L
- S- \ XI-gn-sbbpw Fw.Sn sbbpw kzm[o-\n-
¨n-«p--v. ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS t\mhÂ {Im^väv Chsc BIÀjns¨¦nepw
`mc-Xob BJym\Iesb AhÀ Dt]-£n-¨n-Ã. ""`mc-XobPohn-X-
¯nsâ Xmfw Cw¥o-jnsâ Bhn-jvIc
- W
- ¯
- n-te¡v ]ngn-sªm-gn-
¡-Ww. Ata-cn-¡-bp-sStbm AbÀe--n-sâtbm Xmfw AhÀ Ah-
cpsS Cw¥o-jn-te¡v ]I-cp-¶Xp t]mse.'' B[p-\nI Fgp-¯p-Im-c-
\mb cmPm-dm-hp-hnsâ hm¡p-I-fm-Wn-h. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ N´p-ta-
t\m\pw kn.hn cma³ ]nf-fbpw ]mÝmXyt\mh-ep-If
- psS amXrI
X§-fpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ¡v kzoI-cn-s¨-¦nepw IY ]d-bp-¶-Xnse
N´w `mc-X-¯n-tâXp Xs¶. \ap-s¡-Ãm-än\pw Hcp \nÝ-b-ap--v. 12345678901234567890
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DZm-lc
- W
- ¯
- n-\,v kwKoXw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ib
- m-sW-¦nÂ, {]`m-X¯
- nÂ
`q]m-f-cm-Kw, irwKm-c-¯n-\m-sW-¦nÂ IeymWncmKw, Xmcm-«n\v
\oemw-_cn F¶n-§-s\. A§-s\-sbm¶pw ]mÝm-XyÀ¡n-S-bnÂ
A[nIw ImWm-\n-Ã. Ime-¯n-s\m¯v ]pXpa tXSn-bp-ff bm{X,
A{Xam{Xw. ""kmlnXyw FÃm-bvt¸mgpw AXp DÛhwsIm- {]tZ-
i-¯nsâ Ncn-{Xw, `qan-im-kv{Xw, ]pcm-hr-¯§
- Ä, sFXn-ly-§Ä,
\m«-dn-hp-IÄ apX-em-bh
- b
- psS kzm[o-\¯
- n\v hnt[-ba
- m-bn-cp-¶n-«p-v-.
cmam-bm-W¯
- nepw alm-`m-cX
- ¯
- nepw ]pcm-W§
- f
- nepw Cý-bnse
hnhn[ {]tZ-i§
- f
- psS kmIeykz`m-h¯
- n-ep-ff kzm[o\w Df-f-
Xmbn \ap-¡d- n-bmw. CXns\ \ap¡v "kÀthýmkzm[o\w' F¶p
hnfn-¡mw. asämcp Xc-¯nÂ \ap¡v hnhn-[§- f
- mb {]mtZ-inI ]pcm-
hr-¯-§-fp--v. Hmtcm {Kma-¯n\pw Hmtcm kap-Zmb tiJ-c-ap--v.''23
Fw.Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mb-cpsS Cu \nco-£Ww `mc-Xob Iem-ZÀi-
\-¯nsâ s]mXpkz`m-ha
- m-Wv. `mc-X¯
- nsâ `qan-im-kv{Xhpw ]pcm-
hr¯ kar-²nbpw ]mc-¼c
- yhpw kwkvImc-hp-amWv \½psS Iesb
cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶X
- v. DZm-¯a
- mb Iem-kr-jvSn-IÄ¡mWv `mc-Xo-bÀ
¢mkn-¡Â ]Zhn \evIn-bn-«p-ff
- X
- v. DÂIr-jvSa
- mb PohnXZÀi\w
Ah-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.
1.3 Iemkzcq]w
Ie F¶ ]Z-¯n\v krjvSn F¶m-WÀ°w. {]]©wXs¶

GtXm Hcp hniz-in-ev]n-bpsS Iem-kr-jvSn-bm-Ws
- {X. {]]©kuµ-
cys¯ Bkz-Zn-¡pI F¶Xv hnti-j_
- p-²n-bpsS e£-Wa
- m-Wv.
kuµcyZÀi\w AYhm kuµ-cym-kzm-Z\w Iem-hm-k\
- b
- psS ASn-
¯-db
- m-Wv. F¶mÂ P·-hm-k\
- b
- psS hnI-knX `mh-amWv {]Xn-`;
AY-hm, \h-\t- hm-tÃJ imen-\n-bmb {]Ú. A]qÀÆ hkvXp-
¡Ä \nÀ½n-¡m-\p-ff hypev]-¯n-bp-f-f-h-\mWv Iem-Im-c³.
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kÀ¤krjvSn-If
- nÂ Ihn-Xm-cq-]a
- mWv BZy-t¯-Xv. Imhy-Ie Bkz- 28
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Zn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- nÂ\n¶mWv aäp Ie-If- p-sS-sbÃmw XpS-¡w. ""Ihnsb
Ejn-Xp-ey-\mbn I-n-cp¶ ]mc-¼-cy-amWv `mc-X-¯n-\p-f-f-Xv.''24
""Ejn IS¶p t]mb-Xns\ ZÀin-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶h - \

- m-sW¶v
`mc-Xo-bÀ Icp-Xn.''25 "A]m-cX F¶ `mhw \½n-ep-WÀ¯p¶, adp-
I-cb
- n-Ãm¯ Imhy-kw-km-c¯
- nÂ Ihn am{X-amWv Htc Hcp {]Pm-
]-Xn. {]]-©s¯ AtX-]Sn ]IÀ¯p-Ib - Ã Ihn; Xtâ-Xmb ZÀi-
\-]c
- X
- b
- nÂ ]cn-hÀ¯n-¡s - m-Wv'.26 CXn\v Ihnsb {]m]vX-
- ¸-Sp-Ib
\m-¡p-¶X
- n\v Ah-\nse ss[j-WnI hym]m-ca
- m-Wv. ""{]Ir-Xn-bnÂ
X¶-¯m³ D-m-bn-«p-f-f-sXm¶pw Ie-b-Ã. a\p-jy³ krjvSn-¡p¶
A]qÀÆhkv X p- ¡ sf am{Xta Ie- I Ä F¶p ]d- b m- d p- f fp.
hnizkuµ-cy-tI-{µ-amb lnam-eb ]ÀÆXw Hcp Ie-bÃ. lnam-eb
- -
¯nsâ at\m-lc
- a
- mb Hcp Nn{Xw Fgp-Xn-bmÂ AXp Ie-bm-bn.
hmSn-s¡m-gn-ªp-In-S¡
- p¶ ]q¡Ä ImWp-t¼mÄ \½psS a\-ÊnÂ
bmsXmcp Iem-ck
- hpw A¦p-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. Hcp Ihn-bpsS hÀ®-\-
¯n\p hnj-ba
- m-Ip-t¼mÄ B ]q¡Ä¯s¶ Iem-hk
- vXp-¡f
- m-
bn-¯o-cp-¶p. \½psS Npäp-]mSpw \S-¡p¶ hg-¡p-Ifpw h¡m-W-
§-fp-sam¶pw Ie-If
- Ã- . AhXs¶ Hcp \mSIcwK-¯nÂ hnZ-Kv²-
cmb \S-·mÀ A`n-\b - mbn amdp-¶p.''27
- n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ie-If
temIm-\-µ-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-¡Ww Iem-kr-jvSn. kmam-\y-P-\-

§Äs¡Ãmw B\-µs¯ {]Zm\w sN¿m³ A-Xn\p Ign-b-Ww.
AXn\p th-p¶ kmaÀ°yhnti-j-amWv Hmtcm Iem-Im-c\pw
th--Xv. ckn-¸n-¡pI F¶ [À½-¯nÂ\n¶v krjvSnIÀ¯m-hn\v
amdn-\n-ev¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. "hmIyw ckm-ßIw Imhyw' F¶Xv Imhy-
¯nsâ B]vX-hm-Iy-am-bXpw AXp-sIm--m-Wv. Imhy-I-e-bm-bmepw
\S-\I
- e
- b
- m-bmepw klr-Zb-cmWv apJyw. klr-Zb
- sc BËm-Zn-¸n-
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¡p¶, {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ ]e ck-§fpw hym]m-c§
- fpw HuNn-Xy- 29
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]qÀÆw tNÀt¡-nhcpw. A\u-Nn-Xy-amWv ck-`w-K-¯nsâ apJy-
Im-c-Ww. ""kaÀ°-cmb \S-·mÀ kwKo-X-¯n-sâbpw \r¯-¯n-
sâbpw klm-bt- ¯msS cq]-I§
- f
- h
- X
- c
- n-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ kmam-Pn-I-
cpsS a\-ÊnÂ khn-ti-ja
- mb Hc-hØ kwPm-Xa
- m-Ip-¶p. Øew,
Imew, hyàn F¶nh kw_-Ôn¨ t`Z-t_m[w AhnsS D-m-I-
bn-Ã. XpSÀ¶v Aeu-In-Ia
- mb B\-µ¯- nÂ a\Êp apgp-In-t¸m-Ip-¶p.
Zi-cq-]I
- § - psS e£yw CXm-Wv.''28
- f
temI-¯n-ep-ff - s
- X´pw \mSy-¯n\v AwK-am-Ip-¶X- mbn `c-X-
ap\n ]d-bp-¶p.29 temI-hr-¯m-\p-Ic- W
- a
- mb \mSy-¯nsâ hnime
`qan-Ib
- mWv ChnsS Xpd-¡s
- ¸-«X
- v. "\mS-Im´w IhnXzw' F¶ B`m-
W-I-¯nsâ s]mcpfpw asäm-¶m-Im³ hgn-bn-Ã. Ihn-Xz-¯nsâ
]qÀ®-Xb
- n-emWv \mS-Ic
- N
- \ km[y-am-Ip-¶X
- v. kI-eI
- e
- I
- f
- nepw
sh¨v \mSIw temIm-cm-[y-am-b-Xnsâ cl-ky-hp-a-Xm-Wv. ]mÝm-
XyÀ¡pw ]uc-kvXyÀ¡pw þ In-g¡pw ]Sn-ªm-dpw- þ- H-¶p-t]mse
kzoImcyhpw kphn-Zn-Xh
- pamWv \mS-Iw. "hmtKh hniz-`p-h\
- m\-\n' þ
-hm-¡p-X-s¶-bmWv kÀÆ-tem-I-§fpw F¶-Xp-t]mse \mSIw
\mSnsâ AIambn amdp-¶p. Hmtcm tZi-¯n\pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb \mS-
I- § - f p- a p- - v . "Drama' F¶ ]Zw Xs¶ "Do', sN¿p-I, {Inb, F¶-
XnÂ\n¶v h¶- X m- I mw. ae- b m- f - ¯ nÂ, \mSv + AIw \m«Iw
Bsb¶pw ]n¶o-SXv \mS-Ia
- m-sb¶pw Icp-Xmw. kwkvIr-X¯
- nÂ
"\Sv' F¶ [mXp-hnÂ\n¶mWv \S-\¯
- n-sâbpw \mSy-¯n-sâbpw
\njv]¯
- n-sb¶v asämcp Iq«À hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. \Sn-¡p-I, A`n-\-
bn-¡p-I, A\p-Ic
- n-¡pI F¶o AÀ°-§f
- mWv \mSy-¯n\v `c-X-
ap\n \evIp-¶X
- v. temI-[À½n, \mSy-[À½n F¶o hn`-P\
- §
- Ä \mSy-
¯n\v h¶Xpw AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\¯
- n-em-Wv.
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`mcXobÀ \S-\I
- e
- b
- psS tZh-\mbn inh-s\-bmWv Ahtcm[n- 12345678901234567890
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30
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¨n«pÅ-Xv. \S\w ssih-am-sW¶mWv k¦ev]w. {ZmhnUP\-Xb
- psS
kwkvIm-ch - p-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯nbpw inhs\ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p. inh-
kvXp-Xn-bn-emWv \mSy-imkv{Xw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv Xs¶.30
"{_Òmhv, atl-iz-c³ F¶o tZh-·msc Xe-Ip-\n¨p \a-kvI-

cn-¨n«v {_Òmhv D]-tZ-in¨p X¶n-«p-ff \mSy-imkv{Xw Rm³ hnkvX-
cn¨p ]d-bm-sa-¶mWv {]Y-at- Çm-Iw.'30 ChnsS \mSy-th-ZI
- À¯mhv
{_Òmhpw BZys¯ \S³ atl-iz-c\
- p-am-Ip-¶p. ""kmln-Xyw, {]Xn-
am-in-ev]w, Nn{Xw, A`n-\bw F¶o \mep Ie-If
- mWv a\pjyPohn-
X-¯nsâ FÃm sshNn-{Xy-§t- fbpw kv]jvSa
- mbpw X·-bX
- z-t¯mSp
IqSnbpw {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-hm³ {]m]vXn-bp-ff ]qÀ®-Ie
- I
- Ä. \r¯w,
KoXw, hmZyw Cu Ie-Ifpw ]qÀ®-Ie
- I
- Ä Xs¶. Ahbv¡pw ]cm-
t]-£I
- q-SmsX kzX-{´-ambn a\p-jy-a\
- Ê
- p-Isf hn`n¶ hnIm-c§
- -
fmÂ Btµm-f\w sN¿n-¡m-\p-ff Ign-hp--v. F¶mÂ kmln-Xy-
¯n\pw A`n-\b
- ¯
- n\pw Nn{X-¯n-\p-sa-¶t- ]mse Pohn-X¯
- nsâ
Hmtcm hi-§t- fbpw hyà-cq-]¯
- nÂ A\p-`h
- s
- ¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ \r¯-
Ko-Xh
- m-Zy-§Ä kaÀ°-§f - .''31
- Ã
hntij _p²n-bp-ff Pohn (Rational being) F¶m-WtÃm

a\p-jy\p Iev]n-¨n-«p-ff {]Ya \nÀÆ-N\
- w. sXäpw icnbpw hnth-
Nn-¨d- n-ªv, icn kzoI-cn-¡p-¶X
- mWv hntij _p²n. Hcp Ie-bnepw
Xmev]-cy-an-Ãm-¯-hs\ a\pjyKW-¯n-epÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
Ahs\ arK-Xp-ey-\mbn ImWp-¶X
- m-bn-cp¶p `mc-Xob ]mc-¼c
- yw.
""kwKo-Xw, kmlnXyw BZn-bmb Ie-Isf Dt]-£n-¨h

- ³,
þIq-Sm-sXm-bp-ff- h
- ³-þk
- m-£mÂ arK-amWv; hmepw sIm¼p-an-sÃ-t¶-
- p.''32 a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-XN
bp-ff - c
- y-bnse H«p-an¡ kwK-Xn-If
- nepw
Ie-bpsS Awi-ap--v. Ah-bpsS F®w Xn«-s¸-Sp-¯pI km[y-a-Ã.
a\pjy]ptcm-KX
- n¡pw A`n-cp-Nn-¡p-a\
- p-kc
- n¨v \ho-\I
- e
- I
- Ä cq]-
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sa-Sp-¡p-¶p. NneÀ ]e Ie-If
- nÂ ss\]p-Wy-ap-ff
- h
- c
- m-bn-cn-¡pw. 31
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IY-Ifn \S-·mÀ, XpÅÂ Iem-Im-c·
- mÀ XpS-§n-bh
- À¡v A`n-\b
- -
¯nÂ am{X-a-Ã, kwKo-Xw, kmln-Xyw, Xmfw, tafw, hmZyw,
apJs¯gp¯v XpS-§nb Ie-I-fn-seÃmw kmam-\y-Úm-\-ap--m-bn-
cn-¡pw. P·-hm-k\
- b
- p-ff Hcp Iem-Im-c\v henb {]bmkw IqSm-
sX-¯s¶ Ch kzmb-¯a
- m-¡m³ Ignbpw. Imc-Ww, Ch-sbÃmw
]c-kv]c
- m-{in-Xhpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I§
- f
- p-am-Ws
- Ãm. {]Xn-`m-[\
- \
- mb
Hcp Iem-Im-c\v ]Tn¸pw ]cn-N-b-hpw-sIm-v Ch-IÄ cwK-{]-tbm-K-
¯mÂ km[p-hmbn hcpw. Ihn-Xm-hn-jb
- I
- a
- mbn a½-S`- «- ³ \nÀ½n¨
Imcn-Ib
- nÂ iàn, \n]p-WX
- , A`ymkw Ch aq¶p-amWv IhnXz
tlXp-¡s
- f-¶mepw Ah H¶n-¨m-Wv, {Ia-¯n-emWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-
¶-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶p. kwkvIm-ch
- pw Imhym-\p-io-e\
- hpw Imhy-im-
kv { Xm- Z n- I - f n- e p- f f ]cn- N - b hpw kÀtÆm- ] - c n- I - t em- ] m- k - \ bpw
kaÀ¸nX tNXÊpw Hcp Iem-Im-cs\ Hu¶-Xy-¯n-te¡p \bn-¡p-¶p.
D¯-tcm-¯cw B Iem-Im-c\
- nse {]I-S\w taev¡p-taÂ DÂ¡r-
jvSX
- sb {]m]n-¡p-¶X
- mbn ImWmw.
1.4 Iem-hnZy
Iemþ-hn-Zy, Iebpw hnZybpw tNÀ¶-XmWv "Iem-hn-Zy'. ""{]Ir-

Xn- b nÂ\n¶v I- p - ] - T n¨v a\- Ê psIm- p cq]- s ¸- S p- ¯ n, at\m- [ À½w
{]tbm-Kn¨v X¯p-ey-ambn {]Xn-ê
- n-¡p¶ Hcp A`ymk ss\]pWyw;
hnÚm-\hpw hnt\m-Zhpw P\n-¸n-¡p¶ hnZy''34 AXmWv IemhnZy.
"Ie' F¶ kwÚ-bpsS {]mY-an-ImÀ°w Awiw, `mKw

F¶m-Wv. a\pjyico-c¯
- nse k]vX[mXp-¡f
- psS B[m-ca
- m-bXpw
euIn-Ihpw Aeu-In-Ih
- p-amb kI-eXpw "Ie'bnÂ AS-§p-¶p.
Chsb k]vXIe-If- mbn hyh-lc- n-¡p-¶p.35 icoc\nÀhn-ti-ja
- mb
Hcp {]Xn-`m-ka
- mWv Ie-sb¶v kmam-\y-ambn ]d-bmw. BIm-cw, cq]w
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Hcm-fnse {]Úsb, Iem-\n-]p-WX- sb kZr-is - ¸-Sp-¯p-¶X - {X.36
- m-Ws 12345678901234567890
32
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"hnZy' imkv{X-]-T\wsIm-p-ff Adn-hm-Wv. ]c, A]c F¶n-
§s\ hnZy c- p - h n- [ - a p- - v . "]c' F¶Xv t{ijv T - a mb i_v Z - a m- W v .
aqem-[m-c¯
- mÂ {_Òkzcq-t]W ØnXnsN¿p-¶X
- mbn thZm-ń-
IÄ ]d-bp-¶p. ]cm-ià
- n, ]c-am-ßmhv F¶o {]tbm-K§
- Ä H¶-
sÃ¶pw hnÚm\ {][m-\§
- f
- mb hm{Kq]krjvSn-IÄ am{Xta hnZy-
I-fm-hp-I-bp-f-fp-sh¶pw \mw icn¡p a\-Ên-em-t¡-- XmWv. ""Ie-
I-fnÂ¯s¶ \r¯w, KoXw, hmZyw, A`n-\bw CXm-Zn-IÄ {Inbm-
ß-Ifpw Nn{Xinev]m-Zn-IÄ {Zhym-ßI
- §
- f - t- {X.''38
- p-amb Ie-If
hmÕym-b\ alÀjn-bpsS Adp-]¯

- n-\mep Ie-If
- psS ]«n-
I-bnÂ a\p-jy-cpsS kIe {]]À¯n-Ifpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p-v. \mK-
cnI Pohn-X¯
- n\p sImgp¸p Iq«p¶ cwKIe-Isf hmÕym-b\³
t{]mÂkm-ln-¸n-¨p. hnZym-ka
- p-t±-i{- ]-Ic
- W
- ¯
- nÂ Adp-]¯
- n-\m-ep-
IeIsf At±lw FSp¯p ]d-bp-¶p--v. KoXw, hmZyw, \r¯w,
Bte-Jyw, Zi\ hk-\mwK cmKw, t\]-Yy-{]-tbm-Kw, ]pkvXI hmN-\w,
\mS-Im-Jym-bn-Im-ZÀi-\w Ch-sbms¡bmWv \mK-cn-Ib
- psS NnÓ-
§-Ä. DÕ-h§
- Ä, kv{Xo]p-cp-j·
- mÀ Hcpan¨ncp¶p \mSIw ImWp-I
F¶nhbpw \mK-cn-IX
- b
- p-sSbpw kwkvIm-c¯
- n-sâbpw e£-Wa
- mbn
Icp-Xn-t¸m-cp-¶p. kuµ-cy-t_m-[hpw `mh-\m-hn-em-k§
- fpw CgpIn
tNcp-¶n-S-¯mWv Ie cq]-sa-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. a\p-jy-\nÂ kwkvImc
hnti-js¯ hfÀ¯p-¶X
- mWv Ie. D¯-aI
- e a\p-jy-a\
- Ê
- ns\
ip²o-Ic
- n-¡p-¶p. ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS IYmÀkn-kv (-hn-Imc hntc-N\
- w)-
sIm- v Dt±- i n- ¨ Xpw AXm- W v .
1.5 Iebpw BZnakwkvIm-chpw
_n.kn. aqhm-bn-ct- ¯msS kpta-dn-bb

- nÂ Bcw-`n-¨X
- mWv a\p-
jy-cm-in-bpsS Ncn-{Xw. Fgp-¯p-hn-Zy-bpsS BZy-cq-]a
- mb teJ\
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hnZy, "IyqWnt^mw' cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXpw kpta-dn-b¡
- m-cm-W.v IyqW-kv 33
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(Cuneus) F¶ emän³ ]Z-¯nÂ\n¶mWv IyqWnt^mw D-mb
- X
- s
- {X.
sak-s¸m-t«m-an-b³ AYhm kpta-dn-b\
- mWv temI-¯nse Gähpw
]g¡w sN¶ kwkvIm-cw(Civilization).39 temI-Nc- n{Xw tcJ-s¸-
Sp-¯nb BZy-hyàn sltdm-tUm-«kpw. c-p \Zn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂs¸«
cmPy-amWv sak-s¸m-t«m-an-b.40 AXmImw {]mNo\kwkvImcw \Zo-
X-Sh
- p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«s
- X¶v ]d-bm³ ImcWw temI-¯n-em-Zy-ambn
N{µ-]©
- mwKw Bhn-jvIc
- n-¨Xpw Ch-cm-Ws
- {X.
CuPn-]vjy³ kwkvIm-c-amWv ]g-¡-¯nÂ c-m-a-t¯-Xv.41

ss\Â \ZoXS-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«mWv CX-dn-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- .v Ahn-Sps¯
]pcm-X\ cmPm-¡·
- m-cpsS arX-ic
- o-c§
- Ä (Mummy) kq£n-¨n-cp¶
kvamc-I§- f- mWv "]nc-an-Up-IÄ'. kv^nwKvkv (Sphinx) Fs¶mcp
hnNn-{X-Po-hn-sb-¸-änbpw ChÀ ]d-bp-¶p--v.42 temI-¯n-em-Zy-ambn
kuc-]©
- mwKw \nÀ½n-¨Xv CuPn-]vXp-Im-cm-Wv.
ssN\-bnse lpbmMvtlm \Zn-bpsS Xoc-¯mWv ssN\okv

kwkvImcw cq]w sIm-X
- v. ssN\-bnse a\pjy\nÀ½nX h³ aXnÂ,
tXbn-e, IS-em-kv, t]¸À Id³kn, `qI-¼a
- m-]n\n F¶nh ssN\okv
kwkvIm-c¯
- nsâ ]mc-¼cyw AS-bm-fs
- ¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
bh\kwkvImcw \evInb kw`m-h\

- I
- Ä Iebpw kmln-Xy-
hp-ambn Gsd ASp¯p \nev¡p-¶X
- pw hn]pehpamWv. {Ko¡p-Im-
sc-bmWv "bh\-·mÀ' F¶v hnfn-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. bh-\nI F¶ hm¡v
{Ko¡v `mj-tbmSv IS-s¸-«X
- m-Wv. X¯z-Nn-´, \mSIw F¶n-hbv¡v
XpS-¡a
- n-«Xv bh-·m-cm-Wv. tkm{I-«o-kv, t¹täm, Acn-tÌm«nÂ, Ae-
Ivkm--À, lnt¸m-{Im-äkv F¶n-§s\ \o-p-t]m-Ip-¶-XmWv {Ko¡p
ZmÀi-\n-Ic
- psS \nc.
sXt¡ Ata-cn-¡b
- nÂ "amb³ kwkvImcw' F¶ t]cn-ed- n- 12345678901234567890
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b-s¸Sp¶ BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡n-Sb
- nÂ X\-Xmb Nne Iem-cq-]§
- fpw 34
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\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶X
- mbn Icp-Xp-¶p. ]n¶o-Sh bqtdm-]y³ A[n-\n-th-
i-¯nsâ `mK-ambn \in-¨p-t]m-bn. A^vKm-\n-Øm-\nÂ c-m-bncw
hÀjw ap¼p-ff inev]§
- fpw {]Xn-aI
- fpw A\n-Ém-an-Ia
- m-sW¶v
]dªp Xmen-_m³ `c-WI
- qSw XIÀ¯p If-ªn-cp-¶p.
Cý-bn-em-Is« Gähpw ]g¡w sN¶Xv knÔp-\-Zo-XS
kwkvIm-ca - m-Wv. _n.kn Ggm-bncw hÀjamWv CXn\v ]g¡w Iev]n-
- v.43 taml-©Z- m-tcm-þl
¡p-¶X - m-ç F¶n-hS- §
- f
- nse sXfn-hp-IÄ
h¨p- s Im- - m Wv CXv \nÀ®- b n- ¡ - s ¸- « - X v .44 ]©m-_nse tdm¸À
(Ropar), cmP-Øm-\nse KKmÀ \Zo-Xo-c¯
- p-ff Imen-_w-Km³, lcn-
bm-\b
- nse _\m-hm-en, KpP-dm-¯nse _wKm-t]mÀ \Zo-Xo-cs¯
temXÂ F¶n-hn-S§
- f
- n-emWv {]mNo\ `mc-XobkwkvImcw \ne-\n-
¶n-cp-¶-Xv.
B[p-\nI coXn-bn-ep-ff Agp-¡p-NmÂ (underground drain-

age), Krl-\nÀ½m-W¯
- n\v NpS-I«- (burnt bricks), kzÀ®hpw shf-
fnbpw tNÀ¶p-ff temlw, shf-fn, sN¼v, NXp-cw-Kw (chess), sSdm-
þ-tIm-« (Terra-cotta), XpS-§n-bh ChÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xmbn
ImWp-¶p. Irjn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v Imfsb D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw
Bcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. tIc-f¯
- nÂ C¶pw ]Wn-bm-fÀ¡n-
S-bnÂ Imf-sI-«p-Õh
- w (I-Xn-cp-Im-f) \S¶phcp-¶Xv CXn\v sXfn-
hm-Wv.
""\r¯hpw KoXhpw hmZy-hp-saÃmw \mSy-t¯m-S\

- p-_Ô
- n¨v
{]mNo\Imew apXevt¡ {]N-cn¨ph¶p. AXn]pcm-X\Ime¯p
Xs¶ `mc-X-¯nÂ \r¯-¯n¶p al-¯mb Øm\-am-Wp--m-bn-cp-
¶-sX¶v knÔp-\-Zo-kw-kvIm-cm-h-in-jvS-§Ä (\À¯-In-bpsS
]n¯f {]Xn-abpw aäpw) hyà-am-¡p-¶p--v. EtKz-Z-¯nÂ Dj-Êns\
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Hcp \À¯-In-tbm-Sp-]a
- n¨n«pÅXmbn ImWmw. ]e-Xcw Km\-§Ä¡pw 35
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hmZy-§Ä¡pw sshZnIIme¯p {]Nm-c-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p.
\r¯KoXhmZy-§Ä H¯n-W-§nb "inev]'s¯-¸än Iujo-XIn
{_mÒ-W-¯nÂ(29.5.3þ7){]-kvXm-h-\-bp--v. "{XnhrZv ssh inev]w,
\r¯w, KoXw hmZn-Xa
- nXn.' {]mNo\ _u²-Ir-Xn-If
- nÂ \r¯w,
Km\w, hmZyw F¶n-hs
- b-¸ä- nbpw t{]£m-Kr-l§
- s
- fbpw tim`\n-
I-·m-cmb \S-·m-scbpw ]änbpw A§n§p kqN-\I
- Ä ImWmw.
"\¨ń ]n Kmbń ]n hmZń ]n emtkń ]n (-hn-\b

- w, 11þ10).
ZoL-\n-Im-b¯
- nÂs¸« {_Ò-Pm-ek
- p-¯´
- ¯
- nÂ ]e {_mÒ-Wcpw
k\ym-kn-amcpw t{]£m-Kr-l¯nÂ t]mbn \r¯-Ko-Xh
- m-Zn-X§
- Ä
Bkz-Zn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶pw, ]t£, KuX-a_
- p-²³ A¯-c¡
- m-c\
- m-bn-
cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw {]kvXm-h\ ImWp-¶p--v(1þ].6) C{]-Imcw BZna
Ie-bnÂ Xucy-{Xn-I¯- nsâ km¶n-[y-am-Wp-ff- s- X¶v \mSy-Ie
- v]-
{Zp-a¯ - nÂ {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p.45
- nsâ Ah-Xm-cn-Ib
- n\p ap¼p-ff (Pre-Aryan Ur-

CýbnÂ Bcym-[n-\n-th-i¯
ban Civilization) kwkvIm-c-amWv knÔp-\-Zo-X-S-§-fn-ep--m-bn-cp-
¶-Xv. Bcy-·mÀ¡p- ap-¼p-ff \mK-cnI kwkvIm-ca
- m-bn-cp¶p CXv.
C¶s¯ \K-c§
- Ä¡p-ff ]e kuIcy§fpw A¿m-bncw hÀjw
]g- ¡ - a p- f f knÔp- \ - Z o- X Skwkv I m- c - ¯ n- \ p- - m - b n- c p- ¶ p. `mc-
Xobkwkv I m- c - ¯ nsâ ]mc- ¼ cyhpw BZnaIem- ` m- h - \ - b psS
Bcw`hpw ChnsS\n¶m-Wv. sNa¶ a®pw Ifn-a®pw D]-tbm-Kn-¨v
hoSv \nÀ½n-¨n-cp-¶X
- nsâ Øm\¯v NpSp-I«- bpw, Hmhp-Nm-ep-Ifpw
a¬]m- { X- § - f p- s aÃmw cq]- s ¸- S p- ¯ n- b Xv `mh- \ - b p- s Sbpw
kuµcyk¦-ev]§
- f
- p-sSbpw sXfnhmWv.
\mÂ¡m-en-bmbn \S¶ a\p-jy³ Ccp-Im-enÂ \S-¡m³ XpS-

§n-b-t¸mÄ _p²n hnI-kn-¡p-Ibpw Nnń-¡m³ XpS-§p-Ibpw
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sNbvXp. hnImcw FÃm Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡pw D-v. F¶mÂ hnNm- 36
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chpw `mh-\bpw a\p-jy-tâXp am{X-am-Wv. k¦-ev]n-¡m-\pw, `mh-\-
bnÂ ImWm-\p-ap-ff Ign-hnÂ\n¶mWv Ie-bpsS DÛ-hw. Hmtcm
krjvSn-bnepw {]I-S-am-Ip¶ kuµ-cy-t_m-[-amWv AXnse Ie.
then sI«p- ¶ - X nepw, Cjv S nI \nc- ¯ p- ¶ - X nepw hbv t ¡mÂ
Iq\Iq«p-¶-Xnepw I¶v sXfn-¡p-¶-Xnepw hml-\-tam-Sn¡p¶Xn-
epsams¡ Ie-bp--v. AXnsâ `wKnbpw {Iahpw Xmfhpw Ne-\-
hp-amWv AXn-s\-sbÃmw Iem-]c
- a
- m-¡p-¶X
- v.
a\p-jy-hm-k¯
- n-\mbn sXc-sª-Sp¯ Kpl-IÄ, Ahbv¡
- p-
f-fnse Nn{X-§Ä, sIm¯p-]W
- n-IÄ XpS-§n-bh
- bneqsS-bm-bn-cp¶p
BZn-aI
- e
- b
- psS XpS-¡w. e`y-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ sh¨p-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ
Gähpw {]mNo-\hpw hnkvabw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶X - p-amb Iem-cq]w Icn-
¦-ÃnÂ XoÀ¯ inev]§ - m-Wv.46 Ic-Iu-ie
- f - a
- mWv BZna Ie-sb¶v
Icp- X p- ¶ - X nÂ A]m- I - X - b n- Ã . `mc- X ob Iem- ] m- c - ¼ - c ys¯
HmÀ½s¸Sp¯p¶ sImWmÀ¡nse kqcy-t£{Xw IÃnÂ sIm¯n-
h¨ Ihn-Xb
- m-Wv. ""13þmw \qäm--nÂ 1200 Ic-Iu-ie hnZ-Kv[-cpsS
12þsImÃs¯ Ønc]cn-{i-aamWv CsX¶v B Ime-L-«-¯nse
k¶ym-kn-am-cpsS hnh-cW]{Xn-Ib
- nÂ ImWp-¶p. hfsc hepXpw
Xnf-§p-¶X
- p-amb kvamc-Iw, BZy-Im-e§
- f
- nÂ I¸Â bm{X-¡mÀ¡v
Hcp Land mark Bbn {]tbm-P-\-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. \mhn-IÀ CXns\
"Idp¯ ]tKmU' (Black Pagoda) F∂mWv t]cn-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv''47
AP-¥, FtÃmd F¶o Kplm-t£-{X-§f
- nse Bbn-cI
- W
- ¡
- n-\p-ff
Icn-¦Â inev]§
- Ä \s½ AÛp-Xs
- ¸-Sp-¯p-¶X
- mWv. henb ]md
Intem-ao-äd- p-It- fmfw Xpcp-¶mWv t£{Xw \nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. Chn-
sS-bp--m-bn-cp¶ BZy-Im-e-Nn-{X-§Ä Hcp ]t£, \in¨p t]mb-
Xm-Im-\p-an-S-bp--v. CS-bv¡nsS D-m-Ip¶ {]IrXn Zpc-´-§sf AXn-
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Po-hn-¨Xv C¯cw Icn-¦Â inev]§
- Ä am{X-am-Imw. 12345678901234567890
37
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Ncn-{Xm-Xo-XI
- m-ew, alm-in-em-kw-kvImcw F¶n-§s\ Ncn-
{X-¯nÂ hyh-lc
- n-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶ Imew-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. Cý-bnse Iem-
]m-c¼
- c
- y-s¯-t¸mse¯s¶ Hmtcm cmPy-¯n\pw hyXy-kvXa
- mb
Iem-]m-c-¼-cy-ap--m-Ipw. A§s\ Ic-Iu-i-e-¯nÂ XpS§n ]m«pw
B«hpw sIm«p-ambn Ie-IÄ hfÀ¶p. {]]-©X
- m-fa
- m-bn-cp¶p FÃm-
¯n\pw ASn- Ø m- \ w. {]Ir- X n- b nÂ Xmf(- d n- Y w)anÃmsX Hcp
hkvXphpw Nen-¡p-¶n-Ã.
BZn-a-Imew apXevt¡ a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw X½nÂ

iàhpw ZrU-hp-amb _Ôw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. {]IrXn{]Xn-`m-k-
§fpw ImgvNI
- fpw Ah-s\-sb¶pw Nnń-¸n-¨p. th«-bmSn \S-¡p-
Ibpw Hä-s¸«p Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶ a\p-jy³ ]n¶oSv A\p-
tbm- P y- a mb hmk- Ø m\w Is- - ¯ p- I bpw H¯p- I q- S p- I bpw
sNbvXp. A§s\ kwL-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw kaq-l§
- fpw tKm{X-
§fpw \ne-hnÂhcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]mNo\ inem-bp-K¯
- nÂ, Ncn-
{Xm-XoXIme¯v th«-bmSn Kplm-Po-hnXw \bn¨pt]m¶ a\p-jy-
cnÂ\n¶m-IWw Ie-bpsS Bcw-à
- mb NpaÀ¨n-{X-Ie cq]w sIm-X
- v.
ChnsS \n¶mImw tKm{XkwkvImc Ie ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¯X
- pw.
\mbm-«nepw k©m-c-¯nepw Ah³ I- arK-§Ä, B{I-a-

W-§Ä, BtLm-j§
- Ä, \r¯ cq]-§Ä F¶n-hs
- bÃmw Ah³
Xsâ Kpl-bpsS Npa-cp-If
- nÂ tImdn-bn-«p. a\p-jy-cpsS hnhn[ AwK-
N-e\
- §
- fpw B{I-aW coXn-Ifpw \mbm«pcwK-§fpw Kplm-`n-¯n-
I-fnÂ sIm¯n-h¨
- p. hb-\m-«nse FS-¡Â Kpl, ad-bq-cnse Fgp-
¯msse Kpl, s\¿m-än³ Ic-bv¡S- p-¯p-ff ]mWvUh
- ³ ]md,- I-
\ym-Ip-amcn PnÃ-bnse Xncp-\´
- n-¡c F¶n-hS- §
- f
- nÂ ImWp¶ Nn{X-
§Ä CXn\v DZm-lc
- W
- §
- fm-Wv. Nn{X-§f
- nse hyXykvX ssien-
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IÄsIm- p w Ch {]m[m- \ y- a Àln- ¡ p- ¶ p- - v . FS- b v ¡ Â Kplm- N n- 12345678901234567890
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{X-§-fnÂ ImWp¶ Xe-bnÂ IncoSw NqSn \r¯-¨p-h-Sp-IÄ
hbv¡p¶ a\p-jy-cq-]§
- Ä \½psS sX¿w, Xnd, apSn-tbäv XpS-§nb
\mS³Iem-cq-]§
- sf A\p-kvac
- n-¸n-¡p-¶h
- b
- m-Wv. Xm{ńINnÓ-§-
sfbpw ap{Z-Is
- fbpw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Nne tImd-ep-Ifpw Chn-sS-bp-v-.
F«mw \qäm-v apX-Â¡mWv Ch-bpsS XpS-¡-sa¶v Ncn{XKth-j-
IÀ Icp-Xp-¶p.
temINn{X-þin-e]
v I
- emNcn-{X-¯n\v `mcXw Aaq-ey-amb kw`m-
h\ \evIn-bn-«p-v-. AP-´m-þF
- t- Ãmd Kplm¨pa-cp-If
- nse Nn{X-§f
- pw
(Mural Paintings) inev]§
- fpw `mc-Xob kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-§s
- fbpw
Iemkn²m- ´ - § - s fbpw ASn- Ø m- \ - a m¡n cNn- ¨ - h - b m- s W¶v
tXm¶pw. GI-tZiw c-m-bncw hÀjw ]g¡w Iev]n-¡p¶ AP´m
KplmNn{X-§f
- psS {]tabw _p²-aXkw_-Ôn-bmb IY-If
- m-Wv.
Ie-bpsS ASn-Øm\X¯z-amb kuµcyZÀi\w {]kvXpXNn{X-§-
fnÂ hyà-ambn ImWm³ Ign-bpw. ssIap-{Z-IÄsIm-pw I®nsâ
Ne-\-§ÄsIm-pw `mh{]I-S-\-§Ä ImgvN-h-bv¡p¶ `mc-Xob
\S\Ie- b psS AS- b m- f - § Ä CXn- e p- - v .
aXm-ßI
- a
- mb hnj-b§
- Ä, ssih-þs
- sh-jvWh Ah-XmcIY-
IÄ, [ym\-tÇm-I§
- Ä, If-cn-¸b
- ä- v, emky-\r-¯§
- Ä, tXmÂ¸m-h-
¡q¯v XpS-§n-bh
- s
- bÃmw NpaÀ¨n{XIebv¡v hnj-ba
- mbn IS-¶p-
h - c p - ¶ p - - v . ChbnÂ\ns¶Ãmw BZnaIem]mc¼cys¯¸änbpÅ
GItZi[mcW \ap¡v e`n¡p¶p.
1.6 ImhyIe
IeIÄ Adp-]¯
- n-\m-se-¶mWv {]mNo\ aXw. a\p-jy-cpsS
A`n-cp-Nn-IÄ \nd-th-äpI F¶-XmWv Ie-bpsS {]mY-anI e£yw.
D]-Po-h\Ie-Is
- f¶pw efnXIe-Is
- f¶pw BNm-cy-·mÀ Ahsb
c-mbn Xcw Xncn-bv¡p¶p. sImÃ-¸-Wn, X£-IÀ½w XpS-§n-bh 12345678901234567890
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D]-Po-h-\-I-e-I-fm-Wv. efnXIe-IÄ, am\-kn-tIm-Ãmkw \evIn 39
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kpJs¯ {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p. kwXr-]vXhpw {]im-´h
- p-amb am\-
kn-Im-hØ
- b
- nÂ\n¶p-amWv efnXIe-If
- psS BhnÀ`m-hw. B\-tµm-
Õ-hhpw ebhpw Poh\Ie-bpsS X¯z-ambn amdp-¶p. efnXIe-
I-fpsS A`n-hr-²nbpw hfÀ¨bpw Hcp P\-Xb
- psS kwkvIm-chpw
]cn-jvImc aWvU-e-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«pInS-¡p-¶p. kmln-Xyw,
kwKo-Xw, Nn{Xm-te-Jyw, {]Xn-am-\nÀ½m-Ww, inev]w F¶n-hb
- mWv
efnXIe-If
- nÂ apJyw. t{imXamÀ¤-ambpw t\{X-amÀ¤-ambpw A\p-
`-hn-¡p¶ Ch-bp-sS-sbÃmw e£yw B\-µa
- m-Wv. {imhy-Ie
- , Zriy-
Ie F¶pw Chsb hyh-lc
- n-¡mw. Ch-bnÂ kmln-Xy-¯n\pw Nn{X-
I-ebv¡pw {]mtbW aäp-ff
- h
- sb At]-£n¨v {]m[m-\yhpw {]Nm-
chpw Gdpw.
""kwkvImcw cmPy-¯nsâ Poh-\m-Ip¶p; Ie AXnsâ ssNX-

\ym-hn-jvIm-ch
- p-am-Wv. ico-cm-hi
- y-§f
- psS ]cn-[nsb AXn-{I-an-¨mWv
Ie hÀ¯n-¡p-¶s
- X-¦nepw AXv Pohn-X¯
- nsâ BUw-_cw AÃ.
Pohn-X¯
- nsâ auenI X¯z-§f - mb hnNmchnIm `mh-\I
- f
- psS
- p-amb Awi-am-Wv.''48 F¶mÂ, AhbpsS
hnin-jvShpw hnip-²h
{]IS\w ]eamXncnbmWv; {]XnP\`n¶hnNn{XhpamWv.
""Ihn i_vZN
- n-{X-Zzmcm {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hnem-k§
- t- fbpw a\p-
jy-lr-Zb
- §
- f
- nse hnIm-c§
- sfbpw {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶p. Nn{X-Im-c\
- m-
ht« Ah-bpsS t_m[w Nn{X-amÀ¤-ambn A\y-cpsS a\-ÊnÂ DZn-
¸n-¡p-¶p. AaqÀ¯ hkvXp-¡fpw Ihn-bpsS Xqen-Ibv¡p hnj-
bo-`h
- n-¡p-sa-¶X
- mWv Nn{X-IÀ¯m-hns\ At]-£n¨p Imhy-Im-c-
\p-ff hyXym-kw. Ccp-Iq-«c
- p-sSbpw A\p-Ic
- WcoXn¡pw sshin-
jvSy-ap--v. {]Ir-Xn-bnÂ ImWp¶ hkvXp-¡sf AtX coXn-bnÂ
A\p-Ic
- n-¡p-hm³ Ihntbm Nn{X-Im-ct\m DZy-an-¡p-¶n-Ã. XymPy-
`m-K§
- sf XyPn-¨pw {Kmly-`m-K§
- sf {Kln¨pw Ahsb HuNn-Xy- 12345678901234567890
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]qÀÆw A\p-Ic - v.''49
- n-¡p-hm-\t{X AhÀ {ian-¡p-¶X 12345678901234567890
40
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{imhyIe-If
- nÂ {][m-\§
- f
- mb kwKo-Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw
]c-kv]c
- m-t]£ Zo£n-¡p-¶h
- b
- m-Wv. hr¯w, i_vZw, {]mkw, {]I-
c-Ww, i¿ apX-emb kwK-Xn-If
- nÂ kmln-Xy-¯n\pw kwKo-Xs¯
B{i-bn-t¡-n hcpw. AXp-t]mse¯s¶ AÀ°hnj-b-§-fnepw
[z\nhym]m-c§
- f
- nepw kwKoXw kmln-Xys¯ Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p.
F¶mÂ, kwKo-Xs
- ¯bpw Nn{X-Ie
- s
- bbpw At]-£n¨p kmln-
Xy-¯n\p DÂ¡Àjw IqSpw. Imhy-]o-TnIbnÂ ap- - t Ècn C¡mcyw
Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp hne-bn-cp¯p¶Xv t\m¡pI:
""C\n kmln-Xy-¯n-te-¡v. AhnsS ]Zm-he

- n-bm-WsÃm Iem-
cq-]w. t\cn«p a\-ÊnÂ Ibdn AÀ° \nth-Z\w sN¿p-¶h
- b
- m-Wv
AXnsâ LS-I-§Ä t]mepw Fs¶mcp hnti-j-ap--v. AXn-\mÂ
aäp Iem-cq-]§
- t-- f-¡m-fp-a[
- nIw ]Zm-he
- n¡p Iem-Im-csâ A´À`m-
hs¯ Bhn-jvIc
- n-¸m³ Ign-bpw. hnNn{X kzc-ta-f\
- ¯
- mÂ {ih-
Wm-IÀjWw sNbvXp shdpw hnIm-cs¯ D±o-]n-¸n-¡p-Iþ- B kwKo-
X-¯nsâ IgnhpXs¶ Oµ-kI
v r-Xa
- m-Ip-t¼mÄ B kn²nbpw kmln-
Xy-¯n\p In«n. {imhy-am-WsÃm Imhyw. lrZbw Ihn-sªm-gp-Ip¶
`mh-Ko-X§
- Ä kmln-Xy-¯nsâ Cu khn-ti-jX
- b
- tÃ hnfw-_cw
sN¿p-¶Xv? Bew-_t\m±o]-\§ - f - psS Hä-sbmä Nn{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-
¡pI A¡- g nhpw ]Zm- h - e n- ¡ p- - v . ''50
CXnÂ\n¶pw `mh{]Im-i\
- a
- mWv kIe Ie-If
- p-sSbpw ASn-
Øm\ X¯zsa¶v hcp¶p. {]Xn\h-ck
- hpw `n¶-{]-IrXncq]-ka
- -
\z-ba
- mWv AXnsâ kzcq-]w. Imhy-¯nt\m Iebvt¡m BXyń
Ihpw {]mam-Wn-Ih
- p-amb Ah-km\ hm¡p ]d-bpI km[y-aÃ. a\p-
jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS A\-´-amb IemsshNn{Xyw Hmtcm Ime-L-«-
¯nepw Ie-Isf `n¶cq]n-I-fm-¡n-bn-«p--v. Imhyaoamw-k-I-cpw
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kmlnXyNcn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw \ncq-]-I-·mcpw Hmtcm Ime-§-fnepw 41
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AXns\ \nÀh-Nn-¡m³ {ia-§Ä \S-¯p-¶p. C¶pw A¯cw {ia-
§Ä A\p- k yqXw XpSÀ¶psImt- - b n- c n- ¡ p- ¶ p. Imfn- Z m- k ³
t]mepw Ime-¯nsâ Zmk³ F¶p-ff ap--tÈ-cn-bpsS \nco-£Ww
C¯-cp-W¯
- nÂ kvaÀ¯hy-am-Wv. amdnamdn hcp¶ a\p-jysâ A`n-
cpNn kwLÀj-§Ä ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xzs¯ krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw
\qX\Iem-kr-jvSn-IÄ Imem-Xn-hÀ¯n-bmbn \ne-\n-ev¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p¶p. A¡q-«¯
- nÂs¸«-hsb DZm¯Iem-kr-jvSn-IÄ, ¢mkn-
¡ÂIe-IÄ F¶o ]Z-hn-IÄ \evIn \½Ä BZ-cn¡p-¶p. ChnsS
temwKn-\Ê
- nsâ DZm-¯Xmk¦ev]w (Sublimitty) {]k-àa
- m-Ip-¶p.
DZm¯Ie-IÄ Xe-ap-dI
- sf kmwkvIm-cn-tImÂIr-jvSX
- b
- n-tebv¡v
\bn-¡p-¶p. Ie hnin-jvShpw kwip-²h
- p-am-Ip-¶X
- t- ¸m-gm-Wv. Hcp
P\-Xsb¯s¶ AXv kwkvIr-X-am-¡p-¶p. Fgp-¯-Ñ³IhnX
\nÀÆ-ln¨ Ncn-{X-]c
- a
- mb [À½hpw AXm-Wv.
`mc-Xob Imhy-im-kv{X-¯nse [z\n-Im-cn-I-bpsS hym]vXn

Zriy-þ{- imhyIe-If
- psS kmam\y X¯zs¯ hnfw-_cw sN¿p-¶-
Xm-Wv.51 ImhyIebpw \S\Iebpw \mw t]À¯pwt]À¯pw Bkz-
Zn-¡p-¶Xv {]Xo-ba
- m-\hpw A\-\y-hp-amb [z\nhym]mchntijw
sIm-m-Wv. kwKo-X-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nepw A\p-`hw adn-¨Ã.52 \f-
N-cn-Xhpw tIm«bw IY-Ifpw X¼nbpsS IYIfpw F{X Ac-§p-I-
fnÂ Ifn-¨n-«p-s-¶v BÀ¡pw F®n-¯n-«-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bn-Ã.53
ChnsSÃmw {]Xn-\h
- c
- k
- §
- Ä BSm³ Iem-Im-c\p kml-Nc
- y-sam-
cp-¡p-¶Xv F{X ]IÀs¶-Sp-¯mepw Xocm¯ {]kvXpX Ihn-Xb
- psS
[z\nhym]m-ca
- m-Wv. ChnsS shfn-hm-Ip¶ asämcp ImhyX¯zw `mj-
bv¡p-Ånse Imhym-ßI
- X
- b
- m-Wv. DÅnÂ kwKo-Xa
- n-ÃmsX bmsXmcp
kÀ¤m-ßIkrjvSnbpw tim`n-¡p-Ib
- n-sÃ¶v ASn-hc
- b
- n-«p-Xs¶ ]d-bmw.
D¶Xt{iWn-bn-ep-Å GsXmcp DZm¯ Iem-kr-jvSn-bnepw kwKoXw 12345678901234567890
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Hfn-ªn-cn-¡pw. kwKoXw {]]©Xmf-amWv, PohnX-Xm-fa
- m-Wv. kÀÆ-
N- c m- N - c - § - f nepw A´Àeo- \ - a m- b n- « p- f - f - X mWv kwKo- X w.
Irjv W hn{Klw sIm¯n- s b- S p- ¡ p¶ Irjv W ine- b nepw
\mZkv ] Ài- a p- - v . sN- , Xnane XpS- § nb hmZy- § - f psS "Ipän' IS-
sª-Sp-¡p¶ A¼eapäs¯ ¹mhn³XSn-bnepw \mZ-ap--v. Icn-
¦ÂXqWp-I-fnÂ k]vX-kz-c-§-fp--v.54 tkm]m\KoX-¯nÂ kwKo-
X-ap--v. lkvXap{Z-I-fnÂ Xmfhpw ebhpw kwKo-Xhpw `mj-bp-ap--v.
B«¡emi§fnÂ \r¯ap-v. klr-ZblrZ-bm-Ëm-Zn-Im-cn-bmb
ckw \njv]¶
- a
- m-Ip-¶Xv C¯cw kµÀ`§fnem-Wv.
kwKoX N{I-hÀ¯n kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ tI«p-d§

- n-bn-cp-¶X
- mbn
]d-bp¶ Cc-bn-½³ X¼n-bpsS "Hma-\-¯n-¦Ä InSmthm' F¶
Km\¯n\v hmÕ-ey-¯nÂ s]mXnª Xmcm-«nsâ hiy-at- \m-lm-cn-
X-bp--v . kn.-hn. cma³]n-f-f-bpsS Ncn-{X-Jym-bn-I-bnse IYm-]m-{X-
§Ä s]cp-am-dp-¶Xv IYI-fn-bpsS Xmf-h-«-¯n-em-Wv. AhcpsS
BIm-chpw Blm-cyhpw IY-Ifn {]`m-h¯
- n-tâ-Xm-Wv. Fw.Sn.bpsS
Xd-hm-Sp-If
- psS IY ]d-bp¶ t\mh-ep-If
- nse kw`m-jW
- ¯
- nÂ
hf-fp-h\
- m-S³ `mjm-Xmfw ImWmw. ]me-¡m-S³ Npcw IS¶p hcp¶
Imänsâ {ZpXhnfw-_I
- m-ea
- mWv Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lm-k¯
- nse `mj-
bpsS kwKo-Xw. I¡m-Snepw IS-½-\n-«-bnepw sN-bpw X¸pw Ihn-
X-bpsS Ime-{]-amWw XoÀ¡p-¶X
- mbn ImWmw. \mSy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ
klr-Z-b\v \evIp¶ At\Iw hnti-j-W-§-fnÂ {][m-\-s¸«
H¶mWv hn{im-ń. Gähpw a\-ÊpJw \evIp¶ Ah-Øb
- m-Wn-Xv.
"a\-Êp-Ja
- p-ff ]pcp-js
- \¶pw klr-Zb
- s\ `c-Xa
- p\n \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-
¶ p - - v . A`n-Úm\ imIp-´f¯nÂ kq{X-[m-c³ ]d-bp-¶X
- nsâ
s]mcpfpw asäm-¶Ã
- .
"_p[-]c
- n-tXmjw t\SpI F¶-XmWv Ie-bpsS apJy-e£
- yw. 12345678901234567890
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AXphsc cwK-{]-tbmKw km[p-hm-Ip-¶n-Ã-s{X'.55 klr-Z-b³ 43
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]WvUn-X³ IqSn-bm-I-W-sa¶v CXnÂ [z\n-bp-v. tIhew ]WvUn-
X³ am{X-am-bXpsIm-v ckm-kzm-Z\w ]qÀ®-am-IW
- s
- a-¶nÃ. Imc-Ww,
]mWvUnXy-¯n\v ]e-t¸mgpw AI-¼Sn t]mIp-¶Xv bpàn-bm-Wv.
F¶mÂ "Nn´ Ihn-Xbvs¡¶pw Imep-S¡
- p¶ IÃm-sW'¶v JeoÂ
Pn{_msâ Hcp \nco- £ - W - a p- - v . FÃmw hnkv a - c n- ¨ p- s Im- - p - f f
Bkzm-Z\w Hcp ]t£ tIhe ]WvUn-X\v Ignsª¶p hcn-Ã.
klr-Zb
- \v ]mWvUnXyw t]dp¶ \nb-am-\p-km-cn-bmb Nn«-IÄ¡p-
¸pdw Bkzm-Z-\-¯n-tâXp am{X-amb Hcp am\-ap--v (Dimension).
"kc- k X' F¶ KpW- a mWv klr- Z - b \v AXy- ´ m- t ]- j n- X w.
"{]Xn`'t]mse AXy´w hnc-fa
- mb P·-Kp-Wa
- m-Wn-Xv. ""]mWvUn-
Xym-Zn-If
- mÂ ]cn-t]m-jn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-t¼mÄ klr-Zb
- Xzw F¶ t]cnÂ
Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw Cu KpW-hn-tijw Xs¶-bm-Wv. hnc-k-·mÀ
{KÙ]mcm-bWwsImt-m aäp hn[-¯ntem F{XXs¶ hnÚm\w
k¼m-Zn-¨mepw bYmÀ° klr-Zb - ·- m-cm-Ip-¶X
- Ã; AhÀ henb
]WvUn-X·- m-cm-bn-¯oÀt¶-¡mw.''57
Imhym-\p-io-e\w Iem-kzm-Z\
- ¯
- nsâ ASn-¯dbmWv. Imhy-
I-eI
- s
- f-¸ä- n-bp-ff AÚX Bkzm-Z\
- ¯
- n\v XSÊw \nev¡p-¶p.
icn-sX-äp-IÄ \nÀ®-bn-¡m\pw ap¶-dn-hp-IÄ thWw. hnhn[ Ie-
I-fpsS kmt¦-XnIÚm\hpw B«-{]-Im-c§
- fpw Bkzm-Z\
- s¯ ]cn-
t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ""Imhyimkv{X¯n\v IhnXtbmfw ]g¡ap-v.
`mcX¯nse enJnXkmlnXy¯nÂ Gähpw ]g¡w EtKzZ¯n\mWv.''
cLp-hwiw H¶mw kÀ¤-¯nse {]Y-a-tÇmIw tIhew

]mÀÆXo]c-ta-izchµ\w am{X-aÃ - , ImhyIe-bpsS aÀ½w hyRvPn-
- p-am-Wv.58 kÂ¸m-{X-¯nÂ thWw Ie-Isf \nth-Zn-t¡-
¸n-¡p-¶X
- s X¶pw, A§s\ AÀ¸n- ¨ mÂ59 AXnsâ KpWw taev¡p-taÂ
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hÀ²n-¡p-sa¶pw amf-hn-Imánan{X-¯nepw Imfn-Zm-k³ ]d-bp-¶p. 12345678901234567890
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Hcp ag-¯p-ffn kap-{Z-¯nse Nn¸n-¡p-ff
- nÂ ap¯mbn ]cn-Wa - n-
- v.''60
¡p-¶Xpt]msebmWv kÀ¤-`m-h\ Iem-kr-jvSn-bmbn amdp-¶X
s]mXpsh kÀ¤-`m-h\ c-p coXn-bn-emWv {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xv-

þ - H ¶v {Intb- ä o- h v , c- v {In«n- ¡ Â; c- p w Hcp- a n- ¡ p¶ {]Xn- ` m- [ - \ -
·m-À hnc-fhpw. kÀÆÀ¡pw cpNn-¡p-¶Xpw kÀÆ-k½
- X
- h
- p-amb Hcp
IemkrjvSn AXy]qÀÆ-am-Wv. Imfn-Zm-k³ t]mepw aÃo-\m-Y\
- mÂ
hnaÀin- ¡ - s ¸- S p- ¶ p- - s Ãm.
""P´p-¡Äs¡Ãmw _lnÀtÃm-I{- K-lW

- ¯
- n\p ]cym-]vXa
- mb
C{µn- b - § - f p- s - ¦ nepw a\p- j y\p am{Xta A´À½p- J - a mb
_p²nhym]mcwsIm-p Xs¶-¸-än-¯s¶ Hmtcm¶p a\-Ên-em-¡p-
hm³ Ign-hp-f-fp. Cu kmaÀ°y-hn-tijw a\p-jysâ hninjvS
krjvSn-bmb kmln-Xy-¯nepw {]tbm-Kn-¡s - ¸-Sp-¶X
- nsâ ê-amWv
- w.''61 A\yq-\a
kmlnXy\ncq-]W - mb Hcp krjvSn Akm-[y-am-sW¶v
Cu {]kv X m- h \ hyà- a m- ¡ p- ¶ p. {]Xn- P \`n¶hnNn- { X- a mb
a\pjyPohn-X¯
- nÂ ap¼nse hgn-IÄ BÀ¡pw ap³¡q«n \nÝ-
bn-¡m\mhp-¶n-Ã. BZnIhn apXÂ Cu {]]©clkyw I--dn-
ªn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Ihn-IÄ ZoÀLZÀi\w sN¿p-¶p. "Hcp Iem-
- m-Wv.'62 A{Xbpw
krjvSn aªnÂ sIm¯n-sb-Sp¯ Hcp inev]a
sshIm-cn-Ia
- mWv Ie-bpsS cl-kyw.
1.7 ZriyIe
`mc-Xob ZriyIebpsS ]g¡w \nÝ-bn-¡m\p-XI

- p¶ hyà-
amb sXfn-hp-Is
- fm¶pw \ap-¡n-Ã. F¦nepw thZ-§f
- nepw D]-\n-j-
¯p-If
- nepw \mS-I§
- f
- psS kw`m-jW amXr-Ib
- n-ap-ff kwhm-Z§
- Ä
ImWmw. ""thZ-§f
- nÂ ba³ ban, AK-kvXy³ tem]m-ap{Z, C{µ³
hmkp-In, hniz-man-{X³ \Zn-IÄ, C{µ³ acp-¯p-IÄ F¶n-hc
- psS 12345678901234567890
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]c-kv]c kwhm-Z§
- Ä ImWp-¶p. Ahbv¡p \mSI IYm-]m-{X-§- 45
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fpsS kw`m-jW coXn-tbmSp hfsc tbmPn-¸p--v. D]-\n-j-¯p-IÄ
{]mtbW kw`m-jW cq]-¯nÂ¯s¶-bmWv cNn-¡s - ¸-«n-«p-ff - v.63
- X
""GXp kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw D`-bc

- mKw Km\-§f
- m-Wv. Adn-
b-s¸-«n-«p-ff
- X
- nÂ h¨p {]mNo-\X
- a
- mb kmln-Xy-am-Ws{X EtKz-Zw.
hm¡p-If
- psS LS-\b
- nÂ Xmfhpw ebhpw cmKhpw tNcp-t¼mÄ
Ahbv¡p a{´-iàn e`n-¡p-¶p. Ah D¨-cn-¡p-¶Xpw Be-]n-¡p-
¶Xpw B´-camb Dt¯-P\w \ÂIp-¶p.''64 cmambWIY eh-
Ip-i·
- mÀ ]mSn \S-¶X
- mbn ]d-bp-¶p. \S³, \À¯-I³, \À¯In
F¶n-hc
- psS DtÃ-J§
- fpw ]e-{]-Im-c¯
- n-ep-ff AwK-hn-t£-]§
- fpw
hnt\m-Z]
- c
- a
- mb kw`m-jW NmXp-cnbpw alm-`m-cX
- ¯
- n- e p- - v . \À¯-
I-·mcpw \À¯-In-amcpw \r¯w sNbvXp, \r¯w D]-Po-h\
- a
- mbn
Icp-Xp-¶-h-sc-¸-änbpw CXnÂ ]cm-aÀi-ap--v.
""]pcm- W - h kv X phnÚm- \ o- b - ¯ n- t em (archaeology)

am\hPmXnimkv{X-¯n-tem (anthropology) HuÕp-Iy-ap-ffhcpw,
Iem-hn-Zy-bntem inev]X{´-¯ntem IuXp-Ia
- pÅhcpw, aX-¯ntem
X¯z-im-kv{X-¯ntem A`n-\n-th-ia
- p-ff
- h
- c
- pw, cmPyNcn-{X-¯nsem
cmjv{SX{´-¯nsem {]Xn-]-¯n-bp-f-f-hcpw \½psS {]mà\
kwkvIm-cs¯ {i²m-]qÀÆw ]Tn-¡p¶]£w AXv AhÀ¡p
hnÚm- \ - { ]- Z hpw hnt\m- Z - I - c - h p- a m- I m- X n- c n- ¡ p- I - b n- Ã .'' 65
{]]©hnÚm\w GsXmcp Iemkrãn¡pw Hgn¨pIqSm\mhm¯
XmWv. HcmfpsS A\p`hÚm\w Iemt{]cWbmbn hÀ¯n¡p¶p.
Gsd sshhn-²y-amÀ¶ Iem-]m-c¼

- c
- yhpw ss]Xr-Ih
- p-amWv
`mc-X-¯n-\p-f-f-Xv. "`cXw', "`m-cXw', "`c-X-ap\n' F¶o kwÚ-
IÄXs¶ \mSy-Ie
- b
- p-ambn _Ô-s¸«v hyh-lc
- n-¡p-¶X
- m-Wv. `mh
cmKXmfw tNÀ¶-XmWv `c-Xw. `c-XÚ
- ³ F¶mÂ \mSy-Ie ]Tn-
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¨-h³ F¶pw AÀ°-ap--v. Ae-¦mcimkv{X-¯n-sâbpw \mSy-im- 46
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kv{X-¯n-sâbpw IÀ¯m-hmb `c-Xa
- p-\n-bmWv `mc-Xob \S-\I
- e
- -
bpsS ]mc-¼c
- yhpw imkv{Xo-bX
- bpw BZyw hyà-am-¡n-bsX¶
hkvXpXbpw kvacWobamWv.
""hn`n-¶hpw hn]p-ehpw Bb Cu kwkvImcw {]Xn-_nw-_n-

¡p¶ Hcp cq]-s¯-bm-Wvþ- Z- r-iy-Ie
- s
- b-bmWv `mc-XobIe-bmbn
hnNn-´\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv''.66 {InkvXp-hn\pap¼v \´m-dn-\-Sp¯v
Pohn-¨n-cp¶ ]mWn\n alÀjn-bpsS AjvSm-²ym-bn-I
- bnÂ inem-
en³, Irim-iz³ F¶ c-p-t]À \mSIkq{X-§Ä cNn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xmbn
]cm-aÀi-ap--v. kwkvIrX hymI-cWkw_-Ôn-bmb AjvSm-²ym-
bn-IbnÂ AXn\pap¼v `mj {]N-cn-¨Xp sIm-mImw hymI-cW\nb-
a-§Ä Iev]n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. `mj {]tbm-K-¯n-e-ÃmsX hymI-cWw D-m-
hp-Ib
- n-Ãt- Ãm.'' ]X-RvPe
- n-bpsS Ime¯p \mS-Ik
- m-lnXyw Hcp-hn[w
\Ã- \ n- e - b n- s e- ¯ n- b n- c p- ¶ - X mbn At±- l - ¯ nsâ alm- ` m- j y-
¯nÂ\n¶p a\-Ên-em-¡mw. A¡m-e¯p Iwk-h[
- w, _men-_Ôw
Ch \mSIcq]-¯nÂ A`n-\b
- n¨ph¶p-sh¶v At±lw kpNn-¸n-¡p-
¶p-v. F¶p-X-s¶-bp-aÃ tim`-\n-I-·mÀ (-\-S-·mÀ) IrjvW-]-£-
¡m-sc¶pw Iwk-]-£-¡m-sc¶pw c-mbn thÀXn-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-
Xmbpw ImWp-¶p.''67 {]mNo\ Ie-If
- psS Dev]¯n [mÀ½nIt_m[-
ap- W À¯p¶ KpW- ] mTIY- I - f nÂ\n¶mImw BhnÀ`- h n- ¨ - X v .
[Àt½mÂt_m-[\w ¢mkn-¡Âþ]mc-¼cyþIe-If
- psS apJykhn-ti-
j-Xb
- mbn KWn-¨n-cp-¶p. aXw, kap-Zm-bm-Nm-c§
- Ä, kmaqly\oXn
F¶n-hb
- p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«mWv BZyIme¯v [À½w \nÀÆ-Nn-¡-
s¸-«X
- v. Zi-cq-]I-§f
- nÂ H¶mb \mS-I§
- Ä taev]d- ª Bi-b-
§sf km[q-Ic - n-¡p-¶X
- m-Wv. Imfn-Zm-k\p ap¼p-Å- `mksâ \mS-
I - § - f n e p w C ¯ c w k t µ - i - § - f p - - v . 68 cmambWIYIÄ,
]pcmW§Ä XpS-§n-bh \mS-Is
- ¯bpw `àn-km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw 12345678901234567890
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Gsd kzm[o- \ n- ¨ n- « p- - v . ""IrjvW`ànbpw \mSy-cq-]¯
- nsâ Bhn-
jvI-c-W-hp-ambn _Ô-ap-s- ¶mWv asämcp aXw. {]ZÀi\ {][m-
\-amb tLmj-bm-{X, ]m«v, \r¯w, eoe (Ahn-Ik
- nX \mS-Iw)- F-
¶nh IrjvW`à-·m-cpsS _mlym-Nm-c-§-fnÂ Nne-Xm-Wv. Ch
\mtSymÂ]-¯n¡p Ah-kcw \evIn-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶v IrjvW-
- ¸-Sp-¶p.''69 temI¯nse CXcIeIsf
`ànaX-¡mÀ A`n-{]m-bs
t¸mse¯s¶ `mcX¯nse IeIÄ¡pw aX]chpw hnizmk]chp
amb ]Ým¯eap- v .
""ssN\, {KoÊv apX-emb tZi-§-fnse¶t]mse \½psS

tZi¯pw \mS-I§
- Ä kzX-{´-am-bn-«mWv DÛ-hn-¨X
- v. Ah {InkvXp-
hn\p ap¼pXs¶ ]qÀ®cq]w {]m]n-¨n-cn-¡W
- w. kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw
aX-]c
- h
- p-amb NS-§p-If
- nepw [mÀ½nI IY-If
- n-ep-amWv Ah-bpsS
DXv]¯n_oPw ØnXn sN¿p-¶Xv; thZ-§f
- nse kwhm-Z§
- f
- pw,
D]-\n-j¯
- p-If
- nse imkv{XmÀ° hmZ-§fpw \r¯-Ko-Xm-Zn-It- fmSp
kwtbm-Pn¨p \mSIcq]-¯nÂ ]cn-Wa - n-¨n-cn-¡Ww; C§-s\-bmWv
`mc-Xob \mSy-Ie
- b - n.''70
- psS Dev]¯
""amIvkv apÅÀ, an³Un-jv, ]nkvNÂ apX-em-bh

- c
- psS A`n-
{]mb{]Imcw EtKz-Z-¯n-ep-ff kwhmZkqà-§-fnÂ\n¶mWv
\mSyIe DÛ-hn-¨n-«p-ff - v.''71 Npcp¡¯nÂ \r¯-¯n-sâbpw \rXy-
- X
¯n-sâbpw ZoÀL-Im-es¯ hfÀ¨-bpsS ê-ambn cq]wsIm--
XmWv \mSy-Ie
- . AXnÂ \½psS ]mc-¼cyIe-If
- psS Blm-cyhpw
DuÀÖhpw AS-§n-bn-«p--v. F¶mÂ, \mSy-im-kv{X-¯nsâ {]Nm-
c-t¯msSbmWv AXn\v imkv{XobXbpw, {]Nm-chpw ssIh-¶Xv.
XpSÀ¶v \mSnsâ \m\m`mK-§-fnepw Iemin£Ww \nev¡p-¶-
Xn\pw Ac-t§-dp-¶X
- n\pw If-cn-Ifpw Ifn-tbm-K§
- fpw \S-¯n-¸p-
Imcpw D-m-bn. Nne-c-Xns\ Hcp \ntbm-K-ambpw kaÀ¸-W-ambpw
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Xhpw AhÀ¡v c-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ie PohnXw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
Kpcp sN§¶qÀ cma³]nÅ Bim³ IfnIgnbpt¼mÄ In«p¶
Hcp "N{I'hpw Bbncw cq]bpw Htc at\m`mht¯msS hm§n
ap- n sâ "apń'bnÂ hbv ¡ pambncp¶p.
1.8 cwKIe
{imhyIebpw ZriyIebpw X½nÂ Nne khn-ti-jX

- I
- f
- mÂ
thdn«p \nev¡p-¶p. cwKIe-I-fnÂ¯s¶ \r¯-þ-\r-Xy-þ-\m-Sy-ap--v.
Ch X½n-ep-ff ASn-Øm-\]
- c
- a
- mb kz`mhhyXym-khpw Ah-Xc
- -
Whpw BZyw Nnń- t ¡- - X p- - v .
""FÃm cwKIe- I Ä¡pw aq¶p {][m\ LS- I - § - f p- - v .

{imhyIe-bmb Ihn-X, kwKoXw BZn-bm-bh - b- nÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-
amWv AXnsâ Bkzm-Z\ - z-cq-]w.''72 Ihn-Xb
- k - n-em-Is« Ihn, A\p-
hm-NI
- ³ AYhm hmb-\¡
- m-c³, {]Xn-Ic
- Ww AYhm \ncq-]Ww
F¶n-§s\ ImhyaWvUew ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ip-¶p. cwKIem-km-ln-Xy-
¯nÂ cNn-bn-Xm-hvþ- I
- r-Xn-þA
- c
- §
- v (-cw-Kt- h-Zn)- þ-t{]-£I
- ³ F¶n-
§-s\-bm-Wv BkzmZ\aWvUe
- w. cwKIe-bpsS kmlnXyw A`n-
\bkmln-Xy-am-Wv. A`n-\b
- n-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS cNn-¡s
- ¸-
Sp-¶X
- mWv ZriyIem-km-ln-Xyw. Iq¯v, IqSn-bm«w F¶nhbpsS
{]_-Ô-§Ä, \mS-I-§Ä, B«-¡-Y-IÄ, Xpf-fÂ¸m-«p-IÄ apX-
embh A`n- \ - b - ¯ n- \ p- t h- n Fgp- X - s ¸- « - h - b mWv . Ah- b psS
cwK{]tbm-K¯
- n-eq-sS-bmWv {ihyckhpw Zriyckhpw Hcp klr-
Z-b\v In«p-¶X
- v.
""ZriyImhy-§-fpsS \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ff

kn²m-´-§Ä¡p X½nepw A´-c-ap--v. {ihyImhyw ]T-\-ap-dn-bn-
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hm\pw Ign-bp-¶X
- mWv. F¶mÂ ZriyImhy¯nsâ AhØ A§n- 49
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s\-bÃ
- . kp\n-Ýn-Xa
- mb cq]-LS- \
- t- bmSp IqSnb ZriyIe-IÄ¡p
th-n X¿m-dm-¡n-bn-«p-ff kmlnXykrjvSn-I-fm-W-h. Hcp {ihy
IÀ¯mhv Imhyinev]s
- ¯-¸änam{Xw t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-¶mÂ aXn.
F¶mÂ ZriyImhy-¯n\v cwKth-Zn-sb¶ c-m-a-sXmcp am[yaw
IqSn-bp--v. Xm³ cNn-¡p¶ Imhy-¯nsâ cwKm-hn-jvI-cW km^-
ey-s¯-¡p-dn¨p IqSn-bpw ZriyIÀ¯mhv Nnń-¡W
- w. cwK-{]-tbmKw
sNbvXv ên-¸n-¡-¯¡ kmlnXy IrXn-bmWv Xm³ cNn-¡p-¶-
sX¶ t_m[w AbmÄ¡v Ah-iym-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. AXp-sIm--mWv
Hcp ZriyImhy-¯nsâ aqey\nÀ®-b¯ - nÂ Aý-amb hn[n-sb-
gp¯v cwK¯p h¨m-bn-cn-¡W
- s
- a¶v A`n-Ú· - v.''73
- mÀ ]d-bp-¶X
cwKIemkmln-Xy-¯nsâ {][m-\s
- ¸« aq¶p LS-I§
- f
- m-Wv
Fgp-¯p-Im-c³, Ac-§v, t{]£-I³. ""]mÝmXy \mSINn´-I·
- mÀ
CXns\ {Xo Gkv (Three A’s) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. BYÀ, BIväÀ,
BUn-b³kv (Author, Actor, Audience).''74 BJym\kmln-Xy-
¯nÂ\n¶pw `mhm-ßIkmln-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶pw thdn«v {Inbmw-i¯
- n-
\mWv cwKIe-bnÂ {]m[m-\yw. Cw¥o-jnÂ BIvj³ (Action) F¶v
hnfn-¡p¶ {Inbmw-ia
- Ã
- n-Xv. Hcp IrXn-bpsS _oPm-hmlw apXev¡v
Cu {Inbmwiw ]ptcm-Ka
- n-¡p-¶p. \So-\S- ·
- m-cpsS cwKk©mc{Ia-
§fpw A`n-\-bhpw AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn hfÀ¶p sImt--bn-cn-
bv¡pw. Imhy-¯nsâ apgp-h³ A´-k¯
- bpw {Inbmw-i¯
- n-emWv
AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu {Inbmw-i-amWv cwKIe-bpsS Poh³.
AXns\ ]cnt]mjn¸n¡p¶XmIWw cwKIemkmlnXyw.
taev]d- ª {Inbm-i¯
- nsâ t]mj-IL
- S- I
- §
- Ä (Support-
ing factors) BWv Zriy-Iemkmln-Xy-w. A`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ {Iam-\p-
K- X - a mb hfÀ¨¡pth- ssPh- i - à n (Organic unity), AYhm
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bn-eqsS AaqÀ¯-amb Bi-bs¯ aqÀ¯-ambn Bhn-jvIc
- n-¡p-
¶-XmWv \mSyw. t{]£-I\
- ,v klr-Zb
- \v ImgvNbneqsS kwh-Zn-¡m³
Ign-bp¶ coXn-bn-em-IWw Zriy-Ie
- m-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ inev]w Nnń-
t¡---Xv.
""cwKIem-hn-ti-j¯
- nsâ AXn-{]-[m-\a
- mb [À½w cq]-ssh-
Nn-{Xyhpw kmc-k¼
- ¯
- p-am-Wv. FÃm \mS-Iob hnt\m-Z§
- f
- p-sSbpw
e£yw apJy-am-bn«p c-m-Ip-¶p; DZvt_m-[-\w, BËm-Z-\w. P\
kmam-\y-¯n\v hnZym-`ymkw \ÂIp-hm³ Gähpw hyàhpw \nÝn-
X-hp-amb amÀ¤w \mSy-Ie
- b
- m-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶mWv tXm¶p-¶X
- v. am{X-
a-Ã, kap-Zmb ]cn-jvImcw km[n-¡p-hm³ iàn-a¯
- mb Hcp D]-I-
c- W hpw AXm- I p- ¶ p. ]- v , \mS- I - t h- Z n- I Ä, C¶p hÀ¯-
am\]{Xhpw {]kwKaWvU] - hpw F¶-t]mse, IrXyw Xr]vXn-Ic
- -
amb hn[-¯nÂ \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-cp-¶p.''75
Cu `mcXob kwKoXkmlnXymZnbmb IeIfpsS XpS¡w

EtKzZ¯nemsW¶mWv Iev ] n¨ncn¡p¶Xv . ""`mc- X - ¯ nse
BZys¯ cN\ EtKz-Za
- m-Wvþ- b
- q-tdm-]y³ `mj-If
- nse BZys¯
{KÙ-am-WX
- v. Bcy-hÀ¤-¯nsâ BZy-tc-Jbpw AXp Xs¶. Ipsd-
¡qSn icn-bmbn ]d-ªmÂ, AXp a\p-jy-hÀ¤-¯nsâ BZy-Ir-Xn-
bm-Wv. {InkvXp-hn\v Bdp \qäm-p ap¼v AXp cq]-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-sa¶v
kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb aIvtUm-h³ Icp-Xp-¶p.
kÀZmÀ sI.Fw ]Wn-¡c - psS A`n-{]m-b¯- nÂ EtKz-ZI - mew _n.-
kn.2500 \pw 2000þ\p CS-bv¡m-Wv.''76 a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS al-¯mb
ZÀi\w EtKzZw {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p. Hcp DZm¯ Ihn-Xb
- psS e£-
Whpw AXn-\p--v. Pohmß ]c-amß _Ôs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡m³
Htc hr£-¯nse c-p ]£n-I-sf-bmWv CXnÂ {]Xo-I-h-evI-cn-
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- v. {]Xn-Im-ßI
- X
- , _nw_-Ie
- v]\ F¶n-hb
- psS {]tbm-Khpw 51
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EtKz-Z-¯n-ep--v. Imhym-ß-I-am-bn-«mWv a{´-§Ä cNn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. Hcp
{]tXyI Xmf(-dn-Yw)-¯n-emWv Ah Dcp-hn-tS-- Xv. kwKo-Xm-ß-I-
amWv EtKzZa{´-§Ä. Nne-t¸m-fh at\m-lc
- a
- mb Ihn-Xb
- mbpw
A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶p. A´ÀZÀi-\-¯nsâ Bgw sIm-v Bß-ssN-
X-\y-ap-WÀ¯p-¶h
- b
- mWv CXnse kqà-§Ä. D]-\n-j¯
- p-Ifpw
CXnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvXa
- Ã
- . B²ym-ßn-Ia
- mb Xew thtZm-]\
- n-j-
¯p-I-fpsS kwkvIm-c-am-Wv. `mc-XobkwkvIr-Xn-bpsS apgp-h³
k¯bpw CXn-epÄs¡m-ff
- p-¶p. kzman hnth-Im-\µ
- sâ kmln-Xy-
kÀÆkzw Ch-bpsS A´-k-¯-bnÂ\n¶v cq]wsIm- {KÙkap-
¨-b-am-Wv.
apJy-ambpw c-p [mc-I-fm-bn-«mWv \mSy-im-kv{Xhpw Imhy-

im-kv{Xhpw hnImk]cn-Wm-a§
- Ä t\Sn-bX
- v. \mSy-imkv{X¯nÂ
`c-Xa
- p-\nbpw Imhy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ `ma-l\
- pw (-Im-hy-e¦
- m-cw) {]Ya
KW-\o-b·
- mcm-W.v \mSyIebpw kmlnXyIebpw ]c-k]
v c
- m-{i-bXzw
]men-¡p¶ {]Xn-`m-k-§-fm-Wv. \mSy-¯n\v kmlnXyw thWw.
kmln-Xo-bm-\p-`-h-amWv ]e-t¸mgpw \mSy-tl-Xp-ambn amdp-¶-Xv.
kmln-Xyw, hfsc hnim-e-amb AÀ°-¯nÂ kI-e-Xn-s\bpw
DÄs¡m-ff
- m³ Ign-hp-ff
- X
- m-Wv. i_vZhpw AÀ°hpw [z\nbpw Ae-
¦m-chpw `mhhpw ck-hp-saÃmw AXn-eS- §
- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. A`n-\b
- -
¯nsâ NXpÀhn-[§
- fpw AXnÂ A´Àeo-\a
- mWv. AXn-\mÂ A`n-
\b kmlnXyw F¶ \ne-bnÂ ZriyIem-km-lnXyw ]e-Xp-sIm-pw
CXc kmlnXycq]-§f
- nÂ\n¶v thdn«p \nev¡p-¶p. Zriy-¯nsâ
BJym\]c- X - b mWv ZriyIem- k m- l nXy¯nsâ apJ- a p- { Z.
IqSnbm«w{]_Ô¯nse GsX-¦n-ep-samcp ]Zw AsÃ-¦nÂ tÇmIw
NmIymÀ¡v aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ A`n-\-bn-¡m-\p--mhpw, AXp-t]mse
B«-¡Y
- b
- nÂ Hcp ]Zw BhÀ¯n-¨m-hÀ¯n¨v BSm-\p-ff ssieo- 12345678901234567890
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IrX ]ZmÀ°w AXnse kmln-Xy-¯n-ep--m-bn-cn-¡pw. at\m-[À½-
¯n\pw \mSy-[À½n¡pw \nZm\w kmln-Xy-¯neS§nbncn¡p¶
]ZmÀ°-am-Wv. temIm-\p-hr-¯§
- f
- mb kI-eXpw kmln-Xy-¯n-e-
S-§p-¶p. hmNymÀ°-¯n-\¸
- p-d¯
- p-ff AÀ°Xe-§fpw [z\n-bp-
amWv \mSy[À½n¡pw A`n-\b
- ¯
- n-\pa-Sn-Øm-\w. ASnØm\]c
ambn A`n-\bw AYhm "\Sn-¡Â' Ihn-X-bpsS `mhhyRvPI
hym]m-c¯
- nÂ \n¶p-Ûhn-¡p-¶p.
1.9 ZriyIem-km-lnXyw
kmln-Xyhpw kaq-lhpw X½n-emWv BZy-_-Ôw. c-m-a-

XmWv kmln-Xyhpw A`n-\bIebpw X½n-ep-ff ]mc-kv]c
- yw. kmaq-
lnIPohn-X¯
- n-ep-ff KXn-hn-KX
- n-IÄ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ `mh-cq-]§Ä¡v
\nbm-a-I-am-bn-¯o-cpw. kaq-l-¯nsâ hnNm-c-hn-Im-c-§-fp-sSbpw
kwLÀj-§f
- p-sSbpw kwkvIm-c¯
- n-sâbpw hnaÀi\¯nsâbpw
{]Xn-ê
- \
- a
- mWv s]mXpsh ZriyIem-km-ln-Xyw.
""FÃm Ie-If
- p-sSbpw A½ \r¯-am-Wv. \r¯-¯nÂ\n¶v
KoXhpw KoXwhgn ]Zy-cq-]-¯n-epÅ kmln-Xyhpw D-m-sb¶v
Duln-¡p-¶X - nÂ sXän-Ã. GXp \m«n-sebpw kmln-Xy-¯nsâ BZna
Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ Cu X¯zw kv]jvSa - m-Ipw.''77
ZriyIemkmln-Xy-¯n\v {][m-\-ambpw aq¶p KpW-§-fp--v.

1 Km\m-ßI
- X
2 A`n-\b tbmKyX
3 kmlnXy ta·.
Ch aq¶pw H¯n- W - § p- ¶ Xv km[m- c - W - b mbn B«-

¡Ymkmln-Xy-¯n-em-Wv. tIm«bwIY-IÄ, \f-Nc
- n-Xw, Cc-bn-½³
X¼n-bpsS IY-IÄ, cmhWhnPbw XpS-§nb B«¡Y-If
- nÂ Cu
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- h
- pw 12345678901234567890
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hnhn[ ck-§Ä Bhm-ln-¡m-\p-ff Ign-hp-ap-ff
- X
- pam-IW
- w. C¯cw
`mjsb "cwK`mj' F¶mWv ]d-bp-I. A`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ Poh³ Cu
cwK`mj-bm-Wv. `mh-{]-Im-i\ k¶-²hpw ssieo-Ir-X-hp-am-bn-
cn¡pw cwK`mj.
""`mh-{]-Im-i\
- ¯
- nsâ am[yasa¶ \nebv¡v GXp \S\pw
kz´w ico-chpw a\Êpw _p²nbpw PohnXho£-Whpw hg-¡n,
X¿m-dm¡n h¨n-cn-t¡-- Xm-Wv. A\p-Zn\w ]cn-io-e\w \S-¯p¶,
{]tXyI {]I-S-\-¯n\p th-n-b-ÃmsX¯s¶ sa¿m-`ymkw t\Sp¶
\S- · m- c psS \mSIthZn \½psS \m«nÂ C\nbpw D- m - t I- - n - b n- c n-
¡p-¶p. IqSn-bm-«w, IY-Ifn XpS-§nb BVy]mc-¼cyIe-IÄ
\Ss\ kZm kÖ-am¡n \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡pw. {]kn-²·
- m-cmb ]e
IY-IfnhnZzm-·mcpw Ifn-Ø-e¯p s]mSp-¶s\ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶
GXp IYbpw BSp-hm³ Ign-hp-äh - c
- m-Ws
- Ãm. ""Cu tIm¸pIq«Â'
]mÝm-Xysc lTm-Zm-IÀjn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.78 CXnÂ\n¶pw hyàamIp¶
Hcp kwKXn, Imhym-\p-io-e\
- hpw hnim-ea
- mb kmlnXy]cn-Nb
- hpw
cwK-t_m-[hpw A`n-\b
- ¯
- n\v AXy-´m-t]-£n-Xa
- m-Wv F¶XmWv.
ka-{K-amb Imhy]cn-Nbw ckm-`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ ]S-hp-IÄ Ib-dp-hm³
Hcp \Ss\ {]m]vX\
- m-¡p-¶p. AXphgn klrZbs\ hioIcn¡m³
km[n¡p¶p.
""icwt]mse ZoÀL-ZoÀL-ambn apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶-XmWv

Imhy-¯nse ]Zm-he
- n. AXnsâ KXn-thKw \½psS tbmKy-Xm-tbm-
Ky-XI
- sf B{i-bn¨p \nev¡p-¶p. Ihn-Xm-kzmZw Hcp Xcw A\p-k-
Ôm-\a
- s
- {X. AsÃ-¦nÂ \n§Ä¡-{Xbpw £n{]-KX
- n-bp-ff Imhy-
`m-h\ thWw. CXm Hcp sdmamânIv IY
""Kpcp-hl
- nX Cu£-tW, hnIrjvtS
[\pjn [\-RvPb CXy-t_m[n òjva
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]m©meokzbwhc-¯n\p sN¶ {]Ñ¶cq]-\mb [\-RP
v b
- ³
As¼-¿m³ t\m«w Dd-¸n-¡p-¶Xp I--t¸mÄ¯s¶ t{ZmWÀ¡v
Bsf a\-Ên-em-bn. hnÃp hen¨pIpe-¨t- ¸mÄ a\-Ên-embn òjvaÀ¡v.
A©p -_mWw H¸w ]mbp-¶Xp I--t¸mtg Ir]À¡p Imcyw HmSn-
bp-f-fp. hnZq-cÀ¡m-I-s«, e£yw apdnªp hogp-¶Xp ImtW-n
h¶p. \n§Ä t{ZmW-tcm hnZq-ctcm aäp hÃ-hc
- ptam F¶v kzbw
XoÀ¨-bm¡pI.''79 Fw.]n.i¦p®n\mbÀ Imhyhypev]¯nbnÂ DZm-
l-cn-¡p¶ Cu cwKw Iem-kzm-Z\
- ¯
- n-sâbpw kmln-Xym-kzm-Z\
- -
¯n-sâbpw \nbm-aIkXy-am-Wv.
Iq¯v , IqSn- b m- « w, Irjv W - \ m- « w, IY- I fn XpS- § nb

t£{XIe-If
- psS Bkzm-Z\w {][m-\a
- mbpw A¯cw Ie-If
- p-am-
bp- f f ImWn- I - f psS ap³]cn- N - b hpw kmln- X y- Ú m- \ hpw
ap³\nÀ¯n-bm-bn-cn¡pw thK¯nÂ km[y-am-hp-I. ZriyI-em-km-
lnXyw Ac-§ns\ ASn-Øm-\a
- m¡n cNn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶h
- b
- m-sW¶v ]d-
ªp-hs
- Ãm. AXv tIhe kmlnXycN-\b
- Ã
- . Ac-§nse A`n-\b
- -
¯nsâ \m\m-hn-[¯
- n-ep-ff km[y-XI
- sf Bcm-ªpw, t{]£-Isc
a\-ÊnÂ I-pw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-h-bm-Wv. cwKm-h-X-c-W-¯n\pw A`n-
\-b¯
- n\pw XnI¨pw tbmPn¨ hÀ®þ]ZþhmIyþ_nw_k©-ba
- m-
bn-cn-¡Ww Ch-bnse kmln-Xyw. _nw_I-ev]-\-Ifpw Ae-¦m-c-
§fpw ckm- ` n- \ - b s¯ ]cn- t ]m- j n- ¸ n- ¡ p- ¶ Xc¯nem- I Ww.
cwKIebpsS kmlnXyw A`n-\-b-¯n-\p-th-n cNn-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶v
Npcp-¡w. \S³ cwK¯v kZm{]hÀ¯n¨p ImWn-¡p-Ib
- m-Wv ]Xnhv.
Na-b§
- fpw B«-{]-Im-c§
- f
- pw, kt¦-X§fpw at\m-[À½-hp-saÃmw
A`n-\b
- s¯ A\p-kÔ
- m\w sN¿p¶p. NXpÀhn-[m-`n-\b
- ¯
- nse
hmNn-I-amWv `mjbpw kmln-Xy-hpw. ]ZmÀ°m-`n-\b {][m-\-am-
WsÃm H«p-an¡ \r¯-þ\
- r-Xy-þ\
- mSy Ie-If
- pw. Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- n-sâbpw 12345678901234567890
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\mSy-aW
- vU]
- ¯
- n-sâbpw \nÀ½n-Xn-bnÂ XpS-§p¶p Cu cwK-`m-j-
bpsS imkv{Xo-bX
- . Ac§pw t{]£-I\pw X½n-ep-ff AIew IrXy-
ambn ]men-t¡-- Xp--v. F¦nÂ am{Xsa Bkzm-Z\w icn-bmb Af-
hnÂ km[y-am-Ip. Na-bw, NS-§v, \mSy-kt- ¦-X§
- Ä, cwK-]m-Tw, A`n-
\bw F¶n-hb
- psS kmI-tey-\b
- p-Å tNÀ¨-bnÂ Zriy-ImhycN-
bn-Xmhv {i²m-ep-hm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. cwKthZn-bmWv ChnsS apJyw.
AXn\p th- p ¶ kmlnXyw cNn- ¡ p- I - b mWv th- X v . CXp
kw_Ôambn XpSÀ¶p-ff `mK-§f
- nÂ IqSp-Xe
- mbn hni-Zo-Ic
- n-¡p-
¶p--v.
1.10 NpaÀNn{XIebpw t£{XIe-Ifpw
{ZmhnUIe-bpsS BZnacq]§-fn-sem-¶mWv If-sa-gp-¯v.

kXz-cP
- k
- vXt- am-Kp-W§
- sf ASn-Øm-\a
- m-¡n-bp-ff If-sa-gp-¯n\v
AXn-tâ-Xmb hÀ®-§f
- mWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶X
- v. kmXznIKpW-¯n\v
]¨-bpw, ctPm-Kp-W-¯n\v aªbpw kzÀ®\nd-hpw, Xtam-Kp-W-
¯n\v shff\ndhpw \evIp-¶p. Nn{X Ie-bnepw C{]-Im-c-amWv
{]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ff
- X
- v. tIc-f¯
- nsâ X\Xp t£{XIe-bmb IY-If
- n-
bpsS thjhn`-P\
- ¯
- nÂ ImWp¶ ]¨, I¯n, Icn, XmSn, an\p-¡,v
]gp¡ F¶nh {]kvXpXhÀ®-§f
- psS kq£vahpw at\m-lc
- h
- p-
amb hÀ®-em-h-Wy-amWv Blmcytim`sb hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
sX¿w, Xnd, apSn-tbäv XpS-§nb \mS³Iem-cq-]§
- f
- psS kzm[o\w
hSt¡ae-_m-dnse Nne NpaÀNn{X-§-fnÂ ImWmw. BZys¯
kwkvIrX\mS-Im-`n-\bcq]-amb IqSn-bm-«¯
- nse AwK-Ne
- \
- §
- fpw
ap{Zm-`n-\b
- §
- fpw t\{Xm-`n-\b
- §
- fpw NpaÀNn{XIemk{¼-Zm-bh
- p-
ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn¡p-¶p.
tIc-fob cwK-I-e-Ifpw \mS³Ie-Ifpw \r¯cq]-§fpw

Nn{XIe-bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v t{]c-W-bm-bn-«p--v. AXpt]mse IrjvW-
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\m-«w, IY-Ifn F¶n-hb
- nse Np«n (-ap-Js
- a-gp-¯v) Nn{XIe-bpsS 56
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kzm[o-\-apÄs¡m-v cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xm-Wv. AXnÂ Nn{XIebpw,
inev ] Iebpw A\p- I - c n- ¨ n- « p- - v .
""Hcp Nn{Xs¯ \r¯w AYhm \mSyØm\-§sf (Poses)

Bkv]-Zn¨p cNn-t¡--Xm-sW-¶p-ff {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Ieme£W
IrXn-If
- psS \nÀt±-ia
- \
- p-kc
- n-¨mWv AP´m Nn{X-Im-c·mÀ X§-
fpsS Nn{X-§Ä cNn-¨Xv \nan-¯a
- m-Wv, Ah-bnÂ an. B³{Uqkv
Nq-n-Im-Wn-¨n-«p-ff Ir{Xn-aXzw h¶p t]mb-Xv.'' Iem-e£
- W IrXn-
bmb hnjvWp[Àt½-¯c
- ¯
- nepw cXv\m-IcIhn-bpsS lchnPb
Imhy-¯nepw Nn{Xhpw \r¯hpw X½n-ep-ff
- X
- mb _Ôs¯¡pdn¨v
{]kvXm-hn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xmbn tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n-ff Nq-n-¡m-Wn-
¡p-¶p. Nn{X-§sf C{]-Imcw \mSy-¯nse Øm\-§sf A\p-I-
cn¨p cNn-¡p-¶XpsIm-pw, {]kvXpX Øm\-§Ä `mc-Xob\mSy-
¯nÂ [z\m-ßI - § - mbn Iem-in-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw tIkcn ]d-bp-¶p.80
- f
tKm{X-§-fpsS kwkvImchyXn-bm-\-§Ä PmXnhyh-Ø-

bnepw tKm{Xm-cm-[-\m-{I-a-§-fnepw a\p-jysc hyXy-kvX-cm¡n
A§s\ Hmtcm tKm{X-¯n\pw {]tXyIw Bcm-[\
- m{I-a§
- fpw A\p-
jvTm-\§
- fpw \ne-hnÂh¶p. tKm{X-§f
- nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶h
- sc am{Xta
"P\w' F¶ t]cpsIm-p hy]-tZ-in-¨n-cn-¶p-f-fp-sh¶v tdman-em-¯m-
¸À Nq- n - ¡ m- « p- ¶ p.81 Xe-ap-dI
- Ä ]n¶n-«t- ¸mÄ A\p-jvTm\ Ie-
IÄ¡v imkv{Xo-bX
- b
- psS ]n³_ew In«p-Ibpw Ah \S\Ie-I-
fmbn cq]m-ć
- s
- ¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tKm{XIe-If
- psS Dev]¯
- n¡p {]m[\ ImcWw A\p-jvTm-
\-am-Wv. BcwÌme¯v CXn\v kmln-Xy-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Xmfw am{X-
am-bn-cp¶p AI-¼S- n. AXn-s\m¸w Nne hmbv¯m-cn-IÄ apg¡n XpS-
§n-b-t¸m-gmWv \mtSmSnkmln-Xy-ap--m-b-Xv. AXv ]n¶oSv Xe-ap-d-
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I-fnÂ\n¶v Xe-ap-dI
- f
- n-te¡v ssIamäw sN¿-s¸-«p. XpSÀ¶-hbv¡v 57
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Imen-Ia
- mb hyXn-bm-\§
- Ä kw`-hn-¨p. bYmÀ°-¯nÂ enJnX cq]-
¯n-ep-ff kmlnXyw ]e-t¸mgpw \mtSm-Sn (folk) Bhp-Ib
- n-Ã. AXv
hmsamgn hg-¡¯
- n-sâbpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\¯
- n-sâ-bpw, Xe-ap-d-
IÄ ssIam-dp¶ kwkvImchnti-j¯
- n-tâ-Xp-am-Wv. Hcp P\-Xb
- psS
Iem-þk
- m-ln-Xy-þk
- w-kvImc]T-\¯
- nsâ Adn-hS- b
- m-f§
- f
- mWv \mtSm-
Sn-¡e
- I
- Ä. GsXmcp P\Xbpw kwkvIr-Xn¡pw `qX-Imew AS-bm-
f-s¸-Sp-¯nb \mtSmSnkwkvImchnti-j-§-fp--m-Ipw. AX-h-cpsS
kmwkvIm-cnI ]g-a-bpsS s]cp-abpw hnizm-khpw DÄs¡m-f-fp-
¶hbmbn-cn-¡pw.
Bcy kwkvIr-Xnsb At]-£n¨p {ZmhnU kwkvIm-c¯

- n-
\p-ff al-¯mb t\«w A\p-jvTm\ Ie-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. Bcy-P-\-
Xbv¡v C¯-cs
- amcp A\p-jvTm\w Iem-]m-c¼
- cyw Xmc-Xt- ay\ Ipd-
hm-Wv. ""-aebmf`mj ]g-s©m-Ãp-I-fnepw ]g-¼m-«p-I-fn-ep-ambn
Aenªp Ign- ª n- c p- ¶ p- s h- ¶ pw, Xangv cmPm- ¡ - · m- c p- s Sbpw
kwkvIrX ]ptcm-ln-X-·m-cp-sSbpw B[n-]Xyw Hgnªp t]mb-
Xn\ptij-amWv ae-bmf `mjbv¡p X\Xp hyànXzw {]I-Sn-¸n-
¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶p-ff
- p. aqhci-·m-cpsS `c-W¯
- n³ Iogn-em-bn-
cp-¶ Z£n-tW-ý-bnÂ Xan-gn\v IqSp-XÂ {]m[m\yw e`n-¨p.
]n¶oSph¶ kwkvIr-X-¯n\pw ae-bmf `mjbv¡pw Bbncw
- p.''81
hÀjs¯ ]g-¡t- a-bp-ff
BVykmln-Xy-¯n\v {]Nmcw Ipd-bp¶ Ime-L«- ¯

- n-emWv
A\p-jvTm\Ie-IÄ¡v {]Nm-ct- a-dn-¯p-S§
- n-bX
- v. {KÙen]n AYhm
Bcy-sb-gp¯v \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶XpXs¶ B[p-\nI Ime-L«- ¯
- n-
em-Wv. AXn-\p-ap¼pXs¶ \mtSmSn Iemcq]-§f
- mÂ tIcf`mj
k¼p-jvSa
- m-bn-cp-¶p. D¯c tIc-f¯
- n-em-bn-cp¶p A¯cw Ie-IÄ
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A[n-Ihpw DS-se-Sp-¯Xpw {]N-cn-¨X
- pw. sX¿w, Xnd, apSn-tb-äv, ]S- 58
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b-Wn, tXmäw-]m«v XpS-§nb A\p-jT
v m\Ie-IÄ CXn\p sXfn-hm-W.v
Ip©³ \¼ymsc \mtSmSn kmlnXyw BIÀjn-¡m-\p-ff {][m\
Imc-Wh
- p-an-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ]S-bWnXpÅ-ensâ ]cn-jvIc
- n¨ cq]-am-bn-
cp-¶sÃm XpÅÂ. D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS \f-N-cn-X-¯nepw \mtSmSn
Awi-§Ä ImWm³ Ign-bpw. c-mw Znh-k-¯nse Im«m-fsâ cwK-
{]-th-ihpw thjhpw `mjbpw ]Z-§fpw Bbp-[§
- fpw \mtSm-
Sn¯w {]I-Sa
- m-¡p-¶h
- bm-Wv.
1.11 If-sa-gp¯pw Nn{XIebpw
kwkvIrX{KÙ-§f
- nÂ [qfn-Nn{Xw F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¨n-«p-
ff hn`m-K-amWv If-sa-gp-¯v. ssIhn-c-ep-IÄsIm-p A©p \nd-
ap-ff s]mSn-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v tZhotZ-h·
- m-cpsS cq]-§Ä \ne¯v
hc-bv¡p¶ Ie-bm-Wn-Xv. CjvS-tZ-hXmcq]-§sf hÀ®-s¸m-Sn-
IÄsIm-p hcbv¡p¶ Cu A\p-jvTm\ Ie tIc-fob Iem-]m-c-
¼-cy-¯nsâ D¯aamXr-If
- n-sem-¶m-Wv. ""Bdmw \qäm- - n \pw Ggmw
\qäm--n\pw CSbv¡p cNn-¡-s¸« "`hn-jy-Xv]p-cm-W-'amWv [qfnNn{X-
s¯- ¡ p- d n¨v ]cm- a Àin- ¡ p¶ {]mNo- \ IrXn. ]{´- m w \qäm- - n se
]Ýna NmeqIycmPm-hmb tkmta-iz-csâ A`n-em-j-Nn-´m-aWn
F¶ {KÙ-¯nepw [qfn-Nn-{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªn-«p--v. \mc-Z-in-
ev]¯
- nÂ ]d-bp¶ ùanI Nn{Xhpw [qfnNn{Xw Xs¶-bm-Wv. ]Xn-
\mdmw \qäm--nse sN¼-I-tÈcn cmPm-hmb tZh-\m-cm-b-Wsâ kZ-
ky-\mb {ioIp-am-csâ inev]c
- Xv\¯nÂ ck-Nn-{X-¯nÂ\n¶p `n¶-
amb [qfn-Nn-{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p--v.''82
`K-hXnt£{X-§f
- nse DÕ-h§fpw hrÝn-I¯
- nse aWvU-
e-¡m-e¯
- p-amWv km[m-cW
- b
- mbn If-sa-gp¯v \S-¯p-¶X
- v. CXn\p
]pdsa A¿-¸³Imhp-If
- nepw kÀ¸-¡m-hp-If
- nepw If-sa-gp¯v \S-
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¡m-dp--v. If-sa-gp¯pw ]m«pw F¶ kwÚXs¶ kÀ¸¸m«p-ambn 59
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_Ô-s¸-«X
- m-Wv. Nn{XWw sN¿p-¶X
- n\v a\p-jy-cmZyw sXc-sª-
Sp-¯Xv If-am-Wv. "Ifw' F¶mÂ \new. If-¯nÂ Imfnsb ssZh-
ambn IpSn-bn-cp¯n Bcm-[n-¡m³ XpS-§n-bt- XmsS AsXm-c\
- p-jvTm-
\-am-bn. Bcm-[-\-bn-eqsS Nne ê-§Ä I--tXmsS hnizm-k-
¯nsâ iàn sIm-mSm³ XpS-§n. tIhew BUw-_-c-¯nsâ
Iem-cq-]a
- Ã Ifsagp¯v, A½ tZhm-cm-[m\ ae-\m-«nse BZys¯
Bcm-[m-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-am-Wv. IÃmWv BZys¯ tZh-Xm-k-¦-ev]w.
tNmc-bp-sS, _en-bp-sS, Ipcp-Xn-bpsS kaÀ¸Ww CXnÂ {][m\
NS-§m-Wv. Np®m¼pw aªfpw tNÀ¯p--m-Ip¶ IpcpXn CXn-\p-
ff sXfn-hm-Wv. `bhpw `ànbpw hnizm-khpw \ndª A\p-jvTm\
]Ým-¯e
- a
- mWv A½ ssZhm-cm-[\
- b
- p-tS-Xv.
""{]Xn-Im-c¯
- n-sâ-bpw, cu{Z-Xb
- p-sS-bpw, Zriym-hn-jvIm-c¯
- nÂ
Nph-¸nsâ sshhn-[y-cm-in-IÄ tIc-fob {]mNo\Ie {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p.
If-sa-gp-¯nepw apJ-sa-gp-¯nepw NphÀNn{X-¯nepw ImWp-¶Xv
Cu \nd-{]-IS- \ - m-Wv.''84
- a
hkvXp-{]-XoXn Df-hm-¡p¶ Nn{X-§Ä aq¶p-hn-[a

- mWv. ck-
Nn-{Xw, ]pjv]Nn{Xw, [qfn Nn{Xw. Nph-cnepw ]e-II
- f
- nepw Nmb-
§ÄsIm-p \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-hsb ck-Nn-{X-§-sf-¶pw, ]q¡Ä, Xfn-
cp-IÄ F¶n-h-bmÂ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-hsb ]pjv]Nn{X-§-sf-¶pw,
hÀ®-s¸m-Sn-IÄsIm-p-ff tIme-an-Sepw If-sa-gp¯pw [qfnNn{X-
§-sf¶pw Adn-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶p. tIc-f¯
- nÂ `{Z-Imfnt£{X-§Ä¡mWv
{]Nmcw IqSp-XÂ. Ahn-S§
- f
- n-emWv If-sa-gp¯pw ]m«v, apSn-tb-äv,
tXmäw ]m«v, Xobm«v, ]m\ F¶nh \S-¯s
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v. ""If-sa-gp¯v
Ipe-hr-¯n-bmbn kzoI-cn¨ ]e kap-Zm-b-§Ä tIc-f-¯n-ep--v.
amcmÀ hn`m-K¯
- nÂs¸« Ipdp-¸·
- m-cmWv Ch-cnÂ {][m-\n-IÄ. If-
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sa-gp¯p]m«n-t\m-S\
- p-_Ô
- n¨pw apSn-tb-än-t\m-S\
- p-_Ô
- n¨pw If-sa- 12345678901234567890
60
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gp-Xp-¶Xpw Ipdp-¸·
- m-cm-Wv. a[y-tI-cf
- ¯
- nse If-sa-gp¯p Ipdp-¸-
·mÀ IÃmäp Ipdp-¸·
- mÀ F¶ t]cn-em-Wd- n-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v. hSt¡ae-
_m-dnse If-sa-gp-¯p-Im-cnÂ sX¿w]mSn \¼ym-c·
- mcpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
sX¡³tIc- f - ¯ nse If- s a- g p- ¯ p- I m- c nÂ hmgv ¯ n- ¶ - b - · mÀ,
ssZhw]mSn-IÄ F¶o hn`m-K-¡m-cp--v. `{Z-Imfn Xobm-«n-t\m-S-\p-
_-Ôn¨v If-sa-gp-Xp-¶h
- À Xobm-«n\p thjw sI«p¶ Xobm-«p-®n-
am-cm-Wv. A¿-¸³ Xobm-«n-t\m-S\
- p-_Ô
- n¨v If-sa-gp-Xp-¶Xv XobmSn
\¼ym-c·
- m-cm-W.v Ch-scÃmw A¼-eh
- mkn hn`m-K§
- f
- nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
tImew Xpf-fe
- n-t\m-S\
- p-_Ôn¨v ]pf-fp-hc
- mWv If-sa-gp-Xp-¶X
- v. a{´-
hm-Z§
- Ä¡pw aäp-amb If-sa-gp-Xp¶ h®m-·msc ae-_m-dnsâ ]e
`mK-§f- nepw ImWmw.''85
A`n-\bIe-bpsS sshhn[yamÀ¶ cq]kmZriyw NphÀ¨n-

{X-§f
- nepw If-sa-gp-¯nepw {]I-Sa
- m-Wv. \À¯-Ic
- psS lkvXa
- p-{Z-
Ifpw AwK-Ne
- \
- §
- fpw ico-c`- m-jbpw `mc-Xob Nn{XIe Bh-ln-
¨n-«p--v. Nn{X-§fpw inev]-§fpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-hÀ \r¯-¯nse
Ic-W-§sf B[m-c-am-¡Ww F¶v e£Wimkv{X-{K-Ù-§fpw
\nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.
""\mSy-im-kv{X-¯nepw aäpw ]d-bp¶ 108 Ic-W§

- f
- nÂ DÄs¸-
Sp¶ "Xme-kw-L-«nXw' F¶ \r¯-amWv Xncp-th-äp-am-\q-cnse
XmWvUh
- ¯
- nÂ Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- .v sN§-¶qÀ alm-tZht£{X-
¯nse sXt¡ tkm]m\`n¯n-bnepw inhsâ Xme-kw-L-«nX
\r¯w AÀt[m-ZypX inev]a
- mbn Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. I©o-]p-
cs¯ ssIemk\mYkzmant£{X-¯nepw Cu B\µ\S\w Icn-
¦Â inev]- a mbn I- n - « p- - v .''86
`mc-Xob Iem-]m-c¼
- c
- y-¯nÂ \S-cm-Ps
- â (-inh \r¯-cq-]w)
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teml-in-ev]§
- fpw Zmcp-in-ev]§
- fpw NphÀ¨n-{X-§fpw ImWmw. 61
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BZn-Imew apXevt¡ inhs\ kÀÆ Ie-I-fp-sSbpw \mY-\mbn
I-n-cp-¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv. BZnaIebpw inh\pw X½n-ep-ff
_Ôw {ZmhnU]mc-¼c
- y-¯n-tâ-Xm-Wv. If-sa-gp-¯nÂ\n¶v Nn{X-
§Ä sasÃ Npa-cn-tebv¡v {]th-in-¨X
- mWv NpaÀ¨n{XIe. t£{X
Ie-If
- psS apJ-s¯-gp-¯nepw Blm-cy-¯nepw CXnsâ kzm[o\w
{]I-Sa
- m-Wv. {]tXy-In¨pw IY-If
- n¨p«nbnÂ Nn{XIe-bpsS kzm[o\w
hyà-ambn ImWmw.
1.12 \mSykzcq]w
\mSyIe-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« kIehnj-b§

- fpw ka-{Khpw
efn-Xh
- p-ambn hni-Zo-Ic
- n-¡p¶ Hcp {KÙ-amWv `c-Xa
- p-\n-bpsS \mSy-
im-k{v Xw. \mSys¯ temI-hr-¯m-\p-Ic
- W
- a
- m-bn-«mWv `c-Xa
- p\n I-X
- v.
temI-¯n-ep-ff
- s
- X´pw \mSy-¯n\v hnj-ba
- m-Ws
- {X. ""[À½ ioe-
·m-cpsS [À½\njvT, Imam-kà
- ·
- m-cpsS Imtam-]t- k-h\
- w, ZpjvS-
·m-cpsS \n{K-lw, injvS·
- m-cpsS at\m\nb-{´-Ww, sImf-fc
- p-Xm-
¯-hcpsS Xmt´m-¶n-¯w, iqcX `mhn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS DÕm-lw,
AÚ-·m-cpsS Úm\k¼m-Z\
- w, hnZzm-·m-cpsS ]mWvUn-Xyw, {]`p-
¡-·m-cpsS hnt\m-Zw, ZpxJmÀPn-X·
- m-cpsS a\x-ssØcyk¼m-Z\
- w,
[\mÀ°n-I-fpsS [\mÀÖ-\w, hnjbhnc-à-·m-cpsS \nÀÆn-
ImcNn¯X C§s\ \m\m-`m-h§
- Ä DÄs¡m-ff
- p-¶Xpw ]e-Xcw
Ah-Øm-hn-ti-j§ - s
- fbpw {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶X
- p-amb temI-hr-¯m-
\p-Ic
- W - mWv Rm³ \nÀ½n¨ \mSyw''87 XpSÀ¶v \mSy-{]-tbm-P\
- a - -
s¯-¸ä- nbpw `c-Xa
- p\n hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. [Àt½mÂ t_m[\w AYhm
lntXm-]t- Ziw \mSy-¯nsâ {]Ya {]tbm-P\
- a
- mbn At±lw Icp-
Xp-¶p. kÀÆÀ¡pw GXp Ime¯pw {]k-àa
- mb D]-tZ-i§
- f
- mWv
\mSyw \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. F¦nepw tcmKm-Zn-IÄsIm-pw _Ôpac-
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Wm-Zn-IÄsIm-pw ZpxJn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡pw bYm-Imew hn{iaw \evIp- 62
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I-bmWv \mSy-¯nsâ e£yw.89 ]mÝmXy-cpsSbpw `mc-Xo-bc
- p-sSbpw
\mS-Io-bX
- m-t_m-[¯
- nsâ auenIhyXym-k§
- Ä Fw.-]n. i¦p-®n-
\m-bÀ ]d-bp-¶X
- n-{]-Im-ca
- m-Wv. ""A\p-Ic
- W
- a
- mWv \mSyw F¶p \mSy-
im-kv{Xw. [otcm-Zm-¯m-Zy-hØ
- I
- f
- psSþ`m-hs
- sh-Nn-{Xy-§f
- p-sS-þA
- -
\p-Ic
- W
- a
- mWv \mSy-sa¶v [\-RvPb
- ³. CXn-lmk \n_-Ô§
- f
- nse
Ima-ba
- m-\m-hØ
- , D·m-Zm-hØ
- , DevIW
- T
v m-hØ
- , hnc-l{- h-Xm-hØ
- ,
hmk-Ik
- Ö
- n-Im-hØ
- , apX-emb {]tbm-K§
- f
- nÂ\n¶p Ah-Øm-
]ZwsIm-v hnh-£n-¡p-¶-sX-s´¶v kv^pS-am-hp-¶p.
cXym-Ztbm cmam-Zn-KXmx tØa-`mPx AhØm hntijmx

tb N tXjm-a´
- c
- m-ćm A\-hØ
- m-bn\x
Ah- Øm-hn-tijmx XZ-hm-ć
- t- lXp P\nXmx Dev¡e
- n-Im
Imcmx tINn-Zp-X]
v Z- yt´ X Gh hy`nNmcnWx (-hyànhnth-Iw).
ChnsS kzm`m-hn-Ia- mbpw Acn-tÌm-«nÂ \ÂIp¶ \mSI e£-Ww

þ- {- In-bm-\p-Ic
- W
- a
- mWv \mS-Is
- a¶ e£-Ww-þ- HmÀ½-bnÂ hcpw.
F¶mÂ \mSy- i m- k v { X- ¯ nÂ ]d- b p¶ A\p- I - c Ww \S- · mÀ
sN¿p¶ A\p-Ic - s¯ Df-fnÂ sh¨m-Wv.''89 XpSÀ¶v At±lw
- W
]d-bp¶p Ne-\w, kwLÀjw, hÀ¯-am-\-Im-enI{Inbm-]-c-Xzw,
BXy- ´ nI]cn- h À¯- \ w, BJym\hntcm- [ w, _mly- h ym-
Jym\\ncmkw apX-em-b-h-bnÂ ]mÝm-XyÀ {i²n-¡p-¶p. `mc-Xo-
bÀ¡m-Is
- « km£m-XvIm-cm-ßI
- X
- zw, sshNn-{Xyw, `mh{]Im-i\w
F¶n-h-bn-emWv {i². Acn-tÌm-«nÂ \mS-I-¯nse hmNn-Is¯
apJy-am-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. At±-l¯
- n\v \St\m cwKm-hX
- c
- W
- tam henb
Imcy-aÃ
- . \mSIw hmbn-¨mepw tI«mepw \mS-Io-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bp-m- I
- mw.
kwkvIr-X¯
- nÂ \mS-I¯
- n\p Zriy Imhyw F¶p hyh-lm-ca
- p-
- v . \mSy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ cq]-I§
- Ä F¶mWv Zriy-Im-hy-§sf hnfn-
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¡p-¶Xv. Zi-cq-]I
- §
- f
- psS hn`-P\w A{]-Imcw D-mb
- n-«p-ff
- X
- m-Wv. 12345678901234567890
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\mSy-im-kv{X-¯n\p ap³]v A\p-jvTm-\§
- f
- mbpw PmXIIY-
I-fmbpw \mtSm-Sn-¡Y
- I
- f
- mbpw A\-h[n Iem-cq-]§
- Ä \ne-\n-¶n-
cp-¶p. hnt\m-Z]
- c
- a
- m-bn-cp¶p Ah-sb-Ãmw. e£-Ws
- am¯, kmwtKm-
]mw-KL
- S- n-Xa
- mb Iem-cq-]§
- f
- Ã
- n-h. CXnÂ NneXv \mS-Is
- a¶pw
Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. "ZpxJw ]n \ ZpxJw tlmXn'-þ-k-¦Sw t]mepw
kt´m-ja- mbn amdpw F¶-XmWv A¡m-es¯ \mSIZÀi-\w. _n.-kn.
A©mw \qäm-n- se ]mWn-\n-al
- Àjn \S-kq-{X-§sf ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p.
Irim-iz\pw inem-enbpw A¶s¯ \mSym-Nm-cy-·m-cm-bn-cn-¡mw. _n.-kn.
c- m w \qäm- - n se tbmKkq{X- I m- c - \ mb ]X- R v P en alÀjn Iwk-
h-[hpw _menh[hpw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¸-änbpw \Sn-I-sf-¸-
änbpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. NmW-Iysâ AÀ°imkv{Xw, a\phnsâ a\p-
kvar-Xn, hmÕymb\sâ Ima-imkv{Xw F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw Ie-
IÄsIm-p t\Sm-hp¶ k¼¯pw AwKo-Im-chpw {]tbm-P-\hpw
]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p--v. `mk-\m-S-I-§Ä `c-X\v ap¼p-f-f-h-bm-bn-
cp-¶p-sh¶pw Icp-Xs
- ¸-Sp-¶p. GXm-bmepw ""c- m - b n- c ¯n Aªq-
dp- h Àjs¯ ]g- ¡ - a p- - v `mc- X - ¯ nse \mSy- t h- Z n¡v . CXnÂ
BZys¯ kl-{km-_vZw (-_n.-kn. 500þF.-Un. 500) Bbn-cp¶p cwK-
th-Zn-bpsS kphÀ®-bpKw. \S-kq-{X-§Ä, \mSy-im-kv{Xw, `mk-Im-
fn-Zm-km-Zn-If
- psS \mS-I§
- Ä F¶nh C¡m-es¯ kw`m-h\
- I
- f
- m-W.v
]n¶o-Sp-ff 500 hÀjw (600þ1100 FUn) lÀj³, `h-`q-Xn, `«-\m-cm-
b-W³ F¶n-hc
- psS cN-\I
- f
- mÂ k¼p-jvSa
- m-Wv. \mSy-im-kv{X-¯n\v
]pXnb hymJym-\§ - Ä(-tem-ÃS- ³, i¦p-I³, `«-\m-bI
- ³, A`n-\h
- -
Kp-]vX³) h
- ¶
- Xpw C¡m-e¯- m-Wv.''90
BZy-Ime \mSykzcq-]hpw A`n-\bk{¼-Zm-bhpw hyà-am-

¡p¶ sXfn-hp-IÄ hnc-fa
- m-Wv. `mc-Xa
- msI ]e-Xcw A`n-\bcoXn-
Ifpw ]mc-¼c
- ym-hX
- c
- W Ie-Ifpw at\m-cR
- vP\
- s¯ e£y-am¡n 12345678901234567890
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64
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{]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. A`n-\b
- ¯
- n\pw cwK-th-Zn¡pw \mSy-¯n\pw hyh-
Øm-]n-Xhpw imkv{Xo-bhpw kt¦X_²-hp-amb ASn-¯d ]mIn-
bXv `c-X-ap-\n-bm-Wv. At±-l-amWv A`n-\-b-¯n\v c-p Xe-§Ä
\nÀt±-in-¨X
- v þ- t- em-I[
- À½n, \mSy-[À½n. \Ssâ A`n-\bw AYhm
A\p-Ic
- Ww temI-km-[m-cW
- a
- m-bmÂ temI-[À½n. AXv kt¦-X-
_-²a
- m-bmÂ \mSy-[À½n. {]mNo-\a
- mb Iem-cq-]§
- s
- fÃmw Xs¶
temI-[À½n-bn-e[
- n-jvTn-Xa
- m-bn-cp-¶p. Imc-Ww, Ah-cnÂ \S\kt¦-
X-§Ä ]dªp sImSp-¡m³ Hcp BNm-cy-t\m {KÙtam D-m-bn-
cp-¶n-Ã. {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn CW-§n, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xmfhpw kwKo-
Xhpw \Sbpw A\p-Ic
- n¨v A¡q-«À \Sn¨p XpS-§n. A§s\ BZna
Iem-{]-IS- \w {]]©kv]µ\w sXm«p-WÀ¯p¶ \S-\a
- mbn amdn.
]n¶oSv `c-X-ap-\n-bmWv \mSy-[À½n¡v {]m[m\yw \evIn, \S\w
imkv{Xo-b-am-¡n-. AtXmsS A`n-\-b-¯n\v BwKn-Iw, hmNn-Iw,
kmXzn-Iw, Blmcyw F¶o \mep hn[-§Ä {]Nm-c¯
- nÂ h¶p.
KoXhmZym-Zn-Ifpw tNÀ¶p \mSyw cwKm-ImÀj-Wo-ba
- m-bn. AtXmsS
\Sn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡pw \mSy-th-Zn¡pw ck`mhm-`n-\-b-¯n\pw ap{Z-
IÄ¡pw \nb-Xa
- mb e£-Whpw k{¼-Zm-bhpw \ne-hnÂh¶p. A`n-
\bw imkv{Xo-ba
- m-bt- XmsS ¢mkn-¡Â Ie-If
- psS {]Nm-ca
- m-bn.
\r¯w, \rXyw, \mSyw F¶n-§s\ \mSy-Ie

- sb aq¶mbn
Xncn-¨p kmt¦-XnI hi-§Ä Nnń-¡m³ XpS-§n-bt- XmsS \mSy-
imkv{X{KÙ-¯nsâ {]kàn hÀ²n-¨p. \mtSym-ev]¯
- n-sb-¸än `c-
X-ap\n ]d-bp-¶Xv C{]-Im-ca
- m-Wv. \mSy-sa¶ t]cnÂ A©m-as
- Xmcp
thZw \nÀ½n¨p \mep thZ-§f
- nÂ\n¶pw AwK-§Ä kzoI-cn-¨p.
EtKz- Z - ¯ nÂ\n¶p ]mTyhpw kma- t h- Z - ¯ nÂ\n¶p KoXhpw
bPqÀthZ-¯nÂ\n¶p A`n-\b - hpw AYÀÆthZ-¯nÂ\n¶v ck-
- n¨p \mSy-thZw \nÀ½n-¨p.91 CXnÂ ]mTyw D¨-cn-
§fpw kam-lc
¡m-\p-ff kw`m-jW
- a
- m-Wv (Dialogue). \m·p-J\
- nÂ\n¶v `c-X\
- pw, 12345678901234567890
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`c-X\
- nÂ \n¶v KÔÀÆm-]vkc
- Ê
- p-If
- pw, \mSy-thZw {Kln-¨p. ChÀ
inhk¶n-[n-bnÂ \r¯hpw \rXyhpw {]tbm-Kn-¨p. inh³ Xsâ
D²-Xa
- mb \r¯cq]w XWvUp alÀjn-¡pw, XWvUp aptJ\ `c-
X\pw {Kln-¨p. ]mÀÆ-Xn-bm-Is« emkyhpw `c-Xsâ ap¼nÂ {]tbm-
Kn¨p ImWn¨p sImSp-¯p. ]n¶oSv `c-Xa
- p\n a\p-jyÀ¡v ]IÀ¶p
sImSp-¯p. ]mÀÆXn _mW]p{Xn-bmb Djbv¡v emkyhpw ]Tn-
¸n¨p sImSp-¯p. Dj-bnÂ\n¶v Zzmc-I-bnse kv{XoIfpw Ah-
cnÂ\n¶v kucmjvS h\n-X-Ifpw Ah-cnÂ\n¶p AXm-Xn-Ss¯
kv{XoIfpw A\p-im-kn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-Ibpw A§s\ ]c-¼c
- b
- mbn \mSyw
temI-¯nÂ kYnc{]XnjvT t\Sn.92 ""`cX³ kz´w a¡sf Cu
imkv{Xw ]Tn¸n¨psh¶pw AhcneqsS CXv temI¯nÂ {]Ncn¨p
F¶pw \mSyimkv { X¯nÂ {]kv X mhw D- v . ''93 XpSÀ¶v E¡v,
kmaw, bPq-Êv, AYÀÆw F¶o thZ-§f
- nÂ\n¶v bYm-{Iaw ]mTy-
s¯bpw A`n-\b
- s
- ¯bpw kwKo-Xs
- ¯bpw ck-§s
- fbpw kam-
l-cn¨v {_Òmhv [À½mÀ°Ima tam£-§sf {]Zm\w sN¿p¶
Cu imkv{Xw \nÀ½n-¨p.94 ""`mc-Xob \mSy-th-Zn-bnse ASn-Øm\
k¦ev]w A`n-\b - a
- m-Wv. XmWvUh\r¯-¯nsâ {]tW-Xm-hm-bd- n-
b-s¸-Sp¶ \mSym-Nm-cy-\m-WtÃm XWvUp.''95
\S-\I
- e
- b
- psS kzcq-]hpw BwKn-Im-`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ kq£va Xe-
§fpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ Hcp {KÙ-amWv \µn-tI-iz-csâ A`n-\bZÀ¸-Ww.
kwKo-Xw, \mSyw F¶o Ie-If
- p-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv At±-
ls¯ kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-¯nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¨n-«p-ff
- X
- v. ]Xn-aq¶mw
iX-I¯
- nÂ cNn-¡s
- ¸« imÀMvKt- Z-hsâ kwKoXcXv\m-Im-c¯
- nepw
AXn\v aÃo- \ m- Y ³ cNn¨ hymJym- \ - ¯ nepw \µn- t I- i s\
kwKoXimkv{X-¯nse Hcp {]mam-WnI hyàn-bmbn kqNn-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xmbn A`n-\b
- Z- À¸-W¯
- nsâ Bap-J¯
- nÂ tUm.-kn.-cm-tP-{µ³
{]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p. \mtSymÂ]¯nIY \mSy-im-kv{X-¯nepw A`n- 12345678901234567890
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\bZÀ¸-W¯
- nepw kmam\yw Hcp t]mse-bmWv hnh-cn-¨n-«p-ff
- X
- v.
F¦nepw A`n-\bkt¦-X§
- Ä `c-Xsâ \mSy-im-kv{X-¯nse kt¦-
X-§f
- psS X\n ]IÀ¸-Ã. ]e hni-Zmw-i§
- f
- nepw A`n-\bZÀ¸Ww
sshPmXyw h¨p ]peÀ¯p-¶p--v. `c-X³ Zi-cq-]ItI{µn-X-amb
A`n-\b k{¼-Zm-b¯
- n-\mWv ap³Xq¡w \ÂIp-¶s
- X-¦nÂ A`n-
\bZÀ¸-WI
- m-c³ \rXy\r¯-§f
- nÂ IqSp-XÂ D]-tbm-Ka
- p-ff ap{Z-
I-sfbpw ZrjvSn-Is
- fbpw KXn-{]-Im-c§
- s
- fbpw BWv hnh-cn-¡m³
- v.96
Xp\n-bp-¶X
\r¯-¯n-sâbpw \rXy-¯n-sâbpw ZoÀL Imes¯ hfÀ¨-

bpsS ê-ambn cq]w sIm--Xm-hWw \mSyw.97
A`n- \ bIe- b psS ck- X {´w hyà- a m- ¡ p¶ asämcp

e£W{KÙ-amWv ImÀ¯nI Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ _me-
cma`c-Xw. ""`mh-\b
- nse A\p-`h
- a
- mWv Iem-kr-jvSn-bmbn ]cn-W-
an-¡p-¶X
- v. `mhw {Inbm-ßI
- a
- m-hp-t¼mÄ A`n-\b
- a
- m-Ip-¶p. AXv
BwKn-Iw, kmXzn-Iw, hmNn-Iw, Blmcyw F¶v \membn Xncn-bp-¶p.
AwK§-fnÂ\n¶p P\n-¡p¶ `mhw BwKn-Iw. AXv temI-[À½hpw
\mSy-[À½-hpw Bbn hcpw.''98 temI-km-[m-cW
- a
- mb `mhw A`n-\-
bn-¡p-Ib
- mWv temI-[À½n. \mSy-[À½n-bm-Is« \S\kt¦Xa\-k-
cn-¨p-ff A`n-\b
- h
- pw. A`n-\bw an¡-t¸mgpw temI-[À½n-bnÂ\n¶v
\mSy-[À½n-bn-te¡v hf-cp-¶p. NXpÀhn-[§
- f
- mb A`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ
{]k-ànbpw k{¼-Zm-b§
- fpw Iem-cq-]¯
- nsâ ASn-Øm-\¯
- nÂ
hyXym- k - s ¸«p sIm- n - c n- ¡ pw.
""temIhyh-lm-c¯
- nÂ\n¶v sXc-sª-Sp¯ Hcp hnj-bs¯
Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-s¡m-p ckm-\p-`qXn P\n-¸n-¡pI F¶ e£yw \mSy-
¯n\v {]tXy-IX \ÂIp-¶p. AXn\v B[m-ca
- mb Hcp kmlnXy
IrXn D-m-bn-cn¡pw F¶p-f-f-XmWv asämcp khn-ti-j-X. \mSy-
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¯n\v hnjbw sXc-sª-Sp¯p Ign-ªmÂ ]ns¶ AXn-ep-ff Nne 67
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KpW-§s
- fbpw [À½-§t- fbpw hn]p-eo-Ic
- n-¡p-I, cq]m-ć
- s
- ¸-Sp-
¯p-I, IqSp-Xe
- mbn Nne Awi-§Ä tNÀ¯p ]qcn-¸n-¡pI F¶n-
§s\ ]eXpw sNt¿-n hcpw. hmNnI cq]-¯nÂ {]Im-in-¸n-¡m-
\p-ff kmlnXy]mT-t¯mSv ZrjvSm-´§ - fpw D]-IY
- I- fpw kmtcm-
- nÂ Iq«n-t¨À¡mw.''99
]-tZi IY-Ifpw {]tbm-Kt- h-fb
\mSyw \mSy-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv \mSy-[À½n-bmb A`n-\bw tNcp-

t¼m-gm-Wv. \Ssâ at\m-[À½hpw imkv{X-Úm-\h
- p-amWv CXn-¶m-
[m-cw. t{]£-I\
- v, AYhm klr-Zb
- \p ckw P\n-¸n-¡pI F¶
[À½hpw \mSy-Ie
- b
- n-eS- §
- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ""IYm-hkvXphns\ \S-·mÀ
\Sn¨p ImWn-¡p¶ Iebv¡v \mSyw F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. \mSyw IqSn-
bm-«¯
- nepw IY-If
- n-bnepw LSn-¸n-¨n-cn¡p'¶XnÂ hyXym-k§
- f
- p-v-.
"\njvIr-jvShpw kmt¦-Xn-Ihpw Bb AÀ°-¯n-emWv "\mSy'-i-
_vZs¯ {Kln-t¡-- Xv. "hmIym-À°m`n\bw \mSyw' F¶p \nÀÆ-
N-\w. hmIymÀ°-sa-¶X
- n\v Bibw; Hcp `mh-¯n-sâ {]Imi\w:
AtXmsS B `mhw t{]£-I-\nÂ kRvPm-X-am-t¡--p¶ ckm-\p-
`qXn \Ssâ apJ¯p {]kv^p-Sa - mbn kv^pcn-¸n-¡W
- w. apJm-hb
- hw
sIm- m Wv AXp km[n- t ¡- - X v.''100
ckm-`n-\b
- a
- mWv \mSy-¯nsâ Bßm-hv. \r¯hpw \rXyhpw
hmZyhpw thjhpw AXns\ A\p-kÔ
- m\w sNbvXp t]mjn-¸n-
¡p-I-bmWv th--Xv. Ac-§nÂ shfn-¨-ambn I¯p¶ \ne-hn-f-
¡n³Xncn-bnÂ ssZhs¯ k¦ev]n¨v, B tZh\v kaÀ¸-Wa
- m-bn-
«mWv \mSyIe Ac-t§-dp-¶X
- v. kmt¦-Xn-Ia
- m-bn, t{]£-IÀ ap¼n-
ep-s- ¦nepw CsÃ-¦nepw Hcp \S³ Xsâ `mKw \Sn¨p XoÀ¡pw.
ImWnIfpsS I¿Sn t\m¡n A`n-\b
- n-¡p-¶Xpw Cf-In-bm-Sp-¶Xpw
aäpw C¶s¯ Nne coXn-If
- m-Wv. bYmÀ°-¯nÂ tZhmÀ¸n-Xa
- m-bn-
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«m-Wv, tZh-Ie
- b
- m-bn-«mWv \mSyw Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. 12345678901234567890
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ASn¡pdn¸pIÄ
1 ""At¶mfw Fsâ PohnX¯nep- m b
FÃm A]kzc§fpw Ibv]p\ocpIfpw
AhnSps¯ hmÕey¯nÂ Aenªv
D×bpsS C\na\ndª ]qt´\mbn amdpw'' þ KoXmRvPen, KoXw
c-v.
2 \fNcnXw B«¡Y, H¶mw Znhkw, cwKw aq¶v lwk¯nsâ ]Zw.
3 Fw.]n.]hn{X³, Fw.F³.hnPbsâ k¼qÀ® IrXnIÄ, A`napJw,
]pdw. 24
4 tUm.Sn.`mkvIc³, `mcXobImhyimkv{Xw, ]pdw. 339.
5 AtX ]pkvXIw, ]pdw. 277þ9.
6 "I\¡paÀ°hpw kp[IWs¡ ]Z\ncbpw
A\À¤fw baIhpa\p{]mkap]amZn
CW¡w IeÀ¶p cayw P\n¡pw \ÂkmckzXw' \fNcnXw H¶mw
Znhkw, Ahkm\ ]Zw.
7 "hmkóa[phmÀ¶ hm¡n\p kPmXobZznXobm£cþ
{]mkw XoÀ¸Xp ssIcfoalnfX³ awKeyamtWmÀ¡Ww' (tIcf
hÀ½ henb tImbn¯¼pcm³, apàIw)
8 "kpefnX]Zhn\ymkm
cpNncme¦mcimen\oa[pcm
arZpem]nKl\`mhm
kqàncnhmhm]tkmÀhio hnPbw'
\nhmXIhNImetIbh[w B«¡Y, tÇmIw 13.
9 "Art is the nearest thing to life; it is mode of amplifying experience and
extending our contact with our fellow-men beyond the bounds of our
personal lot'' - George Eliot, An Introduction to the study of Literature, p.18
10 "It is simply the most delightful and perfect from of utterance that human
words can reach' Mathew Arnold, Ibid, p.64
11 "It is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge'', Wordsworth, Ibid, p.64
12 "Poetry is the language of imagination and passion'' Haslit, Ibid, p.64
13 "In a general sense, poetry may be defined as the expression of imagina-
tion'' Shelly, Ibid, p.64
14 "Poetry is the art of uniting pleasure with truth by calling imagination to 12345678901234567890
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the help of reason'', Johnson, Ibid, p.64 69
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15 "Literature is a criticism of life'', Mathew Arnold, Ibid, p.64
16 tPmk^v ap-tÈcn, Imhy]oTnI, ]pdw. 43.
17 ""IhnXmckNmXpcyw
hymJymXmth¯n \ Ihn''
18 Fw.ANypX³, ]mÝmXy kmlnXyZÀi\w, ]pdw. 17
19 "All art, says Schiller, is dedicated to joy... the right art is that alone, which
creates the highest enjoyment.'', The Making of Literature, p.264
20 Fw.F³.ImctÈcn (FUn.), Fw.Sn.hmkptZh³\mbÀ hm¡pIfpsS
hnkvabw, ]pdw. 43
21 AtX ]pkvXIw, ]pdw. 53.
24 ""\m\rjn Ihnx'', `«XuX³, `mcXob Imhyimkv{Xw, ]p. 137
25 "EjnÝ IneZÀi\mXv', AtX ]pkvXIw, ]p. 137
26 "A]mtc Imhykwkmtc
IhntcIx {]Pm]Xnx
bYmkvaytcmNtX hnizw
IYmbnZw ]cnhÀ¯tX' [z\ymtemIw, aq¶mw DtZymXw 42
27 tUm.sI.]n.\mcmbW]njmtcmSn, IemtemIw, ]pdw. 17
28 tUm.sI.hnPb³, AhXmcnI, \mSyimkv{Xw, ]pdw. 42
29 "\ XÖvRm\w \ XÑnev]w
\ km hnZym \ km Iem
\m ku tbmtKm \ XXv IÀ½
\mtSykvan³ b¶ ZriytX'\mSyimkv{Xw, 1.87
30 "{]WayinckmtZhu
]nXmalatlizcu
\mSyimkv{Xw {]h£yman
{_mÒWmbbZpZmlrXw' \mSyimkv{Xw
32 "kwKoXkmlnXymZnIemhnlo\³
km£mXv]ipx; ]pÑhnjmWlo\x' ckIuapZn, ]qÀÆcwKw, ]p.ix
33 "iànÀ\n]pWXmtemI
imkv{XImhymZyth£WmXv
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ImhyÚin£bm`ymk 12345678901234567890
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70
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CXntlXpkvXZpÛth' Imhy{]Imiw, `mcXob Imhyimkv{Xw.
34 {ioIWvtTizcw ]Zva\m`]nÅ, iÐXmcmhen, ]pdw. 512
35 amwk[c, cà[mcnWn, tamtZm[c, Çjva[mcnWn, ae[mcnWn,
]n¯[mc, tctXm[c F¶nhbmWv k]vXIeIÄ.
36 "BImc kZrim {]Úm'
37 "]cm! ]cm! ]cm! ]ca! ]mlnamw
]cam\µsa¶tX ]dbmhq'alm`mcXw IÀ®]ÀÆw Bcw`w
39 Sumerian civilization or Mesopotamian civilization- 3000-1600 B.C.
40 ssS{Kokv, bq{^«okv F¶nhbmWv \ZnIÄ
41 Egyptian civilization 3000-1750 B.C.
42 a\pjysâ apJhpw knwl¯nsâ icochpw ImepIfpw hmepapÅXmWv
kv^nwKvkv (Sphinx).
43 Indus Valley Civilization 2500-1500 B.C.
44 taml©Zmtcm(Mohenjedaro) acn¨hcpsS ae (Mount of the Dead)
F¶mWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv . shÅs¸m¡¯nÂ Hcp P\XbpsS
apgph³ PohnXkwkvImchpw \in¨pt]mbXpsIm-mWv acn¨hcpsS
aebmbn CXns\ hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv.
45 tUm.sI.Ip©p®ncmP, \mSyIev]{Zpaw, AhXmcnI, ]pdw. vii-ix
46 "IÃnsâ `mj a\pjysâ `mjsb¡mÄ al¯camWv' cho{µ\mY
SmtKmÀ
47 EjnapJv, 2008, ]pdw. 15
48 sI.BÀ.]njmscmSn, \½psS ZriyIe, BapJw, ]pdw. 7
49 CfwIpfw Ipª³]nÅ, kmlnXyamenI, ]pdw. 12
50 tPmk^v ap-tÈcn, Imhy]oTnI, ]pdw. 11.
51 "{]Xobam\w ]p\c\ytZh
hkvXzkvXn hmWnjp almIho\mw
b¯Xv {]kn²mhbhmXncnàw
hn`mXn emhWyanhmwK\mkp' [z\ymtemIw, H¶mw DtZymXw.4
52 XymKcmPkzmanIfpsS Hcp IoÀ¯\w Htc cmK¯nÂ sNss¼bpw
_meapcfoIrjvWbpw s\¿män³Ic hmkptZh\pw tbipZmkpw
]mSpt¼mÄ klrZb\v hyXykvXamb A\p`hamWv D-mhpI.
53 IemaÞew IrjvW³\mbcpsS \fthjw I-v BkzZn¨hÀXs¶
IemaÞew tKm]nbpsS \fs\bpw BhÀ¯n¨v BkzZn¡p¶p-v.
54 {io]ß\m`kzmant£{X¯nepw a[pcao\m£nt¡mhnenepw
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]WnIg¸n¨n«pÅ BbncwIÂaÞ]§fnÂ Hcp {]tXyIØm\¯v 12345678901234567890
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71
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X«pt¼mÄ k]vXkzcw tIÄ¡m³ Ignbpw.
55 "A]cntXmjmZznZpjmw
\ km[pat\y {]tbmKhnÚm\w
_ehX]nin£nXm\m
amß\y {]Xybw tNXx' A`nÚm\imIp´fw 1.2
56 JeoÂ Pn{_m³, ssZhw {]Wbw kwKoXw, ]pdw. 29
58 "hmKÀ°mhnhkw]ràu
hmKÀ°{]Xn]¯tb
PKXx¸nXcuhtµ
]mÀÆXo]ctaizcu' cLphwiw
59 tUm.Sn.`mkvIc³, `mcXob Imhyimkv{Xw, ]p.6
60 "]m{Xhntitj\ykvXw
KpWmćw {]PXninev]am[mXp
Peanh kap{Zipàu
apàmêXmw ]tbmZky' amfhnImánan{Xw, 1.6
61 Fw.]n.t]mÄ, kmlnXyhnNmcw, ]pdw.105
62 JeoÂ Pn{_m³, ssZhw {]Wbw kwKoXw, ]pdw. 78
63 CfwIpfw Ipª³]nÅ, kmlnXyamenI, ]pdw. 34þ5
64 tUm.Fw.eoemhXn, aebmf IhnXmkmlnXyNcn{Xw, ]pdw. 13
65 sI.BÀ.]njmscmSn, \½psS ZriyIe, ]pdw. 17
66 AtX ]pkvXIw, ]pdw.17þ8
68 `mksâ ]Xn\mep \mSI§Ä "`mk\mSIN{Iw' F¶ t]cnÂ tIcf
kÀÆIemime {]kn²oIcn¨n«p- v .
69 tUm.sI.hnPb³, \mSyimkv{Xw, AhXmcnI, ]pdw. 36þ7
71 ]n.Fw.Ip«nIrjvWtat\m³, Iebpw hnZybpw ImgvN¸mSpIfneqsS,
]pdw. 50
72 s{]m^. Pn.i¦çnÅ, cwKmhXcWw, \mSIkao£, ]pdw. 4
73 s{]m^. Abva\w IrjvWss¡aÄ, A`n\bkmlnXyw, ]pdw. 10
74 s{]m^. Pn.i¦çnÅ, cwKmhXcWw, \mSIkao£, ]pdw. 6
75 sI.BÀ.]njmscmSn, \½psS ZriyIe, ]pdw. 20
76 s{]m^.{]bmÀ {]`mIc³, `mcXobkmlnXyimkv{X]T\§Ä,]p. 21
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77 tUm.sI.Fw.tPmÀÖv, kmlnXyNcn{Xw {]Øm\§fneqsS, ]pdw. 485 12345678901234567890
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72
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78 s{]m^. hbemhmkptZh³]nÅ, cwK`mj, ]pdw. 19
79 Fw.]n.i¦p®n\mbÀ, Imhyhypev]¯n, ]pdw. 43
80 tIkcn, \ho\Nn{XIe, ]pdw. 306þ7
81 Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations, p. 45
82 s{]m^.kn.FÂ.BâWn, `mjm]T\w, ]pdw. 18
83 Fw.Pn.iin`qj¬, tIcf¯nse NphÀ¨n{X§Ä, ]pdw. 151þ2
84 kn.BÀ.cmPtKm]mÂ, Imthäw \mS³Iem]T\§Ä, ]pdw. 17
85 Fw.Pn.iin`qj¬, tIcf¯nse NphÀ¨n{X§Ä, ]pdw. 153
86 AtX ]pkvXIw, ]pdw. 41þ2
87 "[Àt½m[À½{]hr¯m\mw
Imax Imtam]tkhn\mw
\n{KtlmZpÀÆn\oXm\mw
hn\oXm\mw Za{Inbm
¢o_m\mw [mÀãyIcW
apÕmlx iqcam\m\mw
A_p[m\mw hnt_m[Ý
sshZypjyw hnZpjma]n
CuizcmWmw hnemkÝ
ssØcyw ZpxJmÀ±nXky N
AÀt°m]Pohn\maÀt°m
[rXncpZzná tNXkmw
\m\m`mthm]k¼¶w
\m\mhØmćmßIw
temIhr¯m\pIcWw
\mSytaX·bmIrXw' \mSyimkv{Xw 1.85
88 "ZpxJmÀ¯m\mw {iamÀ¯m\mw
timImÀ¯m\mw X]kzn\mw
hn{imń P\\w Imte
\mSytaXZv`hnjyXn' \mSyimkv{Xw 1.86
89 Fw.]n. i¦p®n\mbÀ, \mSyaÞ]w, ]pdw. 34þ5
90 tUm. sI.Pn. ]utemkv, IqSnbm«w, ]pdw. 13
91 "P{Kml ]mTyartKzZmXv
kmat`ym KoXtah N
bPqÀtÆZmZ`n\bm³
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ckm\mYÀÆmWZ]n \mSyimkv{Xw 1.10 12345678901234567890
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73
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92 tUm. kn. cmtP{µ³, A`n\bZÀ¸Ww, ]pdw. 26þ7
93 tUm. Sn. `mkvIc³, `mcXobImhyimkv{Xw, ]p.9
94 "Ghw ]c¼cm{]m]vXtaXtÃmtI{]XnjvTnXw
EKyPpx kmathtZt`ym thZm¨mYÀÆWx{IamXv
]mTyw Nm`n\bw KoXw ckm³kwKrly]ßPx
hycocNÑmkv{XanZw [À½ImamÀ° tam£Zw' A`n\bZÀ¸Ww 7,8
95 tUm. kn. cmtP{µ³, A`n\bZÀ¸Ww, BapJw, ]pdw. 12
96 AtX ]pkvXIw, BapJw, ]pdw. 16
97 tUm. sI. hnPb³, \mSyimkv{Xw, AhXmcnI, ]pdw. 38
98 tUm. sI. A¿¸¸Wn¡À, Cý³ kmlnXykn²m´w {]kànbpw
km[yXbpw, ]pdw. 46
99 Un. A¸pIp«³ \mbÀ, cwKmhXcWw, "A`n\bw ]c¼cmKX amXrI',
]pdw. 364
100 tUm. Fkv.sI. \mbÀ, \qänsbm¶p B«¡YIÄ H¶mw `mKw,
AhXmcnI, ]pdw. 12
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74
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A[ym-bw- 2
t- £{XIem-kz-cq]w
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75
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A[ym- b w- c- - v -
-t£{XIem-kz-cq]w
2.1 t£{XkwkvImcw
_nw_mcm-[\
- b
- psS BZykqN\ ImWp-¶Xv Zzm]cbpK-¯n-
em-Wv. IrX-bp-K-¯nÂ X]Êpw t{XXm-bp-K-¯nÂ bÚhpw
Zzm]cbpK-¯nÂ _nw_m-cm-[-\bpw Ien-bp-K-¯nÂ \mtam-¨m-c-
Whpw bpK-[À½-§f
- mbn¯oÀ¶-Xnsâ Nn{Xw ]Xn-s\«p ]pcm-W-
§-fnÂ\n¶p \ap¡p e`n-¡p¶p.1 `mK-hXw k]vXa
- k
- vIÔ
- ¯
- nÂ
Fgp-¯Ñ
- ³ hÀ®m{ia[À½w hnh-cn-¡p-¶n-S¯v [ym\w IrX-bp-
K-¯nepw bÚw t{XXm-bp-K¯ - nepw AÀ¨\ Zzm]-cb - p-K¯
- nepw
IoÀ¯\w Ien-bp-K¯
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"_nw_m-cm-[\ t£{X-ambn hnI-kn-¨X
- nsâ BZn-ak
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cmam-bW
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- \ kpaplqÀ¯nÂ {iocm-
a³ aWÂ hmcn {]Xn-jvTn¨ inh-enw-Ka
- m-WsÃm ]n¶oSv cmta-izcw
t£{X-ambn hnI-kn-¨X
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t£- { X- § - f p- a p- - m - b n. {]tZm- j - \ r¯w \nÀh- l n- ¡ p¶ inh- \ m-
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- p-ff asämcp `mc-Xob Nn{Xw
Ben-e¡ - tâXp am{X-am-Wv.'3
- ®
tIc-fob \thm-°m-\¯
- nsâ bpK-]p-cp-j·
- m-cm-bn-cp¶ {iohn-
Zym-[n-cmPN«-¼n-kzm-an-Ifpw {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-tZ-h\pw t£{Xamlm-
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¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ I®m-Snsb ZÀin-¡pI F¶ D]-tZ-ihpw \mcm- 76
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bWKpcp \evIn-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw t£{Xw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS
kwkvIm-c-¯n\pw KptWmÂ¡Àj-¯n\pw ASn-Øm-\-am-sW¶v
Kpcp Icp-Xn. Pohn-X¯
- nsâ ASn-¯d- b
- mb hnhmlw t£{Xk¶n-
[n-bnÂ h¨m-Ip-¶Xv \Ã-Xm-sW¶v At±lw ]dªp. hÀ¡e inh-
KncnaT-t¯mSp tNÀ¶ t£{Xk¦ev]¯n\v A§s\ cq]w sImSp-
¯-Xm-Wv. {]mcw-Ì
- m-e¯v Iebpw hnZym-`ymkhpw kwkvIm-chpw
DS-se-Sp-¯Xv t£{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«m-sW¶v ImWmw. ""F´m-
bmepw imizX kXyw B\-µa
- m-Wv. AXmWv {]Ir-Xn-bnse Cuiz-
c³; {_Òhpw. AXmWv {]Ir-Xn-bnse [À½w. ]qhnse [À½w kpK-
Ôhpw kpcq-]hpw BsW¶ t]mse. {]Ir-Xn-bnse B\-µmw-is
- ¯,
kvt\lmw-is¯ A\p-`-hn-¡m-\mWv t£{X-§Ä D-m-b-Xv.''4
Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-t¯mfw t£{X-§Ä tIc-f-¯n-ep-f-f-Xm-bn-
«mWv IW-¡v. Cý-bnÂ¯s¶ Gä-hp-a-[nIw t£{X-§-fp-ff
kwØm\w tIc-fa
- m-Wv. ""\¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS A[o-\¯
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tIc-f¯
- nse an¡ t£{X-§f
- pw. Ct¸mÄ 15000¯n\pw 20000¯n\pw
at[y t£{X-§Ä tIc-f-¯n-ep-s- ¶mWv Fsâ A\p-am-\w. ]g-
b-Im-e¯v P\-kwJy Ipd-hm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw t£{X-§Ä CXnÂ
IqSp- X se D- m - b n- c p- ¶ p- f - f p. ]S- t bm- « - ¡ m- e ¯pw el- f - b psS
Ime¯pw XIÀ¶Xpw A\m-YXzwsIm-p \in-¨Xpw PohnXcoXn
bnse ho£WhyXym-k-§ÄsIm-p {i²n-¡-s¸-SmsX CÃm-Xm-
bXpw A\y-aXtZhm-eb
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- W
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¡n\v t£{X-§Ä Ipän-bäp t]mbn-«p--v. F¶n-cp-¶mepw Cý-bnÂ
Gä-hp-a[- nIw t£{X-§f
- p-ff kwØm\w (P-\k
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- p-sSbpw ]n¶nÂ hnkvab
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Xm-\m-\p-£W hnI-kz-ca
- mb {]]-©a
- m-Ip¶ B alm-{]-`m-hs¯ 77
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Hcp sNdnb Ip«n-bpsS AÛpX `mh-t¯msS Ihn t\m¡n \nÂ¡p-
¶Xp ImWmw.6 \À¯-I\pw \r¯hpw t]mse, krjvSnbpw krjvSn-
IÀ¯mhpw H¶m-Ip-¶p. N{I-hm-f¯
- nsâ koa-If
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i-sa¶v \½Ä hn`m-h\ sN¿p-Ib
- m-Wv. AXp-t]mse t£{X-¯n-
\p-ff
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Bcm-[-\-bp-sSbpw Cuizc km£mÂ¡m-c-¯n-sâbpw amÀ¤-§-
fmWv tbmK-Ncy. `àn-bpsS ]mc-ay-Xb
- nÂ ico-c¯
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f\w kw`-hn-¡p-Ibpw FÃmw ad¶v ssZh-¯nÂ hnebw {]m]n-
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GIm-{K-Xbv¡p th-nbmWv t£{Xk¦ev]w DS-se-Sp-¯Xv.
Bcm-[\
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¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. ssZh k¦-ev]-hp-ambn AXn\v _Ô-ap--v. kÀÆ-
hym-]n-bmb Cuiz-cs - nÂ ]d-bp-¶p.8
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§Ä a\p-jy-\n-se¶pw AÛpXw krjvSn-¨n-cp-¶p.
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bpsSsbms¡ ImcWw Is--¯m³ hnj-an-¨-hÀ Nne AZriy
iàn-Isf (tZ-h·
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- m-bn. A§s\
]e Cuiz- c - · mÀ D- m - b n.'' ""AZr-iy\pw AaqÀ¯\pw \nÀKp-W-
\p-amb Cuiz-c³ k¦-ev]¯
- n\v hg-§msX h¶-t¸mÄ ]ecpw Ah-
c-hc
- psS A`n-cp-Nn-s¡m¯v lrZy-amb KpW-KW
- §
- t- fmsS Cuiz-
c\p cq] `mh-§Ä \ÂIn.''9
C¯cw tZhXmk¦ev]w sslµ-hsc kw_-Ôn¨v am{X-aÃ
- ,
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kn-IÄ¡pf-fXpt]mse {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡pw apÉo-§Ä¡pw tZhm- 78
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e-b§
- Ä \nÀ½n-¡s
- ¸-«p. A§s\ Cuiz-c\pw aX-§fpw X½nÂ
tNÀ¶p. aX-§Ä s]mXpsh PohnXcoXn-If
- nepw NS-§p-If
- nepw
HXp§n \nev¡msX Bcm-[\
- m-{I-a§
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- n-te-¡v IS-¶p. IÀ½-amWv
Pohn-Xs¯ cq]-s¸-Sp¯p¶Xv F¶-XmWv lnµp-aX
- ¯
- nsâ ASn-
Øm\ X¯zw. AtXmsS FÃm IÀ½-§fpw Cuiz-cmÀ¸-Wa
- mbn
sN¿p-I-sb¶ hnizmkw {]_-e-am-bn. IÀ½-êkn²m´¯nÂ
ASn-bp-d¨
- X
- m-bn-cp¶p `mc-Xob Cuiz-ck
- ¦
- e
- v]w. Cuiz-c³ F¶Xv
tIhew Hcp k¦-ev]a
- s
- Ã¶pw AXp am{XamWv kXy-am-bn-«p-ff
- -
sX¶pw aäp-ff ImgvNI
- s
- fÃmw anYy-bm-sW¶pw Fgp-¯Ñ
- ³ ]d-
bp-¶p.10
a\-Ênsâ {]hÀ¯\w k¦-ev]w, hnIev]w F¶n-§s\ c-p
{]Im-c¯
- n-ep-ff
- X
- m-Wv. k¦ev]hnI-ev]¯
- n-eqsSbmWv \½Ä {]]-
©s¯ ImWp-¶-Xv. a\p-jy³ bYmÀ°-Úm\w t\Sn-¡-gn-bp-
t¼mÄ D×-bmb Cuiz-cs\ Xncn-¨d- n-bp-¶p. icocw Nen-¡p-¶Xv
AXn-\p-f-fn-en-cn-¡p¶ Cuizc ssNX\ywsIm-m-sW¶v i¦-cm-Nm-
cyÀ ]d-bp-¶p.11
bYmÀ°¯nÂ t£{Xw F¶Xv ico-ca
- m-Wv. FÃm e£-W-
hp-sam¯ ico-cw. CtX-¸än hmKv`S- m- \ - µKpcp "a\-Ým-]ey ia\w'
F¶ Ihn- X - b nÂ ]mSn- b n- « p- - v .12
Fgp¯-Ñ³ "Nn´m-c-Xv\-'¯nÂ a\p-jy-i-co-c-am-bn-«mWv
t£{Xs¯ hnh-£n-¡p-¶X - v. ]©-`q-Xm-ßn-Ia
- mbn XzMvamwkm-Øn-
IÄsIm-p k©n-X-ambn Ccn-¡p-¶-XmWv tZlt£-{Xw.13
t£{Xw AYhm A¼-es
- a-¶Xv kzmX-{ý-¯nsâ CS-am-Wv.
hnim-e-X-bmWv AXnsâ s]mcpÄ. "hoSv A¼ew t]mse Xpd-
¶nSpI' Fs¶mcp sNmÃp- - v . ]- v FÃm- h cpw H¯p- I q- S p¶ Øe-
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am-bn-cp¶p t£{X-]c
- n-kc
- w. a\pjysâ kwkvImc hnti-j§
- f
- n- 79
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sem-¶mWv kzmX{ýw. AXv l\n-¡s
- ¸-Sp-t¼m-gmWv temI¯v bp²-
§Ä \S-¶n-«p-ff
- X
- v. kzÑµw hnl-cn-¡m-\p-ff CS-amWv t£{Xw.
kXvtN-X-\-bnÂ\n¶p--m-Ip¶ Ah-Ø-bmWv hnlmcw. t£{XIe-
IÄ Bkz-Zn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶Xv B ]Ým-¯e
- ¯
- n-em-Wv. Ie-IÄ C{µn-
b-§sf GIm-{K-am-¡p-¶p. GIm-{K-Xs
- b-¶mÂ "GI'¯nÂ ebn-
¡p¶ Ah-Ø. GI-sa-¶mÂ Cuiz-c³. A§s\ Ie-IÄ a\p-
- n-te¡p ASp-¸n-¡p-¶p (Art is god Oriented).
jys\ Cuiz-c\
""`mc-Xob t£{X-§Ä a\p-jysâ _mlym-Im-c¯
- nsâ {]Xn-
^- e - \ - a mWv . a\pjy ico- c - ¯ nÂ Bßmhv ØnXn sN¿p-
¶Xpt]mse t£{X-¯n-\p-f-fnÂ Cuiz-c³ ØnXn sN¿p-¶p.
t£{X\nÀ½n-Xn¡p D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]md, IÃv, amÀ_nÄ, teml-
§Ä apX-em-bh a\pjyico-c¯
- nse AØn apX-em-bh
- ¡p Xpey-
am-Wv.''14
`mcXw aX-am-Ip-¶p (India is religion) F¶ {Imw_n-sâ
(Cramb) ho£-Wh
- pw "Bßo-bX Adn-bW - s- a-¦nÂ `mc-X¯
- nÂ
hcWw15 F¶ kzman hnth-Im-\µ
- sâ \nco-£W - hpw temI-¯nÂ
`mc- X - ¯ n- t âXp am{X- a mb kwkv I mc hnti- j - s ¯bmWv
Nq- n ¡mWn¡p¶Xv . kwkv I m- c w (culture) F¶Xv Hcp P\-Xb
- psS
s]mXp-hmb s]cp-am-ä¨ - m-Wv (A code of conduct).
- «- amWv, Pohn-X{- I-aa
]mc-¼c
- yw (Tradition), aXw (Religion), kmln-Xyw (Literature),
Ie (Art), ZmÀi-\n-IÀ (Philosophers) XpS-§n-bh
- b
- n-eq-sS-bmWv Hcp
cmjv{S-¯nsâ kwkvImcw Xncn-¨d- n-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v.
""tIc-f¯
- nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI PohnXw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶X
- nÂ
t£{X-§Ä hln¨ ]¦v \nÊo-aa
- m-Wv. Ie-If
- psS t]mj-W¯
- n-se-
¶-t]mse, PmXn hyhØ \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶X
- nepw PmXn k{¼-Zmbw
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t£{X-§Ä \nÀ®m-b-I-amb ]¦p hln-¨n-«p--v.''16 80
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`K-hZv KoX-bnepw17 \ncmew-t_m-]\ - nepw18 t£{XX¯z-
- n-j¯
s¯-¸än {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶X
- mbn Nn´m-cX
- v\¯
- nsâ Ah-Xm-cn-Ib
- nÂ
kzman {_ÒhrX³ ]d- b p- ¶ p- - v .
""t£{X-§f
- psS amlm-ßy-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\w Xs¶ hnizm-
k-am-W-sÃm. ae-I-sfbpw adn-¡p-¶-Xn\p Ign-hp-v hnizm-k-¯n-\v.
Faith can move mountains.'' temtIm-¯c
- a
- mb AssZz-Xk
- n-²m´w
hnNn-´\w sN¿p¶ Nn´m-cX - \v ¯
- nÂ {ioi-¦csâ hgn-If
- mWv Fgp-
¯-Ñ\pw kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-ff - v.20
- X
BZnaa\p-jy³ Cuiz-cs\ Bcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶n-sÃ¶v Nne Ncn-
{X- I m- c - · mÀ- Nq- n ¡m- « p- ¶ p. ""{]mNo\ inem-bp-K¯
- nse {]mIr-X-
·mÀ B[p-\nI a\p-jy-sc-t¸mse Cuiz-c\
- nepw {]mÀ°-\I
- f
- nepw
hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶nÃm F¶p XoÀ¨-bm-Wv. Ah-scm-cn-¡epw Bßob
hmZn-If
- m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]c-{_-Òs
- ¯-¸ä- n-bÃ
- , `£-W¯
- n-\p-ff ê-
aq-em-Zn-I-sf-¸-änbpw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fpsS amwk-s¯-¸-än-bp-amWv
AhÀ Nnń-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. {]IrXn-bnÂ ImW-s¸« ac-§s
- fbpw ]£n-
ar-Km-Zn-Is
- f-bp-saÃmw AhÀ X§-sf-¡mÄ iàn-bp-ff ssZh-§-
fm-bn-«mWv IW-¡m-¡n-b-Xv. {]IrXniàn-Isf sNmev]-Sn-bnÂ
\nÀ¯m³ kb³knsâ klm- b - a p- - m - b n- c p- ¶ n- Ã . AXp- s Im- - h À
]m«p-]m-Sp-Ibpw \r¯w sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AhÀ Im«parK-§-
sfbpw kÀ¸-§s
- fbpw ]qPn-¡p-Ibpw Ac-bmÂ ac-§s
- f-t]m-epÅ-
hr£-§sf Bcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw X{á{´-§f
- nÂ hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw
sNbv X p- t ]m- ¶ p. Dev ] m- Z \iàn- I Ä hf- c p- I bpw Irjn¡p
{]m[m\yw e`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXt- ¸mÄ ssZh-§f
- psS kz`m-h¯
- n\pw
amä- a p- - m - b n. Imfnbpw `Kh- X nbpw aäpw Ipe- s sZ- h - § - f m- b n-
¯oÀ¶Xv Cu Ime-L«- ¯ - n-em-Wv.''21
Ie-IÄ Bcm-[-\-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v cq]w sIm--Xm-sW¶v 12345678901234567890
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taev¸d- ª \nco-£Ww icn-hb
- ¡
v p-¶p. {]]©`b-¯nÂ \n¶mImw 81
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Cuiz-cm-cm-[\
- b
- psS XpS-¡w. AXp-hgn t£{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw
IeIfpw {]mtbW hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¨p.
2.2 t£{XIe-IÄ
tIcf-¯nse t£{Xm-ć
- o£w Hcp Ime¯v Iem-kmw-kvIm-
cnI hnZym-t£-{X-§s
- f¶ \ne-bnÂ Adn-bs
- ¸-«n-cp-¶p. \f-µ, X£ine
F¶n-hb
- psS amXr-Ib
- n-ep-ff Im´-fqÀime CXn-\p-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv.
t£{XIe-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-¯n-\mbn Iq¯-¼-e-§fpw hn[n-{]-
Imcw \nÀ½n-¨n-cp-¶p. sIm«n-¸m-Sntkh AYhm tkm]m-\k
- w-KoXw
Fs¶mcp k{¼-Zmbw t£{XkwkvIm-c¯
- nÂ\n¶v D-Ss
- e-Sp-¯X
- m-W.v
KoX-tKm-hnµw AjvS]
- Z- n, AjvS]
- Z- n-bm«w F¶nh t£{XkwkvIm-
c-¯nsâ BZy kw`m-h\
- I
- f
- m-Wv.
""tIc- f ob inev ] amXr- I IÄ¡v aIp- t Sm- Z m- l - c - W - a mWv
{]mNo\ alm-t£{X-§Ä. inev]-im-kv{X-a-\p-k-cn¨v hn[n-IÄ
kq£vaa
- mbn ]men-¨mWv A¼-e§
- Ä ]Wn-bp-¶X
- v. {][m\ tZhs\
{]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶Xv {iotIm-hn-enÂ. AXn-te¡p {]th-in-¡m-\p-ff
]Sn-IÄ, tkm]m-\w, \S-¸p-c, aWvU-]w, Npä-¼-ew, XnS-¸-f-fn,
hmXnÂam-Sw, _en-¡Â¸pc Ch A´À`m-K¯
- p-ff AwK-§f
- m-Wv.
Hcp {][m\ tZhsâ t£{X-¯nÂ At\Iw D]-tZ-h·
- m-cpsS t£{X-
§- f p- - m - I pw. Ah- s c- s bms¡ C¶- C¶ Øe- ¯ p- - m - ¡ nb D]-
t£-{X-§-fnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡-W-sa¶pw hn[n-bp--v. Iq¯-¼-ew, Du«p-
]p-c, Ipfw, InWdv XpS-§n-b-hbpw t£{X-h-f-¸n-ep--m-Ipw. Ah-
sbms¡ t£{X-¯nsâ {]m[m-\y-a\ - p-kc - ¸-Sp-¶p.''22
- n¨v \nÀ½n-¡s
t£{XIe-If - nÂ \h-ck
- §- fpw hmZytaf-§fpw AS-§n-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p.23 B«w, ]m«v, sIm«v F¶ Xucy-{Xn-Iw, Zo]m-em-¦m-cI
- r-
X-amb {iotIm-hnÂ, aWn-bS- n-bmÂ apJ-cn-Xa
- mb KÀ`-Krlw F¶n-
h-sbÃmw IqSn tNcp¶, H¶pw thÀXn-cn-¨d- n-bm³ Ign-bm¯ Hc-´- 12345678901234567890
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co-£¯
- n-te-¡,v \nan-j¯
- n-te¡v, \½psS {i² GIo-`h
- n-¸n-¡p-¶p. 82
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ChnsS _lp-eXbn-ep-ff eb-amWv km[n-¡p-¶-Xv. _lp-kz-c-X-
bnÂ\n¶v GIkzcX-bn-te¡v a\Êv GIm-{K-am-Ip-¶p. A\-ćw
GIo- ` mhwþe- b \wþkm[y- a m- ¡ p- I - b m- W v - - t £{X Ie- I - f psS
apJye£yw. `ànkm{µ-amb `P-\I
- Ä, IoÀ¯-\§
- Ä, lcn-IY
- -
IÄ XpS§nbh Bcm-[\
- b
- psS `mK-am-bn-¯s¶ t£{X-§f
- nÂ
\S¯n h¶n- c p- ¶ p. \r¯- þ - \ rXyþ\mSy- § - s fms¡ ]n¶oSv
h¶ptNÀ¶-Xm-Wv. Bcw-`¯
- nÂ Cuiz-tcm-]m-k\
- b
- m-bn-cp¶p Ie-
I-fp-sS apJye£yw. klr-Zb
- l
- r-Zb
- m-Ëm-Zn-Xzhpw \mSyck-hp-saÃmw
Ie-bpsS imkv{Xo-bm-hX
- cWhp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«v DS-se-Sp-¯X
- mWv.
tZho- D-]m-k\
- b
- psS b{´-cq-]a
- mb "{ioN{I'amWv bYmÀ°-
¯n-ep-ff t£{X-¯nsâ F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv. GsXmcp t£{X-¯n-
sâbpw hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bnÂ {ioN{I k{¼-Zm-b-ap--v. kIe Ie-Ifpw
AXn-eS- §
- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. thtZm-]\
- n-j¯
- p-If
- psS `mK-amb in£,
Iev]w, hymI-cWw F¶n-hb
- nÂ Iev]i
- m-kv{X-¯n-emWv t£{X
¯nsâ B[n-Im-cnI \nÀÆ-N\w \evIn-bn-«p-ff
- X
- v. AXnÂ¯s¶-
bp-ff [À½ imkv{X-¯n-eS- §- p-¶X
- mWv t£{XIe-Ifpw BNm-c-
§-fpw.24 {XntIm-Wm-Ir-Xn-bmWv {ioN-{I-¯nsâ b{´-am-Xr-I.
a\pjyico-chpw kq£va`- m-h¯
- nÂ {XntIm-Wm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-ff
- X
- m-Wv.
t£{XIe-IÄ {][m-\a
- mbpw BNm-c§
- sf ASn-Øm-\s
- ¸-
Sp-¯n-bp-ff
- X
- m-Wv: B²ym-ßn-Iw, ùXn-Ihpw F¶nh a\-Ênsâ
Nn´-If
- psS ê-am-Wv. t£{XIe-IÄ Cuiz-c\
- n-te¡p F¯n-t¨-
cm-\p-ff, Hcp Xc-¯n-ep-ff anÌnIv `mh-\b
- psS \nÀ½n-Xn-bm-Wv. B\-
µ-amWv FÃm-hcpw B{K-ln-¡p-¶X
- v. at\m-ebw km[n¨p Ign-bp-
t¼mÄ a\p-jy³ cmP-tbm-Kn-bmbn amdp-¶p. AXn-\p-]I
- c
- n-¡p-¶-
Xm-hWw t£{XIe-IÄ.
""Iq¯v, NmIymÀIq-¯v, {]_-Ôw-Iq-¯v, ]mT-Iw, IqSn-bm-«w, 12345678901234567890
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IrjvW\
- m-«w, IY-If
- n, Xpf-fÂ, b£-Km-\w, sX¿w, Xobm-«v, If- 83
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sa-gp-¯,v Xq¡w, Ip¯n-tbm-«w, kÀ¸w-Xp-ff
- Â, ]S-bW
- n, apSn-tb-ä,v
the-Ifn XpS-§nb A\p-jvTm\Ie-Ifpw t£{X-§f
- p-ambn _Ô-
s¸-«n-cn-bv¡p-¶p.''25
""^yqUÂ Ime-L«w Ht«sd Ie-If
- psS CuänÃw Bbn-cp-¶p.
¢mknIv F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡p¶ ]e Ie-Ifpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-
]qÀ®-Xb
- nÂ F¯n-bX
- n\p Imc-Ww, Hcp \yq\-]£
- ¯
- n\v ^yqUÂ
kaqlhyhØ {]Zm\wsNbvX hn{iathf-IÄ BWv. kzm`m-hn-
I-ambpw C¯cw ¢mknIv Ie-IÄ ZoÀL-Im-es¯ t¢i-Ic
- a
- mb
A`y-k\wsIm-p am{Xta hg-§q. am{X-aÃ Ah-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\-
¯n\pw thWw A`ym- k w. htcWy \yq\- ] - £ - ¯ n- \ p- t h- n D- m -
¡n-bX
- mWv ¢mknIv Ie-IÄ. Hcp henb P\-Io-bm-Sn-¯d- b
- n-te-¡,v
B amXncn Ie-Isf amän{]Xn-jvTn-¡pI F¶mÂ, AXn-\À°w B
amXncn Ie-IÄ, Ah AÃm-Xm-bn-¯o-cp¶p F¶m-Wv.''26
taev]d- ª t£{XIe-Isf¸än XpSÀ¶p-ff A[ym-b¯
- nÂ
hnh-cn-¡p-¶X
- n-\mÂ Cu kµÀ`-¯nÂ IqSpXÂ hnkvXc
- n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
Ah-bpsS ]mc-¼c
- yhpw Ah DS-se-Sp¯ ^yqUÂ hyh-Øn-Xnbpw
kmam-\y-ambn Adn-bp-¶Xv AXXp Ie-If
- psS kzcq]w ASp-¯d- n-
bm³ D]-Ic
- n-¡pw.
2.3 t£{XIebpw khÀ® lnµpkwkvIr-Xnbpw
^yqUÂ lnµp ]mc-¼cyw Hc-fh
- p-hsc t£{XIe-If
- p-sS,
{]tXy-In¨pw ¢mkn-¡Â Ie-If
- mb IqSnbm«w, tamln\nbm«w, IY-
Ifn XpS- § n- b - h - b psS hfÀ¨bv ¡ pw hnIm- k - ¯ n\pw Gsd
kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bn-«p--v. t£{X-§Ä, cmP-sIm-«m-c-§Ä, \¼q-
Xncn `h-\§
- Ä, a\-IÄ, CÃ-§Ä, \mbÀ¯-dh
- m-Sp-IÄ, {]`p-`h
- \
- -
§Ä, Iq¯-¼e
- §
- Ä F¶n-hS- §
- f
- n-em-bn-cp¶p t£{XIe-If
- psS
If-cnbpw Ac-t§-ähpw Ah-Xc
- W
- hpw \S-¶n-cp-¶X
- v. ""\½psS cmPm- 12345678901234567890
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¡-·mcpw {]`p-¡·
- m-cp-am-bn-cp¶p BZy-Im-e¯v IY-If
- n-bpsS kwc- 84
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£-Icpw {]Nm-cI - cpw''27 henb B«-s¸-«n-Ifpw Npa-
- cpw {]t]m-jI
¶p-sIm-v \mbÀ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fpsS ]Sn-¸pc t\m¡n tZik©mcw
\S-¯n-bn-cp¶ B«-¡msc Ip©³\¼ymÀ IrjvWe
- oe ioX¦³
- nÂ ]cm- a Àin- ¡ p¶p- v .28
Xpf-fe
IY-Ifn XpS-§nb t£{XIe-IÄ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶
Iem-Im-c·
- m-cpsS A¶s¯ Ah-Øbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw Ah-KW
- \
- bpw
]cn-lm-khpw t\cn«v a\Ênem¡nb Hcm-fm-bn-cp¶p \¼ymÀ. Du«p-
]p-cb
- nÂ Øew ]nSns¨¶mÂ hni-¸n\p Fs´-¦nepw In«pw. AXm-
bn-cp¶p A¶s¯ Iem-Im-c·
- m-cpsS Ah-Ø. Nne {]`p-¡·
- m-cm-
Is«, AIse\n¶v s]«n hcp-¶Xp I-m-ep-Ss\, ]Sn-¸pc sIm«n-b-
S-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶-s{X.
""tIc-f¯
- nse ^yqUÂ LS-\b
- psS tI{µw t£{X-am-bn-cp¶p
F¶p ]d-bmw. FÃm Ie-Ifpw AhnsS t{]mÂkm-ln-¡-s¸-«p.
\r¯w, \mS-Iw, Nn{XIe, kwKo-Xw, inev]Ie, {]kwKIe F¶n-
h-sbÃmw t£{X-¯nse kmwkvIm-cnI kan-Xn-If
- psS ]pc-kvIm-c-
- n-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p.''29
¯nepw \nb-{´-W¯
{InkvXp-hn\v ]n³]v ]Xn-t\gmw iX-Im-cw-`¯
- nÂ Z£n-tW-
ý-bn-emsI \rXy \mSIthZn-¡p--mb \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ {]Xn-
^-e-\-amWv IrjvW-\m-«hpw IY-I-fn-bpw. Ipe-ti-Jc BgvhmÀ
XpS§n A¡m-es¯ cmPyw `cn-¨n-cp¶ cmPm-¡·
- mÀ \mS-Io-bhpw
cwKm-hn-jI
v c
- W tbmPy-hp-amb Imhy-§fpw {]_-Ô§
- fpw cNn-¨p.
`ànbpw Iebpw Hcp-an¨p k©-cn-¡p¶ Ime-L«- a
- m-bn-cp¶p AXv.
B[ym-ßn-Ihpw thZm-´]
- c
- h
- p-amb lcn-IY
- I
- fpw Iem-hn-jvIc
- W
- -
¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p. `mc-Xob\mSy-th-Zn-bpsS kz´w Iem-cq-]-
§-fm-bn-cp¶p t£{X-§Ä. ""asäm-cn-S¯p\n¶pw ISwsIm--h-sb¶v
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{]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-ct- `Zw t£{XIe-If
- nÂ Hs«ms¡ {]I-
S-am-sW-¦nepw B´-cn-Ia
- mbn `mc-Xob kwkvIm-ch
- p-ambn _Ô-
s¸-«X
- m-Wh
- . ""\½psS Ie-IÄ `mc-Xob k¦-ev]h
- p-ambn IqSn-¡p-
gªp InS-¡p-Ib - m-Wv. `mcXob Ie-If
- psS kmtlm-Zcyw hnkva-
bm-hl - m-Wv, ]T-\mÀl-am-Wv.''31
- a
Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmP-hwiw IY-If
- n, Xpf-fÂ XpS-§nb Iem-
cq-]-§Ä¡v \evIn-bn-«p-ff kw`m-h\ hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-
¯nse FÃm t£{X- § - f nepw IY- I fn \S- ¯ m- \ p- f f Hcp
ImcWwXs¶ A¡m-es¯ cmP-im-k\
- a
- m-Wv. 1729þap-XÂ 1758 hsc
Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `cn-¨n-cp¶ A\n-gw-Xn-cp-\mÄ amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½
alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Imew apXev¡v {io]-ß\
- m-`k
- zm-an-t£-{X-¯nÂ
IY-Ifn Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv cmPy-`m-ct- aä ImÀ¯n-IX
- n-cp-
\mÄ cma-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hp(-[À½ cmPm-hv) DÂk-hI
- m-e¯v IY-
Ifn Hcp apJy C\-am-bn-¯s¶ \nÝ-bn¨p. am{X-aÃ At±lw B«-
¡-Y-IÄ cNn-¡p-Ibpw cwKm-h-X-c-W-¯n-sâbpw A`n-\-b-¯n-
sâbpw FÃm hi-§fpw Nnń-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXnsâ `mK-am-
bn-«mWv \mSy-imkv{X IrXn-bmb _me-cm-a`- c
- Xw \nÀ½n-¨X
- v. `c-X-
ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-imkv{Xwt]mse cwKm-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nÂ, tIc-f¯
- nse
\S-·mÀ¡n-Sb
- nÂ tIc-fob \mSy-imkv{Xw F¶ Øm\w t\Snb
IrXn-bm-Wv _me-cm-a`- c
- Xw. Cu [À½-cm-Pm-hnsâ £W-{]-Im-ca
- mWv
I¹n-§m«p \mcm-bW
- ³ \¼q-Xncn a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ\n¶pw Xncp-
h\-´]
- p-cs
- ¯¯n cmPm-hp-ambn Btem-Nn¨v IY-If
- n-bpsS cwKm-
h-X-c-W-¯n\pw Blm-cy-¯n\pw A`n-\-b-¯n\pw th- Imtem-
Nn-Xa
- mb ]cn-jvIm-c§
- Ä hcp-¯n-bX
- v. CXv ]n¶oSv "sX¡³ Nn«'
AYhm "I¹n-§m-S³ k{¼-Zmbw' F¶ t]cnÂ {]kn-²-ambn.
XpSÀ¶v ImÀ¯nI Xncp-\m-fnsâ A\-ć
- h
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- p-cm³, kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ, D{Xw-Xn-cp-\mÄ amÀ¯m-WvU- 86
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hÀ½, Icn-{µ³ X¼p-cm³ XpS§nb cmPm-¡·
- mcpw t£{XIe-Isf
s]mXpshbpw IY-If
- nsb {]tXy-In¨pw t{]mÂkm-ln-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p.
D®mbn hmcyÀ, Ip©³ \¼ymÀ, Cc-bn-½³ X¼n F¶n-hÀ A¡m-
es¯ BØm\ Ihn-If
- m-bn-cp-¶p. ""F.Un. 1847 apXÂ 1860 hsc
Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `cn-¨n-cp¶ D{Xw Xncp-\mÄ amÀ¯m-WvUh
- À½ alm-
cm-Pm-hnsâ Imew IY-I-fn-bpsS ip{I-Z-i-bm-bn-cp-¶p. _mey-
¯nÂ¯s¶ At±lw IY-Ifn A`y-kn-¨p. sIm«mcw kZ-Êp-I-
fnÂ At±lw thjw sI«n-bmSn klr-Zb{]oXn t\Sn. apJ-{iobpw
thj-t¨À¨bpw A`n-\b]mS-hhpw Dff bphm-¡sf sXc-sª-
Sp¯p hnZKv[ in£Ww \ÂIn Ah-sc-sbÃmw tNÀ¯v Hcp Ifn-
tbmKw kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. Cu Ifn-tbm-K¯
- nÂ \S-·mcpw s]«n-¡mcpw
DÄs¸sS 36 t]À D- m - b n- c p- ¶ p. IqSp- X Â kuI- c y- ¯ n\p th- n
Ifn-tbm-K¯
- nsâ BØm\w ]qP-¸pc sIm«m-c¯
- n-te¡p amän. ]qP-
¸p-cs
- Im-«mcw "Ifn-tbmKw' F¶ t]cpw AXn\p \ÂIn. D{Xw
Xncp-\mÄ knwlm-k-\m-cq-V\mb tijw Cu Ifn-tbm-K-¯nsâ
BØm\w henb sIm«m-ca
- m-bn. hfsc \mfp-If
- mbn \njv{In-ba
- m-
bn-¡n-S¶
- n-cp¶ ]gb IY-Ifn tbmK-hp-ambn Xsâ Ifn-tbm-Ks¯
ebn-¸n¨v "henb sIm«mcw Ifn-tbmKw' F¶v AXn\p t]cpw
\ÂIn.''32 BÀ. Cuizc-]n-ff hnNm-cn-¸p-ImÀ, \f-\p®n, In«p-®n,
sIm¨-¿¸
- W
- n-¡À XpS-§n-bh
- À A¡m-es¯ {]kn² \S-·mÀ IqSn-
bm-bn-cp-¶p. D{Xw Xncp-\m-fnsâ \nÀt±i {]Imcw Cuizc-]n-ff hnNm-
cn-¸p-ImÀ 1858þÂ "55 Znh-ks¯ B«-¡Y
- I
- Ä' F¶ {KÙw A¨-
Sn¨p {]kn-²o-Ic
- n-¨X
- n-eq-sS-bmWv \f-Nc
- nXw BZy-ambn shfn¨w
I--Xv.
D{Xw-Xn-cp-\m-fn\ptijw h¶ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ IY-Ifn
t]mep-ff Ie-I-fpsS t{]mÂkm-l-\-¯nÂ A{XI-p Xev]-c-cm- 12345678901234567890
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bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ap³Ime-§-fnÂ Xpemw ao\w amk-§-fnÂ ]ß- 87
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\m`kzman-t£-{X-¯nse DÂk-ht- ¯m-S\
- p-_Ô
- n¨v Ccp-]Xp Znhkw
XpSÀ¨-bmbn IY-Ifn Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p-hs
- {X. ]n¶oSv tIm«-b¯p
X¼p-cm-\mWv IY-If
- n¡pw B«-¡Y
- m-km-ln-Xy-¯n\pw inev]`{ZX
\ÂInb asämcp X¼p-cm³. ""tIm«bw IY-If
- nÂ IqSn-bmWv IY-
I-fn-bpsS hyàn-Xzhpw A´-Ê¯
- bpw hnI-kn-¨X
- v. tIm«-b¯p
X¼p-cmsâ Imew hsc {Kmay-amb coXn-bnÂ \S-¶p-t]m¶ cma-
\m«w sh«¯p \m«nÂh¨v ]cn-jvIm-c¯
- nsâ BZy]Shp Ib-dn.
tIm«bw IY-I-fpsS cwKm-h-X-c-W-t¯msS IY-I-fn¡p anIhpw
angnhpw ssIh-¶p. AtXmsS cma-\m«w IY-If
- n-sb-¶d- n-bs
- ¸-Sm³
XpS-§n.''33
tIm«wXoÀ¶ \mep B«¡YI-fn-eqsS B«-¯n\v Nn«-bpw,
kwKo-X¯
- n\p hyh-Øb
- pw, hoccu{ZmZnck-§Ä¡v {]m[m-\y-hpw,
emky-Xm-WvUh
- §
- f
- psS taf-\h
- pw, IYm-]m{X hyàn-Xz-hpw, Cf-
In-bm-«¯
- n\v amXr-Ibpw B«¡Ybv¡v kmlnXyKpWhpw kw`m-
h\ sNbvXXv tIm«bw IY-If
- m-Wv. ]n¶oSv, apIp-µc
- mPm, hf-f-
t¯mÄ F¶n-hc
- psS {ia-ê
- a
- mbn Iem-aW
- vUew Øm]n-Xa
- m-b-
tXmsS Chbv¡p hyh-Øm-]n-Xa
- mb ]T-\k{¼Zmb-hpw {]Nmchpw
kn²n- ¨ p. Iem- a - W v U ew Irjv W ³ \mbÀ, Kpcp- s N- § - ¶ qÀ
cma³]nff XpS§nbh-cpsS A`n-\bkn²n-sIm-p ]n¶oSv IY-
Ifn temI-{]-ik
- vXa
- m-bn.
IemaWvUe¯nsâbpw IY-If
- n-bp-sSbpw kphÀ® Imew
Fw.sI.sI. \mbÀ Iem-aW
- U
v ew sNbÀam-\m-bn-cp-¶t- ¸m-gm-W.v IY-
I-fnsb tIc-f¯
- n\p ]pd¯v {]tXy-In¨v hntZ-i¯v, {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v At±lw {i²sNep-¯n-. AXphsc IY-Ifn \S-·mÀ¡p
aXn-bmb thX-\hpw AwKo-Im-chpw e`n-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. B ]Xnhv amän
IemImc·mÀ¡v AÀl-amb thX\w \evIp-Ibpw IY-Ifn \S-\v 12345678901234567890
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"]ß{io' GÀs¸-Sp¯m³ {ian¡pIbpw sNbvXXv Fw.sI.sI. 88
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\mbcmWv. A§s\bmWv Kpcp-sN-§¶
- qÀ cma³]n-ff Bim\v
{]Ya ]ß{io AhmÀUv e`n-¡p-¶Xv.
\¼q-Xn-cn-þ\
- m-bÀ khÀ®lnµp-¡sf tI{µo-Ic
- n-¨m-bn-cp¶p
BZyIme¯v t£{XIe- I Ä \ne- \ n- ¶ n- c p- ¶ - X v . A¡m- e ¯v
t£{XtI{µn-Xa
- mb Hcp Xcw ^yqU-en-ka
- m-Wv (Temple-centred
fuedalism) C¯cw Ie-Isf \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶s
- X¶pImWmw. ""tIc-
f-¯nsâ kmaqlyNcn-{X-¯nÂ X\n {_mÒW ta[m-hnXzw iq{Z-c-
S¡w aäv khÀ® hn`m-K§
- Ä IqSn iànbpw kzm[o-\hpw t\Snb
]cn-Øn-Xn-bn-te¡p amdnb ]Ým-¯e - ¯
- n-emWv IY-If - n-bpsS BZy-
- mb cma-\m«w BhnÀ`hn-¨Xv.''34 \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw CS-{]-`p-¡-
cq-]a
·mcpw \mbÀ¯-dh
- m-Sp-Ifpw B[n-]Xyw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ A¡m-
e¯v kmln-Xyhpw Iebpw Ahsc Npän-¸ä- n-bmWv \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶X
- .v
AXp-tIm-pXs¶ t£{XIe-I-fn-seÃmw khÀ® lnµpkwkvIr-
Xn-bpsS ap{Z-IÄ ImWpI kzm`m-hn-Ia
- m-Wv.
2.4 t£{XIe-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnIZuXyw
`mc-Xo-ba
- mb kwKo-Xw, \r¯-\r-Xy-§Ä, Nn{XIe, \mSy-Ie
F¶nh klr-Zb
- \p k½m-\n-¡p-¶Xv ka{Km\p-`q-Xn-bpsS, B\-µ-
¯nsâ temI-am-Wv. ]t©-{µn-b-§Ä¡v ]e-am-Xncn, H¶ns\
asäm¶v, F¶ IW-¡n\v BËm-Zm-\p-`hw ]I-cp-¶h
- b
- mWv Ie-
IÄ. \mtSm-Snbpw imkv{Xo-bh
- p-amb F{X-sb{X Ie-If
- mWv `mc-
Xob Ie-IÄ F¶ hnti-jW
- ¯
- nÂ A´À`-hn-¨n-«pÅ-Xv. at\m-
tam-l\
- §
- f
- mb Zriy-þ{- imhy hmMvab
- §
- f
- nÂ A`n-ca
- n-¡pI klr-
Z-b·
- m-cpsS s]mXpkz`m-ha
- m-Wv. emky-am-bmepw XmWvUh
- a
- m-bmepw
{]NWvUXmWvU-h-am-bmepw AXn\v t`Z-an-Ã. \njv¡Àj-X-bpw,
kq£vaa
- mb kwth-Z\ ioehpw `mc-Xob Ie-If
- psS Bkzm-Z\
- s¯
Nqgv¶p\nev¡p-¶p. ]pcm-tWm-]P
- o-hn-If
- mb t£{XIe-If
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«-¯n-emZyw Ac-t§-dn-bX
- v. [À½w {]hÀ¯n-¨m-se-´mWv êw; 89
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A[À½-Nm-cn-IÄ¡v In«p¶ êsa´mWv, \·-bpsS hnP-bw,
Bßo-bX F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff [À½m[À½Nn´-IÄ BZy-Ime
t£{XIe-IÄ \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-cp¶ {][m\ kmwkvIm-cnI ZuXy-am-Wv.
kaq-l¯
- nse ss{XhÀ®n-IÀ¡pw, D¶-Xt- {i-Wn-bnÂs¸«-hÀ¡pw
am{X-am-bn-cp¶p {]kvXpX Iem-kzm-Z\
- ¯
- n-\p-ff Ah-kcw e`n-¡p-I
F¶pam{Xw. hn«p-ho-gvNb
- n-Ãm¯ Imhym-\p-io-e\
- hpw A`y-k\
- c
- o-
Xnbpw ]pcm-W-Úm-\hpw ]mWvUn-Xyhpw t£{XIe-I-fpsS
Bkzm-Z\
- ¯
- n\v A\n-hm-cy-am-bncp¶p. A`n-cpNn kwLÀj-§Ä
Chn-sSbpw \S¶p sImt--bn-cp-¶p. {]ta-b-§-fnepw Ah-X-c-W-
¯nepw {]mNo\w AÀÆm-No\w F¶o Xcw Xncn-hp-If
- pw, A\p-
jvTm\w euInIw F¶o k¦-ev]-§fpw Xmc-Xayho£-W-¯n\v
hnt[-ba
- m-bn. BSn-¡m-Wp-I, ]mSn-tIÄ¡p-I, hmbn-¨p-ck
- n-¡pI
F¶o aq¶p AfhptImep-IÄ t£{XIem-cq-]§
- sf \ncq-]Ww
sN¿p-¶X
- nÂ am\-ZW
- vUa
- m-bn.
]pcm- W - a m- b XpsIm- v , ]g- b Xv BbXpsIm- v am{Xw FÃmw
km[p-hm-I-W-sa-¶nÃ; F¶mÂ ]pXn-b-Xm-bXpsIm-pw FÃmw
A\-h-Zy-am-I-W-sa-¶pan-Ã. F¶ Imfn-ZmkhN\hpw35 C¡m-cy-
¯nÂ {]k- à - a m- b n \nesIm- p .
Iq¯v, IqSn-bm-«w, ]mT-Iw, IrjvW\
- m-«w, IY-If
- n, Xpf-fÂ
F¶n-§s
- \-bp-ff t£{XIe-Is
- f-¡p-dn¨v Nnń-¨mÂ Iq¯pw IqSn-
bm-«hpw IrjvW\
- m-«hpw {][m-\a
- mbpw t£{XaXnÂs¡«mIp¶
then-¡p-ff
- nÂ \nev¡p-¶h
- b
- m-sW¶v ImWmw. [À½mÀ° Ima-
tam-£§
- f
- m-Ip¶ ]pcp-jmÀ°-§f
- psS _lp-hn-[a
- mb IÀ½-§fpw
X·q-e-ap--m-Ip¶ IÀ½-^-e-§fpw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv Ch-bpsS ASn-
Øm\ e£yw. \f-Nc
- nXw B«-¡YXs¶ CXn\p ZrjvSm-á
- m-bn
FSp¡mw. ""\fsâ Ncn-{Xs¯ \mep Znh-k§
- f
- mbn hn`-Pn-¡p-Ib
- pw, 12345678901234567890
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Hmtcm-¶nepw [À½-s¯bpw Ima-s¯bpw AÀ°-s¯bpw tam£- 90
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s¯bpw kaÀ°-\Z- zmcm k¶n-th-in-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.''36
Bkzm-Z-\-t¯m-sSm¸w C¯cw Adn-hp-I-sfbpw AXv A\p-k-
Ôm\w sN¿p-¶p.
Iq¯-¼e
- §
- f
- m-bn-cp¶p Ch-bpsS {][m\ cwKthZn. ]mT-Iw,
IY-If
- n, Xpf-fÂ F¶nhbmWv BZys¯ P\-Iob t£{XIe-IÄ.
IY-If
- n¡v tIc-f¯
- nse FÃm tZi¯pw If-cn-Ifpw Ifn-tbm-K-
§fpw \S-·m-cp-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p. ss{XhÀ®ntIX-cÀ¡p IqSn ImWm-
\p-ff Ah-kcw Hcp¡n sIm-mWv Ch Iq¯-¼-e-§-fnÂ\n¶v
]pd¯ph¶-Xv. {]tXy-In¨pw ]mT-I-¯nepw Xpf-fÂ¡-Y-I-fnepw
temI-km-[m-cW
- §
- f
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Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. P\-km-am-\y-¯nsâ hnImcw Xpf-fÂ¡m-c³
DÄs¡m--p. A\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ Nn«-h-«-§-fnÂ\n¶v Aev]w amdn
Bkzm-Z\
- ¯
- nsâ DÕ-hm-tLm-ja
- mbn Ah Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡s
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sI. F³. KtWjv Nq-n¡mWn-¡p¶ hm¡pw kaq-lhpw X½n-
ep-ff _Ôhpw \¼ymÀ¡-hnX DÕ-ho-I-c-W-¯nsâ kz`m-h-
apÄs¡m-f-fp-¶Xpw BbXv AXp-sIm--m-Wv. _ànsâ ImÀWn-
hÂ Xnb-dnbpw (Carnivalization theory) ChnsS km[p-hm-Ip-¶p.
t£{XIe-If
- nÂ Xpf-fe
- n-t\mfw P\-§sf BIÀjn-¡m³ Iq¯n-\pw,
IqSn-bm-«-¯n-\pw, IY-I-fn¡pw IgnbmsX t]mbXv P\-km-am-
\y¯nsâ `mjbpw kmlnXyhpamIm¯XpsIm-mWv.
tIc-f¯
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§-fn-embn B{i-bn¨v PohnXw Ign¨ \¼ymÀ tZik©mcwsIm-v
t\Snb A\p-`hÚm\hpw hnim-ea
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- n-¸n-¨t- ¸mÄ AXn\v P\-Iob
kz`mhw ssIh-¶p. tIc-fo-bX \¼ymÀ¡-hn-Xb
- nse kmwkvIm-
cnI Xe-ambn amdn. tZh-tem-I¯p \S-¡p¶ kw`hw \¼ymÀ Bhn- 12345678901234567890
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- n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xncp-h\
- ´
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tXm¶pw. òa-tk-\s\ hÀ®n-¡p-t¼mÄ \½psS \m«nse Hcp {]`p-
hmbn amdpw.37 Xsâ ap¶nÂ¡- sImf-f-cp-Xm-bva-Isf Xcwt]mse
IY-bnÂ tNÀ¯p IW-¡n\p Ifn-bm-¡n. Zi-cq-]I
- §
- f
- n-sem-¶mb
{]l-k\
- ¯
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- mb lmky-ck k¶n-thiw \¼ymÀ¡-hn-
X-If
- psS iàn-t{i-mX-Êmbn hÀ¯n-¨p. Imes¯ AXn-Po-hn-¡p¶
temtIm-àn-Ifpw PohnXaqey-§f
- p-amWv Xpf-fÂ IrXn-If
- n-eqsS
\¼ymÀ \nÀh-ln¨ kmwkvIm-cnIZuXyw.
]mT-I¯
- nepw IY hnkvXc
- n-¡p-¶X
- n-\S- b
- nÂ kmaq-ln-Ia
- mb
Ne-\§
- fpw kwkvImc hnti-j§
- fpw DÄs¡m-ff
- n-¡p¶ ]Xn-hp-v-.
{_Òm-WvU]
- p-cmWw t]mepÅ KZy-{]-_Ô
- §
- Ä ]mT-I¯
- n\v D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶X
- mbn {]kvXpX {KÙ-¯nsâ Ah-km\ `mK-¯nse
{]kvXm-h-\-bnÂ\n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.38 ]Zyw-t]mse Xs¶ KZy-
¯n\pw t£{XIe-bnÂ Øm\w \evIn-bn-cp-¶X
- mbn {_Òm-WvU-
]p-cmWw t]mep-ff IrXn-IÄ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ ]c-¼c
- m-KX
\njvT-I-fnÂ\n¶v IYm-h-X-c-W-¯nepw cwK-th-Zn-bnepw C¡q-«À
t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ kzmX{ýw ]pXn-sbmcp ZriykwkvIm-c¯
- n-tâ-Xm-W.v
IY-If
- nbnemIs«, cma-\m-«I
- À¯mhv apXev¡v ]ucm-WnI
aqey-t_m-[hpw kwkvIm-cX
- e
- hpw Zo£n-¨n-cp-¶p. sIm«m-c¡
- c
- X
- -
¼p-cm³ cmamb-Ws¯ ap³\nÀ¯n F«p Znh-ks¯ IY-bmbn
cma-\m«w cNn-¡p-t¼m-gpw, tIm«bw X¼p-cm³ alm-`m-cXw Bc-Wy-
]ÀÆw Ah- e w- _ - a m¡n tIm«bw IY- I Ä \nÀ½n- ¨ - t ¸mgpw
t£{XIe-bpsS Imem-Xn-hÀ¯n-bmb kmwkvIm-cnIZuXyw \nd-th-
äm³IqSn {ian-¡p-I-bp--m-bn. a\p-jy³ F§-s\-bm-I-W-sa¶v
{iocm-a\
- n-eq-sS-bpw, a\p-jyÀ F§-s\-bm-sW¶v Zptcym-[\
- \
- n-eq-
sSbpw XXvIÀ¯m-¡Ä ImWn¨p Xcp-¶p.
B«-¡Y
- b
- psS kphÀ®Zi ]Xn-s\«pw ]s¯m-¼Xpw \qäm- 12345678901234567890
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- p - I - f m- s W¶v ImWmw. tIm«- b ¯p X¼p- c m\pw ImÀ¯n- 92
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IXncp\mfpw D®m-bn-hm-cycpw Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mfpw Ico-{µ³ X¼p-
cm\pw Cc-bn-½³ X¼n-bp-sams¡ Al-alanIbm X§-fpsS
kwkvImcss]XrIw X´m-§-fpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ {]Im-in-¸n-¨n-«p--v.
\f-Nc
- nXw "\c-Nc
- n-X'- am-Ip-¶Xv A§-s\-bm-Wv. alm-`m-cXw \tfm-
]m-Jym-\¯
- nÂ _rl-Zi
- z-s\¶ ap\n ]mWvUh
- À¡mbn ]d-ªp-
sIm-Sp-¡p¶ D]-tZi IY D®m-bn-hm-cy-cn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ a\p-jy-
k-l-Pm-h-N-cy-I-fpsS Pohn-X-am-Ip-¶p. \f-Z-a-b-ń-amcpw \f-lw-
khpw Ien-Zzm-]c
- ·
- mcpw \f]pjvIc
- ·
- mcpw kXz-cPkvXtamKpW-
§-tfmsS Ac-§nÂ Xnct\m«w \S-¯p-¶p. \f-lwk kwhm-Z-
¯nse "D]-Imcw Ipcymw', "kulr-Za
- m-bXp kulr-Zta' F¶o
]Z§fpw ]c-]o-U\w P·-{h-Xa
- m-¡nb Ienbpw asä§pw ImWm³
Ign-bm¯ krjvSn-If
- m-Wv. \fNcn-¯nse lwkhpw Ienbpw a\p-
jy-\nse hyXy-kvXa
- mb kwkvIm-c¯
- nsâ kqN-\I
- f
- mbn amdp-¶p.
\fsâ lrZb ip²nbpw Za-b´
- n-bpsS k·mÀ¤\njvTbpw kpJ-]-
cy-hk - m-\hpw (Divine comedy) `mc-X¯
- m-bn-bmb IYm-hk - nsâ
am{Xw kmwkvIm-cnI aqeyw {]Zm\w sN¿p¶ IemXXz-am-Wv. \f-
- nXw' F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¨Xpw39
N-cnXw ]e-Ipdn BSp-¶Xpw "\c-Nc
{]kvXpX kwkvImc hntijw sIm-m-Wv. ImÀ¯nI Xncp-\m-fnsâ
Imes¯ IY-I-fn-{]-`mhw I-n«pw B«-¡Y apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶
kmwkvIm-cnI Kuchw I-n-«p-am-IWw \¼ymÀ \mep B«-¡-Y-
IÄ cNn-¨X
- v. "tIm«w hns«mcp tIm«bw IY-IÄ \mev' F¶ sNmÃv
AÀ°-h-¯m-Ip-¶Xv B«¨n«-bnÂ am{X-aÃ Pohn-X-¯nsâ Nn«-
bnepw tIm«-¯n\p Imc-W-am-Ip¶ aplqÀ¯-§Ä Nq-n-Im-Wn-
¨XpsIm-pIqSn-bm-Wv. `mcXIY-bpsS AXn NSp-ehpw \nÀ®m-b-
I-hp-amb cwK-§f
- mWv Cu \mep B«-¡Y
- I
- f
- p-sSbpw {]tabw.
kwkvIm-ct- ¯m-sSm¸w kwKoX kmln-Xym-Zn-If
- psS kt½m-l\
- a
- mb 12345678901234567890
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kt½-f\w Cc-bn-½³ X¼n-bpsS B«-¡Y
- I
- Ä
- {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p. 93
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""{]i-kvX-cmb tIc-fob hmt¤-b-IÀ¯-¡-fnÂ an¡-hcpw B«-
¡YmIÀ¯m-¡fpw BsW¶pw Cc-bn-½³ X¼n-sb-t¸mse Ifn-
b-c§
- ¯v F¡m-ehpw sXfnªp I¯n-\n-ev¡p¶ shffn hnf-
¡p-IÄ Xs¶ \nc-¯n-h¨ Nne-sc-¦nepw A¡q-«-¯nÂ D-v F¶p
am{Xw \ap-¡n-hnsS HmÀ½n¡mw.''40 ]¶n-tÈ-cnÂ \mWp-]n-ff IY-
Ifn XXzs¯ Hcp tÇmIw cqt]W \n_- Ô n- ¨ n- « p- - v . B«-
¯nÂ\n¶pw ]e temI-Im-cy-§fpw ]Tn-¡m-sa¶v IY-Ifn {]Im-c-
¯nÂ At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.41 ]pXnb B«¡Y-I-fnÂ amen-bpsS
IÀ®i]-Yhpw Xpf-ko-h\ IY-Ifpw `mc-Xob ImhykwkvImcw
apt¶m«p hbv¡p-¶h
- b
- m-Wv.
""a\p-jy-\nÂ kwkvImchnti-js¯ hfÀ¯p-¶X
- mWv Ie.
D¯aIe a\p-jysâ sshIm-cn-Ihpw sshNm-cn-Ih
- p-amb iàn
hnti-j§
- sf ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n¨v ]cn-ip-²o-Ic- n-¡p¶p F¶v Acn-tÌm-
«nÂ. Ie-If
- psS aptJym-t±iyw sFln-Ia - mb B\-µa - m-Wv.''42
\nc-h[n Iem-cq-]§
- f
- psS \mSmWv tIc-fw. A\p-jvTm-\hpw
A\p-jvTm-t\-Xc Ie-Ifpw CXn-epÄs¸-Sp-¶p. Hcp tZis¯ \mtSmSn
- Ä AYhm P\-Iob Ie (Folk Art) B P\-Xb
Iem-cq-]§ - psS
Iem-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]mc-¼-cys¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Ip-¶p. ""Ie
Ft¸mgpw kap-Zm-b¯ - Ä \nd-th-äp¶ D]m-[n-bm-W.v ''43
- nsâ Blzm-\§
ùXn-Ihpw Bßo-bh
- p-amb ka-\z-bt- ¯m-sSm¸w aXm-Xo-X-
amb ImgvN¸
- mSpw Ie-If
- psS kmwkvIm-cnI ZuXy-am-Wv. kwKo-X-
¯n\v PmXntbm aXtam cmjv{So-btam CÃ. a\Êv t]mIp-¶n-S¯v
ico-ca
- nÃ; icocw Ccn-¡p-¶n-S¯v a\Êv \nev¡p-¶n-Ã. a\p-jy³
F¡m-ehpw A\p-`h
- n-¡p¶ [À½-hy-Yb
- m-Wn-Xv. F¶mÂ a\Êpw
icocw H¶n-¡p-¶n-Sa
- mWv Iem-tem-Iw. F¦nte icn-bmb Iem-kzm-
Z\w km[y-am-Iq. A§s\ Nnń-¡p-t¼mÄ Ie-IÄ ]I-cp¶ 12345678901234567890
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kmwkvIm-cnIaqeyw Af¶p Xn«-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bm-¯X
- m-Wv. A]m- 94
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c-Xb
- mWv AXnsâ khn-ti-jX
- . IY-If
- n-bnÂ h[hpw bp²hpw
aäpw Ac-t§-dp-¶Xv ChnsS hnkvac
- n-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¦nepw B h[-
¯n\p ]n¶nepw [mÀ½n-I-X-bpsS ]n³_-e-ap--m-bn-cn-¡pw.
2.5 Iq¯-¼-ehpw IeIfpw
`c-Xa
- p-\n-bpsS \mSy-im-kv{X-¯nse c-m-a-[ym-b-amb "aWvU-
]-hn[n'bnÂ \mSy-Kr-l¯
- nsâ (Iq-¯¼
- e
- ¯
- n-sâ)- imkv{Xhn[n-
IÄ hnkvX-cn-¡p-¶p. \mSy-{]-tbm-K-¯n\v BZyw th-Xv Iq¯-
¼-ea
- m-Wv. tZhinev]n-bmb hnizIÀ½m-hmWv Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- nsâ
Afhpw BIr-Xnbpw XoÀ¨-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ff
- X
- v. tZh-·mÀ¡pw cmPm-
¡-·mÀ¡pw {]tXyI hen-¸a
- p-ff Iq¯-¼e
- §
- Ä thW-sa¶v hn[n-
bp--v. tZhm-kp-cm-[n-IÄ IYm-]m-{X-ambn hcp-t¼mÄ bp²w, Hm«w,
Nm«w apX-em-bh
- bv¡v hf-sc-tbsd Øew Bh-iy-am-bX
- n-\mÂ
\qsä-«p-tImep hen-¸a
- pÅ Iq¯-¼ew thW-sa-¶mWv XmÂ]-cyw.
hnIr-jvSw, NXp-c{- iw, {Xr{iw C§s\ aq¶m-Ir-Xn-bn-emWv
Iq¯-¼e
- a
- p-ÅX
- v. AXn\p aq¶n\pw tPyjvTw, a²yw, I\njvTw
F¶p aq¶-f-hp-ap--v. Ç-dª Af-hp-IÄ lkvXs¯ B{i-bn¨pw
ZWvUs¯ B{i-bn-¨p-am-hmw. \qsä-«v, Adp-]-¯n-\m-ev, ap¸-¯n-c-v
F¶n-hb
- mWv Af-hnsâ IW-¡p-IÄ. CXnÂ hnIrjvSw= ZoÀL-
N-Xp-cw, NXp-c{iw = NXp-cw, {Xr{iw = apt¡m-Wv, tPyjvTw = hen-
b-Xv, a²yw = CS-¯c
- w, I\njvTw = sNdn-bX
- v, lkvXw = Bim-cn-
tImev (24 AwKp-ew) ZWvUw = \mep-tIm-ev.
Iq¯-¼ew ]Xn-s\-«p-Xc
- ¯
- nÂ hcm-sa-¶m-Wn-hnsS \nÀt±-
in-¨X
- v. ZoÀL-NX
- p-ca
- mb Iq¯-¼ew Xs¶ \qsä-«p-tIm-ev, \qsä«v
ZWvUv, Adp-]-¯n-\mev tImev, Adp-]-¯n-\mev ZWvUv, ap¸-¯n-c-p
tImev, ap¸-¯n-c-v ZWvUv C§s\ Bdp-Xcw hcm-a-tÃm. NXp-chpw
apt¡m-Wp-amb Iq¯-¼e
- §
- fpw C§s\ Bdm-dp-Xcw IqSp-t¼mÄ 12345678901234567890
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BsI ]Xn-s\-«p-hn-[-am-hpw. a\p-jyÀ¡p-th--n-bpÅ Iq¯-¼ew 95
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Adp-]-¯n-\m-ep-tImÂ \of-¯n-emWp \nÀ½n-t¡-- Xv. AXnsâ
hoXn ap¸-¯n-c-p tImepw. CXnÂ¡-hnª hen-¸-¯nÂ Bcpw
Iq¯-¼ew kzbw \nÀ½n-¡c
- p-sX¶pw \mSy-imkv{Xw hn[n-¡p-¶p.
""kt¦X \n_-²-amb kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-¯nsâ tIc-fob
k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-epÅ Ah-X-cWw Nm¡ym-·mÀ Iq¯-¼-e-¯nÂ
\nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ IqSn-bm-«¯
- n-emWv {]I-Sa
- m-bn-Im-Wp-I. `mk³, Imfn-
Zm-k³, Ipe-ti-Jc
- ³, iàn-`{- Z³ XpS-§nb kwkvIr-X\
- m-SI
- I
- m-
c-·m-cpsS IrXn-IÄ¡mWv IqSn-bm-«¯
- nÂ {]Nmcw kn²n-¨n-«p-ÅX
- .v
hnin-jy, `mk-\m-SI
- §
- Ä¡v kÀÆmw-Ko-Wa
- mb Øm\w \ÂI-s¸-
«p-t]m-cp-¶p. Nn«-s¸« BwKn-Iþ- h
- m-NnI Blmcy kmXzn-Im-`n-\b
- -
§-fn-eqsS kwkvIr-X\
- m-SIw ]qÀ®-amtbm `mKn-Ia
- mtbm Ah-X-
cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv IqSn-bm-«-¯neqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXv Iq¯-¼-e-
¯nÂ HXp§n \n¶n-cp-¶p. B \mS-Ik
- {- ¼-Zm-b¯
- n\v kl-{km-[n-
I-hÀjs¯ {]mNo-\-Xbpw ]mc-¼-cyhpw D-v. `mc-X-¯nÂ Xs¶
{i²n-¡s
- ¸« Htc Hcp kwkvIr-X\
- m-SI
- t- h-Zn-bmWv Iq¯-¼e
- w.
cwK-]o-Tw, t{]£-·mÀ¡v Ccn-¡p-hm-\pÅ ]Sn-IÄ (-tkm-]m-
\m-Ir-Xn-bnÂ), AWn-bd F¶o aq¶p Øm\-§Ä Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- n-
\p--v. cwK-]o-T-¯nsâ Afhv F«p-tIm-em-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Db-c-¯nepw
ka-ambpw c-p-hn-[-¯n-ep-ap-v cwK-]o-Tw. NXp-c-am-bn-«p-Å-XnÂ ka-
X-ea
- mb cwK-]o-Tw.
\mSy-a-WvU]w ]ÀÆ-X-Kp-l-t]m-sebpw c-p-\n-e-bp-Å-Xmbpw
\nÀ½n-¡mw (X-«n-SWsa-¶À°w). P\-ep-IÄ sNdp-Xmbpw A[nIw
Imäp IS-¡m-sXbpw Ccp-¶mte i_vZ¯
- n\p apg¡w In«p-Ib
- p-Åq.
hmZy-¯n\p apg-¡hpw kzc-ip-²nbpw D-m-hq. `n¯n-I-fnÂ kv{Xo]p-
cp-j-·m-cp-sSbpw apń-cn--s¡mSn apX-emb eXm-_-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw
Nn{X-§Ä Fgp-XW
- w. AI¯v cwK-]o-T¯
- nsâ aosX-bmbn Xm§p- 12345678901234567890
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hm³ X¡ XqWp-IÄ ]¯pw, Iq¯-¼ew Xm§p-hm³ Bdpw, Ah- 96
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bv¡p-aosX F«p-Xq-Wp-Ifpw \m«-Ww. C¯cw XqWp-IÄ ac-¸m-h-
I-fmÂ Ae-¦c
- n-¡W
- w.
Npcp-¡-¯nÂ inev]-kp-µ-chpw at\m-l-c-hp-am-bn-cn¡pw
Iq¯-¼e
- w. XriqÀ hS-¡p-¶mYt£{X-¯nse Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- nÂ
cwK- ¯ nsâ ap¼nÂ he- X p- ` m- K - ¯ pÅ Icn- ¦ Â¯q- W n- t ·Â
sIm¯n-h¨
- n-«pÅ tÇmI-§f
- n-sem-¶n-XmWv:
""{inbx tIfn-]Zw Inw\p \S-Zr-jvSy-fn-]p-jvIc
- w.
{XnIp-S[
- m-So-ZÀ¸Lv\w \mIm-Z]
- y-[nIw ]qcw''
(\-S-·m-cpsS ZrjvSn-I-fm-Ip¶ h-p-IÄ¡v Xma-c-¸q-hmbpw
{XnIpS]ÀÆ-¯nsâ Hu¶-Xy-KÀhs¯ \in-¸n-¡p-¶X
- mbpw kzÀK-
s¯-¡mfpw t{ijvTa - m-bpÅ Iq¯-¼e - w, e£vao-tZ-hn-bpsS tIfn-
cw-Ka - mw)46
- m-sW¶v Dd-¸n-¨p-]d- b
Bcw-Ì
- m-e¯v tIc-f¯
- nse FÃm alm-t£-{X-§f
- nepw \mS-
I-§Ä A`n-\-bn-¡-W-sa¶v Nn«-bp--m-bn-cp-¶p. kIe Ie-I-fp-
sSbpw kÀh-hn-Zy-If
- p-sSbpw BØm-\hpw t£{X-§f
- m-bn-cp-¶p.
thebpw ]qchpw \mS-Im-`n-\b
- hpw A¶s¯ P\-§f
- psS Hgn-¨p-
Iq-Sm-\m-Im¯ kwK-Xn-If
- m-Wv. t£{X-§f
- nÂ imń, Ig-Iw, ]m«v,
sIm«v F¶n-hb
- s
v ¡Ãmw {]tXyI kap-Zm-bs
- ¯bpw \nÝ-bn-¨n-cp-¶p.
\mS-Im-`n-\-b-¯n-\p-th-n Iq¯-¼-e-§Ä {]tXy-I-ambn \nÀ½n-¡p-
Ibpw NmIym-·msc \S-·m-cmbn \nÝ-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""NmIymÀ
F¶ B´-cmf PmXn-¡mWv Iq¯p-]d- b
- p-hm³ Ah-Im-iw. {`jvS-
cmb \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cm-Ws{X NmIym-·mÀ Bbn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv. k]-cn-
hmc]qP DÅ alm-t£-{X-§f
- nÂ am{X-am-bn-cp¶p BZy-Im-e¯v
Iq¯v \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶X
- v. \me-¼e
- ¯
- nÂ (t£-{X-¯nsâ `mK-§-
fnÂ H¶v) h¨mWv Iq¯v BZy-Im-e¯v \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶X
- t- {X. ]n¶oSv
CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw Ac-s§m-cp-§n. Ah-bmWv Iq¯-¼e - Ä.''47
- §
AXp-sIm--mImw ]n¶oSv t£{X-§Ä¡v ]pd¯v Iq¯-¼ew 12345678901234567890
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]Wn-bp-¶X
- n\v imkv{Xhpw hn[nbpw Iev]n-¨X
- v. ""Iq¯-¼e
- §
- - 97
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fpsS hen-¸a
- \
- p-kc
- n¨v t{ijvTw, a²y-aw, lo\w F¶n-§s\ aq¶p-
h-I-bm-bn-«p--v. Ah-bnÂ a²y-a-]-cn-am-W-¯n-epÅ hnIr-jvS-Kr-l-
§-fm-bn-«mWv tIc-fo-b-§-fmb Iq¯-¼-e-§Ä {]mtbW I-p-h-
cp-¶X
- v. DÅnÂ Hc-ä¯v AWn-bd- , AWn-bd- bv¡p sXm«p-ap-¼nÂ
cwKw, _m¡n Øe-saÃmw ImWn-IÄ¡v Ccn-¡m-\p-ÅXv F¶mWv
hyh-Ø. cwK-¯nÂ ]n¶nÂ arZw-K]
- Z- w. CS¯pw he¯pw AWn-
b-d-bnÂ \n¶p cwK-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¸m³ hmXn-ep-IÄ D-m-hpw.
C§n-s\-bmWv Npcp-¡¯
- nÂ Iq¯-¼e - nâ kz`m-hw.''48
- ¯
]pcm-W-¯nÂ A`n-\-b-th-Zn-bpsS XpS¡w ss\an-im-c-Wy-
¯nÂ tZh-kZ- Ê
- n-s\bpw Ejn-am-scbpw Dt±-in¨p kqX³ `mK-h-
X-IY ]d-ªp-tIÄ¸n-¡p-¶n-S-¯m-Wv. AXp-t]msebmWv tZh-
s\bpw {_mÒ-Ws
- cbpw Dt±-in¨v NmIym-·mÀ Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- nÂ h¨v
Iq¯p-]d- b
- p-¶X
- v. ""NmIymÀ Iq¯p-]d- b
- p-t¼mÄ, t£{X-¯n-\I
- ¯v
`à-·mÀ¡v {]th-i-\-an-Ã. Nne-t¸mÄ {iotIm-hn-ensâ hmXnÂ
NmcpI IqSn-sN-¿pw. `K-hm³ Iq¯p-tIÄ¡m³ kZ-ÊnÂ F¯n-
bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶mWv k¦-ev]w. kZ-ÊnÂ Hcp-`m-K¯p ]«p-hn-cn¨v
`K-hm\v Ccn-¸nSw Hcp-¡p¶ ]Xn-hp-t]mepw D-m-bn-cp-¶p-h-s{X.''49
`mc-X¯
- nÂ \mS-Im-`n-\b
- I
- e
- b
- p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«mWv Iq¯-
¼-e¯
- nsâ cwK-{]-th-is
- a-¦nepw ]qÀ®-ambpw tZh-Xm-k¦
- e
- v]a
- m-
bn-cp¶p AXn\p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Iq¯v, IqSn-bm«w F¶o t£{X-I-
e-IÄ Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡m³ am{Xta Iq¯-¼ew D]-tbm-Kn-¡mhq F¶
hyh- Ø - b p- - m - b n- c p- ¶ - t {X. ""{][m\ t£{X-§f
- n-seÃmw {]Xn-jvTm-
aqÀ¯n-bpsS ap³`m-KvXXp he-Xp-h-i-¯m-bn-«mWv Iq¯-¼ew
ImWp-I. tIc-f¯
- nse {][m\ t£{X-§f
- mb XriqÀ, Ccn-§m-e-
¡p-S, InS-§qÀ, lcn-¸m-Sv, Kpcp-hm-bqÀ, s]cp-h\
- w, aqg-¡p-fw, Xncp-
\-¡c- , sN§-¶qÀ (C-hnsS A\p-jvTm\w am{Xta DÅq) F¶n-hn-S- 12345678901234567890
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§- f nÂ Iq¯- ¼ - e - § - f p- - v . ''50 98
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tIc-f¯
- nse Iq¯-¼e
- §
- f
- psS Afhpw BIr-Xnbpw \mSy-
im-kv{Xw, hnjvWp-[Àt½m-¯-c-]p-cmWw F¶n-h-bn-te-Xp-ambn
s]mcp-¯s
- ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. \mSy-im-kv{X-¯nse cwK-ioÀjtam a¯-hm-
c-Wn-Itfm tIc-f¯
- nse Iq¯-¼e
- §
- f
- nÂ ImWp-¶p-an-Ã. ""Iq¯-
¼-e¯
- nsâ inev]h
- n[n X{´-ka
- p-¨b
- w, inev]c
- vX\w F¶o tIc-
fob {KÙ-§sf ASn-Øm-\a
- m-¡n-bm-sW¶p tXm¶p¶p. Ah-bpsS
hmkvXp-in-ev]-kw-hn-[m\w X\n tIcfobhpw "\mKc'coXn-bnÂ
kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-«pÅ tIcf t£{X-§Ä¡v A\p-tbm-Py-hp-
am-Wv. bmsXmcp i_vZs
- sh-Ir-Xhpw IqSmsX NmIym-cpsS D¨m-c-
W-¯nsâ kv^pS-Xbpw angm-hnsâ [z\n-Kmw-ò-cyhpw kZ-kyÀ¡p
]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³ Ign-b¯
- ¡ hn[-¯n-emWv Iq¯-¼e
- §
- Ä
- v.''51
]Wn-Xn-«p-ÅX
tIc-f-¯nÂ t£{X-¯n\p ]pd-¯pÅ GI Iq¯-¼ew
tIcf Iem-aW
- vUe
- ¯
- nÂ \nÀ½n-¨n-«p-ÅX
- m-Wv. tUm.-sI.-F³.-]n-
jm-cSn Iem-aW
- vUew sNbÀam-\mbncp¶ Ime-¯v Xncp-h\
- ´
- ]
- p-
c-¯p-Im-c-\mb Un.-A-¸p-¡p-«³\m-b-cmWv Iem-a-WvU-e-¯nse
Iq¯-¼ew \nÀ½n-¨-Xv. Iem-a-WvU-e-¯nÂ IqSn-bm«w XpS-§p-
¶Xpw C¡m-e¯
- m-Wv. ""\mSy-im-kv{X-hn-[n-sb-bÃ At±lw B{i-
bn-¨X
- v. Imcyx ssie Kplm-Icx F¶mWv `c-Xa
- p-\n-bpsS hn[n.
Kplm-apJw t]mse BbmÂ i_vZw apg-§pw. A`n-\bw sXfn-bp-
Ibpw sN¿p-sa-¶mWv `c-Xsâ e£yw. t£{X-{]m-Icw t]mse CS-
hn-«mWv Iem-aW
- vUe
- ¯
- nse Iq¯-¼e - nsâ LS\.52
- ¯
1975 G{]nÂ amk-¯n-emWv Iem-aW
- vUe
- ¯
- nse Iq¯-¼e
- -
¯nsâ inem-Øm-]\w A¶s¯ apJy-a{ń kn.- A-¨p-Xt- a-t\m³
\nÀÆ-ln-¨X
- v. 1977 HIvtSm-_d- nÂ Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- nsâ ]Wn XoÀ¶p.
Iem-a-WvU-e-¯nsâ NnÓw Xp¶n-¸n-Sn-¸n¨ ]XmI Iq¯-¼-e- 12345678901234567890
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¯nsâ ap¶nse sImSn-ac
- ¯
- nÂ DbÀ¯n DZvLm-S\w \S-¯n-bXpw 99
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A¨p-Xt- a-t\m-\m-bn-cp-¶p. A¶s¯ hnZym-`ym-ka
- {ń kn.-F¨
- v.a
- p-
l-½Z- tv Imbbmbn-cp¶p A[y-£³. IÃym-Wk
- u-KÔ
- nIw IqSn-bm-«w,
IÃym-W-ku-K-ÔnIw XpÅÂ, Ieym-W-ku-K-ÔnIw IY-Ifn
F¶nh Ac- t §- d pI- b p- - m - b n.53
""IqSn-bm-«-¯nsâ cwKthZn {]tXy-I-ambn \nÀ½n-¨n-«pÅ
Iq¯-¼e
- §
- f
- m-Wv. tIc-f¯
- nse {][m\ t£{X-§f
- n-seÃmw Iq¯-
¼-e-§-fp--v. an¡Xpw ZoÀL-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bnÂ DÅ-h-bm-Wv. {]Xn-
jvTm-aqÀ¯n-bpsS ap³`m-K¯v he-Xp-`m-K¯
- m-bn-«mWv Ch \nÀ½n-
¨n-«p-ÅX
- .v Xncp-am\v[mwIp-¶.v Xncp-hmÀ¸v, Xncp-hm-e¯
- qÀ (sIm-Sp-¼),
Kpcp-hm-bqÀ, BÀ¸q-¡c
- , InS-§qÀ, s]cp-h\
- w, Xncp-th-K¸
- p-d, apgp-
§-fw, Xncp-\¡
- c
- , lcn-¸m-Sv, sN§-¶qÀ (cwKw am{Xw AWvUm-Ir-
Xn-bnÂ), Ccn-§m-e-¡p-S, XriqÀ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse t£{X-§-fn-
emWv Iq¯-¼e
- §
- f
- p-ÅX
- v. hnkvXm-c¯
- nÂ Gähpw hepXv Xriq-
cn-ep-ÅXv sNdpXv Xncp-am-Ômw-Ip-¶n-ep-Å-Xp-am-Wv. Xr¸-t§m-Sv,
tKmhn-µ]
- pcw (h-t¶-cn), ]¶n-bqÀ (Ip-än-¸p-dw), Xfn-¸d- ¼v F¶o
t£{X-§f - nÂ Iq¯-¼e - nsâ Øm\w (cm-K) am{Xw ImWp-¶p.54
- ¯
apJ-aÞ
- ]
- w, hen-b¼
- e
- w, Npä-¼e
- w, cwK-aW
- U
v ]
- w, cwK-]o-Tw,
a¯-hm-cn-Wn, cwK-ioÀjw, t\]Yyw F¶n-§s\ Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- nsâ
B´-cn-I-`m-Ks¯ Xncn-¨n-«p--v. CXnÂ apJ-a-WvU]w {]th-i-\-`m-
K-am-Wv. cwK-th-Zn¡v Npäp-apÅ hnim-ea
- mb Øe-§f
- mWv hen-b-
¼-ew, Npä-¼ew F¶n-h. t{]£-IÀ¡n-cn-¡m-\pÅ CS-amWv cwK-a-
WvU]
- w. cwK-]o-Tw, cwK-ioÀjw F¶nh Xd-\n-ç
- nÂ \n¶pw Hcev]w
DbÀ¶p-\nÂ¡pw. Chn-sS-\n-¶mWv A`n-\-bn-t¡-- Xv. AXnsâ
]mÀiz-`m-K§
- f
- mWv a¯-hm-cn-[n-t\-]Yyw AWn-bd- b
- mbn Adn-b-
s¸-Sp-¶p. \ne-hn-f¡v cwK-th-Zn-bpsS a[y-¯nÂ ap³`m-K¯
- mWv
hbv t ¡- - X v . AXnÂ aq¶p- X n- c n- b m- W n- S p- I . cs- ® w \S\v A`n- 12345678901234567890
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ap-Ja
- mbpw H¶p kZ-Ên-te-¡pw. bmK-im-eb
- nse t{XXmán F¶mWv 100
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CXnsâ k¦-ev]w. \S-s\bpw t{]£-Is
- \bpw thÀXn-cn-¡m³ Xnc-
Èoe D]-tbm-Kn-¡pw.
hmZy-§Ä¡pw {]tXyIw Øm\w \nÀ®-bn-¨n-«p--v. Ac-
§nsâ ]n³`m-K¯v a[y-¯n-emWv angm-hnsâ Øm\w. IqSmsX
hepXptImWnÂ Xna-ebpw CS-Xp-tIm-WnÂ CS-bv¡bpw Ipdp-¦p-
gepw ]Xn-hp--v. Ac-§nsâ heXp a[y-`m-K-¯mWv \§ym-cpsS
Øm\w. Xmfw ]nSn-¡p-¶Xv \§ym-cm-Wv. \S-·mÀ¡v Ccn-¡m-\pÅ
]oT-¯nsâ Øm\w CS-Xp-`m-K¯
- m-bn-«m-Wv. B«-¯n-\pÅ Nn«-IÄ
B«-{]-Im-cw, {Ia-Zo-]nI F¶o {KÙ-§-fnÂ hnkvX-cn-¨n-«p--v.
AXn³{]-Imcw Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv IqSn-bm«w Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v.
kwkvIr-Xc
- q-]I§fpsS `mK-§f
- mWv BZy-Im-e¯v Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨p-
t]m-¶X
- v. A`n-\b
- {- ]m-[m-\y-apÅ GsX-¦n-ep-samcp A¦w am{X-am-
bn-cn¡pw A`n-\b
- n-¡p-¶X
- v. {]kvXpX A¦-§f
- psS t]cnÂ B
IqSn-bm«w Adn-bs
- ¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿pw. ""tIc-f¯
- nse Iq¯-¼e
- §
- -
fpsS kzcq-]hpw kz`m-hhpw X{´-ka
- p-¨b
- w, inev]c
- Xv\w XpS-§nb
IrXn-I-fnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨p-Im-Wp¶ hn[n-I-f-\p-k-cn-¨p-Å-h-bm-Wv.
Xr{]-bmÀ t£{X-¯nepw amSm-bn-¡mhp t£{X-¯nepw am{Xta apJ-
a-WvU-]-¯nÂ h¨p Iq¯p ]Xn-hp-Åq. c-p-Ø-e¯pw AwKp-eo-
bm-¦a
- m-Wv (Øm-\n-IÄ amWn-¨m-Iym-·m-cm-Wv). \mKm-\µ
- ¯
- nse ]d-
¡pw-Iq¯v t£{X-¯n\p ]pd-¯pÅ ]d-¼nÂsh-¨m-¡m-at- {X. ASp-
¯-Im-es - mbn tI«n-«n-Ã.''55
- ¯m¶pw ]d-¡pw-Iq¯p \S-¶X
""]d-¡pw-Iq-¯nÂ t£{X-¯n-\S- p-¯pÅ Iq¯p-]d- ¼p ip²n-
bm¡n Hcp ]´-en«v AXn-t\mSp tNÀ¶v GI-tZiw \mev]¯
- n-c-
p- t- ImÂ Db-c¯
- nÂ \Sp¡v Zzmc-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Hcp X«v \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p.
KcpVth-j-¡m-c-\mb NmIym-cpsS ico-c-¯nÂ sIm¡v, hncÂ,
NndIv F¶n-§s\ ]e Øm\-§f
- n-embn sI«n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Bbn- 12345678901234567890
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c-s¯m¶p Nc-Sp-IÄ X«nsâ apI-fnÂ \nÂ¡p¶ \¼ymÀ \nb- 101
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{ń¨p hen-¡p-Ibpw Ab-¨p-hn-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶X
- n-\\
- p-kc
- n¨v Kcp-
U³ ]d-¡p-¶X
- mbn tXm¶pw. Cu Kcp-U³ Xmsg-h¶v sIm¡p
hnSÀ¯n (AXpw \¼ym-cpsS \nb-{´Ww sIm-m-Wv) Poaq-X-hm-
l-\s\ (Hcp Nph¶ XpWn) s]m¡n-sb-Sp¯p taÂt¸m«p ]d-¡p-
I-bm-Wv. NmIym-cpsS Poh³sIm-v kq{X-[m-c-\mb \¼ymÀ ]´m-
Sp-Ib
- mWv Cu Zriy-¯nÂ. CXp-t]m-se-¯s¶ X]-Xo-kw-hc
- W
- -
¯nÂ \mbnI ]pg-bnÂ¨mSn Hgp-In-t¸m-Ip-¶Xpw Hcp AÛp-XZ- r-
iy- a m- W v . shÅ- \ qÂsIm- v \o«n- ¸ m- h n«v D- m - ¡ nb ]pg- b nÂ NmSn-
bmWv \§ymÀ Hgp-Ip-¶X
- v. Ch-bpsS ZpjvIc
- X a\-Ên-em-¡n-bmWv
"]d¶ NmIym-scbpw Hgp-Inb \§ym-scbpw I-mÂ sXmgW'
sa¶v ]d-bp-¶X - v. F¶mÂ hfsc hÀj-§f
- mbn Cu sXmg-ensâ
Bh- i y- a p- - m - b n- « n- Ã .''56
taÂ]- d ª hnh- c - W - § - f nÂ \n¶v Iq¯- ¼ - e ¯nsâ
imkv{Xo-bX
- bpw Iem-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nsâ kaÀ¸-Whpw a\-Ên-em-¡m-
hp-¶X
- mWv hfsc IrXy-amb Øm\-amWv Xucy-{Xn-I¯
- n\v Iq¯-
¼-e¯
- n-\p-ÅnÂ \nÝ-bn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. Hcp t£{X-¯nsâ ]cn-ipZv[n
AXn\v Iev]n-¨p-t]m-¶X
- mbpw Icp-Xmw.
2.6 t£{X-hm-Zy-I-e-IÄ
Xucy-{XnIw t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS Pohmßm]c-amßm_Ôw
t]mse-bm-Wv. B«w ]m«v, sIm«v F¶n-h-bpsS ]mc-kv]-cy-amWv
t£{X-Ie
- I
- Ä. tIc-fob t£{X-Ie
- I
- Ä t]mse-Xs¶ t£{X-hm-
Zy-§-fp-ap--v. Xm{ń-I-amb \nÝ-b-{]-Imcw AjvT-_-Ô-I-e-i-an«v
Dd-¸n-¡s
- ¸« hn{K-ls¯ \nXym-cm-[\
- bv¡pw a{´-[z-\n-It- fm-sSm¸w
hmZy-[z-\nbpw kaÀ¸n-¨p-t]m-cp-¶X
- mWv \½psS ]mc-¼c
- yw. t£{X-
§-fnse ]qP-IÄ¡v AI-¼Sn tkhn-¡e
- mWv t£{X-hm-Zy-§f
- psS
apJy-[À½w. ]n¶o-Sh Iem-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nsâ `mK-ambpw amdn. hmZy- 12345678901234567890
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§sf {][m-\a
- mbpw \membn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡mw. 102
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1 XXw þI¼n-sI-«n-bhþ hoW, KnämÀ, hb-en³ XpS-§n-bh
2 Ah-\²w þtXmÂh-en-¨p-sI-«p-¶hþ sN-, Xnan-e, a±-fw,
CSbv¡ XpS-§n-bh
3 L\w þIq«n-ap-«n¡p¶ teml-¯-In-Sp-IÄþ tN§n-e, Ce-
¯mfw
4 kpjncw þXpf-IÄ DÅh (hm-bp-\n-b{- ´-Ww)þ sIm¼v, Ipdp-
¦p-gÂ, \mZ-kzcw
Ch IqSmsX t\mtSm-Sn-¯\
- n-ab
- pÅ ]pÅp-h¡
- p-Sw, ]pÅph-
ho-W, \´p-Wn, DSp-¡v, XpSn, acw XpS-§nb hmZy-§-fp-ap--v. apf-
sIm- v am{Xw \nÀ½n- ¨ - h - b p- a p- - v .57
s]mXpth t£{X-¯nsâ hmkvXp-in-ev]hpw i_vZi
- n-ev]hpw
X½nÂ _Ô-ap--v. Iq¯-¼-e-\nÀ½m-Whpw kwKo-X-hm-Zy-L-S-\-b-
\p-kc
- n-¨p-ÅX
- W
- v. Xm{ń-Ih
- n-[n-{]-Imcw t£{X-NS- §
- p-IÄ¡v ]mWn-
sIm- « p¶ k{¼- Z m- b - a p- - v . Xnan- e - ¸ m- W n, ac- ¸ mWn F¶n- § s\ c- p -
hn[w ]mWn- I - f p- - v . sN- - b nÂ ]m- n - t afw t£{X- ¯ n- \ p- Å nÂ
sIm«p-Ib
- n-Ã. \½psS ]gb t£{Xm-ć
- o-£¯
- n\p tbmPn¨ coXn-
bn-emWv Ie-If
- psS \mZw, hÀWw, cq]w, KÔw, ap{Z-IÄ F¶nh
kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-«p-ÅX
- v. ]qPbv¡v sIm«pI F¶ k{¼-Zmbw
Xs¶ H¶p-th-sd-bm-W.v sIm«n-¸m-Sn-tkh F¶mWv CXn\p ]d-bp-I.
hmZy-§Ä c-p-hn-[-ap-v þ kzX-{´hpw ]¡-hm-Zyhpw. angm-hv,
a±-fw, sN-, Xnan-e, CS-bv¡, sIm¼v, Ipdp-¦p-gÂ, acw, Ce-¯m-fw,
iwJv, tN§ne F¶nh kzX-{´-hm-Zy-§-fm-Wv. ]m«n\pw \r¯-
¯n\pw AI-¼-Sn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶hbmWv ]¡-hm-Zy-§Ä.
Z^v, Ad-h\
- , DSp-¡v, ]pÅp-h¡
- p-Sw, ]pÅp-hh
- o-W, \´pWn XpS-
§n-bh CXnÂs¸-Sp-¶p.
kzX{´hmZy-§s
- f-¯s¶ {][m-\a
- mbpw tZh-sa¶pw Bkp- 12345678901234567890
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c- s a¶pw c- m bn Xncn- ¨ n- « p- - v . kwkv I r- X - t hZ ]mc- ¼ - c y- ¯ n- t âXv 103
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tZh-K-W-¯nepw X\-Xp-\m-tSmSn ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-tâXv Bkp-c-K-W-
¯nepw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. "ASn-Øm-\]
- c
- a
- mbn Cu thÀXn-cn-hnÂ henb
Imcy-sam-¶p-an-sÃ-¶pw, t£{X-_-Ôn-X-am-hp-t¼mÄ am{X-amWv
C¯cw \ne-am-ä-§Ä D-m-hp-¶-sX¶pw sRcf¯v lcn-tKm-hn-
µ³ ]d-bp-¶p.58
""t£{X-¯nse ]qP-IÄ¡v AI-¼-Sn-bmbn ]p\ÀÖ·w
t\Snb tIc-fh
- m-Zy-§f
- nÂ tXmepÅ sIm«p-hm-Zy-§f
- mWv `qcn-]-
£-hpw. achpw tXmepw tNÀ¶pÅ Hcp "tIm¼n-t\-j³' BWv
C¶pw ae-bm-fn-bpsS apJy-[m-cm-hmZy-kw-kvIr-Xn. teml-km-ao-]y-
apÅ hmZy-§Ä IqSpXepw Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p \nÀ½n-¡-
s¸-«h - mWv.''59
- b
angmhv
{]Ya `mc-Xob cwK-hm-Zy-t_m-[a
- mWv angm-h.v IqSn-bm-«¯
- n\pw
NmIymÀIq-¯n\pw \§ymÀIq-¯n\pw ]¡-hm-Zy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶X
- m-Wn-Xv. hen-sbmcp IpS-¯nsâ apJ¯v tXmep-sI-«nb hmZy-
kz-cq-]w. ]pcm-X\
- I
- m-e¯v a®p-sIm-m- Wv angmhv \nÀ½n-¨n-cp-¶X
- v.
C¶v sN¼p-X-In-SnÂ \nÀ½n¨ angm-hp-IÄ D-v. a®p-sIm-v \nÀ½n-
¨n-cp¶ angm-hns\ Hcn-S-¯p-\n¶pw asäm-cn-S-t¯¡v sIm-p-t]m-
tI- - X p- - m - b n- c p- ¶ n- Ã . AXn- \ mÂ angmhv kq£n- ¡ p- ¶ - X n\v Hmtcm
Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- nepw "angm-hW' F¶ t]cn-epÅ Hcp {]tXyI ac-
s¸«n D-m-bn-cp-¶p. hen-¸-a-\p-k-cn¨v tPyjvTw, a[yw, I\njvTw
F¶n-§s\ angmhv aq¶p-X-c-ap--v. angmhv \nÀ½n-¨p-I-gn-ªmÂ Hcp
a\n-jy-¡p-«n¡v \ÂIp¶ tjmU-i{- In-bI
- fpw D]-\b
- \
- mZn IÀ½-
§fpw sNbvXp {_mÒ-W\p Xpey-am-¡p-¶p. angm-hn\v tISp-hc
- p-
t¼mÄ BNm-c{- ]-Imcw kwkvIc
- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. \mZ-¯nsâ
Bßm-hpÅ Hcp hmZy-am-Wt{X angm-hv.
IqSn- b m- « - ¯ n\v c- v angm- h p- I - f mWv D]- t bm- K n- ¡ p- I . 12345678901234567890
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NmIymÀIq-¯n\v Hcp angmth DÅq. Ip©³ \¼ymÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n- 104
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cp¶ angmhv A¼-e¸
- pg t£{X-¯nÂ C¶pw kq£n- ¨ n- « p- - v . tIc-
f-¯nse Gähpw henb angmhv XriqÀ hS-¡p-¶m-Yt- £-{X-¯nse
Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- n-em-Wv. \¼ymÀ kap-Zm-b¡
- mÀ¡mWv angmhv hmZ\w
sN¿m-\pÅ Ah-Im-iw. AXp-sIm--mImw Ip©³\-¼ymsc cma-
- Ww sNbvXXv.60
]m-Wn-hm-Z³ F¶v DÅqÀ \ma-Ic
bps\kvtIm AwKo-Ic
- n¨ GI tIc-fh
- mZyw angm-hm-W.v Iq¯-
¼-e¯
- nÂ HmwImcw P]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp {_Ò-Nm-cn-bm-bn-«mWv angm-
hns\ IW-¡m-¡p-¶X- v.61 Hcp t£{X-Ie
- m-hm-Zy-sa¶ \ne-bn-epÅ
angm-hnsâ A\p-jvTm-\]
- c
- X CXnÂ\n-¶p-ad- n-bmw. angm-hnsâ A\-
´-km-[y-XI- s
- f-¸än {KÙ-§fpw inev]i
- m-ebpw ]T-\§
- fpw \S-
- p-¶p.62
¶p-hc
\¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂIr-Xn-If
- nse A]qÀÆ-Xm-f§
- f
- psS ASn-
Øm\w At±lw ]e-t¸m-gmbn angm-hnÂ ]co-£n-¨h
- b
- m-bn-cn-¡mw.
angm-hnsâ Btcm-lW
- m-htcm-lW
- §
- Ä¡v a\-Ênsâ Ah-Øm-t`-
Z-§sf Bhm-ln-¡p-hm³ Ign-bpw. eb-¯n-sâ-bpw, XmWvUh
- ¯
- n-
sâbpw {]I- ¼ - \ - ¯ n- s âbpw `mh- § Ä angm- h n- \ p- - v . krjv S n,
ØnXn, kwlm-c`- m-h§
- Ä angmhv \mZ-¯nÂ {]Xn-[z-\n-¡pw.
Nne-¸X
- n-Im-cw, D®p-\o-en-kt- µiw F¶o IrXn-If
- nÂ angm-
hn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p--v. Hcp-]t£ Iq¯-¼-e¯nsâ \mZ-
t_m-[hpw angm-hn-tâ-Xm-Imw. AXnsâ i_vZh
- n-\ym-k{- I-aa
- \
- p-k-
cn-¨m-bn-cn¡mw Iq¯-¼e
- ¯
- nÂ hmbp-k©
- m-cK
- Xn \nÝ-bn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- .v
angm-hnsâ apg¡w \mZ-{_-Òs
- ¯bpw {]W-hi
- _
- vZa
- mb Hm¦m-c-
s¯bpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
a±fw
t£{X-I-em-hmZy-§-fnÂ {][m-\n-bmWv a±-fw. tZh-K-W-
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¯nÂs]-Sp-¶X
- mWv Cu hmZyw. ]©-hm-Zyw, tIfn, IY-Ifn F¶n- 105
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h-bn-emWv a±-f¯
- nsâ kPo-hk
- m-¶n-[y-ap-ÅX
- v. IY-If
- n-bpsS {]mcw-
`-Im-e¯v a±-fw am{Xam-bn-cp¶p hmZyw. sN- ]n¶oSv tNÀ¯-Xm-Wv.
""N{I-]m-Wn-bmb alm-hnjvWp D]-tbm-Kn¨ hmZy-amWv a±fw F¶v
Hcp tÇmI-¯n-eqsS ]d-bp-¶p. Cý apgp-h³ {]kn-²n-bpÅ alm-
hnjvWp D]-tbm-Kn¨ hmZyw F§s\ tIc-f¯- nÂ am{Xw \ne-\n¶p
F¶pÅ bpàn-kl - a
- mb tNmZy-§Ä¡v CXp-hs - n-Ã.''63
- cbpw D¯-ca
km[m-cW sIm«p-hm-Zy-§Ä tXmfnÂ Xq¡n-bn-Sp-t¼mÄ a±fw Ac-
bn-emWv CSp-I. CS¯pw he¯pw c-p apJ-§Ä hcpw-hn-[-amWv
a±-f¯
- nsâ \ne. Gähpw arZphpw akr-Wh
- p-amb i_vZa
- mWv a±-
f-¯n-tâ-Xv. IY-I-fn-bnÂ a±-fhpw sN-bpw Iq«p-hm-Zy-§Ä t]mse
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. am{X-a-Ã, sN- hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ "CS' ASbv¡p-
¶Xv ]e-t¸mgpw a±-fa
- m-sW¶p tXm¶pw.
Ip©³ \¼ymÀ a±-f-¯nsâ `mcs¯ hyRvPn-¸n-¡p¶ c-p-
hcn tLmj- b m- { X- b nÂ tNÀ¯n- « p- - v .64 hmZy-§f
- nÂ Gähpw `mc-
ta-dn-bXv a±-fa
- m-Imw.
IY-If
- n-¨S- §
- p-If
- nÂ tIfn-sIm-«v, Ac-§p-tI-fn, tIfnss¡
F¶n-h-bnÂ a±-fhpw sN-bpw Ce-¯m-fhpw tNÀ¶ {]tbm-K-
§-fm-Wv. Nne-t¸mÄ tN§n-ebpw AXn-t\mSv tNcpw. a±-fhpw Ce-
¯m-fhpw am{Xw tNÀ¶p-ÅX
- mWv Ac§ptIfn AYhm ip²-a-
±fw Ifn¡v Ac-§¯v hnf¡v h¨-Xn\p tij-am-WnXv. "]©-a±- f
- -
- m-e¯mbn ImWp-¶p.65
tIfn' Fs¶mcp k{¼-Zmbw ASp-¯I
IY-If
- n-bnÂ kv{Xoth-j¯
- n\v a±fw am{X-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-Xv. Ct¸mÄ Nne-bn-S-§-fnÂ CSbv¡ Hcp Iq«p-hm-Zy-ambn
{]tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶p. Ip½n, kmcn F¶o kv{Xoth-j-§-fpsS
\r¯-¯nÂ a±-f¯
- nsâ ebw Adn-bm-hp¶ Cc-bn-½³X¼n D¯-
cm- k z- b w- h - c - ¯ nse Ip½n- b nÂ Cu ebw {]tbm- K n- ¨ p- I m- 12345678901234567890
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W n ¡ p ¶ p - v .66 106
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s N -
ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmZy-Ie
- m-XmÂ]cyw sN-b
- nÂ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p.
sIm«p-¶Xv F´pw sN- F¶mWv k¦-ev]w. BZys¯ P\-
Iob hmZyhpw sN--bm-Wv. Akp-c-hm-Zy-amb sN-¡v CS-´-ebpw
he-´-e-bp-ap--v. ]Xn-s\-«p-hm-Zy-§-fnÂ Gähpw i_vZ-ap-ÅXv sN--
bv¡m-W.v hnhn-[X
- cw taf-§f
- mb (]m-n- , in¦m-cn, Xmb-¼I
- , ]©m-cn)
F¶n-hbpw tIfn, IY-I-fn-tafw XpS-§n-b-h-bn-ep-amWv sN--bpsS
{]tbmKw {][m-\a
- m-bp-ap-ÅX
- v. hS-¡³ Zn¡p-If
- nÂ sX¿w, XnS-
¼p-\r¯w F¶n-hb
- psS AI-¼S- nbv¡pw t£{X-¯n-\I
- s¯ ]qP-
IÄ¡v tkh- b mbpw sN- D]- t bm- K n- ¨ p- h - c p- ¶ p. c- p - I - ¿ nepw
tImev, Hcp I¿pw Hcp tImepw F¶o c-p Xcw {]tbm-K-§-fmWv
sN- - b n- e p- Å - X v .
IY-I-fn-bnemWv sN--bpsS {]tbm-K-km-[y-X-IÄ Gähpw
IqSp-XÂ sXfn-bp-¶-Xv. Ac-§nÂ sN- sIm«p-I-b-Ã, sN- hmbn-
¡p-Ib
- m-Wv. ap{Zm-`n-\b
- w, Iem-iw, Xmf-h«w F¶n-hb
- psS IrXyX
sN--bpsS "Dcp-fp-tImÂ' {]tbm-K-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv km[n-¡p-¶-Xv.
IY-I-fn-b-c-§nÂ a±-f-¡m-c\pw sN--¡m-c\pw X½n-epÅ hmZ-
ss\Iyw hfsc {][m-\hpw Bkzm-Zy-P\
- I
- h
- p-am-Wv. Gsd A`ym-
khpw A²zm- \ hpw th- p ¶ hmZyw IqSn- b mWv sN- . ]Ãm- h qÀ
A¸p-am-cmÀ, Iem-aW
- vUew tIi-h³, Bbmw-IpSn Ip«-¸a
- m-cmÀ,
tUm. am¦p- f w Irjv W ³ \¼qXncn XpS§nbhÀ CXnÂ
{it²bcmWv.
Xucy-{Xn-I¯
- nsâ D¯-aa
- m-Xr-Ib
- mWv IY-If
- n. B«w, ]m«v,
sIm«v Ch-bpsS taf\w AXn-ep-v.- IY-Ifn tafw F¶mWv ]d-bp-I.
\Ssâ A`n-\-bs¯ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-hn[w sN- tafn-¡p-I-
bm-Wv. Ac-§nsâ Xmfw s]m¶m-\n-bpsS tN¦n-eI
- ¿
- nse F®- 12345678901234567890
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¯n-em-sW-¦nepw \Ssâ Ne-\§
- Ä (ap{Z, Iem-iw) XpS-§n-bh 107
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sN- - b psS F®- ¯ n- \ - \ p- k - c n¨mWv \nÂ¡p- ¶ - X v . \sÃmcp sN- -
¡m-c³ Ac-§nÂ \S-s\m¸w IqSpw. \Ssâ I®pw I¿pw, sa¿pw
Imepw sN--¡m-c³ {i²n-¡pw. Hcp \Ssâ kIe Ne-\-§fpw
t\m¡nbpw Adnªpw thWw sIm«m³. am{X-aÃ
- , IY-If
- n-bpsS
FÃm hi§fpw AbmÄ Adn-ªn-cn-¡W
- w.
ap{Z-I-fpsS Úm\w, kmln-Xyw, ]ZmÀ°w, at\m-[À½w
F¶nhbnseÃmw \S-s\-t¸m-se-Xs¶ sN-¡
- m-c\pw [mc-Wt- h-Ww.
{]tXy-In¨v CfIn-bm«¯nepw AjvSI
- e
- m-i§
- f
- nepw ap³Iq«n \nÝ-
b-ap--m-I-Ww. \S-\p-am-bpÅ cwK-]-cn-N-b-¯nÂ \n¶m-Wnh kn²n-
¡p-¶X
- v. bp²-cw-K§
- Ä NSp-eX
- m-f¯
- nepw irwKm-c]
- Z- §
- Ä ]Xnª
Xmf-¯nepw thWw. \f-Nc
- n-X-¯nse DZym-\h
- À®-\b
- nÂ Xma-c-
¸q-hnÂ\n¶v h-v tX³ IpSn¨v h«-an«v ]d-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xpw, _men-
bpsS ac-Wk
- a
- b
- ¯
- pÅ ZoÀL-\n-izm-kh
- pw, l\p-amsâ IqÀ¡w-
h-enbpw tIm«p-hm-bpw, hmfnsâ aqÀ¨bpsaÃmw sN--bnÂ tIÄ¸n-
¡m³ Ign-bpw.
sN-b
- psS hew-Xe tZh-km-¶n[yw Adn-bn-¡m\mWv sIm«p-I.
Zpµp-`n-\m-Zw, kzbw-hc
- w, tZhmÀ¨-\, hniz-cq-]Z- Ài-\w, Ah-Xm-cw,
Ai-cocn F¶n-hn-S§
- f
- nÂ hew-Xe
- b
- psS hmZ\w ssZho-Ihpw Aam-
\p-jn-Ih
- p-amb `mhw DWÀ¯m³ {]tbm-P\
- s
- ¸-Sp-¶p.
s]mXpth kv { Xoth- j - § Ä¡v sN- D]- t bm- K n- ¡ m- d n- Ã .
F¶mÂ ]qX-\m-tam-£¯
- nÂ efnX ]qX-\b
- mbn amdp-t¼mÄ cu{Z-
`mhw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-\mbn sN- {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Ia-e-Z-fw, cw`m-
{]-th-iw, \nWw, cu{Z-ò-a³ XpS-§nb cwK-§Ä, \f-Nc
- n-Xw, k´m-
\-tKm-]m-ew, IptN-e-hr-¯w, IÀ®-i-]-Yw, IoN-I-h-[-¯nse
ZWvUIw XpS-§n-b-h-bnse A`n-\-b-{]-[m-\-amb cwK-§Ä¡v sN-
hmbn-¡m³ \Ã cwK-]c
- n-Nb
- hpw at\m-[À½hpw km[-Ihpw Bh- 12345678901234567890
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iy-am-Wv. 108
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"IY-bd- nªv B«w ImWp'¶Xp-t]mse IY-bd- n-ªp-thWw
sIm«m³. IY-Ifn Hcp ssieo-IrX Ie-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ hmZyhpw
ssieo-Ir-X-am-Ipw. IY-I-fn-bnÂ sN--hm-b\ A`n-\-b-t¯m-sSm¸w
k©-cn-¡p-Ibpw Hc-fh
- p-hsc A`n-\b
- s¯ hfÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿pw.
ap{ZIfpsS AI¼Sn¡mc³ sN-bmWv. hoccu{Z_o`-Õ-c-k-§Ä
sN--bpsS AI-¼-Sn-bm-emWv ]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
hmZy-§-fnÂ Gähpw {]am-Wn-¯-ap-ÅXpw sN--bv¡m-Wv.
]nÂ¡m-e§
- f
- nÂ aäp hmZy-§Ä {i²n-¡msX t]mbXpw ]Xn-s\-
«p-hm-Zy-§-fnepw h¨v sN- taÂss¡ t\Sn-bXpw AXnsâ i_vZ-
km-[y-X-IÄ sIm-p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. A`ym-k-{I-a-§-fnÂ \nem-hnsâ
hr²n-£b- §
- Ä¡-\p-kc - n-¨pÅ "\nem-hp-km-[Iw F¶ khn-ti-
j-amb ]cn-io-e\
- ]
- c - m-Wv.67
- n-]mSn tIc-fo-bÀ¡p-am-{X-ap-ÅX
]mWn
Xm{ń-Ih
- n-[n-b\
- p-kc
- n-¨pÅ t£{X-NS- §
- p-IÄ¡mWv ]mWn
sIm«p-¶X
- v. DÕ-¯n\p {io`q-X_
- en ka-b¯p X{ń [m\yw XqIp-
t¼mÄ amcmÀ sIm«p¶ A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb hmZy-hn-ti-j-amWv
]mWn. A¼-eh
- m-kn-If
- nÂ amcm\p am{Xta ]mWn sIm«m³ Ah-
Im-ia
- p-Åq. km[m-cW
- b
- mbn Xnan-eb
- mWv hmZyw. Xnan-e¸
- m-Wn, ac-
¸mWn F¶n- § s\ c- p - h n[w ]mWn- I - f p- - v . Nne- Z n- ¡ nÂ iwJpw
tN§n-ebpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡pw. (Kp-cp-hm-bqÀ t£{X-¯nÂ) A]qÀÆ-
ambn sN--bnepw ]mWn-sIm-«pw. acw F¶ hmZy-¯n-em-Ip-t¼mÄ
AXv ac-¸m-Wn-bm-Ipw. ]mWn-sIm-«p-¶-Xn\v IrXy-amb IW¡pw
kµÀ`-§f
- p-ap-v-. ]qP-bpsS hyXy-kvXL
- «- §
- f
- mb KW-]X
- n-hµ
- \
- w,
{]mWm-bm-aw, tZl-ip-²n, iwJ-]q-c-Ww, Bßm-cm-[-\, ]oT-]q-P,
Bhm-l-\w, tjmU-tim-]-Nm-c-§Ä, L--\m-Zw, {]k-¶-]q-P, ]qPm-
k-aÀ¸Ww F¶n-hb- n-emWv ]mWn-sIm-«p-I.68 t£{X-¯nse KoX- 12345678901234567890
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¡mcpw hmZy-¡mcpw s]mXpsh ]pcp-j·
- m-cm-Wv. 109
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DÕ-h_
- e
- n, Iuam-c_
- e
- n, Pbm-_e
- n, hnP-b_
- e
- n, ZpÀ¤m-_en
F¶o {Inb-If
- n-emWv ]mWn-sIm«v km[m-cW
- b
- mbn \S-¯n-hc
- p-¶X
- .v
{]kvXpX {Inb-If
- psS apt¶m-Sn-bmbn«mWv ]mWn-sIm-«p-I. tZh-
·msc Blzm\w sN¿-emWv ]mWn-hm-Z\
- ¯
- nsâ e£yw. "hma-Z-
£nW lkvXtbm' F¶ k{¼-Zm-b¯
- nÂ A\p-hÀ¯n-¨p-hc
- p¶
hmZy-amWv ]mWn. aäp hmZy-§sf At]-£n¨v A\p-jvTm-\]
- c
- X
CXn\v IqSp- X - e p- - v .
CSbv¡
sN- - t ]mse tImep- s Im- v hmZ\w sN¿p¶ Hcp hmZy- a mWv
CS-bv¡. tIc-fob sIm«p-hm-Zy-§f
- nÂ hmbv]m-«nse apgp-h³ kzc-
§fpw tIÄ¸n-¡m³ Ign-hpÅ hmZy-amWv CS-bv¡. ]qXw-If
- n¡v
AI-¼S- n-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ XpSn-bp-sSbpw hb-\m-«nse BZn-
hm-kn-If
- p-]t- bm-Kn-¡p¶ XpSn-bp-sSbpw hnI-kn-Xhpw Bew-Ir-X-
hp-amb cq]-amWv C¶pImWp¶ CS-bv¡. t£{X-¯nse BNm-c-
¯n-\-I-¼-Sn-bmbn ssIImcyw sNbvXp-h¶ CS-bv¡, ]©-hm-Zy-
¯nÂ {][m-\n-bmbt¸mgmWv {i²n-¡m³ XpS-§n-bX
- v. tkm]m-\-
kw-Ko-X¯
- n-t\m-Sn-Sªv sIm«m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Cu hmZyw tamln-
\n-bm-«¯
- n\pw IY-If
- n-bnse kv{Xoth-j¯
- n\pw IY-If
- n-¸Z- I
- t- ¨-
cn¡pw ^yqj³ kwKo-X]
- c
- n-]m-Sn-IÄ¡pw ASp-¯Im-e¯v {]tbm-
Kn-¨p-hc
- p-¶p. Hgp-Ip¶ \Zo-Xo-c¯v \nÂ¡p-¶Xpw cm{Xn-bnÂ Dd-
§m-¯X
- p-amb hr£-¯nsâ hS-t¡m-«p-t]mb sIm¼m-Ws{X CS-
bv¡¡
- pän \nÀ½n-¡m-\p-¯a
- w. hmZy-§f
- nÂ Gähpw I\w Ipdª
tXmemWv CS-bv¡, DSp¡v F¶n-hb
- nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI.
amhn³]-eI
- b
- nÂ\n¶pw IS-sª-Sp¯ hf-b§
- sf Bdv Xpf-
I-fn«v (Bdp imkv{X-§f
- psS k¦-ev]w) ]c-kv]cw tImÀ¯v Ipän
A-hb
- v¡n-Sb
- n-en«v apdp-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v tXmÄ¡¨ (tXm-fnÂ Xq¡n- 12345678901234567890
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bn-Sm-\pÅ XpWn-bpsS ]«) tImÀ¯v \mev Poh-t¡m-ep-If
- nÂ Xq¡n- 110
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bn« Adp-]¯
- n-\mev s]mSp-¸p-IÄ ]nSn-¸n-¡p-¶p. \mev Poh-t¡m-
ep-IÄ \mep-th-Z§
- s
- fbpw Adp-]¯
- n-\mev s]mSp-¸p-IÄ (hÀ®
\qep-I
- Ä) Adp-]¯
- n-\mep Ie-Is
- fbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶p.
I\w-Ip-dª N¸§w, Nµ-\w, ]pfn F¶n-h-bpsS tImep-sIm--mWv
CSbv¡ hmbn-¡p-¶X
- v. Ipän-bpsS apJ-§f
- n-embn hen-¨p-sI-«nb
]\-\m-cp-I-fpsS I¼\w sIm-mWv kzc-t`-Z-§Ä krjvSn-¡m³
Cu hmZy-¯n\v Ign-bp-¶X
- v. sRc-f¯v lcn-tKm-hn-µsâ {ia-ê
- -
ambn A§m-Sn¸pdw sRc-f¯v Iem-{Km-a¯
- nÂ CSbv¡ hmZy-]c
- n-
io-e\w \S-¡p-¶p.69 t£{X-§f
- nÂ sIm«n-¸mSntkh, tkm]m-\-
kw-Ko-Xw, ]©-hm-Zyw, IY-I-fn-bnse kv{Xoth-j-§Ä¡v F¶n-
§s\bmWv CS-bv¡b
- psS D]-tbm-Kw.
Ce-¯m-fw
L\-hm-Zy-§Ä F¶o hn`m-K¯
- nÂs]-Sp-¶h
- b
- mWv Ce-¯m-fw.
Ch s]mXpsh sh¦-e-¯nÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv. Aán-bnÂ
ip²w sNbvX sh¦ew hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bnÂ Bdp AwKp-e¯
- nÂ Ipd-
bm¯ hymk-¯n-emWv Ce-¯mfw \nÀ½n-¡p-I. c-p I«-IÄ tNcp-
¶-XmWv Ce-¯m-fw. c-pw Iq«n-ap-«n-¨mWv {ipXn-_-²-ambn i_vZ-
ap--m-¡p-I. IY-I-fn-bnÂ in¦nSn `mK-h-XÀ Xmfw ]nSn-¡p-¶Xv Ce-
¯m-f-¯n-em-Wv. tN§n-e-bpsS Xmf-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨m-bn-cn-¡Ww
sIm«v. CXnsâ hfsc sNdnb cq]-amWv ssIaWn AYhm Ipgn-
Xmfw (Xm-f¡
- «- ) F¶-dn-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- .v ssIsIm-«n-¡f
- n, tamln-\n-bm-«w,
`c-X\
- m-Syw, XpÅÂ XpS§nb-hb
- nÂ CXmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.
tafs¡mgp¸p-Iq-«p¶ H¶mWv Ce-¯m-fw. {]tXy-In¨v Xmb-
¼-I, ]©mcn F¶o taf-§Ä¡v CsXmcp Bth-ia
- mbn amdm-dp-v-.
"tN§ne ssIaWn sN- arZwKw
a±fanh-tbm-tcmt¶ t]mcpw' F¶s{X am¯À Ipªp]nÅ- 12345678901234567890
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bpsS A`n-{]m-bw. 111
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taÂ]dª hmZy§fpsS {]tbm-K-amWv t£{X-hm-Zy-I-e-
bmbn hyh-lc
- n-¡p-¶X
- v. t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS cwKm-hX
- c
- Ww taÂ]-
d-bs- ¸« hmZy-§f
- psS taf\w IqSmsX km[y-aÃ
- . Zriy-Ie
- I
- Äs¡Ãmw
Ac-§p-hn-P-bw, Ac-§p-sIm-gp-¡pI Fs¶mcp k{¼-Zm-b-ap--tÃm.
AXp kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv hmZy-§f
- psS icn-bmb "IqSÂ' \S-¡p-t¼m-
gm- W v . \mSy- ¯ n\pw B«- ¯ n\pw XpÅ- e n\pw taf- ¡ m- c ³
"IqSn's¡m«p-Ib
- m-Wv. ChnsS hmZyw sIm«p-Ib
- Ã
- , IqSp-Ib
- m-Wv.
2.7 t£{X-I-em-ZÀi\w
t£{X-Ie
- m-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nse apJy-`mhw Bßo-bX
- b
- n-eq-¶nb
ck-am-Wv. kwKo-X¯
- nsâ BZn-t{km-XÊv {]W-ha
- {- ´-amb "Hmw'
F¶ i_vZa
- m-Wt- Ãm. B {]W-ha
- {- ´-¯nsâ {]tXy-Ic
- o-Xn-bn-epÅ
BhÀ¯\w tbmKm-\p-`-h-¯nsâ êw sN¿p-¶p.70 A§s\
i_vZ¯
- nsâ D¨m-cW
- hpw \nb-{´-Whpw kwKo-X¯
- nsâ Xmfhpw
ebhpw krjvSn-¡p-¶p. ]c-am-\µ
- t-- ¯mfw F¯n-t¨-cp¶ A\p-`q-
Xn-hn-ti-j¯ - ³ Aen-ªp-tN-cp-¶p.71 kwKoXw kz´w
- nÂ klr-Zb
Pohn-Xs¯ am{X-aÃ
- , aäp Pohn-X§
- s
- fbpw kv]Àin-¡p-¶p. A`n-\-
b-¯n-em-Is« GXp IYm-]m-{X-¯n\pw Bßo-b-amb Xe-¯nÂ
]qÀt®m-Zbw aqew kzXzw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m³ Ignbpw.''72 A`n-\b
- -
¯nÂ Hcp \Ssâ k¼qÀ®-kn-²n-Ifpw {]I-Sn-Xa
- m-hWw. hn\n-a-
bhpw kwth-Z\
- hpw GI-tZiw k´p-Xn-em-hØ
- b
- nÂ \nÀÆ-ln-¡-
s¸-S-Ww.
""\Ssâ `mh-{]-Im-it- \m-Zyaw kmêyw t\Sp-¶Xv ]qÀ®-a-
\-kvIc
- mb t{]£-Ic
- psS ap¼nÂ am{X-am-Wv. FÃm Iem-km-ln-Xy-
cq-]-§Ä¡pw Ah-bp-tS-Xp-am-{X-amb Bkzm-Z-I-cp--v. Ie-bpsS
Bßob aqey-§-fp-ambn XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡m³ {]m]vXnbpw
Adnhpw X¿m-dp-apÅ t{]£-Is
- \-bmWv e£y-am-¡p-¶X
- v. Bkzm- 12345678901234567890
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Z-\¯
- nsâ ùXn-Ik
- m-lN
- c
- y-§fpw {][m\amWv. Hcp henb P\- 112
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¡q-«¯
- n\v kq£vaX
- ekv]Àin-bmb A`n-\b
- ]
- m-Sh
- ¯
- nsâ DÅ-d-
IÄ I- - d n- b phm³ Ign- b p- I - b n- Ã . AXp- s Im- - m Wv kZ- Ê ns\ ]cn-
an-Xs
- ¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv. kZ-Ênsâ AwK-kw-Jy-tbm-sSm¸w {][m-\s
- ¸-«-
XmWv cwK-th-Zn-bp-am-bpÅ AIÂ¨bpw Xmc-Xa
- y-Øm-\h
- pw. s\Sp-
\m-fs¯ Xo{hhpw Bbm-kI - c
- h
- p-amb A`ym-k¯
- mÂ ip²n-sN-
- mbn amdp-¶p.''73
¿-s¸« \S³ tI{µ-_nw-_a
""IrjvW-`-ànbpw \mSy-cq-]-¯nsâ Bhn-jvI-c-W-hp-ambn
_Ô-ap-s¶
- mWv asämcp aXw. {]ZÀi-\{- ]-[m-\a
- mb tLmj-bm-{X,
]m«v, \r¯w, eoe (A-hn-Ik
- nX \mS-Iw) F¶nh IrjvW`- à
- ·
- m-
cpsS _mlym-Nm-c§ - f - nÂ Nne-Xm-Wv. Ch \mtSymÂ]-¯n¡pw Ah-
kcw \evIn-bn-cn-¡W- s
- a¶v IrjvW`- à
- n-aX
- ¡ - ¸-Sp-¶p.74
- mÀ A`n-{]m-bs
\mSy-¯nÂ a[p-ce
- m-fn-Xym-Zn-IÄ hÀ²n-¡p-¶X
- mbn \mSy-im-
kv{X-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶p. ssIin-In-hr¯n F¶t{X AXnsâ t]cv.
tIiw AYhm Xe-apSn sIm-pÅ {]tbm-Kw. ssIin-I-hr-¯n-bpsS
{]tbmKw AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ kv{XoIÄ¡mWv Ign-bp-I. efn-X-amb
thj-hn-[m-\-t¯m-Sp-IqSn irwKm-c-c-km-kzmZw P\n-¸n-t¡-- XmWv
ssIin-Io-hr-¯n.
\r¯-kw-_-Ôn-I-fmb ]e-hn[w AwK-hn-t£-]-§Â CS-
IeÀ¶Xpw ck-`m-h§-fpsS A`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ cq]-¯n-ep-ÅX
- p-amb
ssIin-Io-hr-¯n, `K-hm³ ]c-ta-iz-c³ \r¯w sN¿p-t¼mÄ Rm³
I- n - « p- v F¶mWv CXnsâ AÀ°w. \S- c m- P - \ n- e mWv `mc- X ob
Zriy-Ie - psS ASn-Øm-\w.75
- b
ck-X¯
- z-ZÀi-\a
- mWv `mc-Xo-bsc Gä-hp-a[
- nIw Nnń-¸n-¨n-
«p-ÅXpw hym]-cn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- p-amb Iem-ZÀi-\w. ""kIe hna-e{- ]-Xn-
`m-imen lrZ-b-cp-sSbpw Nn¯-¯nÂ hncm-Pn-¡p¶ {]Im-i-]-c-
amÀ°-am-Ip¶p ckw. Ømbn-bmb Cu ckwXs¶-bmWv A´ÀÚm- 12345678901234567890
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\-¯n\p hnj-ba
- m-Ip-t¼mÄ hn`m-hc
- q-]¯
- nÂ tKmN-co-`h
- n-¨v, Imam- 113
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Ip-ec
- mb P\-§f
- nÂ hnhn[ tNjvSn-X§
- f
- mÂ al-Xz-hn-in-jvSa
- mb
A\p-`h
- a
- mbpw {]_p-²l
- r-Zb
- c
- nÂ hnhn[ `mh-§f
- psS cq]-¯nÂ
{]Im-im-`n-ap-J-ambn hnaÀin¨psIm-p ]cn-t]m-j-I-§-fmb hy`n-
Nm-cn-`m-h§
- f
- mbpw ]cn-ek - v.76
- n-¡p-¶X
\mSy-{]-tbm-P\
- s
- ¯-¸ä- nbpw \mSy-Kp-W§
- s
- f-¸ä- nbpw \mSy-im-
kv{X-¯nÂ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-¶p.
""AÛpXw! AÃtbm alm-atX A§p \nÀ½n¨ Cu \mSyw
hfsc \¶m-bn-«p--v. AXv bi-Ên\pw ip`-¯n\pw \Ã-Xm-Wv. ]mh-
\-am-Wv, _p²nsb hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶X- p-am-Wv.''77
Imhy-{]-Im-i¯
- nepw a½-`«- ³ CtX kwKXn BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
Imhyw biÊpw AÀ°hpw \ÂIp-¶t- Xm-sSm¸w Aaw-Kf
- s
- ¯bpw
CÃm-Xm-Ip-¶p. ]c-a\
- n-hr-¯n {]Zm\w sN¿pI am{X-aÃ Im¯-sb-
t¸mse D]-tZ-in¡p-Ib - p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.78
""cq]-I§
- f
- psS e£-W{- K-Ùa
- m-W,v [\-RP
v b
- sâ Zi-Ic
- q-]I
- w.
\mS-Iw, {]l-k\
- w, XpS-§nb Zriy kmln-Xy-¯n\p s]mXp-hnÂ
cq]-I§
- Ä F¶p ]d-bpw. Zriy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-tâ-Xmbn [\-RvPb
- ³
\nÀt±-in-¨n-cn-¡p¶ {]tbm-P\
- w, {ihy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-tâXpw IqSn-
bm-Wv. cq]-I§
- Ä B\-µ¯
- nsâ Aar-Xh
- m-ln-\n-If
- m-Wv. ]pcm-tW-
Xn-lm-km-Zn-I-sf-t¸m-se, hypev]¯n \ÂIm³ th-n am{X-amWp
kmln-Xy-sa¶p Icp-Xp¶ Aev]-_p-²n-I-fp--v. ckm-kzm-Z-\-¯nÂ
Xmev]c
- y-an-Ãm-¯h
- c
- mWv AhÀ. B Ac-kn-I·
- msc \ap¡v \a-
kvI-cn-¡mw.
""B\-µ\
- n-ky-µnjvT cq]-tIjp
hypev]¯n am{Xw ê-ae
- v]_
- p²n
tbm/]oXn-lm-km-Zn-hZ- m-lk
- m-[pþ
kvXkvssa \ax kmZp-]c
- mMvap-Jmb'' (Z-ic
- q-]I
- w) 12345678901234567890
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C§s\ hnÚm-\hpw tam£-{]m-]vXnbpw aäp-amWv kmln- 114
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Xy-¯nsâ {]tbm-P\
- s
- a¶p Icp-Xp¶ Aev]_
- p-²n-Isf BNm-cy³
]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. [\-RvP-bsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ B\-µ-¯nsâ
sXfn-tX-s\m-gp-¡mWp kmln-Xyw.''79
kÀ¤m-ßI
- X
- bpw klr-Zb
- X
- zhpw X½nÂ hfsc ASp-¸a
- pÅ
kwK-Xn-If
- m-Wv. Ihnbpw klr-Zb
- \pw kam-\l
- r-Zb
- c
- m-IWw. Nne-
t¸mÄ Ihn ImWm-¯XpIqSn klr-Z-b³ Is--¯n-sb-¶pw-h-cpw.
kÀ¤- { ]- X n- ` bpw klr- Z - b - { ]- X n- ` bpw c- m - s W- ¦ nepw c- p w {]Xn- ` -
bm-W.v krjvSnbpw Bkzm-Z\
- hpw kuµ-cy-t_m-[¯
- n-e[
- n-jT
v n-Xa
- m-W.v
_mlyhpw Bß-\n-jvTh - p-amb LS-I§Ä kuµ-cys¯ kzm[o-
\n-¡p-¶p--v. kuµcyw Bß-\n-jvT-am-sW¶v Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ.80 kuµ-
cym-kzm-Z\w Akm-[m-cW
- a
- mb Hc-\p-`h
- a
- m-Wv. ckn-IX
- zw, klr-Z-
b-Xzw, `mh-IXzw F¶o kwÚ-IÄ CXp-abn _Ô-s¸-«p-\nÂ¡p-¶p.
""Hmtcm hyàn-If
- p-sSbpw kwkvImcw Hmtcm amXn-cn-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.
AXn-\mÂ kuµ-cym-\p-`q-Xnbpw A§-s\-Xs - ¶, AYhm AXn-\m-
emWv A§s\ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶X - v.''81 kuµcyw \½psS lrZy-Xb
- p-
ambn _Ô-s¸«p \nÂ¡p-¶p. AXv sXm«p-Im-Wn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-
X-Ã. ""Ie-bnse H¯n-cn-¸mWv Iebnse kuµ-cy-sa-¶À°w. PpKp-
]vks- bÃmw B XÅ-enepw sImÅenepw sh¨p s]mbvs¡m-Åpw.82
Ie-IÄ klr-Zb
- \
- nÂ ]I-cp¶ A\p-`q-Xn-bmWv B\-µw. cq]-
Is¯ IÀ½-`m-hm-\p-IoÀ¯-\-ambn `c-X-ap\n I-p. Ie-bpsS
tI{µw a\p-jy\pw asäÃmw Pohn-Xh - pw. FÃmw-IqSn tNcp¶ ka-
- m-\p-Km-bn-IÄ'83 Bbn amd-Ww.
kvX`- mhw Ie. "IrXn-IÄ a\p-jy-IY
cXn-hn-c-Xn-Ifpw A`n-cp-Nn-kw-LÀj-§fpw A`n-\-h-\-h-c-k-§sf
DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ckw Iem-kr-jSv n-bpsS kwkvIm-ca
- q-ey-ambn hne-
bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]e-t¸m-gp-aXv Pohn-X-¯nsâ D×-bn-te-¡pÅ
XoÀ°-bm-{X-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. AXn\mÂ t£{X-Ie
- I
- Ä lrZ-bk
- w-kvIm- 12345678901234567890
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c-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ XoÀ°m-S\
- a
- m-Wv. `mc-Xo-ba
- mb ImgvN¸
- m-SnÂ a\x- 115
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iq-²o-Ic
- Ww CXp-aqew km[y-am-¡p-¶p. ]c-ak
- u-µc
- yhpw ]c-ak
- -
Xyhpw Ie-bn-epÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. bYmÀ°-amb PohnXw kXy-
¯nÂ\n¶v AI-¶p-\nÂ¡p-¶h
- b
- m-Wv. F¶mÂ Ie-IÄ a\-ÊnÂ
krjvSn-¡p¶ DuÀÖw Af-hä- X
- m-Wv. \ncm-ib
- nÂ\n¶v {]Xym-i-
bnte¡pw Bß-lX
- y-bnÂ\n¶v Pohn-X¯
- n-te¡pw a\p-jys\ \bn-
¡m³ D¯-aI- e
- bv¡v Ign-bp-¶p. ChnsS sshtem-¸n-Ån-bpsS Imhy-
ZÀi\w kvaÀ¯-hy-am-Wv.84
""KoXm-hm-Zy-\m-Sy-\r-¯mZn kpµ-cI
- e
- I
- Ä Cuiz-c{- ]oXn ssIh-
cp-¯p-hm³ amÀK-Zo-]§
- f
- m-sW¶p ]mc-¼cyw \s½ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
hmZy-ta-f-§-tfmsS Km\-am-e-]n-¨p-sIm--pÅ Cuiz-cm-cm-[\ FÃm
aX- ¡ mcpw \nÀÆ- l n- ¡ p- ¶ p- - v . ''86 hnt\m-Zhpw hnÚm-\hpw
[Àt½mÂt_m-[\
- hpw `mc-Xob Iem-ZÀi-\¯nsâ ASn-¯d- b
- m-
bn-cp-¶p. irKm-chpw `àn-c-khpw aäpw kpIp-am-c-I-e-I-fp-ambn
tNÀ¯v Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-Ib
- mWv t£{X-Ie
- I
- Ä \nÀÆ-ln¨ [À½w.
\mSy-{]-ZÀi-\§
- sf ckm-t]£-b\
- p-kc
- n¨v ]¯mbn hn`-Pn-¨X
- m-
WtÃm Zi- c q- ] - § Ä. cq]s¯ {]ZÀin- ¸ n- ¡ p- ¶ - X p- s Im- - m Wv
Chsb cq]Iw F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶X
- v.
""IYm-h-kvXp-hns\ \S-·mÀ \Sn-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p¶ Iebv¡p
\mSyw F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
\mS-ImÀYm-\p-Ic
- Ww
\mSym-kym-{Zq-]Iw N bÂ
A\pIm-¿\
- p-IÀt{XmkvXp
XmZmßyw apJ N{µ-hÂ
F¶p \mSy-¯nsâ e£-Ww. A\p-IÀ¯m-¡·
- m-cnepw A\p-
Im-cy-·m-cnepw cwK-hm-kn-If
- mb klr-Zb- À¡p At`-Z_
- p²n P\n-
¸n-¡p-Is
- b-¶X - mWv \mSy-Ie - psS [À½w.''87
- b
Z£ntWýbnÂ s]cp-amÄhm-gvNt- bm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv t£{X- 12345678901234567890
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kw-kvIm-chpw \mSy-Ie
- bpw tIc-f¯
- nÂ {]Nmcw t\Sp-¶X
- v. ""Ch- 116
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cpsS Ime-¯mWv t£{X-\nÀ½mWw {]_-ea
- m-bX
- v. cma-`à
- \
- mb
Ipe-ti-Jc BgvhmcmWv cmas\ tIc-f¯
- nse CjvSt- Z-hX
- b
- m-¡n-
b-Xv. [\p-am-k¯
- nse Xncp-hm-Xn-c¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bXv \mb-
\mÀam-cmWv. ssihsshjvWh
- t- bm-Kn-\n-am-cnÂ\n¶mWv tZh-Zm-kn-
k-{¼-Zmbw DS-se-Sp-¯Xv F¶pw ]d-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶p. ssih-k{- ¼-Zm-b-
¯nÂs]« Huh-bmcpw Imc-bv¡Â A½bpw sshjvWh- k
- {- ¼-Zm-
b-¯nÂs]« B-mfpw tZh\v kzbw kaÀ¸n-¨-hÀ BW-tÃm.''88
Xan-gv\m-«nÂ \r¯-\r-Xy-§Ä A¡m-e¯v Ac-t§-dn-bn-cp-¶-
Xmbn DÅqÀ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. CbÂ, CssN, \mSIw F¶n-§s\
aq¶p-hn-`m-K-§Ä D-m-bn-cp-¶-t{X. Hmtcm Ah-k-c-¯nepw BSnb
{]tXy-IX
- cw \r¯-§fpw (B-SÂ) k{¼-Zm-b§
- fpw Nne-¸X
- n-Im-c-
¯nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. hssN-¡q-¯v, ]pI-gv¡q¯v, t]¯n-bÂ,
s]mXp-hn-bÂ, hcn-¡q-¯v, hcn-Nm-ń-¡q-¯v, Nmń-¡q-¯v, hnt\m-
X-¡q-¯v, Acn-b¡
- q¯v F¶n-§s\ hnhn-t[m-]m-[n-Isf Bkv]Z- -
am¡n Ccp-hs
- sI-¡q-¯p-Isf ]e {]Im-c¯
- nÂ BNm-cy-·mÀ hn`-
Pn-¡p-¶p. sNm¡w, sabv, Ahn-\b
- w, \mSIw F¶p imń-Iq-¯n\p
\mep Ahm-ć hn`m-K-§-fp--v. ip²-\r-¯-¯n\p sNm¡-sa¶pw
IYm-_Ôw IqSmsX Km\mÀ°-a\
- p-kc
- n¨p am{X-apÅ \rXy-¯n\p
Ahn-\b (A-`n-\b
- )-¡qs¯¶pw ]d-ªp-hc
- p-¶p. Ch-sbÃmw ]e-
h-I¡
- q¯v F¶ C\-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶X
- m-Wv. tZh-XI
- Ä BSn-b-
Xmbn ]d-bp¶ Iq¯p-IÄ, AÃn-bw, sImSp-sIm-«n, IpssS, IpSw,
]mWvUc
- w-MvKw, aÃv, XpSn, IssS-bw, s]mSn, ac-¡mÂ ]dssh F¶n-
h-bm-Wv. Ch-bnÂ BZys¯ Bdpw \n¶p-sIm-pw _m¡n A©pw
\S-¶p-sIm-pw BtS--h-bm-sW¶v BNm-cy-·mÀ D]-\y-kn-¡p-¶p.''89
A\p-jvTm-\]
- c
- X
- , XXz-Úm-\w, Bßo-bX
- , [Àt½m-Xvt_m-
[-\w, B\µw F¶nh t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS apJy-ZÀi-\a
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- y-Ie
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- fnÂ AS-§n-bn-«pÅ an¯p-IÄ, ]pcm-WI
- Y
- I
- Ä, tZh- 117
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Xm-k¦
- e
- ]
v w, Cuiz-ck
- a
- À¸Ww F¶n-hbpw Iem-ZÀi-\¯
- nsâ `mK-
am-bn«v ImWm-hp¶Xm-Wv. Cuiz-c{- ]oXn e`n-¡p-¶X
- n\v A\p-jvTm-
\-Ie
- I
- Ä t\À¨-bmbpw hgn-]m-Smbpw \S-¯n-h¶
- n-cp-¶p. IY-If
- n,
XpÅÂ, Iq¯v, IrjvW-\m«w F¶nh CjvS-Im-cy-km-[y-¯n\v
t\À¨-bmbn C¶pw \S-¯n-t¸m-cp-¶p. t£{X-Ie
- I
- t- fm-SpÅ BZ-
chpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-ip-²nbpw A\p-jvTm-\k
- {- ¼-Zm-b§
- fpw ]n³Xp-
S-cp-¶X
- nÂ Bßo-bX
- b
- p-sSbpw hnizm-k¯
- n-sâbpw ]cn-th-ja
- p-v-.
""R§Ä Ie A`y-kn-¡p-¶Xv ap¶n-en-¡p¶ Ipsd-t¸À¡p-th--n-
bn-«-Ã, adn¨v Cu sXfnbn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Zo]-¯n\p th-n-bm-Wv. Cu
Zo]w {_Ò-am-Wv. Cu Zo]w Cuiz-c-\m-Wv. Cuiz-c-\p-th--n-bmWv
R§Ä Ie A`y-kn-¡p-¶X
- v. Hcp bYmÀ° Iem-Im-c³ Cuiz-c-
\p-th--n-bmWv Ie A`y-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.'' Kp-cp-hm-bq-cnse IrjvW\
- m«w
Iem-Im-c³ kqcy IrjvWa
- qÀ¯n-tbmSp ]dª Cu hm¡p-IÄ
t£{X-Ie
- m-ZÀi-\¯
- nsâ s]mcp-fd- n-bm³ ]cym-]vXa
- m-Wv. Ie Cuiz-
c³ Xcp¶ hc-Zm-\-am-sW-¶pw, AXp hnÂ¡m-\pÅXsÃ¶pw
C¯cw Iem-Im-c·
- mÀ hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p. AXp-Xs
- ¶-bmWv t£{X-
I-em-ZÀi-\-hpw.
2.8 \mtSm-Sn-¡-ebpw t£{X-]m-c-¼-cy-hpw
{]mNo-\t- I-cf
- ¯
- nsâ Iem-km-ln-Xy-kw-kvIm-c\
- nÀ½n-Xn-bnÂ
Iogm-fc
- psS ]¦v A\n-tj-[y-am-Wv. \½psS ss]Xr-I¯
- nÂ \mtSm-
Sn-hn-Úm-\hpw hnizm-k§fpw `mjbpw Ah-Xc
- W
- hpw \nd-ªp-
\nÂ¡p-¶X
- mbn ImWmw. ""Cý-bnse kwKo-Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw
\r¯, Nn{X, inev] amXr-I-Ifpw F{Xtbm \qäm--p-I-fmbn ASn-
¨-aÀ¯-s¸« Iogm-fc
- p-sSbpw Zfn-Xc
- p-sSbpw kw`m-h\
- I
- Ä am{X-am-
sW¶v Cu cwK¯v kXy-kÔ
- a
- mbn At\z-jWw \S-¯p-¶h
- À¡v
Xncn-¨d- n-bm³ {]bm-ka
- n-Ã. hmßo-Inbpambpw hymk\pambpw Imfn- 12345678901234567890
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Zm-k\
- p-ambpw _Ô-s¸« "an¯p'IÄ IogmfkwkvIm-c¯
- n-tâ-Xm-Wv. 118
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hmßoIn C¶pw a[y-{]-tZ-i¯
- nse Abn¯ PmXn-bm-Wv. tIc-f-
¯nsâ Imcy-sa-Sp-¯mÂ {_mÒ-Wt- a-[m-hn-Xz-¯n-s\-Xnsc s]mcp-
Xn-bmWv I®-È¸
- W
- n-¡Àamcpw Xp©¯v Fgp-¯Ñ
- \pw \ne-sIm-X
- v.
Cý-bn-ep-S\
- ofw a[y-Im-e§
- f
- nÂ Bª-Sn¨ `àn-{]-Øm-\s¯
\bn-¨h
- c
- nÂ {]ap-JÀ Iogm-fc - mb {]Xn-`m-im-en-If
- m-bn-cp-¶p. \ma-
- p-hÀ, Xp¡mdmw F¶n-hsc HmÀ¡p-I.''90
tZ-h³, cma-Zm-kv, Xnc-hÅ
\½psS {Kma-§-fn-ep--m-bn-cp¶ ]mW-·mÀ ]\¼pw NqcÂh-
Ån-IÄ sIm-pw h«nbpw Ip«bpw s\¿pI am{X-a-Ã, ]e-Xcw ]m«p-
IÄ sI«n-bp--m¡n ]mSp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nÂ ]mWÀ,
]d-bÀ F¶n hn`m-K¡
- mÀ Gähpw XmW PmXn-bnÂs]«-hc
- mbn KWn-
¡-s¸-«p. Cu kap-Zm-b¯
- nÂs¸«hcpsS ]m«n\pw i_vZ¯n\pw
Nne {]tXy-I-X-IÄ D-m-bn-cp-¶p. s]mXpsh i_vZ-am-[p-cy-ap-Å-
h-cmWv C¡q-«À. F¦nepw Ch-cpsS i_vZ¯
- n\v Hcp t\cnb I¼\w
(Vibration) D-m-bn-cn-¡pw. ]m«pw \r¯hpw hmZyhpw Ch-cpsS
\nXy-Po-hn-X¯
- nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p. {]mIrX kwkvIm-c¯
- nsâ Iem-
]m-c-¼-cyhpw \m«-dn-hp-Ifpw \mS³]m-«p-Ifpw Ch-cpsS Pohn-X-
¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p. Iem-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nÂ am{X-aÃ `mj-bnepw
ssien-bnepw D¨m-cW
- ¯
- nepw taemfþ-Io-gmf hyXymkw {]I-Sa
- m-
bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Iem-kzm-Z\
- ¯
- nÂ taev]d- ª hyXymkw {]I-
S-a-sÃ-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. tIc-f-¯nÂ ]me-¡m«v PnÃ-bn-emWv
C¯cw Iem-cq-]-§Ä A[n-I-hp-ap-Å-Xv. ]pÅp-h-¡p-S-hp-ambn
\m«phgnI-fn-eqsS k©-cn-¡p¶ ]mW-kv{Xo-Isf C¶pw ]me-¡mSv
{Kma-§f
- nÂ ImWm³ Ign-bpw.
"]mW-s]m-dm-«p-IÄ' Fs¶mcp Iem-cq]w ]me-¡mSv PnÃ-bnÂ
Ct¸m- g p- a p- - v . ""]pdw-P\
- §
- s
- f¶v ]dªv amän \nÀ¯-s¸« ChÀ
t£{X-aX
- nÂs¡-«n\v ]pd¯v ]mS¯pw ]d-¼¯pw \mSIw Ifn-¨p. 12345678901234567890
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Ah-cpsS Ipe-ssZ-h-§-fmb Imfn, Iqfn, I-m-IÀW³, aq¡³, 119
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Nm¯³, ap\n-b¸
- ³, hng-¯·
- mÀ XpS-§nb ssZh-]c
- ¼
- c
- I
- Ä¡p
ap¶nepw Cu Iem-cq-]¯
- n\p {]kàn Gdn-h¶
- p. A§ns\ ]pdw-
P-\§
- f- psS B«w ]pdw B«-am-bn. ]pdw B«w ]n¶oSv ]pdm«pw
s]mdm-«p-am-bn.''91 \mtSm-Sn-¡e
- I
- fpw IY-If
- nbpw, XpÅ-ensâ \mtSm-
Sn-]m-c¼
- c
- yw XpS-§nb hnjb§Ä XpSÀ¶pÅ A[ym-b§
- f
- nÂ
hni- Z - a mbn NÀ¨- s N- ¿ p- ¶ p- - v .
2.9 aWn-{]-hm-fhpw A`n-\-b-]m-c-¼-cyhpw
aWn-{]-hm-fs¯ Gähpw efn-Xa
- mbn \nÀÆ-Nn-¡m³ {ian-¨n-
«p-ÅX
- nÂ {][m-\n-bmWv tUm. Fkv.s
- I.- h-k´
- ³. kwkvIrX hn`-
àn-IÄ ae-bmf {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw ae-bmf hn`-àn-IÄ kwkvIrX
{]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw tNÀ¯v D-m-¡p¶ an{i-`m-j-bpsS kmln-Xy-cq-]-
amWv aWn-{]-hm-fw. eoem-Xn-eI
- ¯
- nÂ H¼-Xp-Xcw aWn-{]-hm-fs
- ¯-
¸än ]d-bp-¶p--v. D¯a aWn-{]-hm-fw, D¯aIÂ¸w, a[y-aw, a[y-
a-IÂ¸w, A[aw F¶n-§s\ t]mIp¶p hn`-P\
- w. `mjbv¡pw ck-
¯n\pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶X
- m-Wv D¯a aWn-{]-hm-fw. `mjm-{]-
tbm-K-¯n-epÅ hywKy-s¯bpw `mj-I-fpsS A\p-]m-X-s¯bpw
B[m-ca
- m-¡n-bmWv Cu Xcw-Xn-cn-hv. kwkvIrX ]Z-§fpw ae-bmf
{]Xy-b§
- fpw tNÀ¡p¶ coXn Fgp-¯Ñ
- \
- nÂ ImWmw. ""ap³Im-e-
§-fnÂ `àntbm irwKm-ctam Bbn-cp¶p aWn-{]-hm-fc
- N
- \
- I
- f
- psS
kmam-\y-kz-cw. B«-¡Y - I
- fpw N¼p-¡fpw Nt{µm-Õh - I
- r-Xn-Ifpw
\nc-h[n apà-I§ - m-ln-Xy-im-Jsb k¼-¶a- m-¡n.''92
- fpw aWn-{]-hm-fk
NmIymÀIq-¯p-hgn kmam-\y-h-XvIr-X-amb an{i-`m-j-bnÂ
kwkvIr-X¯
- nse hmIy-_Ô
- k
- {- ¼-Zm-b§
- fpw ImWp-¶p. sN´-
an-gnsâ {]m[m\yw Ipd-bp-Ibpw kwkvIr-X¯
- n\p {]m[m\yw IqSp-
Ibpw sNbv X p. F.- U n. ]{´- m w \qäm- - n - \ ptijw \¼q- X n- c n-
amÀ¡p e`n¨ {]mam-Wyhpw CXn\p Imc-W-am-bn-«p--v. Xan-gv-þ-kw- 12345678901234567890
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kvIr-X§
- f
- psS an{i-W^
- e
- a
- mWv `mjm-an-{ihpw aWn-{]-hm-fh
- pw. 120
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"tIc-f`- m-jb
- psS hnIm-k¯
- nÂ t£{X-Ie
- I
- Ä hln¨ ]¦v
hep-Xm-Wv. `mjsb kmam-\y-hX
- vIc
- n-¡m\pw kmln-Xy-tbm-Ky-am-
¡m\pw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmap-Zm-bn-Ih
- pamb Iem-]c
- n-{i-a§
- Ä
hfsc klm-bn-¨n-«p--v. Ah-bnÂ Gähpw {][m\w Iq¯pw IqSn-
bm-«h
- p-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS Imew F.-Un. 900-þ\pw 1500 \pan-Sb
- v¡m-
sW¶v ]d-bmw. kwL-Im-e¯v Xan-g-I¯v c-p-Xcw Iq¯p-I-fp-
-m-bn-cp¶p; Xan-g-¡q¯pw Bcm-b-¡q¯pw'93
Iq¯pw IqSn-bm-«hpw hgn cq]-s¸« KZy-co-Xn-bnÂ `mj¡p
e`n¨ c-p hnin-jvS-{K-Ù-§-fmWv "B«-{]-Im-chpw' "{Ia-Zo-]n-Ibpw'
s]mXpsh kmln-Xy-`wKn Ipdª IrXn-If
- m-Wn-hs
- b-¦nepw A`n-
\-bk
- t- ¦-X§
- Ä hni-Za
- m-¡p-Ib
- m-bn-cp¶p Ch-bpsS e£yw. cwK-
{]-tbm-Kh
- n-hc
- W
- a
- mWv Ch-bnse apJy-`m-Kh
- pw. kw`m-jW
- `- m-jsb
\nb-Xam-sbmcp {Ia-¯n-eS- p¡n, Xmfm-ßI
- hpw `mhm-ßI
- h
- p-ambn
Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv kmln-Xy-`m-jb
- m-bn. Hcp-Xc
- ¯
- nÂ hyh-
lm-c`- m-jb
- nÂ \n¶v cq]-s¸-Sp-¶h Xs¶-bmWv Imhy-`m-jbpw ]Z-
k-a©
- b-¯nepw hmIy-LS- \
- b
- nepw i¿-bnepw (Diction) _nw_m-
ß-IL
- S- \ kzoI-cn-¡p-sa-¶p-am-{Xw.
""F.Un. 14 apXÂ 17 hsc-bpÅ `mjm-KZ- y-Im-es¯ \¼ym-
´-an-gp-Imew F¶p hnfn-¡mw. Cu KZy-ssi-en-bnÂ e`n-¨Xp {]i-
kvXI
- r-Xn-If
- m-Wv. {_Òm-WvU]
- p-cm-Ww, Aw_-co-t£m-]m-Jym-\w,
\tfm-]m-Jym-\w, tZho-am-lm-ßyw, cmam-bWw Xan-gv, `mK-hXw KZyw,
D¯-cc
- m-am-bWw KZyw XpS-§n-bh
- . {_Òm-WU
v ]
- p-cm-W¯
- nÂ \n¶v
(14- þ mw \q- m - n sâ D¯- c mÀ²w) D¯ccmam- b - W - ¯ nÂ (]- X n-
\mdmw \qäm--nsâ ]qÀÆmÀ²w) F¯p-t¼mÄ KZy-ssi-en-bnÂ {]I-
S-amb amäw ImWmw. Xa-gn-sâbpw kwkvIr-X¯
- n-sâbpw kzm[o\w
Ipd-bp-¶p. ]gb ]Z-§fpw {]tbm-K§
- fpw Ds-¦
- nepw ¢njvSX
- bv¡v 12345678901234567890
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Ipdhv hcp-¶p.''94 121
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aWn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ `qcn-`m-Khpw t£{X-§-fnÂ
]pcmWIYm-{]-kwK (]m-TI
- w) ¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶X
- mbn ImWp-¶p.
GImw-Km-`n-\b Ie-bmb ]mT-Ia
- mImw cwK-Ie
- b
- nÂ BZy-t¯-Xv.
ZqX-hm-Iyw, {_Òm-WvU] - p-cmWw F¶o {]mNo\ KZy-{]-_Ô - § - Ä
]pcmWIYm-IY - \
- ¯
- n\pw A`n-\b - n\pw th-n D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p.95
- ¯
""\½psS a[y-Ime Ihn-Xb
- mb aWn-{]-hm-f¯nsâ kzm[o-
\X B-p-\n¶v Ct§mfw hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p-¶p. Hcp-]-t£, ae-bm-
fn-bpsS Bghpw ]g-¡-ta-dnb ImhykwkvIm-c-¯n\pw Xmf-eb
t_m[-§Ä¡pw `mh-]-chpw `mjm-]-c-hp-amb kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-
bv¡pw {][m-\-Im-c-Ww, Nnc-Im-e-ambn \½psS Imhym-\p-io-e-\-
s¯bpw kuµ-cym-kzm-Z\ k{¼-Zm-b-s¯bpw AS-¡n-`-cn-¨n-cp¶
aWn-{]-hm-fI - nX Xs¶-bm-sW¶v ]d-ªmÂ sXsäm-¶p-an-Ã.''96
- h
`mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Zriy-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw
hfÀ¨-bnÂ Gähpw klm-bI
- a
- mbn hÀ¯n-¨n-«p-ÅXv aWn-{]-hm-f-
im-Jb
- m-Wv. ""F.-Un. ]¯mw iX-It- ¯m-Sp-IqSn aWn-{]-hmfw sXt¡
Cý-bnÂ \S-¸n-en-cp-¶X
- mbn cmP-cm-Pt- Nm-fsâ sN¼n-b³ alm-
tZ-ho-im-k\ - nÂ\n¶p {Kln-¡mw.97
- ¯
tIc-fo-b-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnj-b-§-fmWv A[n-
Ihpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶s
- X¶pw ]e IrXn-Ifpw kzm\p-`q-Xn-bnÂ\n¶v
DS-se-Sp-¯h
- b
- m-bn-cp-s¶-¶pw, BßmÀ°X\ndª lrZ-bh
- n-Im-
c-§f
- psS kzm`m-hn-Ia
- mb {]hm-la
- mWv an¡-hmdpw IrXn-Is
- f¶pw
Cf-Ipfw XpSÀ¶v ]d-bp-¶p--v. Pohn-X-¯nsâ Ccp-f-Sª hi-§-
sf-¸ä- n-bpÅ ]cm-aÀiw Ch-bnÂ hnc-fa
- mtb ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p-Åq.
Ie Ie- b v ¡ p- t h- - n , Ie at\m- c - R v P - \ - ¯ n- \ p- t h- n F¶-
Xm-bn-cp¶p A¡m-es¯ coXn. F.-Un.-]-{´-pw ]Xn-aq¶pw \qäm-
-p-I-tfmsS P·n IpSn-bm³ k{¼-Zmbw {]m_-ey-¯nÂ hcn-Ibpw 12345678901234567890
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aWn-{]-hm-fI
- rXnIÄ DZbw sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS `mjm- 122
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an{iw `mjm-{]-Xn-`m-ka
- mbn amdn. ""aWn-{]-hmfw F¶ ]Zw {]mcw-`-
¯nÂ `mjm-an-{i-Ws¯ tZymXn-¸n-¡p¶ e£-W-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-
¦nepw ]n¶oSv AXn\v kmln-Xy-]c
- m-aÀi-Ia
- mb Hcp AÀ°w h¶p-
tNÀ¶p. AXnÂ¯s¶ "aln-fmfn alm-kv]Zm' F¶ asämcp k¦-
ev]hpw IeÀ¶p.''98
{]mNo-\a
- W
- n-{]-hm-fs
- ¯-¸ä- n-bpÅ ]cm-aÀiw sshin-IX
- {- ´w,
Aö-Nc
- n-X§
- Ä, N¼p-¡Ä apX-em-bh
- s
- b-¡mÄ Gsd {]mNo-\X
- -
c-sa¶v IcpXnhcp¶ Hä-tÇm-I-§Ä sImt- Bcw-`n-¡mhq F¶v
tUm.- eo-em-hXn ]
- d- b
- p-¶p. IqSn-bm-«¯
- n-t\mSpw tXme-Ih
- n-tbmSpw
_Ô-s¸-«h
- b
- mWv A¯cw tÇmI-§Ä. sImÃ-hÀjw BZn-iX
- I
- -
§-fn-emWv At±lw Pohn-¨n-cp-¶s
- X¶v Ncn-{X-Im-c·
- mÀ Icp-Xp-¶p.
tXme-tâ-sX¶p Icp-Xn-hc
- p¶ tÇmI-§f
- nÂ ]eXpw ]nÂ¡m-e¯p
NmIym-·mÀ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-hm-\n-S-bp-s-¶v Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ
{]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p.
]pcp-jmÀ°-§f
- nÂ sh¨v euIn-IZ- rjvSym {][m-\§
- f
- mb
AÀ°-Im-a-§sf ]pc-kvI-cn-¨p--mb IrXn-I-fmWv `mjm-Iu-Sn-eo-
bhpw sshin-IX
- {- ´-hpw. ""AÀ°-im-k{v Xhpw Ima-im-k{v Xhpw GI-
IÀXr- I - a m- s W¶v Hcp- ] - £ - a p- - v . ae- b m- f - ¯ nÂ GXm- v ASp- ¯ -
Sp¯ Ime-¯p-Xs¶ IuS-eo-bhpw sshin-I-X-{´hpw D-m-bXv
bmZr-Ýn-Ia
- m-Im-sa-¶n-cn-¡nepw B Ime-L«- ¯
- nse cmjv{Sobkmaq-
lnI]cn-X-Øn-Xn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-I-X-bnÂ\n¶p ]nd-hn-sIm--XmWv
Ah-sb¶ kXyw \ntj-[n-¡m-hp-¶X - .''99
- Ã
GXp-hn-jb
- hpw ssIImcyw sN¿m³ Icp-¯pÅ Hcp KZy-
ssien {]mNo\ `mj-bv¡p--m-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ sXfn-hmWv B«-
{]-Im-chpw {Ia-Zo-]n-Ib
- pw. `mjm-Iu-Se
- o-bhpw hmIy-ssi-en-bpsS
iànbpw kuµ-cyhpw i¿bpw A`n-\b
- I
- e
- b
- psS `mh-{]-Im-i\
- - 12345678901234567890
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¯n\v Gsd KpW-s¸-«h
- b
- m-Wv. 123
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""irwKm-c-{]-[m-\-amWv aWn- { ]- h mfw F¶- X p- s Im- - m - b n- c n-
¡Ww B e£-W{- K-Ù¯ - n\v eoem-Xn-eIw F¶ t]À h¶-Xv.100
aWn-{]-hm-f¯
- n-sâbpw a[y-Ime ae-bm-f¯
- n-sâbpw kmln-Xy-cq-
]-am-bn-cp¶p ktµ-iI
- m-hy-§Ä. ""Hcp kw`-hwþ hnc-lw, Hcp `mhw-
þ-hn-{]-ew-_w, AXnsâ hnIm-k¯ - nsâ A\p-kyq-Xn, CXmWv ktµ-
i-Im-hyw.''101 {]hm-kh
- {- ]-ew-ì
- rw-Km-ca
- mWv ktµ-iI
- m-hy-§f
- nse
AwKn-bmb ckw. F¦nepw aäp ck-§fpw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p--v. `àn,
Icp-Ww, hmÕ-eyw, _o`Õw F¶n-§s
- \-bm-Wh
- . CXnÂ\n¶pw
ckm- ` n- \ - b - ¯ n\v DX- I p¶ `mj- b mWv aWn- { ]- h m- f w F¶p
a\Ênem¡mw. AXn-s\mcp `mh-Ko-X¯
- nsâ kwKo-Xk
- m-{µ-Xbpw
`mh- X o- { h- X bpw D- v . ""\¼q-Xn-cn-þ\
- m-bÀ hÀ¤-k¦
- c
- hpw t£{X-§-
fnse tZh-Zm-ko-k{- ¼-Zm-bhpw CXc efn-XI - e- I
- fpw tIcf aWn-{]-
hm-f¯
- n\p Imc-Wa - m-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡mw.''102
tIc-f-¯nse aWn-{]-hm-f-¯n\v aq¶p kz`m-h-§-fp--v.
H¶v `mjm-an-{iWw
c - v cwK-Ie
- I
- f
- p-am-bpÅ _Ôw
aq¶v aln-fmfn alm-kv]Zw
cwK-I-e-I-fp-ambn aWn-{]-hm-fs¯ ASp-¸n-¨-Xnsâ Hcp
ImcWw AXnsâ Xmf-e-b-am-Wv. AtXm-sSm¸w kwkvIr-Xhpw
`mjbpw X½n-epÅ tbmK¯nÂ \n¶p--mb ku`-Khpw. Ch
c- p w sIm- v GXp hnIm- c - s ¯bpw D±o- ] n- ¸ n- ¡ m³ aWn- { ]- h m- f -
`m-jbv¡v km[n-¨p. ""IhnXm cN-\b
- psS Imcy-¯nÂ Hcp-Xcw ]qÀ®-
Xm--hmZn (Perfectionist) Ifm-bn-cp¶p aWn-{]m-fI
- h
- n-IÄ F¶p Icp-
X-Ww. X§Ä¡v ]d-bm-\p-ÅXv k^-ea
- m-bn, lrZy-am-bn, kpi-à-
ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v hf-sc-tbsd \njvIÀj-bp--m-bn-cp-
¶p AhÀ¡v.''103
Zriy-Ie
- m-{]-tbm-Ka
- mb GsXmcp Imhy-¯n-sebpw hÀ®-\- 12345678901234567890
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IÄ A`n-\b
- s¯ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p¶XmI-Ww. A`n-\b
- t- bm-Ky- 124
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amb hÀ®-\I
- Ä, `mh-ck
- §
- sf DÄs¡m-Åp¶ ssien F¶n-h-
bm-IWw cwK-Ie
- b
- psS kmln-Xyw. `mh-{]-[m-\a
- m-WtÃm cwK-Ie;
`mh-Km\w AXnsâ Poh-\pw. \S\w AYhm A`n-\bw ctkm-±o-]-
Ihpw Imhy-¯nsâ Bßmhv ck-am-sW-¶pw, [z\n-bm-sW¶pw
\mSy-¯nsâ Bßmhv `mh-am-sW¶pw s]mXpsh hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
CsXÃmw km[y-am-Ip-¶Xv kmln-Xob hr¯n-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. [z\-
\-ià
- n-bpÅ _nw_-Ie
- v]\
- I
- f
- mWv \mSy-ck
- ¯
- nse A`n-\b
- s¯
B\-bn-¡p-¶X
- v. AXn\v {]Y-ahpw {][m-\h
- p-amb Imhy-amÀ¤w
aWn-{]-hm-fI
- h
- nX Xs¶.
""_nw_-I-ev]-\-IÄ AhÀ¡v hfsc ]Yy-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]e-
t¸mgpw [z\-\-i-àn-bpÅ _nw_-§Ä sIm-p X§-fpsS Ihn-Xsb
AhÀ Ae-¦-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. ANpw-_n-X-sa¶v ]d-bm-hp¶ At\Iw
_nw_-§Ä \ap¡v aWn-{]-hmf Ihn-X-bnÂ Nq-n-¡m-«mw.''104
aWn-{]-hm-f¯
- nsâ A`n-\b
- k
- m-[y-XI
- fpw cwK-{]-tbm-KN
- m-Xp-
cyhpw ckk¶nthihpw I--dnªp {]tbm-Kn¨ ae-bm-f-¯nse
kÀ¤[\-\mb Ihn D®m-bn-hm-cy-cm-Wv. ""irwKm-ch
- m-cn-\n-[n-bmb
Cu Ihn-bpsS \f-Nc
- nXw IY H¶mw-Xc
- a
- m-Wv. {]mkw BZn-bnepw
Aý- ¯ nepw Hmtcm hcn Cuc- p A£- c - ¯ nepw D- v . ]m«ns\
hnNm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ tÇmI-§Ä A{X shSn-¸m-bn-«p-Ås
- X¶p ]d-hm-
\m-hn-Ã. CXn-epÅ ]Z-§Ä ]m«n\p \Ã-Xm-Ib
- mÂ ae-bm-f¯
- nÂ
an¡ Øe-§f
- nepw kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j·
- mcpw ]Tn¨p ]mSn-hc
- p-¶p.
Ihn¡p Cu IY D- m - ¡ p- ¶ - X n\p aqe- a mbn D]- t bm- K - s ¸- « Xv
{iolÀj³ D-m-¡o-«pÅ ss\j[w Imhyw Xs¶. Cu IY-bnÂ
Nne `mK-§-fpsS `mh-§Ä ss\j-[-¯nÂ ImWp-¶p--v.
hmcysc¡pdn-¨p c-p hnZzm-·m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw Xmsg tNÀ¡p-¶p.
1) ""aWn-{]-hmfw C{X \¶mbn asäm-cp-h\pw {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«n-sÃ¶p 12345678901234567890
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\nÝbw Xs¶. ]Z-§-fpsS a«v Aev]w tZin-I-am-I-bmÂ P\- 125
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§Ä¡p hfsc CjvSa
- Wv {]mkw {]tbm-Kn¡ F¶p-h¨
- mÂ C{X-
t¯mfw a\p-jy-\mÂ km²y-am-Iptam F¶p tXm¶pw. an¡ ]Z-
§fpw BZn-bnepw a²y-¯nepw Aý-¯nepw {]mkw D-v.''
2) D®m-bn-hm-cycpsS \f-Nc
- nXw \mep-Zn-hk
- s¯ IY-bnÂ Hcp
`mK-sa-¦nepw kmc-an-sÃ¶vv ]d-bm-\m-hn-Ã. kwkvIr-X{- ]-tbm-K¯
- n-
te¡p Imfn-Zm-ks\ F§s\ hnNm-cn-¡pt¶m AXp-t]m-se-thWw
aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ D®m-bn-hm-cysc hnNm-cn-¸m³. At±lw
hmkvXh
- ¯
- nÂ Hcp irwKm-c]
- p-cp-j\
- m-bn-cn-¡W
- w; AsÃ-¦nÂ ae-
bmf \f-Nc
- n-X¯
- nÂ kwkvIr-Xs
- s\-j[
- t- ¯mfw ckw hcp-¯m³
{]bm-kw. F¶mÂ Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ X¼p-cm³ B«-¡-Y-I-fnÂ
amL-Im-hy-¯n-ep-Å-Xp-t]mse CXp ckw hcp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-
Xn³h®w hmcy-cpsS Ihn-Xb
- nÂ ss\j-[¯
- nse `mh-ckw ]qÀ®-
ambn hcp-¯o-«n-Ãm. ]ns¶ hmcy-cpsS Ihn-Xbv¡p hntijw Fs´-
¶mÂ, GXp `mKhpw ]mSn tIÄ¸m³ Gähpw ck-ap--v. a«p-ap-
¡mepw tZio-ba- m-Ip¶p. aWn-{]-hm-f{- ]-tbmKw C{X NmXp-cy-am-
bn«p asämcp IY-bnepw CÃm.''105
`mhm- ` n- \ - b - ¯ n- I hpw ck- k v ^ qÀ¯nbpw XnIª Hcp
k¼qÀ® \rXyIe-bmWv IY-If
- n. AXn\pÅ kmln-Xy-cq-]a
- mWv
B«¡Ym-km-lnXyw. BSm\pw ]mSm\pw hmbn-¨m-kz-Zn-¡m\pw H¶p-
t]m-en-W§
- nb IrXn-bmWv D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS \f-Nc
- n-Xw. tÇmIw,
]Zw, ZWvUIw F¶n-§s
- \-bmWv IY-Ifn kmln-Xy-¯nsâ kzcq-]w.
tÇmIw A[nIhpw kwkvIr-X-¯nepw ]Zw aWn-{]-hm-f-¯nepw
ZWvUIw ZWvUp-t]mse \o- KZy]Zy-a-b-hpw. hfsc A]qÀÆ-
ambn kwkvIrX-¯n-epÅ NqÀWnI-Ifpw ImWmw. ]Z-LS- \
- b
- nÂ
]Ãhn, A\p-]Ã
- h
- n, Nc-W§
- Ä F¶n-§s\ bpw kwKo-Xm-em-]\
- -
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¯n\v cmK-\n-Ýb
- hpw {]mk`wKnbpw ImWp-¶p. 126
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\f-Nc
- n-X¯
- nse aWn-{]-hm-f`- wKn `mjm-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c\v ]n¶mse
h¶-hÀ ImWmsX t]mbn. Gsd-t¸cpw G. BÀ. X¼p-cmsâ Im´m-
c-Xm-cI
- ¯
- nsâ {]`m-he
- b
- ¯
- n-\p-Ån-em-bn-t¸m-bn.
""\f-N-cn-X-¯nse `mj aWnbpw {]hm-fhpw tNÀ¶-X-Ã,
kwkv I r- X - a m- I p¶ sN¼pw ae- b m- f - a m- I p¶ shfp- ¯ o- b hpw
tNÀ¯p- - m - ¡ nb Hcp sh¦e`mj- b mWv . ''106
\f-N-cn-X-¯n-\p--mb {]Ya hymJym\amWv Im´m-c-Xm-c-I-
sa-¶Xpw, \f-Nc
- nXw B«-¡Y
- sb klr-Zb
- k
- a
- £
- ¯
- nÂ Ah-Xc
- n-
¸n¨ BZy{KÙ-sa-¶-\n-e-bnepw G. Bdnsâ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä¡v
IqSp-XÂ km[q-Ic
- Ww e`n-¨p. F¶mÂ XpSÀ¶p-sh¶ \f-Nc
- nX
hymJym-X¡
- f
- mb CfwIpfw Ip\-\³]nÅ, tZi-aw-Ke
- ¯v cma-hm-cyÀ,
Fw. F¨v. imkv{Xn-IÄ, tUm. Fkv. sI. \mbÀ, s{]m^. ]ß\
cma-N-{µ³ \mbÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ G. Bdnsâ sh¦-e-`m-j-tbmSp
]qÀ®ambn tbmPn-¡p-¶h
- c
- m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Fkv. sI. \mbÀ CsXÃmw
t{ImUo-I-cn¨psIm-v \f-N-cn-X-¯nse `mj "D®mbn`mj' F¶v
{]kvXm-hn-¨p. ChÀ¡mÀ¡pwXs¶ aWn-{]-hmf`mj-bpsS Imhy
kuµ-cy-¯nepw A`n-\b km[y-X-bnepw kwi-b-ap--m-bn-Ã. aWn-
{]-hmf`mj-bpsS A\yq\amb `mh-ck Bhm-l\iàn hnti-
js¯ hyà-am-¡p-¶X
- mWv \f-Nc
- nXw Zo]n-Im-hym-Jym-\¯
- nsâ
Ah-Xm-cn-Ib
- nÂ Ip«n-Ir-jvWa
- m-cmcpw \f-Nc
- nX`m-jb
- psS Imhy-
ku-µ-cys¯ ÇmLn-¨n-«p--v. B«-¡-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ kzcq-]hpw
\f-Nc
- n-Xk
- m-ln-Xyhpw ]n¶oSv NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶X
- n-\mÂ ChnsS XpS-
cp-¶n-Ã.
ae-bm-f¯
- nÂ Gähpw ]g¡w sN¶- IrXnIfnsem¶mWv
Be-¯qÀ aWn-{]-hmfw F¶ sshZy-{KÙw. {]mNo\ aWn-{]-hm-f-
¯nsâ hyh-lm-c§
- f
- nÂ {][m-\s
- ¸« H¶m-bn-cp¶p NmIymÀ{]_-
Ô-§Ä. CXnÂ sshZy-s\bpw Ime-s\bpw Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp¯n 12345678901234567890
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sIm- p Å Nne NmIymÀtÇmI- § Ä ImWmw.107 127
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Npcp- ¡ - ¯ nÂ klr- Z b lrZ- b m- Ë m- Z P\- I hpw c- k -
kv^pÀ¯nbpw A`n-\-b-km-[y-X-Ifpw \nd-ª-XWv aWn-{]-hmf
`mj. AXnse `mjbpw kwkvIr-Xhpw X½n-ep-Åt- bmKw klr-Z-
b-·msc BIÀjn-¡p¶ k¶m-l-am-Wv. AXp-sIm--mImw B«-¡-
Ybpw XpÅÂ¡-Ybpw aW-{]-hm-fs
- sien kzoI-cn-¨X
- v. `mj-tb-dn-
h-cp¶ aWn-{]-hm-fa
- m-bn-cp¶p \¼ymÀ¡p ]Yyw. Iq¯pw XpÅepw
P\-km-am-\y-¯n\v ]I-cp-¶Xv ckw am{X-aÃ, AhÀ¡n-Sb
- nÂ \S-
¡p¶, Ah- c - d n- t b- - p ¶, At\Iw kwK- X n- I - s f- ¡ p- d n¨v Ah-
t_m[w krjvSn-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p. AXn\v \m«p`mjbpw ên-
Xhpw tas¼m-Sn-bmbn tNÀ¯p. ên-X-¯nsâ Gähpw henb
{]tXy-IX, AXm-hÀ¯n-¡m³ Ign-bnÃ F¶-XmWv. Hcp P\-Xb
- psS
s]mXp-hn-Im-chpw at\m-`m-hhpw DÄsIm-Åp-¶X
- mWv ênXw. AXn-
s\mcp hmsamgn ]mc-¼cyw (Oral tradition) D- v . NmIymÀ, \¼ymÀ,
\¼q-Xn-cn, \mbÀ, amcmÀ F¶n-§s\ PmXn-Xn-cn¨p ênXw ]d-bm-
\pÅ Ignhv \¼ymÀ¡p--m-bn-cp¶p. CXv tI-hew "shSn-h«¯n-\-
¸pdw "kaq-lh
- «- '- amWv; Nne-bn-S§
- fnÂ \mdm-W¯p {`m´³ sNbvX-
tPm-enbpw.
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ASn¡pdn¸pIÄ
1. A¡n-¯w, t£{X-hn-Úm-\-tIm-iw, Ah-Xm-cn-I, ]pdwþ 6
2. [ym\w IrX-bptK bÚamw t{XX-bnÂ
]nt¶-Xp-Zzm-]cw X¶n-emaÀ¨\w,
IoÀ¯- \ - a tÃm Ien- b nÂ th- p - ¶ Xp
BÀ¯nhn\m-i\tkh-If
- n-§s\. {io alm`m-Kh
- X
- w, k]vXakvIÔw, ]p.93
3. A¡n¯w, t£{X-hn-Úm-\-tIm-iw, AhXmcnI, ]pdw7,8
4. AtX ]pkvXI - w. ]pdwþ 9
5. ]n.-Pn. cmtP-{µ³, t£{X-hn-Úm-\-tIm-iw. ]pdw13
6. ""B alm-{]-`m-hs¯ sbms¶¯nt\m¡n-¸qÀ®þ
Ima-\m-thmfw Rm\o tKm]pc Zzmc-¯n-¦Â
F¶psS lrZ-á - m-ap-Sp¡pw sIm«n-¸mSn
\n¶p sIm-p-hm-s\-\n¡-\pÚ e`n-s¨-¦nÂ'' Pn. hnizZÀi-\w
7. hmIvip-²n, a\x-ip-²n, ico-c-ip-²n (-]-XRvP-en-bpsS tbmK-kq-{Xw)
8. Cuim-hm-ky-anZw kÀhw
bXvIn-©-P-KXymw PK-X.v -Cu-im-hm-tkym]\nj¯v, {]mcw`tÇmIw.
kn. hn.-hm-kp-tZh `«-Xncn, `mc-Xob ZÀi-\-§Ä, ]pdw 17
10. "\nXy- a - Ã n- ¡ - s Xm- ¶ p- a - d nI \o
\nXy-am-Ip¶XmXvahp \mcm-b-W³
anYy-sb-t¶mÀ¯pt]mw amb-sIm-t- hcpw'þFgp¯Ñ³, a-lm-`m-c-Xw
11. Pothm inhx (Po-h-\mWv Cuiz-c³)þ i¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ
12. t£{X-¯n-enÃ ]c-ta-iz-c-aqÀ¯n; Km{X
t£{X- ¯ n- e p- v eh- t e- i - h p- a nÃ hmZw
t£{XÚ-\mb `K-hm-\n-Xp-Xs¶ KoXþ
kq{X-¯n-eÀÖp-\\v tImÀ¯p sImSp¯ cXv\w (hmKv ` Sm- \ - µ sâ
k¼qÀ® IrXn-IÄ ]pdwþ171)
13. ]©-`q-Xm-ßn-I-ambn XzMvamw-kmw-Øn-IÄ sIm-p
k©n-X-am-bn-cn-t¸m¶n tZlt£-{X-§Ä
Ggp- - X n- s em³]- X p- I - h m- S hpw
XmgnI¡pS-¯n-\p-Io-gm-dp-\n-e-Ifpw
Bdmdp \ne-bv¡p-ta-eo-cm-dmb \ne-b-Xnþ
emd-XnÂ¸c³ ]c-ta-iz-c-\n-cn-¸Xpw
DÅIw kzbw {]`-bmÂ {]Im-in-¡p-¶n-Xpþ 12345678901234567890
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apÅnse¸Wn-Ifpw Ic-Wh
- ym-]m-chpw 129
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Hs¡bpw ]mÀ¯p-I- m-sem-¡p-¶n-Ã-Xv\n-\þ
¡pÄ¡m-¼n-ep--m-hm-\mbv sNmÃp-hm³ tIÄ¡-_mte
Fgp¯Ñ³, Nn-´m-cXv\wþ63,64
14. sh«w-am-Wn, ]pcm-WnIv F³ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b, ]pdw-þ356
15. India is a land of spiritual- kzman hnth-Im-\-µ³
16. Fkv.-sI. hk-´³, \½Ä \S¶ hgn-IÄ, ]pdw134
17. CZw icocw Iut´b
t£{X-an-Xym-`n-[n-b-tX. (`-K-h-ZvKo-X 13.1)
18 tZtlm tZhm-eb: t{]mtàm
Pothm- tZh-Ê-Zm-inhx (\n-cm-ew-t_m-]-\n-j-Xv)
19. \mem¦Â Ir-jvW¸ - nÅ alm-t£-{X-§f - psS ap¶nÂ ]pdw-þ34
20. t£{X§sfm¶pw `K- h msâ km\n²yw sIm- p
tNjvSn-¡p-¶n-Ã, tNjvSn-¨n-Sp¶pKm{X-t£{Xw (Fgp¯Ñ³, Nn´m-
cXv\w ]pdw-þ34)
21. sI. Zmtam-Z-c³, Cý-bpsS Bßm-hv, ]pdw-þ66
22. tUm.-F³.]n D®n. ae-bm-f¡ - c- b
- nse alm-t£-{X-§Ä, Ah-Xm-cnI ]pdw-þ31
23. "CS-bv¡,- Xn-an-e, X
- h
- nÂ, sXm¸n-a±- f- w, Ipgn-¯m-fw, sIm¼v,IpgÂ, iwJv,
Ipdpw-Ip-gÂ, sN-, a±-fw, \mK-kz-cw, Ce-¯m-fw, angm-hv, Im«-¸n-Sn,
tN-§n-e, \´pWn XpS-§nb hmtZym-]-I-c-W-§fpw tkm]m\-kw-Ko-
Xw, ]m-n-tafw, ]©m-cn-ta-fw, Xmb-¼-I, ]©-hmZywXpS-§nb taf-
§-fpw.' (-a-e-bm-f-¡-c-bnse alm-t£-{X-§Ä, Ah-Xm-cn-I, ]p. 32)
24. i¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ, N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ, Fgp-¯-Ñ³ F¶n-hÀ {ioN{Iw h¨v
BZ-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. -kzm-an-IÄ {ioN-{I-]qP F¶ {KÙw Xs¶ cNn-¨n-
«p-v. BÀ.\mcmbW]nÅ, Rm³ I- Fw.sI.sI.\mbÀ,
AhXmcnI, ]p. 6
25. ae-bm-f-¡-c-bnse alm-t£-{X-§Ä, Ah-Xm-cn-I, ]pdw-þ32
26. Fkv. sI hk-´³, \½Ä \S¶ hgn-IÄ, ]pdwþ135
27. s{]m^.-h-«-¸-d-¼nÂ tKm]n-\m-Y-]nÅ, IY-Ifn {]th-inI ]pdwþ3.
28. B«§fmSn \S-¡p-¶nXp Nneþ
Ip«w P\w [\w tamln¡ ImcWw
]m«p-Imcpw Nne a±-f-¡m-cpw
Iq«pImcpw IpS-¡mcpw {][m-\nbpw
s]«n-sb-Sp-¡p-ap-cs¯ P\-§fpw
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Ip«n-]-c-tZ-in-amcpw i{Xp-¡fpw 12345678901234567890
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130
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sIm«pw X¸pw IpgÂ¡m-c\pw Xw_p-cpþ
L«n-hmZyw ]e-hnÃpw hSn-Ifpw
sN¸p-IÄ NmWbpw Np«n-Nn-c«- bpw
N¸pw Nn¸pw sImSn-tbän ]pds¸«p
ap¸Xp \mÂ]-Xp-am-fp-I-sfm-¶n-¨pþ
aÂ]w [\-ap-Åh
- sâ ]pcw ]p¡pI
sI«p-an-d¡n bP-am-\-t\-sX¶p
tI«-dn-ª-§p-I-tc-dn-¸qcw ]p¡p
\mSyw ]d-ª-§n-f-In-¡-fn-¡m-dþ
cq«p-]p-cb
- nÂ Øew hbv¡p-am-Ith;
s]«n- h - c p- ¶ - X p- I - m Â Nne- P \w
sIm«n-¡-X-I-S-¨p-sh¶pw hcpw (Ir-jvW-eo-e-þ-io-X-¦³XpÅÂ)
29. -tUm.-]n.-hn. them-bp-[³ ]nÅ, aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hnX ]pdw 18
30.- F³.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-bÀ, IY-I-fn-{]-Øm-\w, Bap-Jw.
31 am¦pfw IrjvW³\-¼q-Xncn ,(Po-h-N-cn{Xw) ]pdw 108
32. s{]m^. h«-¸-d-¼nÂ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n-Å, IY-I-fn-{]-th-inI, ]pdw186
33. AtX ]pkvXIw. ]pdw þ 190.
34. ams¦m¼v inh-i¦
- c
- ¸
- n-Å/s{]m^.kn.\mcmbW]nÅ, IY-If
- n-kz-cq-]w,
]pdw 114
35. ]pcmWantXyh \ km[p kÀhw
\Nm]n Imhyw \h-an-Xy-hZyw amfhnImánan{Xw 1.2
36. Bephm kpZÀi-\³, \f-N-cn-X-¯n-eqsS, tIfn, ]pdw-þ15
37. \m«nÂ {]`p- ¡ sf I- m - e - d n- b m¯
Im«nÂ InS- ¡ p¶ aqfn- ¡ pc§p \o (I- e ym- W - k u- K - Ô n- I w
ioX¦³XpÅÂ)
38. CXv C§s\ BSpw AhÀ
{_Òm-Þ] - p-cmWw kam]vXwþ {_Òm--Þ]p-cm-Ww-KZ- yw, Ahkm\]pdw
39. Abva-\w-Ir-jvW-ssI-aÄ, \fN-cn-X-k-tµiw ]pdw-þ44
40. tUm.-hn.BÀ. {]t_m-[-N-{µ³ \mbÀ, ]mÀhXn]cn-Wbw B«-¡-Y,
Ah-Xm-cnI, ]p. 9
41. B«w I- p ]Tn- ¡ p- h m³ ]e- X p- a pþ
- o temI- I m- c y- § - f nÂ,
cm«m-Wn-¡e XoÀ¯, sXm«p-sa-fp-Xþ
Ãobm« tamÀ¯o-Sp-InÂ
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sIm«pw ]m«p-an-Xn¶p tNÀ¯Xp shdpw 12345678901234567890
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131
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]pjvSn-¡pX-¶m-bn-Sm,
injvS·
- mÀ¡p-eI kz`m-ha
- n-Xpaþ
«msW¶p Im«m-\p-amw. I-Y-Ifn {]Im-cw, ]p.35
42. {ioIWvtTizcw ]ß-\m-`-]nÅ i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en,-]pdw 509
43. ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \mbÀ, ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw. ]pdw24
44. hnIr-jvS-Ý-Xp-c-{iÝ
{Xy{iiv ssNhXp aÞ]x
tXjmw {XoWn-{]-am-Wm\n
tPyjvTw a²yw XYm-hcw
{]am-Wt- ajmw \nÀ±njvSw
lkvXZÞkam-{ibw
iXw NmjvSu NXpx jjvSnx
Zzm{Xnw-i-t¨Xn \nÝ-bw. (\m-Sy-imkv{Xw 2.6)
45. tUm. hn.Fkv. iÀ½, ae-bmf \mS-Ik- ÀÆkzw( A\p-_Ôw 4]pdw þ 605)
46. sI.-]n. \mcm-bW ]njm-tcm-Sn. Ac§p Xfn, ]pdw9 ,10
47. Fk.vsI. hk-´³. \½Ä \S¶ hgn-IÄ, ]pdw 135, 136.
48. tUm. sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-tcm-Sn, Iem-tem-Iw, ]p-. 44-þ5
49. Fkv. sI. hk-´³, \½Ä \S¶ hgn-IÄ, ]pdw-þ136
50. Un. A¸p-¡p-«³\m-bÀ, \mSy-I-ev]-{Zpaw, Bap-tJm-]-\ymkw, ]p. 23
51. AtX ]pkvXIw Bap-tJm-]\ - ymkw 24
52. sI. ]n. \mcm-bW]njm-tcm-Sn, IqSn-bm-«w, AhXmcnI
53. eoem-\-¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv, Iem-a-WvU-e-¯nsâNcn-{Xw, -]p-. 106-þ7
54. tUm.-i-in-[-c³ Imcn, tIc-fo-b-I-e-IÄ, ]p. 18þ9.
55. tUm. sI. Ip©p-®n-cm-P, \mSy-I-ev]-{Zp-aw, AhXmcnI.
56. Un. A¸p-¡p-«³ \mbÀ, \mSy-I-ev]-{Zp-aw, Bap-tJm-]-\ym-kw.
57. apf-sIm--p-am{Xw \nÀ½n¨ hmZy-§-fpsS kwKo-X-k-ZÊv ASp-¯nsS
Xncp-h\
- ´
- ]
- p-c¯p \S¶ temI-hm-Zy-kw-KoX]cn-]m-Sn-bnÂ Ah-Xc- n-¸n-¨p.
58. sRc-f¯v lcn-tKm-hn-µ³, tIc-fob hmZy-I-e, ]p. 29
59. AtX ]pkvXIw ]p.15
60. DÅqÀ, tIc-f-km-lnXyNcn-{Xw. hmeyw 3, ]p. 353
61. sRc-f¯v lcn-tKm-hn-µ³, tIc-fob hmZy-Ie, ]p. 38
62. {]kn² angmhv Iem-Im-c³ ]n. sI \mcm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ angmhv
Fs¶mcp {KÙwXs¶ cNn-¨n-«p--v. ASp-¯nsS tIc-f-I-em-a-WvU-e-
¯nÂ h¨v aq¶p Znhkw \o-p\n¶ angmhv inev]-im-ebpw skan-
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\mdpw \S- ¡ p- I - b p- - m - b n. 12345678901234567890
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132
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63. sRc-f¯v lcn-tKm-hn-µ³, tIc-fo-b-hm-Zy-I-e, ]p. 29
64. a±-f-a-c-bn-ep-d-¸o-ö-Sn-\þ
hnZzm-t\m-SpI ]mcw ZWvUw. (tLm-j-bm-{X Hm«³XpÅÂ)
65-. ]©-a-±-f-tIfn Fs¶mcp k{¼-Zmbw Iem-a-WvUew A¸p-¡p-«n-s¸m-
Xp-hm-fpsS injy³ \mcm-b-W³ \¼o-i³ Nn«-s¸-Sp¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶p. Xncp-am-Ômw-Ip-¶nse Bdm«pIS-hnÂ ]qc-¡m-e¯v ]©-a-±-
f- t Ifn Ac- t §- d m- d p- v
66. lrZy-X-c-sam¶p ]mSo-Sphm
\ptZymK-taXpw Ipd-bv¡-cptX
hnZyp-Ã-Xmw-Kn! sNmÃo-SpI
KZy-§Ä `wKnþ IeÀ¶p \o
ktZym amXwKn [Ww XI
X²n-an-¯-s¯¿
XtÙmw XtÙm-sa¶p
a±fw hmZb N{µ-te-tJþ \Ã
]Zy-§Ä sNmÂI \o cXv\t- etJ (D-¯c- m-kz-bw-hc- w B«¡Y, Ip½n, ]Zw.12)
67. sRc-f¯v lcn-tKm-hn-µ³, tIc-fob hmZy-I-e, ]pdw 24
68. X{´ kap-¨-b-¯nÂ Ggmw ]S-e-¯nÂ \qän-¸-Xn-t\gmw tÇmI-¯nÂ
KoX-\r¯ hmZy-§sf ¸än hnh-c-W-ap--v. KoX-hpw hmZy-hpw -t£-{X-
¯nÂ\ne \nev¡p-Ibpw \r¯w t£{X¯n\p ]pd¯p t]mhp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. XangI¯nsâ tZh-Zm-kn-\r¯w CXnsâ `mK-am-Imw. AXnsâ
`mK-am-bn t- amln-\n-bm«w A¡m-e¯v t£{X-§f
- nÂ \ntcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶p.
69. A§m-Sn-¸p-d¯v 2010 sabv 16-þ\v sRc-f-¯nsâ CSbv¡ {]Xn-jvTn¨
{iotIm-hn-enÂ hew-h¨v 15-þ-t]À Iem-{i-a-¯nÂ CSbv¡ ]cn-io-e\w
Bcw-`n-¨p. PmXn-a-X-enw-K-t`-Z-an-ÃmsX BÀ¡pw ¢mknÂ tNcmw.
70. 2009-þse kn\na i_vZk¶n-th-i-¯n-\pÅ HmkvImÀ ]pckvImc
tPXm-hmb dkqÂ ]q¡p«n {]]-©¯ - nse {]Wha{´-¯nsâ {]m[m-
\y-sa-Sp¯p ]d-bp-Ibpw Xsâ- \mZt_m[w AhnsS XpS-§p-¶p-Xmbn
hyà-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn«p-v (kw`mjWw).
71. kwKoXw kn²nsb¶Xn-ep-]cn AXn-{µo-bm-\p-`hw Xs¶bmWv. ]m«nÂ
ebn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ ZpxJhpw Ipä-t_m-[hpw ]m]hmk-\b
- p-an-Ã. FÃm
Zpc-\p-`h§fpw ad-¡m³ AXv klmbn¡p¶p. ico-c-¯n-sâbpw a\-
Ên-sâbpw thZ-\I - sf ian-¸n¡p¶p.þ A\q]v Ptem-«v. (am-Xr-`qan hmcm-
´-¸-Xn-¸v. 2010 sabv 16)
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72. tUm. hb-em hmkp-tZ-h³ ]nÅ, cwK-`m-j, ]p. 22þ3 12345678901234567890
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133
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73. AtX ]pkvXIw ]pdw-þ28
74. tUm. sI hnP-b³, \mSy-imkv{Xw, AhXmcnI, ]pdw-þ36,37
75. \r¯mwKlmc k¼¶m
ck-`m-h-{In-bm-ßnI
ZrjvSm abm `K-htXm
\oe-I-WvT-ky\r-XyXx (\m-Sy-imkv{Xw 25)
76. tUm. tKm]m-e-¸-Wn-¡À, ck-X-¯z-ZÀi-\w, ]pdw-þ104
77. Atlm \mSy-anZw kayIv
Xzbm krjvSw alm-atX!
bikyw N ip`mÀ° N
]pWyw _p²n hnhÀ²\w (\m-Sy-im-kv{Xwþ 4,11)
78.- Imhyw bi-tkyÀ/°-IrtX
hyh-lm-c-hn-tZ inthX-c-£Xtb
kZyx ]c-\nÀhr-X-tb-Im´m
k½n-XX
- t- bm-]t- Z-ib
- ptP (Im-hy-{]-Im-iw, `mcXobImhyimkv{Xw, ]p.325)
79. s{]m^. {]bmÀ {]`m-Ic - ³, `mc-Xob kmlnXyimkv{X]T\w ]pdwþ216
80. Fw.]n t]mÄ, kuµ-cy-\n-co-£-Ww, ]pdw-þ45
81. ap- - t È- c n, Imhy- ] o- T nI. ]pdwþ21
82. AtX ]pkvXIwþ ]pdw-þ22
83. Ipam-c-\m-imsâ eoe
84. "Dbn-cn³ sIme-¡p-Sp-¡m¡mhpw Ib-dn-s\þ
bpgn-ªm-em-¡n-¯oÀ¡m³ Ign-ª-XtÃ Pbw' F¶pw
"AIta ]cn-Wmaw hcp¯n, kzmØyw \cÀþ
¡cp- f m³ Ihn- X - t ]mÂ aäpt- m ip{iq- j nI' (ssh- t em- ¸ n-
Ån¡hnXIÄ)
86. tUm. Pm³kn hn_n³, \mtSm-Sn-¡-em-cq-]-§fpw \mSy-imkv{Xhpw.
hnPvRm-\-ssI-c-fn-þ2009, ]p. 5
87. AtX teJ\w, ]p. 7
88. Fkv. sI hk-´³, \½Ä \S-¶-h-gn-IÄ ]pdw-þ96
89. DÅqÀ, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-Nc-- n{Xw hmeyw-þ3 ]pdwþ-þ117 118
90. C¿-t¦mSv {io[-c³, ]mWs¸mdm«pIÄ, Ah-Xm-cnI, ]p.10
91. sI hnizw (k-¼m-Z\hpw ]T-\hpw), ]m-Ws¸mdm-«p-IÄ, ]pdw-þ14
92. tUm.Fkv. sI hk-´³, \½Ä \S-¶-h-gn-IÄ ]pdw-þ260
93. ^mZÀ t]mÄ aW-hm-f³, tIcf kwkvIm-chpw ss{IkvXhanjn-\-dn-
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am-cpw, ]pdw-þ228-þ230 12345678901234567890
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134
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94. AtX ]pkvXIwþ ]pdw-þ238
95. aWn-{]hmf hntZz/bw
]mT-tI-jz-h-Xn-jvTtX
ew_-in-{]-]-co-hmcm
alnfmfn alm-kv]-Zm. (]-Zy-c-Xv\w)
96. tUm. ]n.hn them-bp-[³]n-Å, aWn-{]-hmf Ihn-X, ]pdw-þ126
97. tUm.sI.Fw.tPmÀÖv, kmln-Xy-Nc - n{Xw {]Øm-\§ - f- n-eqsS, ]pdw-þ190
98. tUm. Fw eoem-h-Xn, ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ]pdw-þ42
99. tUm. \Sp-h«w tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³, `mjm-]-cn-a-fw, ]pdw-þ96
100. tUm. Fw eoem-h-Xn, ae-bm-f-I-hnXmkmlnXyNcn-{Xw, ]pdw-þ58
101. tUm. N¼-¡pfw A¸p-¡p-«³ \mbÀ, ae-bm-fk
- t- µ-iI
- mhy§Äþ Hcp
]T-\w, ]p. 7
102. tUm.]n.hn them-bp-[³ ]nÅ, aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hnX ]pdw-þ295-þ296
105. ]n. tKmhn-µ-¸n-Å, ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cn-{Xw. ]pdwþ295-þ296
106. G. BÀ. cmP-cm-P-hÀ½, Im´m-c-Xm-cIw, ]pdw-þ22
107. sshZyx-{Iq-tcm,bax-{Iqcx
tIt`Z ba sshZytbmx
ba-kvXp-l-cXn {]mW³
sshZy,-{]mW [\m\n N
(ssh-Zy\pw ba-\pw-{Iq-cÀ
t`Z-sa-s´-hÀ X§-fnÂ
{]mW³ I¡pw ba³, sshZy³
{]mW\pw [\hpw XYm) (B-e-¯qÀ aWn-{]-hm-fw, 34, 35)
xxx
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135
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A[ymbw 3
t£{X-I-em-km-ln-Xy-]-T\w
ae-bmfkmln-Xy-Nc- n-{X-§f
- nÂ
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136
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A[ymbw aq¶v
t£{X-I-em-km-ln-Xy-]-T\w ae-bmfkmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§-fnÂ
3.1 kmln-Xy-Nc- n-{X-hn-Úm\w þ kn-²m-´h

- pw {]tbm-Khpw
GsXmcp `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw t_m[-\-im-

kv{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«X
- mWv kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§Ä. A¡m-Za
- nIv ]T-
\-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-«mWv kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \
- ¡v {]k-àn. kmln-Xyw,
Ncn-{Xw, Kth-jW
- w, \ncq-]W
- w, hne-bn-cp-¯Â F¶n-§s\ hyXn-
cn-à`- m-h§
- t- fmsS kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§Ä cq]-sa-Sp-¡p-¶p. kmaq-ln-Iw,
Ncn-{Xw, ]cn-Øn-Xn, Fgp-¯p-Im-cpsS ùXn-Ik
- zm-[o-\§
- Ä F¶n-
hbpw kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xnsb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p. ]e-t¸mgpw
`mjm-Nc
- n{Xw tZi-Nc
- n{XwIqSn BIp¶ {]h-WX
- bpw ImWmw. kaq-
lhpw kmln-Xyhpw A{X-am{Xw ]c-kv]c
- ]
- q-cI
- §
- f
- m-Ib
- mÂ kmaq-
lnIPohn-X¯
- nepw kmln-Xy-¯nepw H«-\h
- [n BZm-\{- ]-Zm-\§Ä
\S-¡pw. Ie Pohn-Xa
- m-Ip-¶X
- p-t]m-se, Pohn-X¯
- nsâ A]-{K-Y\
- -
ambn kmlnXyIrXn-Ifpw amdpw. ChnsS kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-csâ
\ne-]m-Sp-IÄ hfsc {]k-àa
- m-Wv. Nne Xcw-Xncn-hp-Ifpw XÅepw
sImÅepw kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn-bnÂ th-n-h-cpw, AXm-Is«
GX-Sn-Øm-\¯
- n-em-hWw F¶-XmWv apJy-{]-iv\w.
Hcp Ncn-{X-{K-Ù¯
- nsâ s]mXp-hmb kz`mhw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-
{X-¯nepw IS-¶p-hc
- pw. `qX-Im-e¯
- n-t\m-SpÅ kXy-kÔ
- X
- b
- mWv 12345678901234567890
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Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS apJy-L-S-Iw. tcJ-IÄ (Facts) tiJ-cn-¡p-I, 137
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e`yamb hkvXp-XI
- sf s]mXp-t_m-[¯
- nsâ ASn-¯d- b
- nÂ ASp-
¡p-I, CXm-bn-cp¶p BZy-Ime kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§f
- psS s]mXp-hmb
coXn. Hc-f-hp-hsc Ime-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ bm{X kmln-Xy¯nsâ
XoÀ°m-S\w IqSn-bm-Ip-¶p. BJym\w (Narration) hfsc {][m-\-
s¸-«X
- m-Wv. kmln-Xys¯¸än Ah-km-\h
- m¡p ]d-bpI A¡q-«-
cpsS e£y-aÃ
- . F¦nepw s]mXp-hn-Úm-\¯
- nsâ ASn-Øm-\¯
- nÂ
Nne hymJym-\§
- Ä (Interpretation) \S-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. A¯cw
hymJym-\-§Ä¡v X¯z-Nn-´-bpsS klmbw tXSp-¶-h- c p - - v .
Ncn{Xw amä-¯n\v hnt[-ba
- m-Ip-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw hfÀ¨-bpsS kqN-I-
§-fmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p--v. GsXmcp ]T-\-¯n\pw Hcp ]vfmävt^mw
(Platform) Bh- i y- a m- W v . B ]v f mäv t ^m- a nÂ \n¶p- s Im- - m Ipw
\½psS A`n-{]m-b§
- Ä {]I-Sn-¸n¨p apt¶m-«p-t]m-Ip-¶X
- v. H¶n-s\-
¸-änbpw Ań-a-N-cn{Xw Ipdn-¡m³ BÀ¡pw km[y-a-Ãm-¯-Xp-
sIm-v NneXv ]d-ªp-h-bv¡mt\ Ign-bq.
ap³[m-c-W-IÄ, kw`-h-§-fp-sSbpw IrXn-I-fp-sSbpw sXc-

sª-Sp-¡e
- ns\ Hs«ms¡ _m[n-¡pw. Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xp¶ hyàn-bpsS
Xmev]c
- yw, Ncn-{X-t_m-[w, Adn-hp-IÄ XpS-§n-bh
- bpw {][m-\s
- ¸-
«-Xm-Wv. XpSÀ¨-bmb amä-§Ä¡v hnt[-ba
- m-Ip-¶X
- mWv kmln-Xyw.
AXn-\mÂ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xhpw \nc-ćw ]cn-Wm-a-hn-t[-b-am-Wv.
Fgp-¯nse Úm\-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä¡v hyXym-k-ap--v. Hsc-gp-¯p-
Im-cs\ kmln-Xy-Im-c\
- m-¡p-¶X
- nÂ kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c\p ]¦p-v-.
AXmXpIme-¯nsâ aqey-hy-hØ
- nXn Ncn-{X-Im-cs\ A`n-{]m-b{- ]-
I-S\
- ¯
- n\v t{]cn-¸n-¡pw. ]q´m\w `à-Ih
- n-bm-Ip-¶Xpw Fgp-¯-
Ñ³ `mjm-]n-Xm-hm-Ip-¶Xpw ]nev¡me kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c·
- m-cn-
eq-sS-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ, ChÀ Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Ime¯v A§s\ Icp-Xn-
bn-cn-¡n-Ã. ]t£, N´p-ta-t\m³ Hcp t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-Im-c\
- mbn 12345678901234567890
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138
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Xncn-¨d- n-ªn-cp-¶p. kmln-Xys¯ AXXp Ime-L«- ¯
- nÂ \nÀ¯n-
s¡m-p Af-¡m³ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw Bh-iy-am-Wv. A§-s\-h-
cp-t¼mÄ GsXmcp kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xhpw AsX-gp-X-s¸-Sp¶ Ime-
¯nsâ Ncn{Xw IqSn-bm-hp-¶p. ]-pÅ [mc-W-IÄ, kao-]-\-§Ä,
hyh-lm-c§
- Ä, Nn´-IÄ, A`n-cp-Nn-IÄ XpS-§n-bh
- sb hÀ¯-am-
\-Im-e-¯n-\p-th-n AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶ hep-Xm-sbmcp [À½w
kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§Ä \nd-th-äp-¶p--v. GXp Ncn-{Xhpw C¶nsâ
Ncn-{X-am-Ip-sa¶v t{Imt¨ ]d-bp-¶Xv AXp-sIm--m-Wv.
kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \ kpkm-[y-amb Imcy-aÃ
- . AXv Akm-
[y-am-¡p¶ At\Iw LS-I§
- Ä cN-\m-th-fb
- nÂ IS-¶p-hc
- pw. GXv
am\-ZWvUa\p-k-cn¨v kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf ASp-¡p-sa-¶-XmWv
BZys¯ {]iv\w. kmlnXyw (Literature) F¶ kwÚ-Xs¶
BZyw {]Nmcw t\Sp- ¶ Xv Cw¥ojv `mj ]Tn- ¸ n- ¨ p- X p- S - § nb
apXÂ¡m- W v . Fgp- ¯ nsâ coXn- i mkv { Xw Is- - ¯ p- I - b mWv
c-ms¯ {]iv\w. kmlnXyw Pohn-X-I-Y-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ a\p-jy-N-
cn{Xw IqSn AXnÂ NÀ¨ sNt¿--n-h-cpw. B \nebv¡v kmln-Xy-
N-cn{Xw kwkvIm-c-N-cn{Xw IqSn BtI-- XtÃ F¶-XmWv aq¶m-
as¯ {]iv\w. \mem-as¯ {]iv\w kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \
- b
- psS B[n-
Im-cn-I-X-bm-Wv. Cu B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bpsS ASn¯d F´mWv?
AXnÂ aqey-\nÀ®-ba
- mtWm e£o-Ic
- n-¡p-¶Xv? CsXÃmw Nn´m-
hn-jb
- a
- m-Wv. Hcp tZi-¯nsâ kmlnXyw Øm]-\h
- Â¡-cW
- h
- p-
ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶pt-m F¶-XmWv ASp¯ {]iv\w. kmln-Xy-
N-cn-{X-¯n\v kam-´-c-ambn D-m-bn-«pÅ kmaq-lnI Ne-\-§sf
\ncm-I-cn-¨p-sIm--pÅ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N\ km[y-amtWm?
taev]d- ª tNmZy-§fpw kwi-b§

- fpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ
Xs¶ kmln-Xyhpw AXn-s\mcp Ncn-{X-hp-ap-s-¶v \½Ä [cn-t¡-
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-n-h-cpw. A§-s\-h-cp-t¼mÄ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw asämcp Ncn-{X- 12345678901234567890
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hnÚm\ambn, ]T-\b
- q-Wn-ämbn amdn-\nÂ¡pw. Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw
bYmÀ° a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n\pw A¸p-d-¯mWv F¶ t_m[w
{ItaW sXfn-ªp-hc
- pw. Fgp-¯nsâ kÀ¤m-ßI
- X
- b
- n-te-¡v, a\p-
jy\pw kaq-lhpw X½n-epÅ sImSp-¡Â hm§-en-te-¡v, Fgp-
¯nsâ ]n¶m-¼p-d-t¯¡v kmln-Xy-N-cn{X¯n\v IS-¶p-t]m-tI--n-
h-cpw. kmln-Xy-]T
- \w kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-]T
- \
- a
- mbn amdp¶ A\p-`hw
kwPm-Xa
- m-Ipw.
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Úm\-hy-hØ (Modernity Knowledge

system) kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xnsb kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p--v. Ncn-{X-¯n\v
Ft¸mgpw Hcp tcJob k¦ev] (Linear concept) amWp-ÅXv. AXn-
s\mcp IrXy-amb k©m-c]
- Yw þ Imcy-Im-cW
- _
- Ô
- t- ¯m-Sp-Iq-Snb
þA-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯-ep--m-Ipw. B´-cn-I-amb bpàn-Nn´ Ncn-{Xs¯
kZm \nb-{ń-¡pw. F¶mÂ kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-¯n\v A{X henb
]g¡w Xs¶-bn-Ã. BZy-Im-e¯v kmln-Xyw, IrXn, IÀ¯m-h,v Imew
F¶n-§s
- \-bpÅ k¦-ev]t- am, tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯e
- p-Itfm H¶pw Xs¶
D-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Cw¥o-jnÂ tjIvkv]n-b-dp-sSbpw Fgp-¯-Ñ-sâbpw
Imew \ap¡v \nÝ-b-an-Ãm-¯Xv AXp-sIm--m-Wv. kmlnXyw F¶
]Z-¯nsâ DÛhw Xs¶ bpàn-Nn-´b
- nÂ \n¶m-W.v `mj, `mj-Ww,
hmIyw F¶nh hnti-tj-Wb
- pÅ a\p-jy-Nn-´b
- nÂ \n¶v cq]-sa-
Sp-¯X
- m-Wv. kÀ¤m-ßI
- X (creativity) a\p-jy-hf
- À¨-bpsS kqNn-I-
bm-Wv. Adn-bs
- ¸-Sepw AS-bm-fs
- ¸-Sp-¯epw ]n¶oSv h¶p-tNÀ¶-
Xm-Wv. Ihn-IÀ½-hn-jbambn-cp¶p BZyIme¯v apJyw.
kmlnXyw F¶ hyh-lm-chpw Ncn-{Xw F¶ hyh-lm-chpw

tNcp-¶-XmWv kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw. c-n-sâbpw XpS¡w Fhn-sS-\n-
¶m-sW¶v IrXy-ambn ]d-bp-hm³ \nÀÆm-la
- n-Ã. a\p-jy³ krjvSn-
¡p¶ Ncn-{Xhpw Ncn-{X-¯mÂ krjvSn-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶ a\p-jy-]c
- ¼
- c
- -
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bp-ap--v. UmÀhn-\nkw a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ \ho-\-am-sbmcp apJw 12345678901234567890
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140
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{]Zm\w sNbvXXmbn a\-Ên-em-¡mw. kI-eXpw ssZh-IrXw F¶
hnizm-k¯
- nÂ\n¶pw \nc-ć
- a
- mb ]cn-Wm-aN
- {- I-¯nÂ \n¶mWv
a\p-jy³ P·-sa-Sp-¯s
- X¶ Adnhv hen-sbm-cf
- h
- nÂ \s½ kzm[o-
\n-¨n-«p--v. CXv Nne hyh-Øm-]nX k¦-ev]-§-sf-¯s¶ A«n-a-dn-
¡m-\n-S-bm-bn. a\p-jy-Nn-´¡pw Ahsâ Ign-hn\pw Du¶Â
\ÂIp¶ Øm]-\§
- Ä AtXmsS cq]w-sIm-Åp-hm³ XpS-§n. FÃm
taJ-eb
- nepw At\z-jW
- ¯
- nsâ hgn-IÄ Xpd-¡s
- ¸-«p. Kth-jW
- w,
\ncq-]W
- w, kn²m-´w, {]tbm-Kw, ZÀi\w F¶n-§s\ At\z-j-
Ww-]p-tcm-Ka
- n-¨p. AXnsâ `mK-ambn Ncn-{Xhpw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{Xhpw
DS-se-Sp-¯p.
ae-bm-f¯
- nÂ 1880 Bb-tXmsS ]pXnb kmln-Xy-cq-]§
- Ä
IS-¶p-h-cm³ XpS§n ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm--nsâ Ah-km-\-Im-e-
t¯msS kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \ F¶ k¦ev]w \ne-hnÂh-¶p. \ne-
hn-ep-ÅX
- n-s\, H¶pw Dt]-£n-¡m-sX-Xs
- ¶, tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ k{¼-
Zm-ba
- m-bn-cp¶p XpS-¡¯
- nÂ. imkv{Xo-bX
- bpw sFXn-ly-§fpw
AÀln-¡p¶ {]m[m-\y-t¯msS AhbnÂ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xmbn
ImWmw. AtXm-sSm¸w tZi-Nc
- n-{Xhpw kwkvIm-cN
- c
- n-{X-hpw ]cm-
aÀin-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Kth-jW
- hpw hkvXp-Xm-ti-Jc
- W
- hpw {]mtbW
IS-¶p-h¶
- p. XpSÀ¶v {]Xn-]m-e\
- w, {]Im-i\
- w, A\p-Ic
- W
- w, B[n-
Im-cn-IX XpS-§n-bh
- s
- bÃmw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \
- b
- psS hnÚm-\-
]- ² - X n- b mbn cq]w- s Im- - p .
""GXp `mj-bn-sebpw kmlnXyw `n¶-`n-¶I

- m-e§
- f
- nÂ hnhn-
[-cq-]§
- f
- n-embn hfÀ¶p h¶n-«pÅ H¶m-bn-cn-¡p-at- Ãm. A§-s\-
bpÅ kmln-Xy-{K-Ù-§-sfbpw Ah-bpsS IÀ¯m-¡-·m-scbpw
kw_-Ôn¨ kw£n-]vX-hn-h-c-W-amWv kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]Zm\w
sN¿p-¶s
- X¶v ]d-bmw. Hmtcm kmln-Xy-¯n\pw AX-Xnsâ Ncn-{X-
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am-bn-cn¡pw IqSp-XÂ {]tbm-P\
- s
- ¸-Sp-I. tIc-fob kmln-Xy-Im-c- 12345678901234567890
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·mÀ ]e-]e Ime-§f
- n-embn t\Sn-h¨ k¼-¯p-IÄ GsX-Ãm-sa¶pw
F{X-t¯m-f-sa¶pw Bcp-tS-sX-Ãm-sa¶pw Adn-b-W-sa-¦nÂ, B
- v]nÂ IS-¶p-t\m-¡msX Xc-an-Ãt- Ãm.''1
kmln-Xy-¯nsâ CuSp-hb
hfÀ¶p- s Im- - n - c n- ¡ p¶ GsXmcp kmln- X y- ¯ n- s âbpw

apt¶m-«pÅ {]bmWw Adn-bp-hm\pw tcJs¸-Sp-¯p-hm\pw kmln-
Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§Ä {]tbm-P\
- s
- ¸-Spw. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf AXm-Xp-Im-
e-L«- ¯
- nÂ h¨v ]Tn-¡m-\pÅ {iahpw Imen-Ia
- mb {]h-WX
- I
- fpw
kmln- X y- N - c n- { X- I m- c ³ \S- t ¯- - X p- - v .
""`qX-Im-ehpw hÀ¯-am-\-Im-ehpw X½n-epÅ \nc-´-c-k-

¼À¡-am-W,v kwhm-Za
- mWv Ncn-{Xw. `qX-Imew acn-¨n-«n-Ã. AXv \t½m-
sSm¸w Pohn-¡p-¶p. AXm-Is« Ncn-{X-Im-csâ IS-ab- m-Wv. `qX-Im-
es¯ bYm-hn[n kw`-hn-¸n-¡pI F¶-Xv.''2 DZm-lc
- W
- k- l
- nXw ]Tn-
¸n-¡p¶ X¯z-kw-ln-Xb
- mWv Ncn-{X-sa¶v ]pcm-X\
- {- Ko-knse Utbm-
\o-jykv ]d-bp-¶p. am\-hc
- min A`n-ap-Jo-Ic
- n¨ sshhn-[y-]qÀ®-
amb kw`-h-§-fpsS t{ImUo-I-c-W-am-bpw, a\p-jy³ ssIh-cn¨
]ptcm-KX
- n-sbbpw t\«-§f
- p-sSbpw Af-hp-tIm-embpw Ncn{Xw hnti-
jn-¸n-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶p. a\p-jy-kzm-X{- ý-s¯-¡p-dn¨v shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶
bYmÀ°-cq-]a
- mbpw Ncn-{Xs¯ ImWp-¶p. Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ kzmX-
{ý-t_m[w Ncn{X\nÀ½n-Xn¡v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
taÂ]-dª Ncn-{X-\nÀÆ-N\
- §
- Ä kn²m-´]
- c
- a
- mbn kmln-
Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \
- bv¡pw \nbm-aI
- a
- m-sa¶v ImWmw. Ime-L«- ¯
- nsâ
kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nn-IÄ kwhm-Z¯
- n-teÀs¸-Sp-¶X
- pw, C¶nsâ kmln-
Xy-cN
- \
- sb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶Xpw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-hn-Úm-\¯
- n-eq-sS-
bm-Wv. kmln-Xy-]T
- \
- hpw klm-bI
- ]
- T
- \
- h
- p-ambn kmln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw
amdp-¶p. ""Ncn{Xw `qX-Im-e¯
- nsâ kw`-h]
- c
- ¼
- c
- I
- f
- psS ASp-¡m-
Ip-¶X
- p-t]mse Xs¶, `mhn-bn-te¡v kw`-hn-¡m-hp-¶X
- nsâ ]T-\hpw
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- hpw IqSn-bm-Wv.''3
hnh-cW 12345678901234567890
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142
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kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§fpw taÂ]-dª ZuXyamWv \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-
¶-Xv. kmln-Xy-¯nsâ `qX-Im-ehpw hÀ¯-am-\hpw \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw
`mhn-bpsS kqNn-Ib
- p-amWv kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§Ä.
3 .2. kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{Xhpw ZmÀi-\n-IX
- e
- hpw
Ncn-{Xw, tIhew `qX-Im-ek

- w-`h
- §fpsS t{ImUo-Ic
- W
- hpw
Ah-tem-I\
- hpw am{X-aÃ
- , Hcp hnÚm-\i
- m-Jb
- mbn hfÀ¶v ZmÀi-
\n-IX
- ew DÄs¡m-Åp-¶XpamWv. kw`-h§
- f
- psS Imem-\p-{I-aW
- n-
I-amb t{ImUo-Ic
- W
- ¯
- n-ep-]c
- n, Ah X½n-epÅ Imcy-Im-cW
- _
- Ô
- w
bpàn-bp-sSbpw X¯z-Nn-´b
- p-sSbpw ASn-Øm-\¯
- nÂ hni-Ie
- \w
sN¿m\pw {ian-¡p-¶p. X¯z-Nn´ (Philosophy) Ncn-{X-ho-£W
- -
¯n\v Ahiyw th--Xm-sW¶ hnizmkw CS-¡m-e¯v iàn-{]m-
]n-¨p-h¶
- p. "^ntem-k^n' F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ AÀ°w Xs¶ hnÚm-
\-t{]aw F¶m-Wv.4 AXp- s Im- - m Wv Adn- h n\v th- n - b pÅ HSp-
§m¯ Xnc-¨n-se¶v ^ntem-k-^nsb dÊÂ hnti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv.
A§s\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ X¯z-Nn-´-I³ IqSn-bmb HcmÄ¡p
am{Xta aqey-m[n-jT
v n-Xa
- mb Hcp Ncn{Xw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ Ign-bq.
""Ncn- { X- k w- ` - h - § - f psS BK- a - \ - ¯ n\v ]s¯m- ¼ Xmw \qäm- v
km£yw hln- ¨ p. UmÀhn³, slKÂ, slÀUÀ, amÀIv k v ,
tSmÄtÌm-bv, dm³sI, kvs]w¥À, tSmbn³_n, C.-F¨
- v.I
- mÀ F¶n-
§s\ Hcp-Iq«w Ncn-{X-Nn-´-I-·mÀ al-¯mb kw`m-h-\IÄ -
\ÂIn.''5
a\p-jy-Po-hn-XK
- X
- n-bpsS A`n-ZÀi-\a
- mWv Ncn-{Xw. Imem-\p-
kr-X-ambn a\p-jysâ Pohn-X-ssi-en-bnepw ho£-W-¯nepw
kwkvIm-c¯
- nepw kw`-hn¨ amä-§Ä Ncn-{X-¯nepw {]Xn-ê
- n-¡pw.
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Ncn{Xw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ hyàn-bpsS ho£-Whpw Xmev]c
- yhpw 12345678901234567890
143
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ssienbpw ZÀi-\hpw {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-{K-Ù¯
- nepw {]I-Sa
- m-Ipw.
Ncn-{X-Im-csâ Nne \nK-a\
- §
- fpw \nÀt±-i§
- fpw kao-]\
- §
- fpw
AXnÂ IS¶p h¶p-Iq-Sm-bvI-bn-Ã. AXp-sIm--mWv hyXykvX
ImgvN¸
- m-Sp-If
- pÅ Ncn-{X-ZÀi-\§
- Ä cq]-sa-Sp-¡p-¶X
- v. ""skâ v AK-
Ìnsâ "aXm-ßI Ncn-{X-ZÀi\w' ImÀsse-\nsâ "A[n-\m-bI
- \
- n-jvS-
N-cn-{X-ZÀi\w' amÀIvkn-sâbpw GwKÂkn-sâbpw "sshcp-²ym-ßI
Ncn-{X-ZÀi\w' cmjv{Sob ImgvN¸
- m-SpÅ sa¡m-sf-bpsS Ncn-{X-ho-
£-Ww, tdmk³_ÀKnsâ "hwim-[n-jvTn-XZ- Ài\w' sshävsl-Unsâ
"imkv{Xm-[n-jT
v nX ZÀi\w' loK-ensâ "Bi-bm-k]
v Z- N
- c
- n-{X-ZÀi\w'
XpS-§n-bh
- . Ch-sc-Iq-SmsX Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- b
- nÂ kz´-amb ho£-W-
§Ä Ah-Xc- n-¸n¨hcmWv ]td-täm, tkmtdm-¡n³, slân BUw-k,v
tSmb³_n XpS-§n-bh- À''6
Ç-dª ZmÀi-\n-I·
- mÀ temI-{i² BÀÖn-¡p-hm-\pÅ
{][m\ Imc-Ww-Xs¶ Ah-cpsS bpàn-kl
- hpw sshhn-²y-]qÀ®-
hp-amb Ncn-{X-ka
- o-]\
- §
- f
- m-bn-cp-¶p. Ncn{Xw Ign-ªp-t]mb Ime-
L-«¯
- nsâ A]-{K-Y\w am{X-aÃ
- , ZÀi\w IqSn-bm-sW¶v C¡q-«À
Xncn-¨d- n-ªp. bYm-XY
- hpw CuSp-äXpw kXy-kÔ
- h
- p-amb Ncn-{X-c-
N-\bv¡v ZmÀi-\n-IX
- ew IqSn A\n-hm-cy-am-sW¶v CXnÂ\n¶pw
a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
\chw-ii
- m-kv{X-Ú·
- mÀ a\p-jysâ Dev]¯n hnIm-k]
- c
- n-
Wm-a-§sf imkv{X-¯nsâ ASn-¯-d-bnÂ \n¶p-sIm-v ]nev¡me
P\-Xbv¡v ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶Xpt]m-se, Hcp kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-
c³ KX-Im-ek
- m-ln-Xy-cN
- \
- I
- f
- psS DÛ-hh
- n-Im-k§
- fpw ZmÀi-\n-
I-Xe
- hpw cN-\m-km-£m-XvIm-chpw Xtâ-Xmb ho£-W¯
- nÂ hnh-
cn¨p \evIp-¶p. A¡q«¯nÂ A]qÀÆ-ambn \ncq-]W
- k
- z-`m-ha
- pÅ
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kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§fpw ImWm³ Ign-bpw. 12345678901234567890
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144
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3.3 ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \
Ncn{Xw a\p-jy-{]-bm-W-¯nsâ IY tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ

kmln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw kmln-Xy-cN
- \
- I
- s
- fbpw cN-bn-Xm-¡s
- fbpw tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. "kmln-Xy-`W
- vUm-Km-c¯
- n-epÅ k¼-¯p-¡Ä GsX-
Ãm-sa¶pw F{X-t¯m-fs
- a¶pw Bcp-tS-sX-Ãm-sa¶pw Xn«-s¸-Sp-¯p-
I-bpw, Ah Hmtcm-¶n-sâbpw GI-tZ-ia
- mb Hcp aqeyw \nÀ®-bn-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXv, `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw A`n-hr-²n-
bpsS icn-bmb \ne Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶ IrXn-IÄ¡mWv kmln-
Xy-Nc
- n-{X-{K-Ù§ - v.''7
- Ä F¶p ]d-bp-¶X
""kmln- X y- N - c n- { - X - ¯ nÂ kmln- X yhpw Ncn- { X- h p- a p- - v .
kmlnXyw {][m-\a
- mbpw hyàn-bpsS \nÀ½n-Xn-bm-Wv. AXnepw
kmaqln-I-amb hi-ap--v. F¶mÂ Ncn{Xw hkvXp-X-I-fp-sSbpw
Ah-bpsS ]mc-kv]c
- y-¯nsâbpw hymJym-\a
- m-Wv. C§-s\-bpÅ
kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Ncn-{X-¯n-sâbpw ka-\z-ba
- mWv kmln-Xy-N-
cn{Xw''8 Ncn{Xw hkvXp-\n-jvThpw kmlnXyw Bß-\n-jvThpw
F¶mWv s]mXp-hn-epÅ [mc-W. F¶m-enh ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-§-
fmbpw {]Xy-£-s¸-Spw. ]g-a-bnÂ\n¶v DuÀÖw \pI-cm-sXbpw
DbnÀsIm-Åm-sXbpw ]pXp-Xmbn H¶pw P\n-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶ kXyhpw
\mw Xncn- ¨ - d n- t b- - X p- - v . B[p- \ nI Ime- ¯ nsâ kmln- X y- c - N - \ -
IÄ¡v amÀ¤ZÀi\w \ÂIp-¶Xv kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§f
- m-Wv. BZy-
Ime DZm-¯a
- m-Xr-II
- Ä Adn-bp-¶Xv \ho\ Bi-b§
- Ä¡pw ]pXp-
ssi-en¡pw klm-bI
- a
- m-Ipw. ""kmwkvIm-cn-Ia
- W
- vUe
- ¯
- nse hne-
tb-dnb Hcp `mK-amWv kmln-Xyw. kmln-Xy-¯nse kw`-h§
- f
- mWv
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ. C¯cw IrXn-Isf Ah-ew-_a
- m-¡n-bpÅ Ah-
tem-I\
- a - n-{Xw.''9
- mWv kmln-Xy-Nc
KX-Im-ek
- vac
- W
- I
- Ä Pohn-X¯
- n-em-bmepw kmln-Xy-¯n-em-
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bmepw Bh-iy-am-Wv. {]tXy-In¨pw Ah-bpsS tcJm-aq-ea
- pÅ hnh- 145
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c-Ww (Archives) hÀ¯-am-\I
- e
- m-km-ln-Xy-{]-hW
- X
- I
- s
- fbpw IrXn-
I-sfbpw `qX-Im-eh
- pambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp ]Tn-¡p-hm³ D]-Ic
- n-¡pw.
A¯-c-samcp ZuXyw IqSn kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§Ä \nd-th-äp-¶p--v.
`mj-bm-Is« Hcp {]tZ-is
- ¯bpw Ahn-Sps¯ kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-
{X- ] - c - h p- a mb {]h- W - X - I - s fbpw B{i- b n¨p\nÂ¡p¶ Hcp
kmwkvIm-cnI {]Xn-`m-ka
- m-Wv. kmlnXyNcn-{X-§Ä `qcn-`m-Khpw
Hcp `mj-bnse am{Xw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf ASn-Øm-\a
- m-¡n-bp-Å-
h-bm-Wv.
`qX-Im-e¯
- nsâ bYm-XY
- hpw kXy-kÔ
- h
- p-amb tcJ-s¸-Sp-
¯Â kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-¯nsâ aqeyw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶p. Kth-jW
- -
_p-²nbpw bpàn-hn-Nm-chpw \ncq-]W
- ]
- m-Sh
- hpw aqey-\nÀ®-b\
- -
¯n-\pÅ Ignhpw sNdnb tXmXn-se-¦nepw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§fpw
Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p--v. Ncn-{X-Im-csâ kmam-\y-X-Xz-§Ä kmln-Xy-N-
cn-{X-Im-c\pw _m[-I-am-Wv. ""Ign-ªp-t]mb kmln-Xy-kw-`-h-
§Ä¡pw hkvXp-XI
- Ä¡pw KW-]c
- a
- m-tbm, KpW-]c
- a
- m-tbm, amä-
sam-¶p-an-Ã. F¶mÂ IrXn-bpsS cN-\b
- psS ]nd-InÂ Hcp kmln-
Xy-{]-Øm-\¯
- nsâ ]nd-hn-bpsS ]nd-InÂ, FÃmw bpàn-kl
- a
- mb
Hcp t{]cW (causation) D-m-IpI Xs¶ sN¿pw. bYmÀ°-¯nÂ
Cu t{]c-WI
- fpw kw`-h§ - fpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw A]-{K-Yn¨v hne-
- n-{Xw.''10
bn-cp¯q kmln-Xy-Nc
XXz-imkv{Xw ]e-t¸mgpw IrXn-bpsS ZmÀi-\n-I-Xew Is--

¯m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. ""XXz-Nn-´-I-·mÀ CXp-hsc temIs¯
hymJym-\n-¨t- X-bpÅq C\n AhÀ AXns\ \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw thWw
F¶v amÀIvkv ]d-ª-t¸mÄ AXv Hcp shdpw kml-kn-Isâ
{]kvXm-h-\-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. a\p-jysâ AhØ CXm-b-Xp-sIm--v,
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temIw F§s\ amdp¶p F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ib
- pw, B amäs¯ 12345678901234567890
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\nb-{ń-¡p-Ibpw sNt¿- Npa-Xe Ah-\p--v. thsdmcp hn[-¯nÂ
]d-ªmÂ hnI-kn-¨p-sIm--n-cn-¡p¶ Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Bß-t_m-[-
amWv X¯z-imkv{Xw''11
Htc Pohn-X{- ]-tabw hyXy-kX

v a
- mb Imhy-cq-]§
- f
- n-eqsS {]Xy-
£-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c·
- m-cnÂ hyXy-kvXa
- mb ho-£-
W-ap--m-Ipw. AtX-k-abw Hcp kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c\mIs«, AXnÂ
\n¶p-sIm-v `mhn-bnse \qX-\-{]-h-W-X-Isf Duln-¡³ Ign-bpw.
tIk-cnbpw Fw.-F³.-hn-P-b-\pw, sI.-]n.-A-¸\pw `qX-hÀ¯-am-\-
§sf Iq«n-bn-W¡n `mhnsb {]h-Nn-¨h
- c
- m-Wv. ""kmlnXyw F¶Xv
shdpw Hcp A¡m-Za
- n-IX
- e Dev]¶
- a
- m-bn-«Ã ho£n-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v,
adn¨v tZiob hfÀ¨-bpsS _lp-ap-Ja
- mb {]hÀ¯n-If
- psS {]Im-
i\w IqSn-bm-Wv.''12
]mÀiz-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸« Hcp P\-X-bpsS kzchpw kmln-Xy-

apÄs¡m-Åp-¶p--v. kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ A¯cw kmln-Xy-
kr- j v S n- I fpw tcJ- s ¸- S p- t ¯- - X p- - v . ""kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ hnhn[
kmwkvIm-cnI {]tbm-K§
- f
- nÂ H¶p-am-{X-am-Wv. Ah-bnse kmaq-
ln-I-`m-j-W-§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-tb--Xv kw`-h-§-fpsS GIo-I-c-W-¯n-
eq-sS-bÃ
- , kqN-I§
- f
- psS _lp-eX
- sb ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P\
- s
- ¸-Sp-
¯n-s¡m--m-Wv. AXn-\mÂ ]mT-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-]-c-Xbpw Ncn-{X-
¯nsâ ]mT-]c - X
- bpw kmln-Xy-Nc - n-{X-cN- \
- sb Hcp-t]mse kzm[o-
\n- ¡ p- ¶ p- s - ¶ v AwKo- I - c n- t ¡- - X m- b n- h - c p- ¶ p.''13 Ncn-{X]chpw
kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- p-amb Dev]¶
- a
- mWv ]e-t¸mgpw kmlnXyw. kmln-
Xy-]T
- \
- hpw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-]T
- \
- hpw Adn-hnsâ ASn-Øm-\a
- mÀ¤-
ambn BZyw apXÂt¡ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p.
kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Ncn-{X-¯n-sâbpw ka-hm-ba

- mWv kmln-
Xy-N-cn-{Xw. Ch c-pw AS-§p-¶mWv Cu LS-I-]-Z-sa¶v A\p-
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Zn\w AXv \s½ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. kmln-Xy-¯n\pw Ncn-{X-¯n\pw 12345678901234567890
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shtÆsd hymJym-\§
- Ä \ÂIn-bt- i-jta kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-¯n\v
D¯cw Bcm-bp-hm³ Ign-bq. kmln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw kmln-Xy-k©
- m-c-
am-Ip-sa-¦nepw Ncn{Xw F¶ \ne-bnÂ AXp Ncn-{X-\n-ba
- §
- f
- p-ambn
_Ô-s¸«p InS-¡p-¶p. `qX-Ime kw`-h§
- sf Imen-Ia
- mbn ASp-
¡n-¸d- b
- p¶ {]hW-Xb
- mWv Ncn-{X-§f
- p-tS-sX-¦n-epw, AXnÂ \n¶p
hyXy-kvXa
- m-sbmcp hymJym\w AXym-hi
- y-s¸-Sp-¶p-v-. kmaq-ln-I þ- -
cm-jv{So-bþ- k
- mw-kvIm-cnI kw`-h§
- f
- psS Imem-\p-{I-aW
- nI am{X-
amWv Ncn-{X-sa-¦nÂ, Hcp Ime-L«- ¯
- n\v Hcp Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-bpsS Bh-
iyta DÅq. F¶mÂ AXn-\p-]I
- cw hyXy-kvXa
- mb Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-
IÄ Hmtcm Ime-L-«-¯nepw Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«p--v. C{]-Imcw H¶n-e-
[nIw Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§Ä Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nÂ Xs¶ D-m-Ip-¶Xv
F´p- s Im- - m Wv?
At¸mÄ Ncn-{X-Im-csâ ZÀi-\-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn¨v ]qÀÆ-Ime

A\p-`h
- §
- s
- fbpw kw`-h§
- s
- fbpw hne-bn-cp¯n Xtâ-Xmb ho£-
W-¯n-eqsS kw`-h-§sf Imen-I-ambn ASp-¡n-]-d-bp-t¼m-gmWv
bYmÀ° Ncn{Xw \nÀ½n-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v. {KÙ-IÀ¯m-hnsâ ZÀi-\-
amWv Ncn{Xw F¶ BXy-ń-I-kXyw \ma-dn-bp-¶p. kmln-Xy-
¯nse¶t]mse Ncn-{X-¯n\pw XÂ¡À¯m-hnsâ ZmÀi-\n-IX
{]I-Sa
- m-Wv.
kmlnXyNcn-{X-§f
- n-em-Is« Ncn-{Xs¯ At]-£n¨v kmln-
Xy-¯nsâ hnaÀi\w IqSn-bp--v. ka{K-am-sbm-cp hnaÀi\w kmln-
Xy-Nc
- n-{X-¯nepw {]Xy-£s
- ¸-Sm-dn-Ã. IrXn-Isf Imen-Ia
- mbn ASp¡n
kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-csâ kmln-Xob ho£-W§
- f
- n-eqsS Ahsb
Ncn-{X-]c
- a
- mbpw hnaÀi-\m-ßI
- a
- mbpw hne-bn-cp-¯s
- ¸-Sp-t¼m-gmWv
D¯-ak
- m-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶X
- v. Ncn-{X-¯n\pw kmln-Xy-hn-
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aÀi-\¯
- n-\pw Xpey{]m[m-\y-ap-ÅX
- pw, F¶mÂ Kl-\a
- mb kmln- 12345678901234567890
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Xy-]-T-\-§Ä Bh-iy-an-Ãm-¯-Xp-amb Hcp imJ-bmWv kmln-Xy-
N-cn-{Xw. kmln-Xyhpw Ncn-{Xhpw Hcp-t]mse Ncn-{X-Im-csâ ho£-
W-t`-Za
- \
- p-kc
- n¨v hyXy-kvXa
- m-\§
- Ä ssIs¡m-Åpw. Cu kXy-a-
dn-ªp-sIm--p-thWw \mw kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§sf hne-bn-cp-t¯--Xv.
Hsc-gp-¯p-Im-csâ sshb-ànI ho£Ww B hyàn-bpsS

kmaq-ln-Iþ- k
- mw-kI
v m-cnI ho£-W§
- f
- psS {]I-S\
- ]
- {- XnI IqSn-bm-W.v
kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-¯nepw kaqlw F¶ _lp-P\
- t- h-Znsb hnkvac
- n-
¡pI km[ya-Ã. ]mÀiz-hÂ¡-cn-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶ Ncn-{X-§Ä A[n-Im-
cn-hÀ¤-¯nsâ cmjv{So-bX
- m-ev]c
- y-§f
- p-sSbpw ]S-tbm-«§
- f
- p-sSbpw
k¦p-Nn-Xh
- o-£W
- a
- m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ Ncn{Xw ka-Im-eo-\k
- a
- q-ls¯
kmI-tey\ DÄs¡m-tÅ-- Xp--v. FÃm-hn-`mKw P\-§Ä¡pw `mK-
`m-Kn-Xz-apÅ A\p-`h
- §
- f
- psS Ncn-{X-am-Ip-t¼mÄ am{Xta {]kvXpX
IrXn-bnÂ Ncn-{X-Im-csâ ISa \nd-th-äs
- ¸-Sp-¶p-Åq.
Ncn-{X-¯n-se-¶-t]mse kmln-Xyhpw krjvSn-Xew apXÂ

Bkzm-Z\
- X
- ewhsc P\-Io-ba
- m-sW¶ Xncn-¨d- n-hn-eqsS Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-
¡p-t¼mÄ am{Xta AXnsâ kmln-Xob [À½w \nÀÆ-ln-¡s
- ¸-Sp-
¶p-Åq. Ncn-{X-¯n\pw kmln-Xy-¯n\pw _lp-P\
- a
- m-[y-as
- a¶ \ne-
bv¡-ÃmsX AXns\ ]mÀiz-hÂ¡-cn-¨p-sIm-t-m, _ln-jvIr-X-am-
¡n-s¡mt-m \ne-\nÂ¸nÃ F¶-XmWv kXyw. B AÀ°-¯n-em-
hWw \mw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯n-te¡p {]th-in-t¡-- Xv.
"kw`-h§
- sf Gä-¡p-d¨
- nÂ IqSmsX tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]{In-bb
- m-
WtÃm Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- . FÃm kw`-h§
- fpw Ncn-{X-te-J\
- ¯
- n\v AÀl-
am-Ip-¶n-Ã. kaq-ls¯ Nen-¸n-¨n-«pÅ cmjv{So-btam kmwkvIm-cn-
Itam Bb kw`-h§fmWv Ncn-{X-ambn kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
kmwkvIm-cnI aWvUe
- ¯
- nse hne-tb-dnb Hcp `mK-amWv kmln-Xyw.
kmln-Xy-¯nse kw`-h§
- Ä GXm-sW¶p tNmZn-¨mÂ kmln-Xy-
Ir-Xn-If
- mWv F¶t{X adp-]S- n. C¯cw IrXn-Isf ASn-Øm-\a
- m- 12345678901234567890
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¡n-bpÅ Ah-tem-I\ - a - n{Xw.14
- mWv kmln-Xy-Nc 149
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hfsc IrXy-amb \nÀÆ-N\w CX-ck
- m-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\§
- s
- f-
t¸m-se-Xs¶ kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-¯n\pw \ÂIp-hm³ {]bm-ka
- m-Wv.
F¶mÂ kmln-Xy-tem-I¯v kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N-\bv¡v henb
Øm\-ap--p-Xm-\pw. Imc-Ww, ]nÂ¡me Xe-apd kmln-Xy-s¯bpw
kmln-Xy-Im-c-s\bpw ]cn-N-b-s¸-SpI Gsdbpw kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
aptJ-\b
- m-bn-cn-¡pw. ""]Icw sh¡m-\m-hm¯ Hcp hnÚm-\k
- z-cq-
]-amWv kmln-Xyw. kmln-Xy-cN
- \ Hcp kmaq-lnI IÀ½-am-Wv. X¡-
Xmb kmaq-lnI kµÀ`-§-fnte kmln-Xy-c-N\ \S-¡q. AXp-
sIm-v kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw A¯cw kµÀ`-§-fp-sSbpw Ahbv¡p
Imc-W-amb kmaq-lnI Ne-\-§-fp-sSbpw IqSn Ncn-{X-am-Ipw.
At¸mÄ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw tIh-e-samcp Imem-\p-{I-a-Wn-I-b-sÃ-
¶À°w.''15 kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \
- b
- nÂ ZÀi-\¯
- nsâ Bh-iy-IX
IS-¶p-hc
- pw. X¯z-Nn-´t- bm-SS- p-¡p¶ bpàn-]c
- X
- bpw Kth-jW
- -
]-cX
- bpw kwK-Xn-If
- psS hkvXp-\n-jvThpw kXy-kÔ
- h
- p-amb hne-
bn-cp-¯e
- n\v klm-bn-¡p-¶p. bpàn-]qÀÆ-amb \nco-£Ww AÔ-
amb ]e hnizm-k{- ]-am-W§
- s
- fbpw Xncp-¯n-¡p-dn-¡m³ D]-Ic
- n-¡pw.
`mhn-Xe
- a
- p-dsb hgn-]n-g¡
- m-sXbpw sXän-²c
- n-¸n-¡m-sXbpw icn-bmb
\nK-a\
- §
- f
- nÂ F¯n-t¨-cm³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³ \nan-¯a
- m-IW
- w. ]e-
t¸mgpw hnaÀi-\m-ßI
- a
- mb kao-]\
- hpw \ncq-]W
- k
- z-`m-hhpw kmln-
Xy-N-cn-{X-§-fpsS A¡m-Zan aqeyw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p--v. ""kmln-
Xyhpw Ncn-{Xhpw ]c-kv]cIc-W-{]-Xn-I-c-W-§-fn-teÀs¸-Sp-¶,
kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-{In-b-bnÂ Du¶n-\n-¶p-sIm--pÅ Hcp kmln-Xy-
N-cn-{X-cN
- \
- b
- ¡
v mWv {]k-àn. ]mc-¼cyw, X\-X,v ka-Im-enIw F¶o
ssPh-]m-c¼
- c
- y-§f
- psS ]Ým-¯e
- hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ik
- z-`m-hhpw
Hcp kmln-Xy-Ncn{XIm-csâ At\z-jW
- h
- n-jb
- §
- f
- m-Wv. hyàn-{]-
Xn-`b
- psS ]T\w kmln-Xy-¯nsâ aqey-\nÀ®-b¯
- nÂ kp{]-[m-\- 12345678901234567890
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am-Wv. Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ {]Xn-`m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Hcp-Im- 150
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es¯ P\-Xsb F§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw Hcp hmMvab LS-\-
bm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-sa¶v Ncn-{X-Im-e§ - sf ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ ka-
{K-]T
- \
- a - n{Xw.''16
- mWv kmln-Xy-Nc
Npcp-¡¯
- nÂ Hcp kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c³ A`n-ap-Jo-Ic
- n-¡p¶
{]iv\§
- Ä \nc-h[
- n-bm-Wv. {]tXy-In¨pw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-
c-N-\-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ {]iv\w IqSp-XÂ k¦oÀ®-am-Ipw. BZy-Ime
kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-If
- psS IÀ¯r-Xzhpw cN-\m-Im-ehpw e£yhpw
kw_-Ôn¨ tcJ-If
- psS A`m-ha
- m-WX
- n\v {][m\ Imc-Ww. Bbn-
c-¡n-W-¡n\p IrXn-IÄ Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c\v ]cn-tim-[n-t¡--n-h-cpw.
""Hcp Zi-I¯
- nÂ BhnÀ`-hn¨ IrXn-Isf ka-\z-bn-¸n¨v Ah-Xc
- n-
¸n-¡pI Ncn-{X-Im-csâ IÀ¯-hy-am-Wv. Hä-s¸-«p-\nÂ¡p¶ hnh-c-
§-fpsS ]«nI kap-Zv{K-YnX Ncn-{X-am-hp-Ib
- n-Ãt- Ãm. kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-
{Xw, X\nsb \nÂ¡p¶ hnh-cW
- §
- f
- psS kam-lm-ca
- Ã; t\m«p-IÄ
tNÀ¶ _n»n-tbm-{Km-^n-bÃ; Bt´m-fP - n-bp-aÃ
- . k¦-ev]a
- Ã
- , IY-
bp-aÃ; Ncn-{X-am-Wv. IYbpw Imcy-hp-apÅ Ncn-{Xw.''17
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§-fpsS ]«nI hfsc \o--Xm-Wv.

k¼qÀ®hpw ka-{K-hp-amb kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§-fnÂ {]ap-J-am-b-
hsb am{Xta ChnsS ]T-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-¡p-¶p-Åq. KZyhpw ]Zyhpw
thÀXn-cn¨pw Hcp {]tXyI kmln-Xy-im-Js
- b-¸ä- n-bp-ÅX
- p-amb {KÙ-
§fpw {]kn-²o-Ir-X-am-bn-«p--v. C¯cw kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-I-fnÂ
Ncn-{X-Im-csâ at\m-`m-h§
- fpw \nco-£W
- §
- fpw IS-¶p-hc
- pw. Bb-
Xn-\mÂ ]c-am-h[n hkvXp-\n-jvTk
- a
- o-]\w kzoI-cn-¡m³ icn-bmb
hkvXp-XI
- Ä tiJ-cn-¡pI am{Xta Ic-Wo-ba
- m-bn-«p-Åq. ""kmln-
Xy-Nc
- n{Xw kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi\w IqSn-bm-Wv. AXnsâ e£yw `qX-
Imew ]p\-kr-jvSn-¡p-Ibpw AXv a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw am{X-a-Ã,
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- m-¡pI Fs¶mcp e£yw 12345678901234567890
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IqSn-bp--v.''18 tUhnUv s]À¡n³knsâ Cu \nco-£Ww kmln-
Xy-Nc
- n-{X-¯nsâ Gähpw B[p-\nI ho£-Wa
- m-Wv. ""kmln-Xy-N-
cn-{X-¯nsâ [À½w AXnsâ hmb-\b
- n-epÅ kzm[o-\s¯ B{i-
bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. \mw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw Fgp-Xp-¶Xv AXv hni-Zo-Ic
- n-
¡m\pw a\-Ên-em-¡m\pw Bkz-Zn-¡m\pw IqSn-bm-Wv.''19
Ncn{Xw hkvXp-\n-jvTs
- a¶pw kmlnXyw Bß-\n-jvTs
- a¶pw
Hc-fh
- p-hsc k½-Xn-¡m-sa-¦nepw Ah Nne-t¸mÄ ]c-kv]c
- ]
- q-cI
- -
§-fmbn hÀ¯n-¨p-sh¶pw hcmw. a\p-jy-{]-bm-W¯
- nsâ al-¯mb
IY Ncn{Xw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ, kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§Ä kmln-Xy-
c-N\
- I
- f
- p-sSbpw Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
3.4 ae-bm-f¯
- nse {]apJ kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§fpw t£{X-
I-em-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\hpw
ae-bm-f¯
- nse ka-{Khpw {]ap-Jh
- p-amb \mep kmln-Xy-N-
cn-{X-§f
- mWv ChnsS ]T-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-¡n-bn-«p-ÅX
- v. ae-bm-f¯
- nse
{]Ya kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-amb ]n.-tKm-hn-µ]
- n-Åb
- psS "ae-bm-f`- mjm
Ncn{Xw', BÀ.-\m-cm-bW
- ¸
- W
- n-¡c
- psS "tIc-f`- m-jm-Nc
- n{Xw' Ggp-hm-
ey-§Ä, DÅq-cnsâ "tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw' A©p-hm-ey-§Ä,
s{]m^.-F³.-Ir-jvW]
- n-Åb
- psS "ssIc-fn-bpsS IY' F¶n-hb
- mWv
Xncsª-Sp-¯n-«p-ÅX
- v. Cu kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§f
- nÂ t£{X-Ie
- m-km-
ln-Xyw, hnti-jn¨v B«-¡Y
- m-km-ln-Xyhpw XpÅÂkm-ln-Xyhpw
]T- \ - h n- t [- b - a m- ¡ n- b n- c n- ¡ p¶ coXn Is- - ¯ pIbmWv apJy - D -
t±iyw. Iq¯v, IqSn-bm-«w, IrjvW\
- m«w F¶n-hb
- psS ]mTw (Text)
kwkvIr-Xa
- m-Ib
- mÂ Ah ]T-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-¡n-bn-«n-Ã. B\p-jw-Kn-
I-ambn CXc kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§f
- nse ]cm-aÀi-§fpw tNÀ¯n-«p-v-.
A`n-\b
- k
- m-ln-Xy-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ Zriy-Ie
- m-km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw `mjm-
{]-tbm-K§
- s
- fbpw Ncn-{X-Im-c·
- mÀ F{X-t¯mfw hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-
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«p-s-¶pw \nco-£Whnt[-b-am-¡p-¶p. aWn-{]-hm-f-NÀ¨-bnÂ B«- 12345678901234567890
152
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¡-Ybpw XpÅÂIr-Xn-Ifpw IS-¶p- h - ¶ n- « pt- m F¶pw ]cn- t im-
[n-¡p¶-Xm-Wv.
3.4.1. ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cn{Xw
]n.-tKm-hn-µ]
- nÅ kÀÆm-[n-Im-cy-¡m-cpsS "ae-bm-f`- m-jm-Nc
- n-
{X-amWv ae-bm-f¯
- nse BZys¯ kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{Xw. sImÃhÀjw
1056 ({In.h. 1881) þam-nemWv CXmZyw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv. XpSÀ¶pÅ
]¯p-\mÂ¸Xv sImÃ-¯n-\n-S¡v As©«p ]Xn-¸p-IÄ ]pd-¯p-h¶
- p.
]cn-jvI-cn¨ ]pXnb ]Xn-¸nÂ 16 A[ym-b-§fpw A\p-_-Ô-
apÄs¸sS 458 ]pd-§-fp-ap--v. ""bmsXmcp kzcq-]Ú
- m-\hpw CÃmsX
tIhew AÔ-Im-ca
- m-bn-¡n-S¶ kz`m-jm-Nc
- n-{Xs¯ C{X-t¯mfw
kq£vaa
- mbn Adnªp hni-Za
- m¡n C§s\ ]pkvXI
- s¯ hmbn¨p
\ap¡p X¶n-cn-¡p¶ Cbm-sf-¡p-dn¨p \mw F{X IrX-ÚX
- b
- p-
Å-hc - w.''20
- m-bn-cn-¡W
tZi-Nc
- n-{Xhpw `mjm-Nc
- n-{Xhpw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bpÅ hnh-cW
- -
amWv CXnse DÅ-S¡ kwhn-[m-\w. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf hne-bn-
cp-¯p-¶Xv kwkvIm-c]
- Ý
- m-¯ew IqSn IW-¡n-se-Sp-¯m-Wv. "`mc-
XhÀjw' F¶ kwÚ-bv¡m-[m-ca
- mb ]Xn-s\m-t¶mfw A`n-{]m-
b-§-fpw, 64 {Kma-§-fpw, 64 aT-§fpw tIc-f-¯n-ep--m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbpw
]d-bp-¶p. Ifcn hnZym-`ym-kw, Øe-]p-cm-Ww, ae-bm-f]
- Z- y-¯nsâ
BhnÀ`mhw XpS-§nb BZy A[ym-b-§-fnÂ NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶p.
""kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-{K-Ù¯
- nÂ tZi-Nc
- n-{X-¯n\pw `mjm-Nc
- n-{X-¯n\pw
{]k-àn-bp--v. Imc-Ww, Øe-Im-e-§-fpsS kzm[o-\X kmln-Xy-
¯nÂ \nÀ®m-bI
- L
- S- I
- a
- m-Wv. AXp-t]mse `mjm-]c
- a
- mb khn-
ti-j-X-Ifpw AXp-sIm-v Hcp kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N-bn-Xm-hn\v Ncn-
- v²yhpw IqSntb Xocq.''21
{X-t_m-[hpw `mjm-im-kv{X-ssh-ZK
IrXn-If
- psS IÀ¯rXz\nÀ®-b¯
- nse A]m-IX, sFXn-ly- 12345678901234567890
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§-tfm-SpÅ A[nI aa-X, hkvXp-Xm-ti-Jc
- W
- ¯
- nse IrXy-Xb
- n- 153
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Ãm-ba
v , {]kvXm-h\
- I
- Ä BhÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mgpw aäpÅ ]c-k]
v chncp-²-
k-ao-]\
- §
- Ä XpS-§nb A_-²§
- Ä BZy-]X
- n-¸nÂ IS-¶p-Iq-Sn-b-
Xns\ F«p-hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw ]pd-¯n-d§
- nb ]cn-jvIc
- n¨ hn]p-
eo-I-cn¨ ]Xn-¸nÂ, Nne ]ng-hp-IÄ X\n¡p ]än-bn-«p-s-¶v k½-
Xn¨psIm- v Xncp- ¯ m³ {KÙ- I m- c ³ Xs¶ {ian- ¨ n- « p- - v .
ae-bm-f`- m-jb
- nÂ ]Zy-§Ä ]c-ip-cm-asâ Imew apXÂt¡
\S-¸p--m-bn-cp-¶p. KZyw GI-tZiw Ien-hÀjw 3300 \v Çpdw Fgp-
Xn-Xp-S§
- n-bn-cn-¡m-\mWv km[y-X. NmIymÀIq¯pw \mS-Ihpw ]c-
ip-cm-asâ Ime¯v ]c-tZ-i¯
- p-\n¶pw h¶ kqX-Ip-e¡
- mÀ A`n-
\-bn-¨p-h¶ Iem-cq-]a
- m-Wv. ""]- p ]c- i p- c m- a sâ Ime¯p ]c- t Z-
i-¯p-\n¶pw kqX-Ip-eP
- m-X·
- mÀ tIc-f¯
- nÂ h¶p. tIc-f¯
- nse
D¯-a-Ip-e-¯nse Z¼-Xn-am-cnÂ \n¶p hy`n-Nmcw sIm-v A\p-tem-
a-ambn tZmj-s¸-«mÂ, ]m{Xtam _oPtam H¶v ip²hpw H¶v Aip-
²hpw Bbn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ, P\n-¡p¶ ]pcp-j·
- msc ]c-ip-cm-a³ Cu
kqX-Ip-e¡
- m-tcmSv tNÀ¯p. ÇmJy-Ip-eP
- \
- y-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶X
- n-\mÂ
AhÀ¡p NmIym-·mÀ F¶ t]cp sImSp-¡bpw kwkvIr-X\
- m-SI
- w,
Ae-¦m-ci
- m-kv{Xw, hymI-cW
- i
- m-kv{Xw, `mc-Xw, cma-bW
- mZn ]pcm-
W-§Ä, `c-X\
- m-Sy-imkv{Xw Ch ]Tn¨p ]pcm-WI
- Y
- I
- sf {]_-Ô-
am-¡o-«p-Å-Xns\ k`-bnÂ {]Im-in-¸n¨p P\-§Ä¡v Adn-hp--m-
¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡bpw \mS-I-§Ä k`-bnÂ A`n-\-bn¨v BSp-Ibpw
sNbvXv tZh\pw P\-§Ä¡pw kt´mjw hcp-¯p-¶Xv AhÀ¡v
hr¯n-bmbn Iev]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu BÚm-\p-kmcw
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶X
- ns\ ae-bm-f¯
- nÂ "NmIymÀIqs¯'¶p ]d-bp-¶p
(]p. 79).
A¡m-e¯v Iq¯pw \mS-I§
- fpw A`n-\b
- n¨v BSp-¶X
- n\pw
I-pw tI«pw ckn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw tIc-f-¯nse hnZzm-·mÀ BZy-Imew
apXÂ Xs¶ kwkvIr-X`- m-jb
- n-epÅ AjvSm-Zi
- ]
- p-cm-W§
- fpw Ae- 12345678901234567890
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¦m-ci
- m-kv{X-§fpw \mS-I§
- fpw ]Tn-¨n-cp-¶p. 154
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""NmIymÀIq¯v t£{X-§-fnÂ sht¨ \S-¯mhq F¶v
GÀ¸m-Sp--m-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ {][m\ t£{X-§-fn-sems¡ Cu hI-
bv¡mbn Iq¯-¼-e-§Ä D-m-bn-cp-¶p. `mc-Xw, cmam-bWw apX-
emb henb IY-Isf {]_-Ôa
- m¡n Iq¯p-If
- n-¡p-¶X
- nÂ kwkvIr-
X-¯nÂ tÇmI-§fpw AÀ°w `mj-bnepw Bbn-cn-¡Ww ]d-ªp-
h-¶Xv; F¦nte P\-§Ä¡v Adnhv hÀ²n-¡W
- s
- a-¶pÅ Dt±iw
km[n¡q. CXv AXmXp kabw tIc-f¯
- nÂ \S-¸pÅ `mj-bnÂ
Xs¶ Bbn-cp-¶n-cn-¡W
- w.''
""\mS-I-§Ä thjw-sI«n A`n-\-bn-¡p¶ hnj-b-¯nÂ

NmIym-·mÀ¡p klm-ba
- m-bn«p \§n-bm-·mcpw \¼n-bm-·mcpw BZy-
Imew apXÂt¡ D- m - b n- c p- ¶ p. NmIym- · m- c psS kv { XoIÄ¡p
Iq¯p ]Xn-hn-Ãm-¯X
- n-\mÂ AXn\p ]Icw \§n-bm-·m-sc-s¶mcp
kqX-Ip-e-¡m-cp--m-bn-cp-¶p. NmIym-·m-sc-t¸mse A\p-tem-a-ambn
tZmj-s¸-«h
- c
- nÂ P\n-¡p¶ kv{XoIÄ Ch-tcmSp tNÀ-¶p-h¶
- p. Ch-
cpsS hr¯n NmIym-·m-tcmSp \mSyw A`y-kn¨p tZh-kv{Xo-thjw
Naªp Iq¯m-Sp-Ibpw NmIymÀIq-¯p-¦Â Xmfw sIm«p-Ibpw
Bbn-cp-¶p. Ch-cpsS Ipe-¯nse ]pcp-j-·msc \¼ym-·m-sc¶p
]d-bp-¶p. AhÀ¡p Iq¯nÂ angmhv F¶ hmZyw sIm«p-Ib
- pw,
Ae-¦m-c-§Ä k¼m-Zn-¨p-sIm--p-h¶p NmIym-·m-scbpw \§n-bm-
·m-scbpw thjw sI«n AWn-bn-¡bpw Bbn-cp¶p tPmen(]p. 80, 81).
A©m-a[
- ym-b¯
- nÂ ]¿-¶qÀ ]t«m-e, {_mÒ-Wn-¸m-«v, tXmäw-
]m-«v, tZth-{µ-¸Å
- , kÀ¸-¸m-«v, imkvXmw-]m-«v, \ngÂ¡q-¯p-]m-«v,
Irjn-¸m-«v, A½m-\¸
- m-«p-IÄ, tIme-Sn-¸m-«v, a{´-hmZw F¶nh ]cm-
aÀin-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. tXmäw-]m«p hfsc ]pcm-X\
- s
- a¶pw Cu hI ]m«p-
IÄ `{Z-Im-fn-t£-{X-§Ä tIc-f-¯n-ep--mb Imew apXÂ¡p-Å-
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h-bm-sW¶pw Fgp-Xn-]T
- n-¨p-IqSm F¶p-amWv {]amWw. 12345678901234567890
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155
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""aZ-Ic
- n-ap-Jhm tZhm ae-aI
- ÄX-\bm _mem
aXn-bW
- n-ć
- \
- mÀ Xsâ aI-\Xmw KtWim D®n
hcnI \mev]´
- ÂX-¶nÂ As¼mtS tXmäw sNmÂhm³
Icn-ap-J\
- p-St- bmt\ \n³I-ge
- nW ]Wn-bp-t¶³ t]män'' (]pdw 97)
Nnäq-cnÂ "tZth-{µ-¸Å' F¶ `K-hXn {]oXn-Ic

- a
- mb Hcp Ifn-
bp- - v . hfsc ]pcm- X - \ - a m- s W¶v Ihn- X m- k z- ` mhw sIm- p a\- Ê n-
em-¡mw. AXnse ]m«pw hncp-¯hpw kzev]w Xmsg tNÀ¡p-¶p.
""A©p-ap-Js
- ¯mSp IpS-hb
- d- g- I
- nb B\-apJt¯mt\
A³s]m-Sp-\n-¶psS \r¯-asX-s¸m-gp-sa-¶psS \mhn-t·Â
XpÅn-hn-fb
- m-tSWw \n¶psS a\-Ên-¶c
- p-fmtem `K-hX
- ntb
]p\-]c
- t- a-iz-ct\ KW-]X
- ntb ssIsXm-gp-t¶³''
imkvXm³]m-«p-IÄ A¿-¸³Im-hp-If
- nepw Nne-ho-Sp-If
- nepw
h¨v Ign- ¡ m- d p- - p - t ]m- e pw. sX¡³ Zn¡p- I - f nÂ CXns\
"\¼ymÀ]m«v' F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. Nne hcn-IÄ C§-s\-bmWv :
""tZh-tem-I¯p t\sc \S-bnÂ sN¶-§ns\ \ne¯p \n¶v

tZh-tem-It¯ tZhm-im\pw tZh-Ifpw ImWpI sNbvXp
tZth- i m\pw Is- m cp t\cw s]m·- I - t \mSp tNmZn- ¡ p- ¶ p- v
Fhn-Sp¶p hcp-s¶tSm \n§Ä hgn-t]m-¡c
- nÂ _me-I·
- mtc
hgn-t]m-¡c
- nÂ _me-I\
- Ã {iossI-em-ks¯ s]m·-I\
- mcv''
Xan-gns\ B{i-bn¨v Z£n-W-tI-c-f-¯nÂ P\-§Ä hfsc

`àn-tbmsS ]mSn-bn-cp-¶X
- mWv "\ngÂ¡p-¯p-]m«v' AXv BZyw ]mSn-
Xp-S§
- n-bXv the-·m-cm-Ip-¶p-hs
- {X. tI«p-]T
- n¨v ]mSn-¸mSn Ime-{I-
a-¯nÂ A\-£c
- s
- ¡m-«b
- m-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Nne hcn-IÄ C§-
s\-bmWv:
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""Aa-fn-tbm-Sp-{]-an¨p ]pIp-ds
- s]-Xs
- em-¶d- n-hn-¨p-S³ 12345678901234567890
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156
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Bcn¶nhnsS hmgvhXpw \o Bsc-t¶m-Sp-sNm-Ãp\o
Cu\-Pm-Xn-Is
- f-{Xbpw ASn-b§Ä ]m¯-Ip-dh
- cv
C¼-tamSp ImWp-¶m-eb
- s
- ams¡ R§sS ssZh-hpw.
Bdm-a[
- ym-b¯
- nÂ tImgn-t¡m«p am\thZ³ cmPm, hnezawK-
e-¯p-kzm-an-bmÀ F¶n-hs
- c-¸än ]d-bp-¶n-S¯p "IrjvWm- «w' ]cm-
aÀin-¡p-¶p. hnez-aw-Kew kzman-bm-cp-ambn cmPmhv kÃm-]-¯n-
teÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ `K-hms\ ImWp-hm-\pÅ Ah-kc
- a
- p-m- s
- b-¶pw,
B Xncp-ap-Sn-bnÂ\n¶p In«nb abnÂ¸o-en-IqsS h¨p IrjvWsâ
Hcp Inco-Shpw thsd B«-t¡m-¸p-Ifpw XoÀ¸n-¡bpw IrjvWm-h-
Xmcw apXÂ kzÀ¤m-tcm-lWw hsc-bpÅ IrjvWN
- c
- n-XI
- Y apgp-
h³ F«p-Zn-h-ks¯ IY-bm-bn«p kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ D-m-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXn«v A¶p-sXm«v `àn-tbm-Sp-IqSn AXns\ B
- S- n-¨p-h¶
- p. ""Cu
IrjvWm- «w BZym]n tImgn-t¡m«p {][m\w Xs¶. Cu B«-¡Y
Ahn-Sp¶p shfn-bnÂ sImSp-¡bpw ]c-ky-am-¡p-Ibpw D-mb
- n-«n-Ãm.''
B abnÂ¸oen tNÀ¯p-XoÀ¯ apSn-h-¨mÂ IrjvWsâ

thjw sI«p¶ Bfn\p `mhw ]IÀ¶p ImWp-¶Xp ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p.
Hcn-¡Â Cu Ifn-¡mÀ Xr¸q-Wn-¯p-dh
- sc h¶-t¸mÄ sImö-cm-
Pmhp ]co-£n-¡m-\mbn Hcp Ifn \nÝ-bn-¨p. IY Iwk-h[
- a- m-bn-cp-¶p.
Hcp B\-sbbpw hcp-¯n. Ac-§¯p \nÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. IrjvWsâ
thjw sI«nb BÄ B\sb sIm¼nÂ ]nSn¨p aeÀ¯n-¡n-S¯n
sIm¶-Xnsâ tijw cmPm-hnsâ t\sc sN¶p F¶pw, cmPmhv
HmSn c£-s¸«p F¶pw, C-{]-Imcw kw`-hn-¨Xp sImÃw 600-þÂ
BsW-¶pw, AXnÂ]n-s¶, Kpcp-hm-bqÀ¡p sXt¡m«p IrjvWm«w
Ab-¨n-«n-sÃ¶pw ]g-a¡
- mÀ ]d-bp-¶p (]p. 126-þ127).
"Ajv S - ] Zn B«w' kqNn- ¸ n- ¨ p- s Im- - m Wv Cu A[ymbw

Ahkm\n-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v. Pb-tZ-h³ Fs¶mcp {]kn-²\
- mb kwkvIr-
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X-hn-Zzm³ N{µm-tem-Iw, KoX-tKm-hn-µw, {]k-¶c
- m-Lhw F¶n-§s\ 12345678901234567890
157
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aq¶p kwkv I r- X - { K- Ù - § Ä D- m - ¡ o- « p- - v . At±lw Pohn- ¨ n- c p-
¶Xv GI-tZiw Ien-hÀjw 4200-þsâ CS-bv¡m-bn-cp-¶p. CXnÂ KoX-
tKm-hn-µ¯
- ns\ AjvS]
- Zn F¶pw ]d-bp-- ¶ p- - v . Cu Ajv S - ] Z- n-bnÂ
IrjvWs
- âbpw tKm]-k{v Xo-If
- p-sSbpw (ap-Jy-ambn cm[-bp-sS) {IoU-
bmWv hÀ®n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v.
A\-ćw tIc-f-¯nÂ kwkvIr-X-hn-Zzm-·mÀ hfsc D-m-bn-

cp-¶X
- nÂ Ah-cpsS ck-¯n-\m-bn«p NmIym-·mÀ \mS-I§
- Ä A`n-
\-bn¨v BSp-¶-Xnsâ {Iaw A\p-k-cn¨v ssIIÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨pw
sN- IqSmsX a±fw apX-emb hmZy-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw AXns\
Ac-§¯v BSp¶ ]Xnhpw D-m-bn. AXns\ AjvS-]-Zn-bm«w
F¶p-]d- b
- p-¶p. F¶m-cw-`n-¨p-sh¶v \nÝ-ba
- n-Ãm. NneÀ 200 hÀjs¯
]g-¡hpw \S-¸m-¡n-bXv CS-¸-Ån-X-¼p-cm-\m-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.
DÛhw F§s\ Bbn-cp-¶mepw B«w hfsc ck-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.
AXnÂ irwKm-cc
- kw {][m-\a
- m-bn-cp-¶p. ck-§Ä ]Z-§f
- nÂ A¦p-
cn¨pw kv^pcn¨pw Ccn-¡p-¶p. ]m«p-{ipXn ]ng-bv¡m-sXbpw Btcm-
l-Wm-htcm-lW
- {- I-a¯
- nÂ hyàm-£c
- a
- mbn AÀ°-§Ä¡p t`Zw
IqSmsX ]Z-§Ä tbmPn-¸n¨pw Bbn-cp-¶mÂ ]mSn-t¡Ä¡m\pw
BSn-¡m-Wm\pw hfsc \¶m-Wv.
F«mw A[ym-b¯
- n-emWv sIm«m-c¡
- c
- ¯
- ¼
- p-cm\pw B«-¡-
Ybpw NÀ¨-sN-¿s
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v.
""B«-¡-Y-I-fp--m-¡n, sIm«m-c-¡-c, tIm«-bw,

tIm«q-cp-®m-bnbpw aäpw Iq«m-aj
- vS]
- Z- n-¡h'
F¶p tImhp®n s\Sp-§mSn tIc-fI

- u-ap-Zn-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶p.
AjvS]
- Z- n-t]mse KZy-]Z- y-§Ä IqSn-¡e
- À¶ {]_-Ô§
- f
- m-Ip¶p.
sIm«m-c¡
- c
- ¯
- ¼
- p-cm-¡·
- mÀ Xncp-hn-Xmw-tIm«p kwØm-\¯
- nse 12345678901234567890
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cmP-hw-i-t¯mSp Zqc-kw-_Ôw D-m-bn-cp-¶-h-cmbn ]d-bp-Ibpw 158
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]m¨p-aq-¯X
- nsâ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Ncn-{X-¯nse kqN-\I
- fpw \ÂIn-
bn- « p- - v . (]pdw 157)
cma-\m« \nÀ½n-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v tImgn-t¡m«p kmaq-Xn-
cn-bp-ambn \S¶ Bt£-]I
- Y
- , tI«p-tIÄhn ]c-amÀ°-am-Ip-¶X
- mbn
ChnsS ]d-bp-¶p. X¼p-cm³ cmam-bWw apgp-h³ F«p B«-¡Y
- I
- -
fmbn Na-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah (1) ]p{X-Im-tajvSn (2) koXm-kz-bw-hc
- w,
(3) hn-Ñn-¶m-`n-tjIw (4) Jc-h[
- w, (5) _men-h[
- w, (6) tXmc-Wb
- p-²w,
(7) tkXp-_Ô
- \
- w, (8) bp²w Ch BIp-¶p. Ah-bnÂ tÇmI-§-
fnÂ IYm-km-chpw ]Z-§-fnÂ c-p-t]À X§-fn-epÅ kw`m-j-
Whpw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Zy-§Ä Km\-co-Xn¡p X¡-Xmb am{Xm-
t`-Zt- ¯m-Sp-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ae-bm-f]
- Z- §
- f
- m-Ip-¶p.
tÇmI-§Ä A]qÀÆ-am-bn«p NneXp kwkvIr-X¯
- nÂ DÅ-
X-ÃmsX tijw A{Xbpw aWn-{]-hm-fa
- m-Ip-¶p. ]Z-§Ä A{Xbpw
km[m-cW ae-bm-fs
- a¶p am{X-aÃ kwkvIr-X]
- c
- n-Úm\w H«pw CÃm-
¯-hÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶X
- n\v Ffp-¸a
- m-Ip-¶p. B«-¡Y
- ¡v ASn-
Øm-\a
- m-bn«v FSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv hmevaoIn cmam-bW
- a
- m-Wv.
IY-I-fn-¸m-«p-IÄ Cuhn[w BZyw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ D-m-
b-Xnsâ tijw Ipsd \mf-t¯¡v Ah thjw sI«n Ac-§¯v
BSn-h¶
- Xv hfsc A]-cn-jvIr-XØ
- n-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. sIm«m-c¡
- c
KW-]X
- n-t£-{X-k¶
- n-[n-bnÂ h¨m-bn-cp¶p Ahsb Ac-t§äw Ign-
¨-Xv. A¶p Ip¸m-bhpw Inco-Shpw D-m-bn-«n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. IWn-i-
·mÀ tIc-f¯
- nÂ ]pcm-X\
- a
- mbn tImew-sI«n BSp-¶c
- o-Xn-A\
- p-k-
cn¨v Iap-In³ ]mf-bnÂ thj-§Ä Fgp-Xn-h¨p sI«n-bmWv BSn-
b-Xv. B«-¡mÀ Xs¶ ]mSn-h¶
- p. a±fw BZn-bm-bn-«pÅ hmZy-§-
f- Ã msX sN- \S- ¸ n- Ã m- b n- c p- ¶ p.
A\-ćw hS-¡p-sh-«¯
- p-\m-«p-cm-Pmhv Ahn-Sps¯ sIm«m-c- 12345678901234567890
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¯nÂ IY-Ifn {][m-\a
- mbn \S-¸m-¡nb ka-bw, Nne ]cn-jvIm-c- 159
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§Ä sNbvXp. ]mf-\n-dp-¯Â sNbvXv ]Icw apJ¯p a\-tbme
tX¡p-Ibpw IncoSw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw Ip¸mbw [cn-¡bpw
sN¿p¶ \S¸v GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. Iemiw Nhn-«p-¶X
- nepw aäpw B«-
¡mÀ £oWn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶X
- p-sIm-v ]m«n\p thsd BÄ \nb-an-¨p.
At¸mÄ apXÂ sN-bpw \S-¸m-bn-h-¶p. CXns\ "sh«-¯p-k-
{¼-Zmb' sa¶p ]d-bp-¶p. (]pdw 161-þ162)
tIm«-b¯p cmPm-hnsâ B«-¡Y I--Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv Aiz-

Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ B-«¡
- Y
- I
- Ä Bcw-`n-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. AXn-\mÂ tIm«-b¯p
X¼p-cm³ Pohn-¨n-cp-¶Xv GI-tZiw 840-þ\pw 920-þ\pw at²y Bbn-
cn-¡W
- w. X¼p-cmsâ \mep B«-¡Y
- I
- f
- nÂ H¶m-aXv _I-h[
- hpw
c-m-aXp Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-Ihpw aq¶m-aXp InÀ½o-c-h-[hpw \mem-
aXp \nhm-XI
- h
- N
- h
- [
- hpw BIp-¶p. CXym-Zn-IY
- I
- Ä h[m-á
- mbn
Ah-km-\n-¡p¶p F¦nepw Cw¥o-jnÂ {SmPUn F¶p ]d-bp-¶X
- n-
t\mSp Chbv¡v A[nIw tNÀ¨ ImWp¶-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ cmK-tZz-
jn-I-fmb at\m-hn-Im-c-§-sf-s¡m-p _p²n-lo-\-·m-cmb Akp-c-
·mÀ X§-fpsS ZpjvSX \nan¯w kÖ-\§
- t- fmSv FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw
HSp-hnÂ kÖ-\§
- Ä Pbn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CXv k·mÀ¤-Úm-
\s¯ D-m-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡v D]-Im-c-s¸-Sp-¶p (]pdw 236-þ237).
]Xn-s\m¶mw A[ym-b¯
- nÂ ImÀ¯n-IX
- n-cp-\mÄ, Aiz-Xn-
Xn-cp-\mÄ X¼p-cm³ F¶n-hÀ B«-¡Ybv¡p \ÂInb kw`m-h\
hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. ImÀ¯nI Xncp-\m-fns\ B{i-bn¨p Ign-ªn-cp¶
{]kn-²I
- h
- n-If
- m-bn-cp¶p Ip©³\-¼ymÀ, D®m-bn-hm-cyÀ, NmX-I-
k-tµ-i-IÀ¯m-hv \-¼qcn, a--h-¸Ån C«n-cm-cn-È-ta-t\m³, ]pXn-b-
cmÂ X¼m³, ISn-bw-Ip-f¯p ip¸p-ta-\h
- ³ apXÂt]À. A¡m-
e¯p IY-If
- n-bnepw XpÅ-enepw Nne ]cn-jvIm-c§
- Ä sNbvXn-«p-v-.
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sIm«m-c¯
- nÂ ]Xn-hm-bn«v DÕ-hh
- w, \h-cm-{Xn-]qP apX-emb ASn- 12345678901234567890
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b-ń-c§
- Ä¡v B«-¯n\pw XpÅ-en\pw am¯qÀ ]Wn-¡sc Npa-
X-es
- ¸-Sp-¯n. ImÀ¯nI Xncp-\m-fnsâ Ih-\§
- f
- nÂ tÇmI-§Ä
an¡-hmdpw ]qÀ® kwkvIr-Xhpw ]Z-§Ä B{Xbpw aWn-{]-hm-
fhpw BIp-¶p. B«¡Y-IÄ sIm«m-c¡
- c
- ¯
- ¼
- p-cmsâ IY-If
- n-
¸m-«ns\Xs¶ amXr-I-bm¡n D-m-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-sW-¦nepw IhnX
hfsc ]cn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p--v. `mjm-]-Z-§Ä¡p Kuchw hcp-¯n-
bn- « p- - v . \mS- I - § - f nÂ apJy- a mbn t\mt¡- - X p ck- § - f m- I - b mÂ
Ahn-Ss¯ IY-I-fnÂ irwKm-c-ho-c-cu-{Zm-Zn-c-k-§Ä¡p \Ã
{]Imiw D- m - b n- « p- - v . B«- ¡ - Y - b nÂ km[m- c - W - b mbn D]- t bm- K n-
¨p-h-cp¶ kI-e-hn[ thj-cq-]-§fpw Ahn-Ss¯ IY-I-fnÂ D-v.
AXp-Iq-Sm-sXbpw Jc-h[
- w, InÀ½o-ch
- [w Ch-bnÂ t\cw shfp-
¡m-dm-Ip-t¼mÄ \nWw sI«n IWvTmcw (Zpx-JI
- W
- vTm-cw) ]mSn-¡p-
¶-Xp-t]mse AÃmsX \c-Im-kp-c-h-[-¯nÂ \nWw AÀ²-cm{Xn
AIp-¶p. AXmWv \nWw sI«p¶Xn\p icn-bmb ka-bw. C{]-
Imcw ]e-hn-[-¯nÂ Btem-N-\m-]qÀÆw D-m-¡o-«pÅ IY-bmWv
\c-Im-kp-ch
- [w F¶p hnNm-cn-¡m-hp-¶X
- m-Ip-¶p.
ImÀ¯n-IX
- n-cp-\m-fn-t\-¡mÄ A[nIw hnZz¯w B«-¡Y
- I
- -
fnÂ Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xmbn {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p.
AÀ°m-e¦
- m-c§
- Ä¡pam-{X-aÃ
- , i_vZm-e¦
- m-c§
- Ä¡pw AhnSps¯
IhnX IoÀ¯n-s¸-«X
- m-Ip-¶p.
Ip©³\-¼n-bm-cpsS Pohn-Xw, Imew, IrXn-IÄ, cN-\m-]Ý

- m-
¯ew XpS-§n-bh
- b
- mWv XpSÀ¶p NÀ¨ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. angmhv
(A-sÃ-¦nÂ _nSm-hv) sIm«p¶ \¼n-bmÀ, ]qWq-epÅ \¼n-bmÀ,
Xn¿m-Sn-\¼
- n-bmÀ, \mb-·m-cnÂ \¼n-bm-sc¶ Øm\-hn-ti-jt- ¯m-
Sp-Iq-Sn-bh
- À C§s\ \mep-hn[w \¼n-bm-cp-ÅX
- nÂ Ip©³\-¼n-
bmÀ {]Y-tam-àh
- À¤-¯nÂ tNÀ¶-h\
- m-bn-cp-¶p. ]Xn-¶m-ep-hr-¯w,
ioem-h-Xn, ]¯p-hr¯w apX-emb Ihn-X-IÄ \¼n-bmÀ _mey- 12345678901234567890
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¯nÂ D-m-¡o-«p-Å-h-bm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. \¼n-bmÀ¡v kwKo-X-¯nÂ
\Ã hmk- \ - b p- - m b
- n-cp-¶p. taÂ]-dª Ihn-XI
- Ä B Ime¯p
kv{XoIÄ¡p ]mSp-¶X
- n\pw ssIsIm-«n-¡f
- n-¡p-¶X
- n\pw Bbn«v
D- m - ¡ o- « p- Å - h - b m- b n- c n- ¡ - W w.
\¼n-bmÀ kztZ-i¯
- p-\n¶pw sXt¡m«p t]m¶Xv Dt±iw 20
hbÊp {]mb-am-bX
- nsâ tij-am-bn-cn-¡W
- w. AXn-\p-ap¼v At±lw
aq¶p-sImÃw hsc tImgn-t¡mSv A§m-Sn-bnÂ Xma-kn¨v \mtSm-Sn-
`mj hi-am-¡o-«p-v-. Cu kl-hm-k¯
- n-emWv e´-¡mÀ, e´-¡p-cp,
e´t¯m¡v F¶pw aäpw Ihn-XI
- f
- nÂ ImWp-¶X
- v. CXn\p ap¼p-
X¶ sXt¡m«p ]e-t¸mgpw hcn-Ibpw sN¼-It- Ècn cmPm-hnsâ
cmPy¯pw tIm«-b¯pw Gsd-¡psd Xma-kn-¡p-Ibpw D-m-bn-«p--v.
sN¼-It- Ècn cmPm-hnsâ a{ń-bm-bn-cp¶ am¯qÀ¸-Wn-¡À apJm-
ń-ca
- mWv CsXms¡ km[n-¨X
- v.
ioX- ¦ ³ a«nÂ c- p - a q- ¶ p- I - Y - I Ä D- m - ¡ n- b - X nsâ tijw

Kpcp-hnsâ BÚm-\p-kmcw Hm«³Xp-ÅÂ D-m¡n. B PmXn-
bnÂ BZyw cNn-¨Xv Incm-Xa
- m-Wv. A\-ćw ]d-b³Xp-ÅÂ D-m¡
- n.
B PmXn-bnÂ BZyw \nÀ½n-¨X
- p KtP-{µ-tam-£a
- m-Ip-¶p. Cu aq¶p-
hn-[hpw hr¯-t`Zw sIm-p h¶n-«p-Å-h-bm-Wv. thjw sI«p-¶-
XnÂ hyXym-k-ap--v. XpÅÂ¡-Y-IÄ ]mSn Ac-§¯p Ifn-¡-
bmWp ]Xn-hv. AXn-te¡p ImWn-¡p¶ A`n-\b
- §
- Ä an¡Xpw
NmIym-·m-cpsS IqSn-bm-«¯
- n-\pÅ A`n-\b
- §
- Ä t]mse BIp-¶p.
Ah NmIym-·m-tcm-SpÅ ]cn-Nbw sIm-p \¼n-bmÀ¡p Adn-hp-
In-«n-bX
- n-\mÂ B ssII-sf-¯s¶ D]-tbm-Ks
- ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
ImÀ¯n-I-Xn-cp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hn\p IY-Ifn CjvS-am-bn-cn-

¡bpw Ahn-Sp¶v IY-I-fn-¸m-«p-IÄ D-m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-
«p-Å-Xn-\mÂ \¼n-bmÀ Cu kabw B«-¡Y D-m-¡m³ {ian-¨p.
AXn- \ p- a p¼p IY- I - f n- b nÂ hfsc hnc- k X D- m - b n- c p- ¶ - X mbn 12345678901234567890
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IrjvWe
- oe XpÅ-enÂ\n¶pw Adn-bmw. 162
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B«-§f
- mSn \S-¡p-¶nXp Nne
Iq«w P\w [\w tamln-¡I
- m-cWw
s]«n- h - c p- ¶ Xp I- m Â Nne P\w
sIm«n-¡-X-I-§-S-¨p-sh-¶p-hcpw
AjvSn-am{Xw sImSp-¯§
- b
- ¡pw NneÀ
IjvSn¨p tIfn sIm«n-¨p-sh¶pw hcpw
B«-¡f
- nÂ IrjvW\
- m«w ip`w cmaþ
\m«w XpS-§n-bmÂ tIm«w hcpw ZrVw.''
F¦nepw alm- c m- P m- h n\p B«- ¯ nÂ {]nb- a p- s - ¶ p I- -

t¸mÄ iw_-c-h[w BZn-bmbn Gsg-«p-I-Y-IÄ hsc D-m-¡o-«p--v.
Ah-bnÂ iw_-ch
- [w HgnsI tijw Hs¡bpw XpÅÂt]mse
Ihn-Xm-coXn h¶p-t]m-Ib
- mÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
\¼ymÀ Ihn-X-bnse Nne kZm-Nm-c-hm-Iy-§Ä ChnsS

FSp¯ptNÀ¯n-«p--v. \¼n-bm-cpsS tbmKyX apgp-h\pw XpÅÂ¡-
Y-IÄ sIm--dn-bmw. t\cw-t]m-¡n\pw hoc-irw-Km-cm-Zn-c-k-hÀ®-\-
IÄ¡pw X¯pey\mbn CX-cI
- h
- n-Isf ImWp-¶n-Ã. XpÅÂ¡-Y-
I-fnse kZm-Nm-c-hm-Iy-§fpw ]g-s©m-Ãp-I-fp-ambn 39 F®w
FSp¯p tNÀ¯n- « p- - v .
a--h-¸-ÅnÂ C«n-cm-cn-Èn-ta-\-h³ cNn¨ k´m-\-tKm-]m-ew,

cpÜmw-KZ- N
- c
- n-Xw, _mW-bp²w F¶n-§s\ aq¶p B«-¡Y
- I
- s
- f-
¸än ]d-bp-¶p. CXnÂ k´m-\t- Km-]m-ew, cpÜmw-KZ- N
- c
- nXw F¶nh
GI-tZiw Cw¥o-jnÂ tImaUn F¶p ]d-bp¶ kt´m-ja
- mbn Ah-
km-\n-¡p¶ \mS-I§
- t- fmSv kZr-io-Ic
- n-¡mw. k·mÀ¤-IY
- I
- Ä F¶
\ne-bn-emWv tIma-Un-bmbn I--Xv F¶pw At±lw {]kvXm-hn-
¡p-¶p. CS-h¡
- m«v \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-S·
- m-cpsS _mW-bp-²w, sshssi-
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J-]p-cm-Ww, F¶n-hbpw Cc-«¡
- p-f§
- c hmcy-cpsS Incm-Xh
- [
- hpw 12345678901234567890
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]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. CXns\ hS-t¡m«v "sX¡³In-cmXw', "hS-¡³
IncmXw' F¶n-§s
- \bpw ]d-ªp-Im-Wp-¶p.
]{´- m w A[ymbw Bcw- ` n- ¡ p- ¶ Xv D®m- b n- h m- c y- c psS

Imew, Øew F¶nh hnh-cn-¨p-sIm--m-Wv. Ip©³\-¼ymcpw D®m-
bn-hm-cycpw Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v Htc-k-abw D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn Icp-
Xp-¶p. hmcyÀ A¡m-e¯v At\Iw aWn-{]-hm-ft- Çm-I§
- fpw ]e-
am-Xncn IoÀ¯-\-§fpw D-m-¡o-«p--v. F¦nepw hmcy-cpsS {][m\
IhnX \f-Nc
- nXw \mep-Zn-hk
- s¯ B«-¡Y
- bpw Kncn-Pm-Ie
- ymWw
Infn-¸m«pw BIp-¶p.
"\mep-Zn-hk
- s¯'bpw IY-bnse FÃm ]Z-§fpw tÇmI-§fpw
at\m-lc
- §
- f
- m-bp-ÅX
- m-Ib
- mÂ AXnÂ\n¶pw Gähpw \¶m-bn-«p-
ÅXv Xncsª-Sp-¡p-¶X
- n\pw {]bm-ka
- m-Ip-¶p. irwKm-ch
- m-cn-\n-[n-
bmb Cu Ihn-bpsS \f-Nc
- nXw IY H¶m-ć
- a
- m-Wv. {]mkw BZn-
bnepw Aý- ¯ nepw Hmtcm hcn Cu c- p A£- c - ¯ n- e p- a p- - v .
]m«ns\ hnNm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ tÇmI-§Ä A{X shSn-¸m-bn-«p-Ås
- X¶p
]d-hm-\n-Ã. CXn-epÅ ]Z-§Ä ]m«n\p \Ã-Xm-Ib
- mÂ ae-bm-f¯
- nÂ
an¡-Øe- §
- f
- nepw kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j· - mcpw ]Tn-¨p-]m-Sn-hc
- p-¶p.
XpSÀ¶p hmcy-sc-¸-än-bpÅ c-p hnZzm-·m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-§fpw22
\f-N-cn-{X-¯nse GXm\pw Nne hcn-Ifpw D²-cn-¨p-sIm-v \f-N-cn-
X-NÀ¨ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.23
Ie-¡¯p cmL-h³ \¼n-bmÀ imIp-´fw H³]-Xp-Zn-h-

ks¯ B«-¡-Y-bmbn D-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXnÂ 6 Znh-ks¯ IY
A¨-Sn-¨n-«p--v. AXnÂ\n¶v Nne ]Z-§fpw tÇmI-§fpw tNÀ¯n-
« p - - v .24
"]qt´m«w \¼q-Xncn Fs¶mcp hnZzm³ cmP-kqbw B«-¡Y 12345678901234567890

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D- m - ¡ o- « p- s - ¶ pw AXns\ hS- ¡ ³ cmP- k qbw F¶p- w ]- d - b pw. 164
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AXv Hcp D¯-aI
- r-Xn-bt- {X. Cu IY hS-¡³Zn-¡p-If
- nÂ km[m-
cW BSp-¶X
- pw, BSn-¡m-×m\pw ]mSn-t¡Ä¸m\pw \Ã-Xm-Ip-¶p.'
Hcp tÇmIhpw Hcp ]Zhpw tNÀ¯n-«p--v.
t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- mb IqSnbm«w, IrjvW\m«w, IY-If
- n, XpÅÂ
XpS-§n-bh
- s
- b-¸än ae-bm-f`- m-jm-Nc
- n-{X-IÀ¯m-hnÂ\n¶v \ap¡v e`n-
¨n-«pÅ Adn-hp-I-fmWv taÂ¸-d-ª-h. auen-IXsIm-v Ac-\q-äm-
t-mfw Hä-s¸-«p-\n¶ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-am-Wn-sX¶ Imcy-¯nÂ kwi-
b-an-Ã. am{X-aÃ
- , {KÙ-{]-Im-i\
- ¯
- n\pw D]m-Zm\ tiJ-cW
- ¯
- n\pw
aäpw hfsc km[y-X-IÄ Ipd-ª-Im-e-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]nÂ¡me
kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c·
- mÀ¡p amXr-Ib
- mbn hÀ¯n-¨Xpw Cu IrXn-
bm-Wv. F¦nepw NmIymÀIq-¯v, IY-I-fn, XpÅÂ F¶n-h¡v
"t£{X-Ie
- I
- Ä' F¶ kwÚ \ÂIn ]T-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-¡n-bn-«n-Ã.
Ah-bpsS ]mc-¼c
- ym-\p-jvTm\ hi-§Ä þ Ah-Xc
- W
- ¯
- nepw cwK-
]m-T¯
- nepw þ Ac-§ns\ ap³\nÀ¯n Nnń-¨n-«n-Ã. Ch-bnse kmln-
Xys¯ Zriy-I-em-km-ln-Xy-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶n-Ã.
tIm«bw IY-Is
- fbpw D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS \f-Nc
- n-Xs
- ¯bpw ]cm-
aÀin-¡p-¶n-S¯v aWn-{]-hm-f`- m-jb
- psS {]m[m-\yhpw {]tXy-IX
- bpw
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p--v. F¶mÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-bpsS NÀ¨-bnÂ B«-
¡-YI
- Ä NÀ¨m-hn-jb
- §
- f
- m-Ip-¶n-Ã. XpÅÂ¡-YI
- Ä A`n-\b
- n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v amXrI NmIymÀIq-¯m-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p--v. cma-\m-«-¯nÂ
h¶ ]cn-jvIm-c§
- fpw ]nÂ¡me B«-¡Ym IÀ¯m-¡·
- m-scbpw
Ah-cpsS IrXn-Is
- fbpw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶X
- n-emWv A[nIw {i²n-
¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. B«-¡Y
- I
- f
- psS kmln-Xy-kz-cq]w cwK-Ie
- s
- b¶ \ne-
bnÂ ]T-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-¡msX \mS-I§
- s
- fbpw aäp Iem-cq-]§
- s
- fbpw
hne-bn-cp-¯p¶ coXn-bn-emWv ]cm-aÀin-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. Npcp-¡¯
- nÂ
B«-¡Y
- bpw XpÅÂIr-Xn-Ifpw A`n-\b
- k
- m-ln-Xy-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ 12345678901234567890
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165
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ae-bm-f`- m-jm-Nc
- n-{X-¯nÂ ]T-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-¡n-bn-«n-Ã. am{X-aÃ
- , aWn-
{]-hm-fN
- À¨-bnÂ B«-¡Y
- bpw XpÅÂIr-Xn-Ifpw IS-¶p-hc
- p-¶n-Ã.
]s£, \f-Nc
- nXw B«-¡Y
- b
- nse aWn-{]-hm-f`- m-jm-`wKn FSp-¯p-
Im- W n¨p ÇmLn- ¨ n- « p- a p- - v .
3.4.2. tIc-f-`m-jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
BÀ.-\m-cm-bW
- ¸
- W
- n-¡À cNn¨ "tIc-f`- m-jm-km-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw'
Ggp-`m-K§
- f
- mbn 1927-þ\pw 1951-þ\
- p-an-Sb
- n-emWv {]kn-²o-Ir-Xa
- m-Ip-
¶-Xv. kzmX-{ý-e_
- v[n-¡p-tijw 1954 hsc ap{Zn-Xa
- mb `mjm-]p-
kvXI
- §
- f
- nÂ h¨v Cý³ \mj-WÂ A¡m-Za
- n-bpsS k½m-\¯
- n-
\Àl-am-bXpw 1955-þÂ tI{µ- km-lnXy A¡m-Za
- n-bnÂ\n¶v `mjm-
km-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{X AhmÀUp e`n¨Xpamb {]Ya ae-bmfIrXn-bp-am-
Wn-X.v AXnsâ cN-\s
- b-¸än {KÙ-IÀ¯mhv ]d-bp-¶X
- n-{]-Im-ca
- m-W.v
""]WvUn-Xt- I-kc
- n-IÄ¡v kzÑµw hnl-cn-¡p-¶Xp ]pWy-`q-an-bnÂ
Imse-Sp-¯p-sh-bv¡p-¶X
- n\v Akvam-Zr-i·
- mÀ¡p Hcp Ah--Im-ih-- p-
an-Ãt- Ãm. F¶mÂ anÌÀ tKmhn-µ]
- n-Åb
- psS `mjm-Nc
- n{Xw XoÀ¶p-
t]m-Ibpw XÂØm-\¯p CtX-hsc thsdmcp ]pkvXI
- hpw CÃmsX
hcn-Ibpw sNbvXXp \nan¯w Hcp kmln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw Fgp-Xn-¡W
- -
sa¶v hnZym-hn-em-kn\n _p¡v Unt¸m DS-a-Ø\v B{K-l-ap--mb-
Xnsâ ê-am-bn-«mWv Rm³ Cu kml-k-¯n-\mbn Hcp-s¼-tS--n-
h-¶X
- v.'' tZi-Nc
- n-{Xhpw `mjm-Nc
- n-{Xhpw Iq«n-t¨À¯mWv kmln-
Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \ \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. tIc-f¯
- n-sâbpw tIc-f`- m-j-
bp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw Gsd-¡psd CXnÂ kv]Àin-¨n-«p-ÅX
- n-\m-emWv
tIcf `mjm-km-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw F¶ hym]-Ia
- mb t]À \ÂIn-bn-cn-
¡p-¶-sX¶pw {]kvXm-h-\-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶p--v.
GXm-bmepw H«p-hf
- sc IrXn-IÄ BÀ.-\m-cm-bW
- ¸
- W
- n-¡À
Fgp- X n- b n- « p- s - ¦ nepw kmln- X y- N - c n- { X- h p- a mbn _Ô- s ¸- « mWv
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At±lw Adn-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- .v ""Ggp-`m-K§
- f
- n-ep-ambn 3200-þÂ]cw t]Pp- 12345678901234567890
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IÄ AS-§n-bn-«pÅ C{X _rl-¯mb Hcp {KÙw ssIc-fn¡p
ImgvNs
- h¨ {]b-Xv\i
- o-e\
- mb B ]WvUn-Xt- {i-jvT³ tIc-fo-b-
cpsS A`n-\-µ-\-§Ä XnI¨pw AÀln-¡p-¶p--v.''25
H¶mw `mKw A©m- a - [ ym- b - ¯ n- e mWv IqSn- b m- « hpw

NmIymÀIq¯pw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶X
- v.
""s]cp-amÄ hmgvN-¡m-e-¯p--m-bn-«pÅ kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-I-

amb kw`-h§
- f
- nÂ FÃm-hn-[¯
- nepw {][m-\a
- m-bn-«p-ÅXv IqSn-bm-
«-¯n-sâbpw NmIymÀIq-¯n-sâbpw {]Nm-c-am-Ip-¶p (]pdw 58).
NmIym-·mÀ ]c-ip-cm-at- \m-Sp-IqSn h¶ kqX-·m-cpsS Ipe-¯nÂ P\n-
¨-Xm-sW¶v sFXnlyw hnizm-kt- bm-Ky-as
- Ã¶v ]d-bp-¶p. ""IqSn-
bm«w \S-¯n-h¶
- Xv NmIym-·mcpw Ah-cpsS kv{XoI-fmb \§n-
bm-·m-cpw \¼n-bm-·mcpw tNÀ¶m-Wv. Ah-cnÂ \¼n-bm-·m-cpsS Npa-
Xe angmhp sIm«p-I, cmK-{]-km-[\
- hpw \mµnbpw \nÀÆ-ln¡ apX-
em-b-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. NmIym-·mÀ ]pcp-j-th-jhpw \§ym-·mÀ
kv{Xoth-jhpw sI«n BSp-Ib
- mWv ]Xn-hv. an¡ t£{X-§f
- nepw
Iq¯p \S-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn Iq¯-¼-e-§Ä ImWp-¶p--v.
s]cp-amÄ hmgvNb
- psS Aý-L«- ¯
- nÂ {]kvXp \mS-Im-`n-
\-b-¯n\v ]qÀÆm-[nIw hnIm-k-ap--m-bn. X]-Xo-kw-h-c-Ww, kp`-
{Zm-[\
- R
- vPbw F¶o \mS-I§
- f
- psS IÀ¯m-hp-Xs¶ Hcp s]cp-am-
fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v B {KÙ-§f
- nÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw'' (]pdw
58-þ59).
"Ipe-ti-Jc
- s
- ¸-cp-am-fnsâ Ime-¯n\p apt¼ Xs¶ tIc-f-
¯nÂ NmIymÀIq¯pw \mS-Ihpw D-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦n-epw, s]cp-amÄ
AXns\ H¶p ]cn-jvIc
- n-¨p-Im-WW
- w. At±-l¯
- nsâ kZ-ky\pw
lmky-Ih
- \
- N
- X
- p-c\pw Bb tXme-Ihn kwkvIr-X\
- m-SI
- m-`n-\n-b- 12345678901234567890
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¯nsâ NS-§p-Isf KZy-cq-]¯
- nÂ Fgp-Xn-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p- 167
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]p-dsa AkwJyw hnZq-jI
- t- Çm-I§
- fpw At±lw ae-bm-f¯
- nÂ
cNn-¨n-«p--v. Cu tXme-Ihn Fgp-Xn-b-Xmbn hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {KÙ-
§-fnÂ {][m-\a
- m-bn-«p-Åh B«-{]-Im-chpw {Ia-Zo-]n-Ib
- p-am-Wv. \mS-
I-¯nse Hmtcm tÇmIhpw sNmÃn A`n-\-bn-t¡--Xv F§s\ F¶v
B«-{]-Im-c-¯nÂ hnh-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp DZm-l-cWw tNÀ¯n-«p-v
(]pdw 62-þ63).
]¯p-]X
- n-\©p \mS-I§
- f
- nse Hmtcm `mK-s¯bpw A`n-\-
bn-t¡- hn[s¯bp Cu {KÙ-¯nÂ hnh-cn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶p. {Ia-
Zo-]n-I-bnÂ kµÀ`m-\pkmcw tNÀt¡- Ah-Xm-cn-I, \S³ cwK-
th-Zn-I-fnÂ A\p-jvTn-t¡- IrXy-§Ä, hnZq-j-Isâ hnhn[ NS-
§p-IÄ apX-em-b-h-bmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hnZq-j-Isâ
tÇmI-¯n\v Hcp DZm-l-c-Whpw tNÀ¯n-«p--v (]pdw 64).
""NmIymÀIq¯v Cu ASp¯ Imew hsc ae-bm-fn-If

- psS
Hcp apJy hnt\m-Za
- m-bn-cp-¶p. C¡m-e¯pw AXv Xosc \in-¨p-t]m-
bn-«n-sÃ-¦nepw Gsd-¡psd Zpjn-¨p-h-im-bn-«p-s-¶v FÃmcpw k½-
Xn-¡pw. ]g-bI
- m-e§
- f
- nÂ NmIym-·mÀ¡v cmPm-¡·
- m-cpsS \yq\-X-
I-sf-t¸mepw Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡m-\pÅ kzmX{ýw D-m-bn-cp-¶p. Cu
kzmX-{ýs¯ ]mTIw ]d-bp¶ Ah-kc
- §
- f
- nÂ Ahcv ZpÀÆn-\n-
tbmKw sNbvXp XpS-§n-bXp \nan-¯a
- m-Wv, Iq¯n\v timNym-hØ
t\cn-«X
- v. Cuiz-cI
- Y
- m-{]-kw-K¯
- mÂ a\p-jy-cnÂ [À½-t_m-[hpw
`ànbpw A¦p-cn-¸n-¡p-Ib
- mWv Iq¯nsâ {][m-t\m-t±-iyw. kap-
Zm-bi
- c
- o-c¯
- nÂ IS-¶p-Iq-Sp¶ Zqjy-§sf `wKn-bmbpw kc-ka
- m-
bpw, F¶mÂ ]cp-j-a-Ãm¯ hn[-¯n-epw, Nq-n-¡m-Wn¨p Ahtb
]cn-lc
- n-¡p-¶X
- n\pw Iq¯p-IÄ BZy-Im-e¯v hfsc klm-bn-¨n-
cp-¶p... NmIym-·mÀ¡p--m-bn-cp¶ hmIv]m-S-hhpw hÀ®-\m-Nm-Xp-
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cn-bpw, Ah-kt- cm-Nn-Xa
- mbn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶X
- n-\pÅ kmaÀ°yhpw 168
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hmNm-at- Km-Nc
- a
- m-bn-cp-¶p. \mSy-Ie
- tb AXnsâ ]c-aI
- m-jvTb
- nÂ
F¯n-¨Xv NmIym-·m-cm-sW¶v \nÊw-ibw ]d-bmw'' (]pdw 65).
NmIymÀIq-¯nÂ\n¶v `mj-bv¡p--m-bn-«pÅ KpW-K-W-§Ä

koam-Xo-Xa
- m-Ip-¶p. D¯-ak
- m-ln-Xy-KpWw \ndª Ccp-\q-dnÂ]cw
N¼q- { K- Ù - § fpw \qdnÂ Ipd- b msX KZy- { ]- _ - Ô - § fpw
NmIymÀIq¯v `mjbv¡p k¼m-Zn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯n-«p--v. ...KZy-km-ln-
Xy-¯nsâ DÂ]-¯n-Xs¶ NmIymÀIq-¯nÂ \n¶-Ãtbm F¶
kwi- b n- t ¡- - b n- c n- ¡ p- ¶ p. cmam- b - W w, `mc- X w, `mK- h Xw Ch-
sbms¡ KZy-{]-_-Ô-§-fmbn Fgp-Xn-h-¨n-cn-¡p¶p'' (]pdw 68).
XpSÀ¶p tXme-Ih
- n-sb-¸ä- n-bpÅ sNdnb hnh-cWw IqSn tNÀ¯v
Cu NÀ¨ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p(]pdw 67-þ75).
NmIymÀIq-¯ns\ t£{X-Ie
- s
- b¶ \ne-bnÂ ChnsS ]cm-
aÀin-¨p-Im-Wp-¶n-Ã. ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw {]tXy-In¨v KZy-`m-j¡v
NmIymÀIq¯v hep-Xmb kw`m-h\
- b
- mWv \ÂIn-bs
- X¶v hne-bn-
cp-¯n-¡m-Wp-¶p. an¡ t£{X-§-fnepw Iq¯-¼-e-§Ä D-m-bn-
cp-¶X
- mbpw ]d-bp-¶p.
aq¶mw `mKw B«-¡Ym kmln-Xy-Nc

- n-{Xs¯¡pdn-¨pÅ hni-
Z-]-T-\-am-Wv. IY-Ifn F¶ Iem-cq-]-t¯mSv Ncn-{X-Im-c-\p--m-bn-
cp¶ XmÂ]-cyhpw klr-Zb
- X
- zhpw CXnÂ sXfn-ªp-Im-Wmw. B«-
¡-Y-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw t]sc-Sp¯ \S-·m-sc-¡p-dn¨pw DÅ IY-IÄ
HuNn-Xy-`wKw hcmsX CW-¡n-t¨À¡p-¶X
- nÂ ]Wn-¡À Im«nb
XymPy-{Km-ly-hn-th-N\
- _
- p²n ÇmL-\o-ba
- m-Wv.
c-v A[ym-b-§tf aq¶mw `mK-¯n-ep-Åq. AXn-\mÂ aq¶mw-

`mKw IY-If
- n-sb-¡p-dn¨v am{X-ap-ÅX
- m-sW¶v ]d-bmw.
""cma-\m-«s
- ¯-bmWv km[m-cW IY-Ifn F¶p ]d-ªp-hc
- p- 12345678901234567890
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¶-X.v sIm«m-c¡
- c cmPm-hn\pw tImgn-t¡m«p kmaq-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn\pw X½n- 169
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ep- - m b ]nW- ¡ - a m- W t{X IY-If
- n-bpsS BhnÀ`m-h¯
- n-\p-Im-cW
- w.
...A§s\ AsÃ-¦nÂ IrjvW\
- m-«¯
- n-\p-]I
- cw cma-\m«w Fs¶m¶v
D-m-¡n-¡-fbmw F¶p hmin-tXm-¶p-I-bmÂ cmam-b-W-I-Ysb
GXm\pw IY-If
- mbn sIm«m-c¡
- c X¼p-cm³ hnc-Nn¨p F¶mWv
sFXn-lyw.''
""IY-If
- n-bpsS BhnÀ`m-h¯
- n\v Cu aÕcw Hcp Ah-kcw
D-m-¡n-bn-cn-¡mw. F¶mÂ AXn-\pÅ kma-{Kn-IÄ ap¼p-Xs¶
tIc-f¯
- nÂ D-mb
- n-cp-¶n-cn-¡Ww F¶p-ÅXv A\p-àk
- n-²a
- m-Ip-¶p.
AjvS]
- Z- n-bm«w ap¼p-Xs¶ tIc-f¯
- nÂ {]Nm-c¯
- n-en-cp-¶t- Ãm. Pb-
tZ-hc
- psS KoX-tKm-hn-µs
- ¯, AYhm AjvS]
- Z- nsb A\p-Ic
- n-¨mWv
IrjvW\
- m«w cNn-¡s
- ¸-«X
- v. ...Cu am\-tZ-h³ AjvS]
- Z- n-bm-«s¯
AÂ]w ]cn-jvI-cn¨v IrjvW-\m-«-ap--m-¡n. IrjvW\v IncoSw apX-
em-bh [cn-¸n-¨m-bn-cp¶p IrjvW\
- m«w \S-¯n-h¶
- Xv. thj-co-Xn-
I-fnepw IYm-cN
- \
- b
- nepw AXv cma-\m-«¯
- n\v amÀ¤-ZÀi-Ia
- m-bn-cn-¡mw.
]t£, apSn-tb-äÂ, IWn-Xp-ÅÂ apX-em-bh
- bpw IY-If
- n-bpsS thj-
hn-[m-\§
- f
- nÂ amÀ¤-ZÀi-IXzw hln-¨p-Im-WW
- w. F¶mÂ A`n-\-
bhpw \r¯hpw `c-X\
- m-Sy-t¯mSmWv AXy´w _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-
¶-Xv'' (]pdw 95-þ96).
""sIm«m-c¡
- c
- ¯
- ¼
- p-cm³ AhypÂ]-¶\
- m-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¦n-epw,
am\-th-Zt- \mfw ]mWvUn-Xy-apÅ Bfm-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶v FÃm-hcpw
k½-Xn-¡pw. tÇmI-§f
- n-em-Is
- «, ]Z-§f
- n-em-Is« henb kmln-Xy-
ckw H¶pw Im×m-\nÃ. F¶mÂ, Cu \yq\X X¼p-cmsâ bi-
Ên\v Hcn-¡epw lm\n-Ic
- a
- m-sW¶p ]d-ªp-Iq-Sm. At±-l¯
- nsâ
t]cns\ \ne- \ nÀ¯p- ¶ - X n\v IY- I fn {]Øm- \ - ¯ nsâ D]-
ÚmXmsh¶ Hä kwKXn aXn-bm-hpw'' (]pdw 98).
""IY-If
- nsb Hu]-Nm-cn-Ia
- mbn \mSy-sa¶pw \mS-Is
- a¶pw ]d- 12345678901234567890
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bm- d p- - v . t\m¡pI! 170
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""tI\m]n XÂ]-ZP
- qjm Ine Z£-bm-Kþ
\mSy-{]-_Ô
- a
- p-ZnXw kp[nbx ]p\´p
tkml-aZy Icssh k¦u-XpIw
aÕyh-Ã-`-P-bm-Jy-\m-SIw''
F¶mÂ IY-Ifn \mSytam \r¯tam AÃ; AXv Ah-bpsS

c-n-sâbpw e£-W-§Ä IeÀ¶ \r¯yw F¶ PmXn-bnÂ DÄs¸-
Sp¶p. \mSy-sa-¶Xv Ah-Øm-\p-Ir-Xn-bm-Ip-¶p. AXp-Xs¶ cq]-I-
§Ä, D]-cq-]-I-§Ä F¶v c-m-bn-¸n-cn-bp¶p; \mSyw hmIymÀ°m-
`n-\b
- a
- m-bX
- n-\mÂ ckm-{i-bamWv; \r¯-am-Is« tIhew Xmf-e-
bm-{i-b-hp-am-Ip-¶p. \r¯hpw XmWvU-h-em-ky-t`-tZ\ c-mbn hn`-
Pn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. \rXyw Chbv¡p c-n-\p-at²y BWv hÀ¯n-
¡p-¶X
- v. AXv ]ZmÀ°m-`n-\b
- hpw `mhm-{i-bhpw BWv. IY-Ifn
B C\-¯n-emWp s]Sp-¶X
- v'' (]pdw 98).
XpSÀ¶v \mS-Ihpw IY-I-fnbpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv c-pw

X½n-epÅ {][m\ hyXymkw FSp¯p ImWn-¨ncn¡p-¶p. ""IY-I-
fn¡v \mS-I§
- f
- n-se-¶t- ]mse A¦-hn-`m-Kt- am, irwKm-ch
- o-cc
- k
- §
- -
fnÂ H¶v AwKn-bm-bn-cn-¡W
- s
- a-¶pÅ \nÀº-Ôtam CÃ. apJm-Zn-
]-©k
- Ô
- n-IÄ LSn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡b
- mÂ \mS-Io-bI
- Y LmX-{]-Xn-LmX
cq]-¯n-emWv apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶X
- v. \f-Nc
- nXw IY Hgn-¨mÂ asämcp
IY-If
- n-bnepw B hyhØ Im×m-\n-Ã'' (]pdw 99).
\mSy-hk
- vXp-hn\v kmln-Xy-KpWw AXy-´m-t]-£n-Xa
- Ã F¶
A`n-{]m-b¯
- n\v At±lw sImSp-¡p¶ adp-]S- n-bm-Wv. ""\mSy-hk
- vXp-
hn\v kmln-Xy-KpWw IqSn D-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv kzÀ®-¯n\v kuc`yw
D-m-bm-se-§-s\tbm AXp-t]mse lrZ-bm-IÀj-I-am-bn-cn-¡pw'' 12345678901234567890
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(]pdw 100). 171
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IY-Ifn ]cn-jI
v c
- W
- s
- ¯-¸änbmWv XpSÀ¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- .v
sIm«m-c¡
- c X¼p-cmsâ Ime-tijw cma-\m-«¯
- nse thj-hn-[m-\-
¯nepw aäpw Nne t`Z-KX
- n-IÄ BZy-ambn hcp-¯n-bXv sh«¯p
X¼p-cm-\s
- {X. Ct¸mÄ IY-If
- n¡v sX¡³ F¶pw hS-¡³ F¶pw
c-p {][m\ coXn-IÄ \S-¸n-en-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbpw AXn\v {][m\ Imc-
W-`q-X-·mÀ IÃ-Sn-t¡m-S³, I¹n-§m-S³ F¶o \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cm-
sW¶pw I¹n-§m-S³ ckm-`n-\b
- ¯
- n\pw ssIap-{Z¡pw BWv {]m[m-
\y-sa-¦nÂ IÃ-Sn-t¡m-S\
- m-hs« sNmÃn-bm-«¯
- n\pw Iem-i¨
- h
- n-«n\pw
{]m[m\yw Iev]n-¨p. I¹n-§m-S³ Hmtcm I¿pw Cuc-p {]mhiyw
ImWn-¡-W-sa¶v hyhØ sNbvXp. IÃ-Sn-t¡m-S³ AXv ths--
¶p-h¨
- p. Ip¸m-b¯
- n\v sshhn[yw hcp-¯n-bX
- pw, apSnbpw I¨bpw
\S-¸n-em-¡n-bXpw I¹n-§m-Ssâ \nÀt±-im-\p-k-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p.
F¶mÂ ]m«n\v Hcp N¦n-Sn-IqSn Bh-iy-am-sW-¶p-h¨
- Xv IÃ-Sn-t¡m-
S-\m-Wv. Cu c-p coXn-Ifpw AXy-´-`n-¶-§sf¦nepw Ah Gsd-
¡psd IeÀ¶v Hcp an{i-co-Xn-bmWv Ct¸mÄ an¡ Zn¡p-If
- nepw
AwKo-Ic
- n-¡s
- ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv (]pdw 101-þ102)
""B«-§f
- mSn \S-¡p-¶nXp Nneþ
Iq«w P\w ]Ww tamln-s¨¶v''
Ah- s c- ¸ än \¼ymÀ ]cn- l - k n- ¨ n- « p- Å Xv Ipsd ITn- \ -

ambnt¸msb-¶p-thWw ]d-hm³' (]pdw 102)
XpSÀ¶v IY-If
- n-bnse ckm-`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ {]m[m\yhpw {]bm-
khpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. "ck-`m-hm-Zn-Isf th--t]mse kv^pcn-¸n-
¡p-¶X
- n-\pÅ ]mS-ha
- mWv ck-hm-k\
- . D¯-a\
- mb \Ssâ \S-\-
Nm-Xpcn khn-tijw shfn-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Cu hnj-b¯
- n-em-Ip-¶p.
""tImIn \n·pJw I-p N{µ-s\¶p Nnń¨p 12345678901234567890

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GIm´w hnc-ls
- ¯ i¦n-¨nXm 172
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GI- t em- N \w sIm- p tIm]-samSp \ns¶bpw
timI-tam-S]
- t- cW t\m¡p¶p ]Xn-sbbpw'
F¶ ]Zw icn-bmbn BSn ên-¸n-¡p-¶X
- n\v km[m-cW \S-
·m-sc-s¡m-p Hcn-¡epw km[n-¡nÃ' (]pdw 103)
IY- I - f n- b nse thj- h n- [ m- \ - s ¯- ¨ p- c p¡n ]d- ª p- s Im- v
sIm«m-c-¡c¯¼p-cmsâ IrXn-I-fn-te¡v IS-¡p-¶p. "sIm«m-c-
¡c¯¼p-cmsâ IrXn-If
- nÂ tIm«-b¯
- nsâ IY-If
- nÂ ImWp¶
amXn-cn-bpÅ ]mWvUn-Xy-{]-IS- \
- tam Ihn-Xz-ià
- n-Xs
- ¶tbm CsÃ-
¶n-cp-¶mepw Ah H«p-ap-¡mepw BSm³ sImÅm-hp-¶-h-bm-Wv
(]pdw 106).
""sIm«m-c¡
- c cmPmhv IY-Ifn \nÀ½n¨ Imew 859-þ\p tij-
am-bn-cp¶p F¶p \nÝ-bn-¡mw. 882-þm-am--n-\p-ap¼v cNn-¡-s¸-«Xpw
871-þse amam-¦a
- t- lm-Õhw hÀ®n-¡p-¶Xpw Bb ]g-b]
- m-«nÂ
"IrjvW\
- m-«§
- fpw cma-\m-«§
- fpw
IrjvW`- à
- ·
- mÀ Ncn-{X-]m-T§
- fpw'
F¶n-§s\ cma-\m-«s
- ¯-¸ä- n-bpÅ {]kvXmhw ImWp-¶X
- p-
sIm-v IY-I-fn-bpsS \nÀ½m-W-Imew 859-þ\pw 882-þ\pw at[y Bbn-
cp¶p F¶v \nÊw-ibw ]dbmw'' (]pdw 109).
tIm«-b¯
- p-X¼
- p-cm-s\-¸ä- n-bpÅ hnh-cW
- a
- mWv XpSÀ¶p-ÅX
- .v
"IY-If
- n¡v `mjm-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ Hcp-¯a
- Ø
- m\w k¼m-Zn-¨p-sIm-
Sp-¯Xv tIm«bw X¼p-cm-\m-bn-cp-¶p.' At±-l¯
- nsâ cmP-hw-iI
- Y
hnkvXc
- n-¡p-¶n-S¯v ]d-bp-¶p, ""_I-h[w IY-If
- n-bnse "C\nbpw
£-an-¡s
- b¶ þXo-sSdpw `hm-s\-¦nÂ, I\n-thmsS tIÄ¡-ta-enÂ
ImtS-KXn \ap¡v' F¶ hmIyw Ad-am-bn-¯ocp-Ib
- mÂ B A\p-
`hw Ihn-¡p--m-sb-¶pw, At±lw Xs¶-bmWv CuÌn-ým-I-¼-
\n-tbmSp s]mcp-Xn-a-cn¨ ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-sh¶pw ]d-bm-dp--s{X'' ]t£, 12345678901234567890
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Ncn-{X-Im-c·
- m-cX
- n-t\mSp ]qÀ®-ambn tbmPn-¡p-¶n-Ã. (]pdw 114) 173
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XpSÀ¶v \mep-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw CXn-hr-¯-kw-{K-lhpw Nne
{][m-\s
- ¸« ]Z-§fpw FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. _I-h[
- s
- ¯-¡mÄ
{]uV-amb IrXn-bmWv InÀ½o-ch
- [
- s
- a¶v ]d-bp-¶p(]dw 122-þ23).
BSm\pw ]mSm\pw hmbn¨p ckn-¡m\pw sImÅm-hp¶ AXnse
Nne `mK-§Ä DZm-lc
- n-¡p-¶p-v- (]pdw 130). Ieym-Wk
- u-KÔ
- n-Iw,
\nhmX Ih-N-h[w F¶n-h-sb-¸-än-bmWv XpSÀ¶pÅ hnh-c-Ww.
km[m-cW \nhm-XI
- h
- N
- sâ h[w hsc am{Xta Rm³ A`n-\b
- n¨p
I-n-«p-Åq. IY-bpsS t]cpw A§-s\-bmWv A¨-Sn¨ ]pkvX-I-§-
fnÂ I- n - « p- Å - X pw'' (]pdw 138). "ke-tÖmlw Xh NmSp-hN
- \
- §-
fmte' F¶ ]Zw ck-hm-k\
- b
- pÅ \S-·mÀ BSn-¡m-Wp-¶Xv hfsc
ckm-hl
- a
- m-Ip-¶p' (]pdw 39).
tIm«q-cp-®n-¯m³, IS-¯\
- m-«p-X¼
- p-cm³ F¶n-hc
- psS \maw
]cn-tim-[n-¨n«v D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS IY-bn-te¡p IS-¡p-¶p.
""B«-¡-Y-I-fp--m-¡oþ sIm«m-c-¡c tIm«bw

tIm«q-cp-®m-bnbpw aäpw þ Iq«m-aj
- vS]
- Z- n-¡h' F¶pw
"sIm«m-c¡
- c tIm«-b¯
- c
- N
- \pw tIm«p-cp-ap-®m-bnbpw' F¶pw
Ihn-If
- psS t]cp-]d- ª
- n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ah-cpsS Ime-¯n-\p-kc
- n-¨m-
sW¶v hyà-am-Wv. D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS Imew, cN-\m-Imew XpS-§nb
ZoÀL-am-bn-Xs¶ NÀ¨-sN-bvXn-cn-¡p-¶p.(145-þ162) \f-Nc
- nXw B«-
¡YbnÂ Ihn hcp-¯nb at\m-[À½-§fnÂ {][m-\a
- mbpw \mc-
Zsâ {]thiw FSp-¯p-]d- b
- p-¶p.
""IY-If
- n-bpsS Iq«-¯nÂ kmln-Xy-Kp-Ws¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-
S-t¯mfw \f-N-cn-X-¯n-\p-X-s¶-bmWv {]mYayw \ÂtI-- Xv. \mS-
I-e£
- W
- §
- Ä "H¸n¨p cNn-¡s
- ¸-«n-«pÅ GI IY-Ifn \f-Nc
- n-Xa- m-W'v
(]pdw 184). "Im´m-cX
- m-cIw' hymJym-\¯
- nsâ {]m[m\yw FSp-¯p- 12345678901234567890
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]-d-ªp-sIm--mWv \f-N-cn-X-NÀ¨ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. ImSp-sh- 174
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«n-s¯-fn¨v Cu at\m-lc
- I
- r-Xnsb ae-bm-fn-IÄs¡Ãmw A\p-`h
- -
tKm-Nc
- a
- m-¡n-¯oÀ¯Xv G.-BÀ.-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p (]pdw
186). IqSmsX \mep-Zn-hk
- s
- ¯bpw Nne {][m\ ]Z-§Ä¡pw Ah-
bpsS kmc-ky-s¯bpw FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p--v. s]mXpsh \f-
N-cn-X¯
- nse kmln-Xy-`w-Kn-bn-emWv Ncn-{X-Im-c³ {i²-sN-ep-¯p-
¶-Xv. ""sIm«m-c¡
- c
- , tIm«-bw, D®mbn þ Cu aq¶p Ihn-Is
- fbpw
Hcn-\¯
- nÂ Iq«mw. H¶mw cwK-¯nÂ irwKm-c]
- Zw thW-sa-¶pÅ
\nÀºÔw ChÀ aq¶p-t]À¡p-an-Ã. AÇo-ea
- mb irwKm-chpw C¡-
hn-If
- psS IrXn-If
- nÂ Im×m-\n-sÃ¶p XoÀ¯p ]d-bmw. thj-ssh-
hn-[y-¯n-\p-th-n A\-h-k-c-ambn Nne ]m{X-§sf {]th-in-¸n¨p
XpS-§n-bXpw Ch-cpsS Ime-¯n-\p-ti-ja
- m-Wv.'' (]pdw 186)
ImÀ¯n-IX
- n-cp-\mÄ, Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ F¶n-hc
- psS IY-I-
sf-¸-än-bmWv XpSÀ¶p-Å hn-h-c-Ww. ""ImÀ¯n-I-Xn-cp-\mÄ X¼p-
cmsâ Ihn-Xm-tZhn {]mtbW {]k-¶bpw DÃm-kh
- X
- nbpw F¶mÂ
Aev]w eÖm-hX
- n-bp-am-Wv. tIm«bw X¼p-cmsâ IrXn-IÄ¡pÅ
{]uVn Ahn-Sps¯ IY-IÄ¡n-sÃ-¦nepw \Ã Hgp¡pw i_vZ`- w-
Knbpw D-v. Hmtcm IY-bp-sSbpw Bcw-`-¯nÂ irwKm-c-]Zw thW-
sa-¶pÅ GÀ¸mSv Ahn-Sp-¶mWv BZy-ambn \S-¸m-¡n-b-sX¶p
tXm¶p-¶p'' (]pdw 188). DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn Nne ]Z-§fpw D²-cn-¨n-«p-v-.
AizXn Xncp-\m-fnsâ "]qX-\m-tam£w' BWv BSm³ sImÅm-hp¶
IY-If
- psS Iq«-¯nÂ AXyp-¶X
- a
- mb Øm\w hln-¡p-¶s
- X¶v
At±lw ]d-bp-¶p (]pdw 206).
XpSÀ¶v Ie¡¯p cmL-h³ \¼ym-cpsS imIp-´fw IY-
I-fn, Ip©³\-¼ymÀ cNn¨ Nne B«-¡Y
- I
- Ä F¶nh ]cm-aÀin-
¡p-¶p.
""B«-§f
- mSn \S-¡p-¶nXp Nneþ
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Iq«w P\w [\w tamln¡ ImcWw 175
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B«-§f
- nÂ IrjvW\
- m«w ip`w cmaþ
\m«w XpS-§n-bmÂ tIm«w hcpw ZrVw'
F¶n-§s\ cma-\m-«s¯ ITn-\a

- mbn Bt£-]n-¨n-«pÅ Ihn
IY-Ifn Fgp-Xm³ apXnÀ¶p-Im-Wptam F¶v \ymb-ambn kwi-bn-
¡m\pw hgn- b p- - v '' (]pdw 228). ItÃ-¡p-f§
- c cmL-h]
- n-jm-cS- n-bpsS
"cmh-tWm-Ûhw' a-h
- ¸
- Ån C«n-cm-cn-it- a-t\msâ k´m-\t- Km-]m-ew,
_mW-bp-²w, Cc-«¡-- p-f§
- c hmcn-bÀ cNn¨ "IncmXw' F¶nh ]cm-
aÀin-¡p-¶p. IncmXw IY-bv¡p-Ån-St- ¯mfw {]Nmcw A]qÀÆw
aäp-Nne IY-IÄt¡ e`n-¨n-«p-Åq-sh¶pw ]d-bp-¶p(]pdw 243-þ248).
Aar-Xi
- m-kv{Xn-If
- psS eh-Wm-kp-ch
- [
- w, cma-im-kv{Xn-If
- psS
_mW-bp²w F¶n-hbpw H¶mw-In-Sb
- n-epÅ IrXn-bm-sW¶v ]d-
bp-¶p (]pdw 250þ251).
Cc-bn-½³X-¼n-sb-¸-än-bmWv XpSÀ¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. "Cc-bn-

½³X-¼n-bpsS km£mÂ t]cv chn-hÀ½³ F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. dmWn
Kuco-e£
- vao-`m-bn, kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ, amÀ¯m-WvUh
- À½ Cf-bX
- ¼
- p-
cm³ F¶n-hsc kvXpXn-¨p-sIm-s- gp-Xnb AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Hcp
Ip½n ChnsS D²-cn-¡p-¶p--v (]pdw 255-þ257). At±-l-¯nsâ aWn-
{]-hm-fI
- oÀ¯-\§
- f
- mb "Icp-Ws
- N-¿m-s\´p Xmakw IrjvWm'
"]mlnamw Kncn-X\
- b
- tb k´Xw Xh' F¶n-hbpw tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p
(]pdw 260-þ261). X¼n-bpsS `mjm-Ir-Xn-If
- mbn 12 Imhy-§Ä sImSp-
¯n-«p--v. XpSÀ¶v IoN-I-h[w B«-¡-Ysb ]än ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p.
Cc-bn-½³X¼n BZy-ambn cNn¨ B«-¡Y IoN-Ih
- [
- a
- m-sW¶pw
CXnse ]Z-§f
- nÂ ]eXpw kv{XoP-\§
- Ä Xncp-hm-Xn-c¡
- f
- n¡v D]-
tbm-Kn-¨p-hc
- p-¶X
- mbpw ImWn-¨v, AXnse {]kn-²a
- mb ZWvUIw
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D²-cn-¡p-¶p. ""C{X at\m-lc
- a
- mb Hcp ZWvUIw B«-¡Y
- I
- Ä apgp- 12345678901234567890
176
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h\pw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ In«p-Ib
- n-Ã'' (]pdw 266-þ67). D¯-cm-kz-bw-
hcw IY kmln-Xy-Kp-W¯
- nÂ X¼n-bpsS asäÃm IrXn-Is
- f-¡mfpw
anI¨p \nÂ¡p-¶-Xmbn ]d-bp-¶p. "tImIn \n³apJw I-p N{µ-
s\¶p Nnń¨p' F¶pÅ ]Zw D²-cn-¨v, {]kvXpX NcWw \Ssâ
A`n-\b
- N
- m-Xp-cn¡v \nI-tjm-]e
- h
- p-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶X
- mbn ImWp-¶p.
Htc-ka
- b
- ¯
- p-Xs¶ \S³ Xsâ Hcp I®v Hcn-S¯pw atä I®v
asäm-cn-S¯pw ]Xn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- n-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-Xs¶ BZys¯ I®nÂ
tIm]hpw atä-I®
- nÂ timIhpw kv^pcn-¸n-¡W
- w (]pdw 274-þ275).
"hoc-hn-cm-SI
- p-am-ch
- nt`m' F¶p XpS-§p¶ Ip½nsb Ip½n-
I-fpsS cmPm-hmbpw C{X {]Nm-c-apÅ asämcp `mjm-Km-\-apt-m
F¶v kwi-bam-sW¶pw {]kvXm-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p(]pdw 274-þ275).
Z£-bmKw D{Xw Xncp-\mÄ X¼p-cmsâ \nÀt±-im-\p-kc

- Ww
cNn-¡s
- ¸-«X
- m-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p. AXnse "I®n-Wb
- v¡m-\µw \ÂIo-
Sp-¶q]mcw' F¶ ]Zw "IpWvUn-\-\m-bnI... F¶ \f-N-cn-X-]-Z-
¯nsâ I\n-jvTk
- t- lm-Zc
- n-bm-Wv (]pdw 282). A`n-\b
- w, kwKoXw
kmlnXyw F¶o aq¶w-i§
- f
- nepw Cu B«-¡Y
- I
- Ä D¨-t{i-Wn-
bn-ep-Åh
- b
- mWv (]pdw 287).
Ico-{µ³ X¼p-cmsâ cmh-W-hn-Pbw IY-sb-¸-än-bmWv

XpSÀ¶pÅ hnh-cW
- w. cmh-Wh
- n-Pbw Hcp H¶m-ćw IY-bm-Wv.
\S-·m-cpsS A`n-\b
- I
- u-iew ka{Kw ImW-Ws
- a-¦nÂ cmh-Wh
- n-
Pbw IY-Xs¶ BS-Ww. Ag-Inb cmh-W³ F¶mWv CXnse cmh-
Ws\ km[m-cW ]d-ªp-hc
- p-¶X
- v (]pdw 295). cw`-bp-sSbpw cmh-
W-sâbpw ]Z-§Ä AXn-at- \m-Ú§
- f
- m-Wv.
XpSÀ¶v D{Xw Xncp-\mÄ X¼p-cm³ IY-If

- n¡v \ÂInb kw`m-
h-\I
- fpw hb-kvIc aqÊXv cNn¨ Zptcym-[\
- h
- [w IY-sb-¸änbpw 12345678901234567890
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]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. IY-I-fn-bpsS Iq«-¯nÂ AXn-am-\y-amb Hcp 177
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Øm\w Cu IY- b v ¡ p- - v . "IY \nÝ-bn-¡m³ IqSn-bn-cn-¡p¶ kZ-
ÊnÂ Bsc-¦nepw Zptcym-[\h[-¯nsâ t]cv ]d-ªp-t]m-bmÂ
]ns¶ A¡-Ysb BSm³ km[n¡q F¶v Ct¸mgpw ]d-bm-dp--v.
A{Xbv¡v a{´-kn-²n-bpÅ Hcp IY-bm-Wn-Xv' (]pdw 311).
IY-If
- n-]c
- n-jvIc
- Ww F¶ Xe-s¡-«nÂ IY-If
- n-bpsS Nne
amä-§fpw AXp kw_-Ôn¨ hnaÀi-\§
- fpw kw{K-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
sN- hmb- \ - b mWv IY- I - f n- b nÂ th- - X v . \Ã sN- - ¡ m- c - \ m- s W-
¦nÂ kwKo-Xs¯ sImÃmsX Xs¶ sIm«m³ Ign-bpw. {]kn²
\S-·m-cpsS NÀ¨-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu `mKw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶-Xv. sIm¨p-Ir-jvW¸
- W
- n-¡À, Cuiz-c]
- n-Åh
- n-Nm-cn-¸p-ImÀ F¶n-
hsc FSp-¯p-]d- b
- p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v tIm«-b¯
- p-X¼
- p-cm³ DÀÆ-in-bpsS
thjw sI«nb kw`-hhpw hnh-cn-¨n-«p--v (]pdw 318-þ19). kv{XoIÄ
t]mepw IY-I-fn-bnÂ thjw sI«m-dp-Å-Xmbpw `K-h-Xn-b½
ImÀ¯ym-b-\n-b-½ F¶o t]cp-Ifpw sImSp-¯n-«p--v. ]g-h-§mSn
\mWp-]n-Åb
- psS Za-b´
- n, \f-\p-®n-bpsS \f³, ]¸p-]n-Å, Ipdp-
¨nIrjvW]n-Å, tNÀ¯e cma-¸W
- n-¡À, am¯qÀ Ipªp-]n-Å]
- -
Wn-¡À, sN§-¶qÀ cma³]n-Å, I®³]-Wn-¡À, tXm«w-t]m-än,
XIgn Ip©p-¡p-dp-¸v F¶n-hsc AJne tIcf {]i-kvXn-s]ä henb
\S-·m-cmbn ImWp-¶p.
IY-If
- n-bpsS hnP-b¯
- n\v `mK-hX
- c
- psS klmbw AXy-´m-
t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ]m«n\v s]m¶m-\n, in¦nSn F¶ c-p-t]À Ah-iy-
ap-ÅX
- nÂ s]m¶m-\nbpsS Npa-Xe _lp-ap-Ja
- m-bn-cp-¶p. AbmÄ
shdpw ]m«p-Im-c\
- m-bn-cp-¶mÂ t]mcm.. \Ã A`n-\b
- b
- p-ànbpw ap{Z-
ss¡-Isf¸än-bpÅ Úm\hpw tÇmI-§f
- n-eq-sSbpw ]Z-§f
- n-eq-
sSbpw AÀ°w {Kln-¡¯
- ¡
- h
- ®
- a
- pÅ sshZp-jnbpw AbmÄ¡v
Ahiyw D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. IY-I-fnsb Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-
cn¨v A`n-hr-²n-bm-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n hS¡v alm-Ihn hÅ-t¯mfpw 12345678901234567890
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sX¡v hn.-Ir-jvW³X-¼nbpw {ian-¨p-sIm--n-cp-¶p (]pdw 324-þ325). 178
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IY-If
- n-{]-Øm-\s
- ¯-¸än taÂ hnh-cn¨ kwK-Xn-If
- nÂ B«-
¡-Ysb Hcp A`n-\b
- k
- m-ln-Xy-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ hne-bn-cp-¯n-Im-Wp-
¶n-Ã. B«-¡Y
- m-Ir¯v Hcp \S\pw IqSn-bm-bmÂ \s¶¶v tIm«-b-
¯p-X-¼p-cms\ DZm-l-cn-¨p- ]dbp¶p-v. \f-N-cn-X-¯nsâ kmln-
Xy-Kp-Whpw X¼n-bpsS IY-IfpsS kwKo-X-Kp-W-hpw FSp¯p
ImWn¨v, cmh-Wh
- n-Pb
- ¯
- nse cmh-Ws\ Ag-Inb cmh-Ws
- \¶pw
ÇmLn-¨n-«p--v. Zptcym-[-\-h-[-¯nsâ klr-Z-b-{]o-Xnbpw Nq-n-¡m-
«p-¶p. IY-If
- n-]c
- n-jvIc
- W
- w, BZy-Ime \S-·mÀ, kv{XoI-fpsS ]¦v,
IY-Ifn kwKo-X-¯n\pw ]m«p-ImÀ¡papÅ {]k-àn, alm-Ihn
hÅ-t¯mÄ, hn.-Ir-jvW³X¼n F¶n-hc
- psS ]cn-{i-a§
- Ä F¶nh
]cm-aÀin-¨p-sIm-v ]T\w Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Npcp¡¯nÂ
BÀ.-\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS klr-Z-b-Xzhpw Iem-kzm-Z-\-XmÂ]-
cyhpw CXnÂ \ng- e n- ¡ p- ¶ p- - v .
\memw-`mKw A[ymbw 16, Ip©³ \¼n-bm-sc-¸ä- n-bpÅ ]T-

\-am-Wv. CXnÂ 9 `mK-§f
- pw, 224 ]pd-§f
- p-amWv \¼ymsc hne-bn-
cp-¯m³ amän-h¨
- n-cn-¡p-¶X
- .v H¶mw-`mKw cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z\pw Ip©³
\¼ymcpw HcmÄ Xs¶-bmtWm F¶ NÀ¨bmWv. AXv C{]-Imcw
Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ""C{Xbpw ]d-ªX
- nÂ \n¶v cma-]m-Wn-
hm-Z\pw Ip©\pw A`n-¶-cm-bn-cp¶p F¶p-hcmw F¶p-am-{Xta
Rm³ ]d-bp-¶p-Åq. F¶mÂ Cu A`n-{]mbw ka-{K-ambn Øm]n-
X-am-IW
- s
- a-¦nÂ D]-cn-Kt- h-jWw IqSn-tb-Xocp'' (]pdw 25) c- m w-
`mKw \¼ym-cpsS P\-\hpw DÛ-hI
- mew kw_-Ôn-¨pÅ hnh-c§
- -
fp-aS- §
- p-¶X
- m-Wv. aq¶mw-`mKw \¼ym-cpsS hnZym-`ym-kk
- w-_Ô
- a
- mb
Imcy-§f
- m-W.v "Imhy-\m-SI
- m-e¦
- m-c§
- f
- n-epw, imkv{X-§f
- nepw kmam-
\y-amb sshZpjyw \mcm-bW
- `- «- X
- n-cn-bpsS ]¡Â \n¶pw e`n-¨-
tXm-Sp-IqSn GsX-¦nepw cmP-[m-\n-bntem {]`p-Ip-Spw-_-¯ntem 12345678901234567890
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{]thiw e`n-¡W
- s
- a¶v IcpXn \¼ymÀ tZi-bm-{X¡v ]pd-s¸-«p.
BZyw tIme-¯p-\m-«nÂ sN¶p' (]pdw 48). XpSÀ¶v \¼ymÀ A¼-
e-¸pg Xma-ka
- m-¡n-bX
- nsâ sFXnlyw tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. "sFXn-
lys¯ ]qÀ®-ambn hniz-kn-¨mepw CsÃ-¦nepw {ioIr-jvWN
- c
- nXw
`«-Xn-cn-bpsS BÚm-\p-k-cWw \nÀ½n-¨n-«p-Å-Xn\p sXfn-hp--v.
AXnse kv J en- X - § - f psS kwJy- s Im- v AXv {ZpX- I - h n- X - b m-
sW¶pw kv]jvSw. A¼-e¸
- pg Xma-kn-¡p¶ Ime-¯m-bn-cn-¡Ww
At±lw am¯qÀ ]Wn-¡c
- p-sSbpw B hgn¡v t{ZmW¼Ån BNm-
cy-sâbpw ]cn-Nbw k¼m-Zn-¨Xv' (]pdw 61).
\memw `mK- ¯ nÂ \¼ymÀ A¼- e - ¸ pg Xma- k n- ¡ p¶

Ime¯pw AXn-\p-ap¼pw ]n¼pw H«p-hf
- sc kwkvIr-XI
- m-hy-§fpw
cq]-I-§fpw cNn-¨-Xm-bn-]-d-bp-¶p(]pdw 66). XpSÀ¶p XpÅÂ
{]Øm-\-s¯-¸än Nnń-¡p-¶n-S¯v XpÅÂ F§-s\-bp--mbn?
\¼ym-cpsS krjvSn Xs¶tbm? XpÅ-enÂ ImWp¶ Ihn-Xm-coXn
F§s\ DÛ-hn¨p? Cu coXn¡v {]Nm-c-ap--m-Im³ Imc-W-sa´v?
F¶o Nn´-IÄ \S-¯p-¶p(]pdw 70). ""C§s\ t\m¡n-bmÂ \¼ym-
cpsS FÃm hr¯-§fpw ]qÀÆ-Ih
- n-IÄ¡p ]cn-Nn-X§
- f
- m-bn-cp¶p
F¶p ImWmw'' (]pdw 73).
""]ucm-WnI IY-Isf ]WvUn-X-·mÀ¡pw ]ma-c-·mÀ¡pw

Hcpt]mse ckn-¡¯
- ¡ hn[-¯nÂ ên-Xc
- k
- ]
- qÀ®-amb hn[-
¯nÂ BZy-ambn hymJym-\n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯-hÀ N¼q-Im-c-·m-cm-Wv.
F¶mÂ NmIymÀIq-¯n\pw ]mT-I-¯n\pw t£{X-h-f-¸n-\p-sh-fn-
bnÂ t]mIm³ A\p-hm-Z-an-Ãm-Xn-cp-¶-Xp-sIm-v Ah s]mXp-P-\-
§Ä¡p s]mXpsh {]tbm-P\
- s
- ¸-«n-Ã. ]t£, Hcp kwK-Xn-bnÂ
N¼q-Im-c·
- mÀ henb klm-ba
- mWv sNbvXX
- v. {]mNo-\k
- t- ¦-X§
- -
sfbpw Ir{Xn-a-\n-b-a-§-sfbpw KWy-am-¡msX kzX-{´-ambn
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{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶X
- n\v Ah-cmWv BZy-ambn Xp\n-ªs
- X¶p \nÊw- 12345678901234567890
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ibw ]dbmw'' (]pdw 74).
""B«-¡-Y-IÄ Zriy-Im-hy-§-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ Ah P\-§sf
hnt\m-Zn-¸n¨p IÀ¯-hy-Ip-Xp-In-If
- m-¡m³ ]cym]vXw Xs¶. ]s£
Ah-bnse kmln-Xymwiw km[m-cW P\-Xsb kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-
t¯mfw ZpÀ{K-l-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶p am{X-a-Ã, Ah-bn-seÃmw
{]mNo\ Ihn-I-fpsS Ir{Xn-a-k-t¦-X-§sf hÅn-]p-Ån-hn-kÀ¤w
hnSmsX A\p-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p.''
""Cu \yq\-X-Isf ]cn-l-cn¨v ]WvUn-X-·mÀ¡pw ]ma-c-

·mÀ¡pw Hcp-t]mse ckn-¡-¯-¡-h-®hpw F¶mÂ kmln-Xy-
[À½s¯ hy`n-Nc
- n-¸n-¡m-sXbpw Hcp \ho-\{- ]-Øm\w XpS-§p-¶-
Xn-\mWv \¼ymÀ {ian-¨X
- v'' (]pdw 74).
"NmIymÀIq¯v s]mXp-P\
- §
- f
- mÂ {Kmlyhpw {]Xy-£c
- k
- -
ap-ÅX
- p-am-Ip-¶p. F¶mÂ ]d-ªp-Xo-cp-¶t- Xm-Sp-IqSn AXp \in-
¨p-t]m-Ip-¶Xpw {ihtW{µnb-hn-jb
- a
- mb kwKo-Xc
- kw AXn\p
teihpw CÃm- ¯ Xpw BsW- ¶ pÅ c- v apJy Bt£- ] - § Ä
CXnepw Im×m-\p--v. BI-bmÂ Infn-¸m-«p-I-fn-se-t¸mse \Ã
hr¯-\n-b-as¯ A\p-k-cn¨v kwKo-X-ckw sImSp-¡p-¶Xpw
B«¯n-se-¶-t]mse kmam-\y-ambn A`n-\-b-ap-Å-Xp-amb Hcp
Iq¯p I-p-]n-Sn-¨mÂ AXv Hcp ]pXnb kmln-Xy-amÀ¤-am-bn-cn-¡p-
sa-¶pÅ _p²n \¼ymÀ¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡-Ww. ""hmkvXh
- ¯
- nÂ
XpÅÂ¡-Y-IÄ hr¯-\n-b-a-t¯mSpIqSn A`n-\-bn-¡-s¸-Sp¶
NmIymÀIq-¯p-If
- m-Ip-¶p.'' F¶pÅ ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-bW
- ]
- n-Åb
- psS
A`n-{]mbw ChnsS D²-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p (]pdw 75-þ76).
XpÅ-enÂ the-If
- n-bp-sSbpw ]S-bW
- n-bp-sSbpw kzm[o\w
FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶p--v. "the-I-fn-¡m-cpsS CSp-¯p-sI«pw aäpw thj-
hn-[m-\-¯nÂ \¼ymÀ A\p-I-cn-¨n-«n-Ãtbm F¶v kwi-bn-t¡--n-
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bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]S-bW
- n¡v AÇo-e§
- f
- mb ]m«p-If
- mWv km[m-cW 12345678901234567890
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]mSm-dp-Ås
- X-¦n-epw, \m«nse {][m\ kw`-h§
- s
- fbpw cmjv{So-b-
Im-cy-§-sfbpw A[n-I-cn¨v ]m«p-IÄ \nÀ½n-¨p-]m-Sp¶ ]Xnhv
tNÀ¯-e¸
- q-c¯
- n\pw aäpw km[m-cW
- a
- m-bn-cp-¶p. ]Ã-hn-am{Xw "sXdn'
Bbn-cn-¡p-sa-t¶-bp-Åq. AÇo-eX IeÀ¯msX \m«p-Im-cy-§sf
hnaÀin-¡p¶ k{¼-Zmbw N¼p-¡-fnÂ \n¶pw ]S-b-Wn-I-fnÂ
\n¶pw \¼ymÀ ]IÀ¯n-bX
- m-bn-cn-¡W
- w''- (]pdw 77).
XpÅ-en\v C{X-am{Xw {]Nmcw hcm-\pÅ {][m-\s

- ¸« aq¶p-
Im- c - W - § Ä At±lw Nq- n - ¡ m- « p- ¶ p.
H¶v B]m-ZN
- qUw hym]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ênXw
c - v Npäp-]mSpw \S-¡p¶ kwK-Xn-IÄ AXnÂ \ng-en-¨p-Im-Wp¶p
aq¶v \¼ym-cpsS hn]p-ea

- mb temIm-\p-I¼
""\¼ym-cpsS ]cn-lmkw a\p-jy-hn-tZz-j¯

- nÂ \n¶v P\n-¨X
- Ã;
hnim-ea
- mb A\p-I¼
- b
- psS ]cn-]I
- z-ê
- a
- m-Ip-¶p'' (]pdw 77-þ78).
A¼-e¸
- p-gh
- ¨v "]«m-`n-tjIw' Fs¶mcp IrXn-IqSn \¼ymÀ
cNn-¨n-«p--v. \¼ym-cpsS tkh-I-\mbn Hcp ]«-¡p«n D-m-bn-cp-¶-t{X.
AbmÄ¡p \¼ymÀ F«p-Imip sImSp-¸m-\p--m-bn-cp-¶p. bm{X ]d-
ªp-t]mbn lcn-¸m-«p-hsc F¯n-bt- ijw AbmÄ¡p Cu F«p-
Im-insâ HmÀ½-h-cn-I-bmÂ Xncn-¨p-h¶v Imip tNmZn-¨-t¸mÄ,
\¼ymÀ Hmtcm Imin\v Hmtcm tÇmIw hoXw cNn-¨p-sh-¶mWv sFXn-lyw.26
A©mw-`m-K¯
- nÂ \¼ym-cpsS Xncp-h\
- ´
- ]
- p-cs¯ Pohn-X-
Im-ehpw cN-\I
- f
- p-amWv hnh-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. A¡m-e¯
- p-\S- ¶ ck-I-
c-amb ]e kw`-h-§fpw FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶p--v.
"Zo]-kvXw`w alm-Ýcyw
\ap¡pw In«Ww ]Ww
CXyÀ° Gjmw tÇmIm-\mþ 12345678901234567890
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aÃm-sXm¶pw \ hnZytX' 182
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A¶s¯ FÃm Ihn-Is
- fbpw eÖn-Xc
- m-¡nb tÇmI-am-Wn-
sX¶p Ncn-{X-Im-c³ ]d-bp-¶p (]pdw 87). \¼ym-cpsS ac-Wh
- p-ambn
_Ô-s¸« t]¸«n ISn-¨X
- pw, ]«m-jvSI
- s
- a-gp-Xn-bX
- nsâ ê-ambn
\mhp ]pgp-¯Xpw A_-²]
- ©
- mw-K§
- f
- m-sW¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p
(]pdw 95).
Bdmw `mK-¯nÂ \¼ym-cpsS hyàn-Xzhpw Ihn-Xbpw NÀ¨-

sN-¿s
- ¸-Sp-¶p. ""bYmÀ°-Ih
- n-IÄ {Im´-ZÀin-If
- mWv \¼ymcpw
Hcp {Im´-ZÀin-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xp©-s\-t¸mse Ip©\pw Hcp temI-
Kp-cp-hm-Wv'' (]pdw 97). ""kwkvIr-X¯
- nÂ Kwò-c§
- f
- mb Ihn-XI
- Ä
FgpXn ioen¨ B alm-Ih
- n,
"`S-P\
- §
- f
- psS \Sp-hn-semcp ]SbWn-¡nl tNcp-hm³
hSn-hn-bs
- ¶mcp Nmcp-tI-cf
- `- m-jX
- s¶ NnXw-hcq'
F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-p Ah-cpsS \ne-bn-te¡p kzbw Xmgp¶
B ImgvN F{X AÛp-X-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Xm³ Hcp
henb D]-Im-c-amWp sN¿p-¶Xv F¶v At±lw `mhn-¡p-¶pt-m?
CÃ-Xm\pw'' (]pdw 98-þ99).
""Cuiz-c`- à
- n-bn-se-¶t- ]mse Kpcp-`à
- n-bnepw \¼ymÀ AZzn-
Xo-b-\m-bn-cp-¶p. \Ã Kpcp-I-Sm£w sIm--ÃmsX bmsXm¶pw ên-
¡-bn-sÃ-¶m-bn-cp-¶p \¼ym-cpsS hnizmkw'' (]pdw 102).
Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw Ah-\h

- sâ Npa-Xe icn-bmb hn[-¯nÂ
\nÀÆ-ln-¨p-Im-Wp-¶X
- n-emWv \¼ymÀ¡p tamlw. {_mÒ-Wt- cmSv
At±-l-¯n\v Af-hä _lp-am-\-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ F§-s\-
bmWv Hcp {_mÒ-W³ Pohn-t¡-- sX¶v At±lw ]e-Zn-¡nepw
hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p--v. AXn\v hn]-coXw ImWp-t¼m-gmWv Bt£-]-
i-c§
- Ä {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v (]pdw 105). \¼ym-cpsS al-Xz-¯nsâ 12345678901234567890
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{][m\ am\-ZW
- vUa
- mbv hnf-§p-¶Xv At±-l¯
- nsâ Ihn-XI
- f
- nÂ 183
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{]Im-in-¡p¶ "ka-ZÀinX'bmWv. Cu ka-ZÀin-Xb
- mWv bYmÀ°
]mWvUn-Xy-¯nsâ \nI-tjm-]e
- hpw' (]pdw 108).
\¼ym-cpsS ]mWvUnXyw _lp-ap-J-am-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw

hmbn-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ Imhy-§Ä Npcp-¡w. Ah-bnÂ \ns¶ms¡ Bi-
b-§Ä FSp-¯n-«p-ap--v. \¼ymÀ hmbn-¨n-«pÅ {KÙ-§-fpsS ]«n-
I-bmbn kya-´-Iw, XpS-§n-b-h-bnse hcnIÄ tNÀ¯n-«p--v (]pdw
109-þ110).
Ggmw-`mKw \¼ym-cpsS `mjm-Ih

- n-XI
- s
- f-¸änbpÅ Nn´-bm-W.v
At±-l¯
- nsâ _mey-Im-e¯
- nse IrXn-IÄ {]mtbW kvtXm{X-
§fpw Xncp-hm-Xn-ç
- m-«p-Ifpw h©n-¸m-«p-IÄ apX-em-bh
- b
- p-am-bn-cp-¶p.
XpSÀ¶p kmam\yw hni-Za
- mbn Ah NÀ¨ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p (]pdw
113þ154). \¼ym-cpsS Nne B«-¡Y
- I
- s
- f-¸ä- nbpw ChnsS kqNn-¸n-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶p (]pdw 154).
XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-sf-¸-d-dn-bpÅ NÀ¨-bmWv XpSÀ¶p-ÅXv

""\¼ym-cpsS t]cv `mjm-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv XpÅ-ep-
IÄ hgn-¡m-Ip-¶p. {]uV-·msc ckn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- n-t\m-Sp-IqSn "`S-P-
\-§f
- p-sS-bn-Sb
- n-ep-sÅmcp ]S-bW
- n-¡nl' tNc-¯¡
- h
- ®w cNn-¡-
s¸-«X
- mWv XpÅ-ep-IÄ. km[m-cW P\-§f
- psS CSbv¡p IS-¶p-
Iq-Sn-bn-«pÅ kmap-Zm-bnI Zqjy-§sf kc-k-ambn Nq-n-¡m-Wn¨p
Xncp-¯pI Fs¶mcp al-¯mb Dt±iw At±-l¯
- n-\p-m- b
- n-cp-¶p.
A¶s¯ kmap-Zm-bn-IØ
- n-Xn-IÄ Btem-Nn-¡p-t¼mÄ \¼ym-cpsS
BhnÀ`mhw Ah-kt- cm-Nn-Xa
- m-bn-cp¶p F¶p-Im-Wmw. (]pdw 154-
þ155) ]cn- l mkw FÃm hn`m- K - ¯ nsâ t\À¡p- a p- - m - b n- « p- - v . ]«-
·mÀ, A¼-e-hm-kn-IÄ, am¸n-f-amÀ, \mb-·mÀ, cmP-tkhI-·mÀ
F¶p-th- FÃm-hcpw \¼ym-cpsS ]cn-lm-k-¯n\v ]m{X-am-b-Xn-
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\pÅ DZm-lc
- W
- §
- Ä tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p (]pdw 155-þ186). 12345678901234567890
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F«mw-`m-K¯
- nÂ \¼ym-cpsS hÀ®-\I
- sfbpw ên-X{- ]-tbm-
K-§s
- f-¸ä- nbpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. ""\¼ym-cpsS hÀ®-\I
- Ä¡pÅ
{][m-\K
- p-W§
- Ä Ah-bnÂ kÀÆ{X hym]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ên-Xh
- pw,
hmkvXh
- n-IX
- zhpw BIp-¶p. ênXw F¶Xv ]cn-lm-ka
- m-sW¶v
]ecpw sXän-²-cn-¨n-«p--v. AXp icn-bÃ'' (]pdw 186). "Nne-t¸mÄ
\¼ym-cpsS Iev]\
- m-iàn ISn-ªm¬hn« IpXn-cb
- psS \netb
{]m]n- ¡ p- ¶ - X p- I m- W mw. ZoÀL- a mb hÀ®- \ - I - f nÂ am{XaÃ
\¼ymÀ¡p NmXp- c y- a p- - m - b n- c p- ¶ - X v . H¶p- c - p ]Z- § ÄsIm- p H«p-
h-fsc AÀ°w kv^pcn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- n\pw At±-l¯
- n\v Ign-bp-am-bn-
cp-¶p. irwKmcw Hgn¨v GXp ck-§-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-]m-Z-\-¯nÂ
\¼ymÀ¡v Akm-am\y ]mS-h-ap--m-bn-cp¶p' (]pdw 201-þ202).
H¼Xmw `mK-¯nÂ Ip©³\-¼ymÀ Xsâ XpÅÂ¡-Y-

sIm-p Dt±-in-¨n-«pÅ ]c-a-amb {]tbm-P-\-s¯-¸än Nnń-¡p-¶p.
""\¼ym-cpsS XpÅ-ep-IÄ hmbn-¨p-t\m-¡n-bmÂ {]]-©-t¯mSp
At±- l - ¯ n- \ p- - m - b n- c p¶ at\m- ` mhw Fs´¶p I- p - ] n- S n- ¡ m³
{]bm-ka
- n-sÃ-¶mWv tXm¶p-¶X
- v.
Ien-Im-e-hn-Prw-`Ww sIm-p a\p-jy-temIw hgn-]n-g-¨p-t]m-

b-Xmbn Ihn ]e-Zn-¡nepw hne-]n-¨p-Im-Wp¶p'' (]pdw 205). XpSÀ¶v
Nne `mK- § Ä D²- c n¨p hnkv X - c n- ¡ p- ¶ p- - v . ""Hmtcm IYbpw
k·mÀ¤-XX
- z-t_m-[I
- a
- mb Hmtcm km[-\m-]m-Ta
- m-W.v At±-l¯
- nsâ
Xqen-Im-{K-¯nÂ \n¶p ]pd-s¸-«n-«p-Ån-St- ¯mfw kqàn-cX
- v\§
- Ä
aäp IhnIfpsS IrXn-If
- n-se-Ãmw-IqSn Xnc-ªp-s]-dp-¡n-sb-Sp-¯mepw
In«ptam F¶v kwi-ba
- mWv'' (]pdw 220). XpSÀ¶v \¼ym-cpsS Hmtcm
XpÅ-en-Â\n¶pw XncsªSp¯ Ccp-]¯
- n-\mev temtIm-àn-IÄ
D²- c n- ¨ n- « p- - v (]pdw 220- þ 222).
""]ptcm-`m-Kn-IÄ Fs´Ãmw ]d-ªm-epwþ Fs´Ãmw \h-\- 12345678901234567890

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h-§f
- mb {]Øm-\§
- Ä DZn-¡bpw AkvXa
- n-¡bpw sNbvXmepw 185
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tIc-f`- m-jm-km-ln-Xy-\t- `m-aW
- vUe
- ¯
- nse Cu DPz-eX
- mcw DZ-bm-
kvXa
- b
- §
- Ä IqSmsX ae-bm-fn-If
- psS \nc-ć
- hpw \nÀhym-Ph
- pamb
am\-k]
- q-P¡p ]m{X-ambn temIm-hk
- m\w hsc {]tim-`n-¨p-sIm-
t- - b n- c n- ¡ pw'' (]pdw 224) F¶p ]d-ªp-sIm-v kmam\yw ZoÀL-
amb Cu \¼ymÀ ]T\w Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
Cu kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ Hc-[ym-b-¯nsâ GItZiw

ap¡mÂ]¦pw \¼ymsc ]Tn-¡m³ amän-h-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. XpÅÂ
kmln-Xy-¯nsâ kmam-\y-kz-cq]w CXnÂ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p--v. \¼ym-
cpsS ên-Xw, temtIm-àn-IÄ, hnaÀi\w XpS-§nb kwK-Xn-IÄ
NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p-s-¦nepw cwK-km-ln-Xy-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ XpÅ-ens\
]T- \ - h n- t [- b - a m- ¡ n- b n- « n- Ã . am{X- a - Ã , A`n- \ - b mw- i s¯ ap³
\nÀ¯ntbm, A`n-\b
- k
- m-ln-Xy-sa¶ \ne-bntem XpÅÂIr-Xn-Isf
hne-bn-cp-¯n-¡m-Wp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ H«p-an¡ kwK-Xn-Ifpw ]cm-aÀin-
¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p-ap--v. `mjbv¡pw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n\pw \¼ymÀ
\ÂInb kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv IqSp-Xepw hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
\¼ymÀ {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv A[n-Ihpw ên-Xa
- m-sW¶pw ]cn-lm-
k-as
- Ã-¶p-amWv `mjm-Nc
- n-{X-Im-csâ \nK-a\
- w. k·mÀ¤-XX
- z-t_m-
[-¯n-tâ-XmWv \¼ymÀ¡-hn-XI
- s
- f¶pw At±lw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
XpÅ-ens\ Hcp t£{X-Ie
- s
- b¶ \ne-bnÂ CXn-se-hn-sSbpw ]cm-
aÀin-¨p-Im-Wp-¶n-Ã. A`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ hi-§fpw Nnń-¨n-«n-Ã.
3.4.3 tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
"]n.-tKm-hn-µ]
- nÅ sI«nb ASn-Øm-\¯
- nÂ Dd-¸pÅ Hcp
{]mkmZw DÅqÀ \nÀ½n¨p' F¶ amS-tÈcn am[-hh
- m-cy-cpsS A`n-
{]mbw tIc-fk
- m-lnXy Ncn-{X-s¯-¸än \qdp-iX
- a
- m\w icn-bm-Wv.
BÀ.- \m-cm-bW
- ¸
- W
- n-¡c
- psS tIc-f`- m-jm-km-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw Hgn-¨mÂ
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C{X ssh]p-ey-apÅ kmln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw ae-bm-f¯
- nÂ thsd-bn-Ã. 12345678901234567890
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`mjm-hn-Úm-\w, kmln-Xym-ht- _m-[w, Ncn-{X-]m-WvUn-Xyw, \ncq-
]-Wk
- a
- c
- k
- yw, apX-emb `mh-§f
- nÂ \nkvXp-ea
- mbn tim`n-¡p¶
Hcp Ncn-{X-kvXq-]n-Ib
- mWv tIc-fk
- m-ln-Xy-Nc
- n-{Xw. `mjm-t]m-jW
- -
¯n\v Dgn-ªp-h¨ Pohn-Xa
- m-bn-cp¶p alm-Ih
- n-bp-tS-Xv. Hcm-bp-jvIm-
es¯ {]b-Xv\-¯nsâ ê-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw.
kÀ¤m-ß-Ihpw Kth-j-W-hp-amb c-p taJ-e-I-fn-emWv apJy-ambpw
DÅq-cnsâ PohnXw hym]-cn-¨X
- v. kÀ¤m-ßI
- c
- N
- \
- I
- f
- nÂ XpÅÂ,
IY-If
- n, BJym-bnI F¶nh Hgn-sI-bpÅ FÃm kln-Xy-{]-Øm-
\-§-fnepw At±lw XtâXmb kw`m-h-\-IÄ sNbvXn-«p--v. BsI
A©p hmey-§f
- n-embn Ggp-`m-K§
- fpw Adp-]¯
- n-\mep A[ym-b-
§fpw DÅ tIcf kmln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw apÆm-bn-ct- ¯mfw ]pd-§f
- n-
embn ]c¶p InS-¡p-¶p. AXn-{]-iw-kbpw hnh-cW
- ¯
- nse kam-
\-Xbpw ]Zy-Ir-¯p-¡t- fm-SpÅ A[nI {]Xn-]¯
- n-bp-amWv DÅq-
cnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nse Nne t]mcm-bva-I-fmbn Nq-n-Im-Wn¡-s¸Sp-
¶Xv. F¦nepw AXnse \njv]£
- hpw klr-Zb
- X
- zhpw \ndª \nco-
£Ww ]nev¡me kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Im-c·
- mÀ¡v amXr-Ib
- mbn kzoI-
cn-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv. Ihn-Xzhpw \ncq-]-I-Xzhpw Ncn{X t_m[hpw
_p²n-hn-em-khpw DÅq-cns\ aäp Ncn-{X-Im-c·
- m-cnÂ \n¶v thdn«v
\nÀ¯p-¶p. GXp Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw hf-sc-tbsd Kth-jW
- hpw {]b-
Xv\hpw sNt¿-nhcp-sa¶v Cu IrXn HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. DÅq-
cnsâ Ime-tijw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀÆ-Ie
- m-imebmWv (tI-cf
kÀÆ-Ie
- m-im-e) At±-lt- ¯m-SpÅ IrX-ÚXm{]Im-i\
- ¯
- nsâ
`mK-am-bn Cu {KÙw {]k-²o-Ic
- n-¨X
- v.
tIcfkm-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw aq¶mw hmeyw ap¸-¯n-aq-¶m-a[
- ymbw
kwkvIr-Xk
- m-lnXyw F¶ `mK-¯mWv tImgn-t¡mSp am\-th-Zc
- m-
Pm-hn-s\bpw IrjvW\
- m-«s
- ¯bpw ]än hnh-cn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. am\-th- 12345678901234567890
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Zsâ Ih-\s
- si-ensb DÅqÀ C{]-Imcw hne-bn-cp-¯p¶p þ ""am\-
th- Z sâ IhnX {]mk- { ]- t bm- K - P - S n- e hpw hymI- c - W - ] m- W v U n-
tXymÂtLm-jh
- p-am-sW-¦nepw hnc-ktam ZpÀ{K-lÀ°tam AÃ;
{]XypX AXp _lp[m klr-Zb lrZ-bm-hÀÖ-Ia
- mbn ]cn-kv^p-
cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]Z-LS- \
- b
- nÂ At±-l¯
- n-\pÅ ]mShw
Akm-[c
- W
- a
- m-Ip-¶p.''
taÂ]-¯qÀ `«-Xn-cnbpw am\-th-Z\pw X½nÂ ]e-t¸mgpw

ImWp-¶X
- n\pw kw`m-jWw sN¿p-¶X
- n-\p-apÅ Ah-kcw e`n-¨n-
cp-¶X
- mbpw DÅqÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. ""c- p - t ]cpw Kpcp- h m- b qÀ {ioIr-
jvWsâ `à-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶p-ht- Ãm. Ih-\h
- n-jb
- ¯
- nÂ `«-Xncn Xs¶-
bm-bn-cp¶p X¼p-cmsâ ]c-a{- ]-[m-\\
- mb amÀ¤-ZÀin. kpIp-am-csâ
{ioIr-jvWh
- n-em-kw, i¦-cI
- hn-bpsS {ioIr-jvWh
- n-Pb
- w, Pb-tZ-
hsâ KoX-tKm-hn-µw, AK-kvXy-`S- sâ _me-`m-cX
- w, A\-´`- «- sâ
`mc-X-N-¼p, CXymZn {KÙ-§-sfbpw At±lw D]-Po-hn-¨n-«p--v''
(]pdw 6þ7).
IrjvW-Ko-Xn-bpsS cN-\-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p ]d-ªp-t]m-

cp¶ hnez-aw-Ke
- ¯p kzman-bm-cpsS IYbpw {]Ir-X¯
- nÂ tNÀ¯n-
cn-¡p-¶p.
""Irjv W - \ m- « - ¯ n\v A\nÀÆ- N - \ o- b - a mb Hcp ZnhyXzw

AXnsâ BhnÀ`m-hI
- mew apXÂ BkvXn-I·
- mÀ Btcm-]¨
- n-cp¶p
F¶p-ÅXpw \nkvXÀ¡-am-Wv'' (]pdw 12).
IrjvWK
- o-Xn-bnse CXn-hr-¯hpw Ihn-Xm-co-Xnbpw XpSÀ¶v
hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. "IrjvW-\m«w F«p-Zn-hkw sIm-p-am{Xw A`n-
\-bn¨p kzÀ¤-tcm-l-W-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡-cp-sX¶pw
H³]Xmw Znhkw Ah-Xm-cI
- Y H¶p-IqSn Ifn-¨p-thWw Iem-in-¸n-
¡p-hm³ F¶pw \nb-a-ap--v. Ah-Xm-c-¯nse ]q¨p-ä-epw, Imf-nb- 12345678901234567890
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aÀ±-\¯
- nse \À¯-\hpw cmk-{Io-Ub
- nse irwKm-ce
- o-ebpw Iwk- 188
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h-[¯
- nse aÃ³a-dn-¨nepw kzbw-hc
- ¯
- nse Pmw-_h
- sâ `àn-{]-
I-S\
- hpw _mW-bp-²¯
- nse {io]-ct- a-iz-csâ ]pd-¸mSpw hnhn-Zh
- -
[-¯nse _e-`{- Zsâ aZy-]m-\hpw kzÀ¤m-tcm-lW-- ¯
- nse A\-´-
i-b-\hpw ImtW- ImgvN-I-sf-¶mWv A`n-Ú-·-mcpsS aXw.'
Ihn-Xm-co-Xn-sb-¸än ]d-bp¶p þ ''AXy´w at\m-lc
- a
- mb Hcp
Imhyw Xs¶-bmWv IrjvWK
- o-Xn. tÇmI-§fpw ]Z-§fpw H¶p-
t]mse kam-kzm-Zy-§f
- m-Ip-¶p. Ihn taÂ¸-¯q-cnsâ \mcm-bW
- o-
bs¯ Aev]s
- am-¶p-aÃ A\p-Ic
- n-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. B kvtXm{X-¯n-se-
¶-t]mse Imfn-ba
- À±-\¯
- nÂ tXmS-Ih
- r-¯h
- pw, cmk-{Io-Um-L«- -
¯nÂ Ipkp-a-a-RvP-co-hr-¯hpw IqSn {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p--v'' (]pdw
13-þ14).
CXn-\p-sX-fn-hmbn KoXn-]-Zy-§fpw tÇmI-§fpw NphsS
tNÀ¯n-«p--v. \mcm-b-Wo-b-¯nÂ taÂ¸-¯qÀ `«-Xn-cn-sb-¶-t]mse
alm-hn-jvWp-hns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\w sNbvXp-sIm--mWv Ihn
tÇmI-§Ä cNn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v (]pdw 13).
tIc-fk
- m-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw aq¶mw hmeyw ap¸-¯n-\m-em-a[
- ymbw
IY-Ifn {]Øm-\s
- ¯-¸ä- n-bp-ÅX
- mWv. `c-Xa
- p-\n-bpsS A`n-\b
- k
- -
{¼-Zm-b-s¯-¸-än-bpÅ ImcnI FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¨p-sIm--mWv DÅqÀ
NÀ¨ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶X
- v.
""\mSy-¯nÂ ]qÀÆm-Nm-cy-·mÀ hmNn-Is¯ kÀÆ-{]-[m-\a
- mbn
Icp-Xp-¶p. AhÀ \nÀt±-in-¡p¶ \rXy-¯n\p ]qÀÆ-Im-e§
- f
- nÂ
Blm-cym-`n-\b
- a
- n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. IY-If
- n-bnÂ hmNn-Im-`n-\b
- a
- n-Ãm-¯-
Xp- s Im- v AXns\ \rXy- t Im- S n- b n- e mWv DÄs¸- S p- t ¯- - s X- ¶ p-
ÅXp \nÊw-ib
- a
- m-Wv. AXp-Xs¶ {]mtbW XmWvUh
- {- ]-[m-\a
- m-
sW¶p [cn-t¡-- Xp--v. IY-Ifn ]ZmÀ°-§Ä {]ZÀin-¸n-¡m-dn-Ã.
`mhm-{ibamsW-¦nepw AXnÂ ]mcy-ń-Ia
- mb ck-{]-XoXn t{]£- 12345678901234567890
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I-·mÀ¡p P\n-¡p-¶p-- tÃm. AXp hgn-¡mWv 189
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""`mhm-`n-\b
- l
- o-\´p \r¯-an-Xy`n[o-btX
ck-`m-hh
- y-RvP\
- m-Zn-bpàw \rXy-an-Xo-cytX''
F¶ "A`n-\b
- Z- À¸W'Imcn-Ib
- nse D¯-cmÀ²-¯n\p KXn Iev]n-
t¡- - n - b n- c n- ¡ p- ¶ - X v .....
""IpÀtÆ \mS-I-a{X km[p Ih-b-kvXp-jy´p _²m-Zcw''

F¶p Iwk-h[w IY-If
- n-bnÂ Infn-am-\qÀ chn-hÀ½tImbn-¯¼
- p-
cm\pw ""tI\m]n XÂ]-ZP
- q-jm-Ine Z£-bm-K\
- m-Sy-{]-_Ô
- a
- p-ZnXw''
F¶p Z£-bmKw IY-If
- n-bnÂ Cc-bn-½³X-¼nbpw {]kvXm-hn-¨n-
«pÅXv \mSy-\r-Xy-§Ä¡v A`n-¶Xzw Iev]n¨psIm-m-sW¶p Icp-
Xn-bmÂ aXn-bm-Ip-¶X
- m-Wv. \mSy-¯nepw \rXy-¯nepw temI-[À½n-
sb¶pw \mSy- [ À½n- s b¶pw c- p {]Im- c - t `- Z - § - f p- - v . Chbv ¡ p
bYm-{Iaw sXmev¡m-¸n-b-¯nÂ De-Ih-g-¡-sa¶pw \mS-I-h-g-¡-
sa¶pw t]À ]d-ªp-Im-Wp-¶p. hmIym-`n-\-b-¯nÂ tIh-e-hm-
tIym¨m-cWw temI-[À½nbpw cmK-bp-à-hm-tIym-¨m-cWw \mSy-
[À½n-bpw. AXp-t]mse kmXzn-Im-`n-\b
- ¯
- nÂ \S³ `mh\w sNbvXp
bYm-kz-cq]w {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p¶ kvXw`m-Zn-IÄ temI-[À½nbpw
lkvXm-`n-\-bw-sIm-p {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶h \mSy-[À½n-bp-am-sW¶p
kwKo-Xc
- X
- v\m-Kc
- h
- ym-Jy-bnÂ aÃn-\m-Y³ D]-\y-kn-¡p-¶p. kmXzn-
Im-`n-\b
- _
- l
- p-ea
- mWv \mSy-sa¶v Ipam-ck
- zman {]Xm-]c
- p-{Zo-bh
- ym-
Jy-bnÂ {]kvXm-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw {]Ir-X¯
- nÂ kvac-Wo-ba
- m-Wv
(]pdw 100-þ101).
XpSÀ¶v BwKn-Im-`n-\b
- s
- ¯-¸än kmam\yw hnkvXc
- n¨p {]Xn-
]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. IY-Ifn {]Øm-\¯
- nsâ BK-as
- ¯-¸ä- nbpw sIm«m-
c-¡-c-¯-¼p-cm-s\-¸-änbpw ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p--v. cma-\m-«hpw
IrjvW\
- m-«hpw kmaq-Xn-cnbpw aäp-am-bpÅ sFXn-ly-§fpw tI«-
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dn-hp-Ifpw kw{K-ln¨v DÅqÀ C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. þ 12345678901234567890
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190
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"Imc-Ws
- a-´m-bm-epw, kmaq-Xncn B At]-£sb AwKo-Ic
- n-¨n-Ã.
XZ-\-ćw X¼p-cm³ Xsâ ]cn-an-X-amb hmk-\¡pw hypÂ¸-
¯n¡pw A\p-Kp-Wa
- mbn IrjvW\
- m-«s¯ A\p-Ic
- n¨v AXp-t]mse
Ggp-Zn-h-kw-sIm-p A`n-\-bn-t¡-- hn-[-¯nÂ cma-\m«w \nÀ½n-¨p.
GXm-h·
- m-{X-am-bn-cn¡pw ]gb sFXn-ly-¯nsâ _oP-sa¶p Rm³
k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶p.'
Ajv S - ] - Z n- b m«w I- m Wv am\- t h- Z - c m- P mhv Irjv W - \ m«w

\nÀ½n¨Xv F¶v Bcpw A`n-{]m-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. AjvS]
- Z- n-bm«w {KÙw
R m \ p w I - n - « p - v ''(]pdw.112).
KoX-tKm-hn-µs¯ A\p-Ic
- n-¨mWv am\-th-Z³ IrjvW\
- m«w
\nÀ½n-¨s
- X¶v DÅqÀ Icp-Xp-¶p.
""BsI-¡qSn At±-l¯
- nsâ Imew hsc tIc-f¯
- nÂ {_mÒ-
WÀ¡pw aäpw {][m-\a
- mbn IqSn-bm-«hpw aäp-Åh
- À¡p tImew-Xp-
ÅÂ apX-emb Nne {Kmao-W\
- r-Xy-§f
- p-aÃ
- msX thsd Zriy-Ie
- -
IÄ D- m - b n- c p- ¶ - X mbn tXm¶p- ¶ n- Ã . Ah- s Im- v Ah- c psS
A¶s¯ Bh-iy-§Ä ]cym-]vX-ambn \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p''
(]pdw 114).
b£-Km\w F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp hI \rXyw ssakq-cnepw Z£n-

W-IÀ®m-S-I-¯nepw B{Ô-tZ-i-¯nepw {]N-cn-¡p-¶p--v. ""X¼p-
cmsâ Ime¯v B«-¡Y
- ¡
- m-cpsS thj-hn-[m-\hpw aäpw C¶-hn-[-
¯n-em-bn-cp¶p F¶-dn-bm³ C¶p bmsXmcp amÀ¤-hp-an-Ãm-sX-bn-cn-
¡p-Ibpw thj-hn-[m-\¯
- nepw aäpw IY-Ifn {]Øm-\¯
- n\pw IqSn-
bm-«¯
- n\pw IrjvW\
- m-«¯
- n\pw X½nÂ At\Iw Awi-§f
- nÂ
kmZriyw ImWp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ØnXn¡p b£-Km-\¯
- nsâ A\p-
I-cW
- a
- mWv B«-¡Y
- s
- bt¶m B«-¡Y
- b
- psS A\p-Ic
- W
- a
- mWv b£-
Km-\-sat¶m \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶Xp kq£n¨p thW-sa¶pw ]d-tb-- 12345678901234567890
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X p - - v . '' 191
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B«-¡Y
- bv¡p IqSn-bm-«t- ¯m-SpÅ IS-¸mSv Cu A[ym-b-
¯nÂ DÅqÀ Nq- n - ¡ m«n BäqÀ Irjv W - ] n- j m- c - S n- b psS Hcp
{]kvXm-h\
- bpw tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. IY-If
- n-bnse thj-§f
- psS a«pw
A`n-\b
- c
- o-Xnbpw ssIap-{Z-Ifpw aäp kIe NS-§p-Ifpw IqSn-bm«w
F¶ \mS-Im-`n-\b
- ¯
- nsâ Hcp t\À]-IÀ¸m-sW¶v ]d-bmw. Cu
{]kvXm-h-\-bnÂ hfsc ]c-amÀ°-ap-s- ¶mWv DÅq-cnsâ ]£w
(]pdw 119).
Imem-ć
- ¯
- nÂ cma-\m-«¯
- n\v h¶ hnIm-k]
- c
- n-Wma Ncn-
{X-amWv NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶X
- v. ""GXm-bmepw B ]gb kwhn-[m-\¯
- nÂ
(1) sh«-¯p-cm-Pm-hv, (2) I¹n-§m«p \¼q-cn, (3) IÃ-Sn-t¡m«p \¼qcn
F¶o aq¶p A`n-\b
- I
- e
- m-tIm-hn-Z·
- mÀ sImÃw H³]Xmw iX-I-
¯nÂXs¶ Bim-ky-§f
- mb ]e amä-§fpw hcp¯n F¶p-ÅXp
kÀÆ-k½
- X
- a
- m-Wv.'' (]pdw 121)
XpSÀ¶v sh«-¯p-k{- ¼-Zm-bw, I¹n-§m-«p-k{- ¼-Zm-bw, IÃ-Sn-

t¡m-«p-k{- ¼-Zmbw F¶nh cma-\m-«]
- c
- n-jvIm-c¯
- n\v \ÂInb kw`m-
h\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p--v. IY-I-fn-bnse thj-hn-[m-\w, IY-I-fn-¨-S-
§p-IÄ, B«w, IY-If
- nbpw \mS-Ihpw F¶n-hbpw NÀ¨-sN-bvXn-
«p--v.
sIm«m-c¡
- c-¯¼
- p-cmsâ kmln-Xy-s¯-¸än DÅqÀ {]Ir-X-
¯nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p.
""tÇmI-§fpw ]Z-§fpw sIm-m-WtÃm B«-¡-Y-IÄ \n_-

Ôn-t¡-- Xv. X¶n-an¯w A¯-c-¯nÂ Hcp IrXn cNn-¡-W-sa-
¦nÂ {]tW-Xm-hn\p kmln-Xy-¯n-se-¶-t]mse kwKo-X-¯nepw
kao-No-\-amb Úm\-ap--m-bn-cn-¡Ww. sIm«m-c-¡-c-¯-¼p-cm\p
kwKo-X-¯nÂ A\-]-e-]-\o-b-amb ]mS-hap--m-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw 12345678901234567890
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Dt±iw \mev]Xp cmK-§t- fmfw Xsâ IrXn-If
- nÂ {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-- v . '' 192
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...B-«¡
- Y
- I
- Ä¡p ap¼v At±lw apàI cq]-¯n-se-¦nepw aWn-
{]-hm-f-tÇm-I-§-sf-gpXn ]cn-N-bn-¨n-cp-¶pthm F¶p kwi-bn-¡-
¯¡ coXn-bn-emWv At±-l¯
- nsâ ]Z-LS- \
- w. ...Xsâ F«v B«-
¡YIfnse tÇmI-§f
- nepw ]Z-§f
- nepw X¼p-cm³ aWn-{]-hm-fs¯
Nn{X-h[w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p F¶p-]d- ª
- mÂ¡q-Snbpw AXv AXn-
i-tbm-àn-bm-Ip-¶-X-Ã. aWnbpw {]hm-f-hp-aÃ \mw AhnsS
{]mtbW ImWp-¶X
- v. IqÀ¯ aqÀ¯ Ipsd Icn-¦Â¨n-Ãp-Ifpw
sh«p-IÂ¡-jW
- §
- fpw am{X-am-Wv (]pdw 130-þ132).
""IY-If
- n-¡h
- n-IÄ aWn-{]-hm-fi
- p²n kma-t\y\ ]cn-]m-en-
¨n-«n-sÃ-¶p-Xs¶ ]d-bmw. AXn\v Hcp Imc-Ww, H³]Xmw iX-I-
¯nÂ ]gb aWn-{]-hm-f{- ]-Øm\w Xs¶ AkvtXm-·p-Ja
- m-bX
- m-
bn-cn-¡W
- w. asäm-¶v, AhÀ X§-fpsS amÀ¤-ZÀin-bmb X¼p-cms\
]Z-cN
- \
- m-hn-jb
- ¯
- nÂ AÔ-ambn A\p-Ic
- n-¨X
- p-am-bn-cn-¡Ww' X¼p-
cmsâ IY-If
- n-bnÂ _men-h[
- hpw tXmc-Wb
- p-²hpw am{Xta C¡m-
e¯p BSm-dpÅq''
tIm«-b-¯p-X-¼p-cm-s\-¸-än-bmWv XpSÀ¶pÅ hnh-c-Ww.

X¼p-cmsâ Poh-Nc
- n{Xw kw{K-ln¨p {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨t- ijw At±-ls
- ¯-
¸än t\cn-s«m-cd- nhpw e`y-as
- Ã¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Xsâ B«-¡Y
- I
- Ä A`n-
\-bn-¡p-¶h
- c
- psS Bh-iy-¯n-te-¡mbn tXmS-bhpw hµ-\t- Çm-I-
§fpw awK-eK
- m-\§
- fpw {]tXyIw cNn-¨X
- m-bpw, Ahn-bnse CjvS-
tZ-h-Xm-kvXp-Xn-I-sf-¸-änbpw hnkvX-cn-¡p-¶p. B«-¡-Ym-km-ln-Xy-
¯nÂ tÇmI-§Ä {]mtbW kwkvIr-X¯
- nÂXs¶ \nÀ½n-¡W
- -
sa¶v hyh-Øm-]\w sNbvXXv X¼p-cm-\m-Wv. F¶mÂ X¼p-cmsâ
tÇmI-§-sf-¡mÄ ]Z-§Ä¡p IqSp-XÂ Bkzm-Zy-X-bp-s-¶pw
DÅqÀ {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p. Ipd¨p DZm-lc
- W
- §
- fpw FSp¯p ImWn-
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¨n- « p- - v (]pdw 142- þ 143). 12345678901234567890
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193
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""FÃm ck-§fpw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m³ Ihn¡p H¶p-t]mse {]mK-
ev`y-ap-s- ¦nepw hoc-c-k-¯n-emWv At±-l-¯n\p hnti-j-{]-Xn-]-
¯n-sb¶pw HmP-{]-[m-\a
- mWv At±-l¯
- nsâ Ih-\s
- si-en-sb¶pw
`mhp-I·
- mÀ¡p {Kln-¡m-hp-¶X
- m-WtÃm'' (]pdw 143).
X¼p-cmsâ A`n-\-b-]m-Shw Ime-tI-b-h-[-¯nse ""hmSm

t]mcn-¶mbv'' F¶ AÀÖp-\sâ ka-cm-lzm\w tI«p t{Im[m-hn-
jvS\
- mbn Xsâ A\p-Nc
- ·
- m-tcm-Sp-IqSn bp²-¯n-s\-¯nb \nhm-X-
I-hN
- sâ kw`m-jWw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶X
- mbn DÅqÀ FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶p.
""B«-¡Y cNn-¡p¶ Ihn Hcp \S\pw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶mÂ AXnsâ
A`n-\b
- ¯
- n\p kn²n-¡m-hp¶ sshinjvSyw A\ym-Zriw Xs¶-
bm-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶p-ÅXv A\p-àk
- n-²a
- m-WsÃm'' (]pdw 144).
ap¸-t¯-gm-a[
- ym-b¯
- nÂ `mjm-km-lnXyw F¶ `mK-¯mWv
D®m-bn-hm-cy-scbpw \f-Nc
- nXw B«-¡Y
- s
- bbpw Ip-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-
¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. A[ym-bm-cw-`¯
- nÂ tZi-Nc
- n{Xw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶n-S¯p
amÀ¯m-WvUh
- À½ alm-cm-Pmhpw cma-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pmhpw kwKo-
X-km-ln-XymZn CXc Ie-IÄ¡v \ÂInb t{]mÕm-l\
- hpw kw`m-
h-\bpw FSp¯p ]d-bp-¶p--v. Sn¸p-hnsâ ae-_mÀ B{I-aWw
tZis¯ ]e ]WvUn-X·
- mcpw Ihn-Ifpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ A`bw
{]m]n-¡m-\n-Sb
- m-¡n-sb¶pw Ah Iem-km-lnXy {]hÀ¯-\§
- f
- psS
B¡w Iq«m³ kml-Nc
- y-sam-cp-¡n-sb¶pw DÅqÀ {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p
(]pdw 263-þ66). XpSÀ¶v D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS tZiw, Pohn-XI
- m-ew, IrXn-
IÄ F¶nh kmam\yw hnkvXc
- n¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨t- ijw \f-Nc
- nXw
B«-¡Y
- b
- n-te¡p IS-¡p-¶p.
IYm-\nÀh-l-W-¯nÂ \mc-Z-a-lÀjn- BZn-a-[ym-´-§-fnÂ

{]th-in-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ihn-bpsS HuNn-Xy-Zo-£b
- psS ê-am-sW¶pw
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ck-]-cn-t]m-j-W-¯nÂ hmcn-b-sc-t¸mse Z¯m-h-[m-\-\mbn Hcp 12345678901234567890
194
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\rXy-{]-_-Ô-Im-c\pw D-m-bn-«n-sÃ¶pw irwKm-c-ckw AwKn-bmbpw
CX-cc
- k
- §
- Ä AwK-ambpw A\-kyqXw ]cn-kv^n-cn-¡p¶ Ihn-bpsS
Iem-t_m-[hpw \mS-Iob \nb-a§
- sf Bkv]Z- a
- m-¡n-bpÅ ]cn-K-
W-\bpw B`m-ka
- mb kwt`m-Ki
- rw-Km-c{- ]-IS- \
- s¯ Hgn-hm-¡n-bpÅ
cN-\bpw Bscbpw B\-µn-¸n-¡m³ ]cym-]vXa
- m-sW¶pw DÅqÀ
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
""D®m-bn-sb-t¸mse at\m-l-c-§-fmb IY-I-fn-¸-Z-§Ä

aämcpw cNn-¨n-«n-Ã.'' CXn\p DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn ]Xn-aq¶v ]Z-§Ä \f-
N-cn-X-¯nÂ\n¶v At±lw FSp¯ptNÀ¯n-«p--v. Ch tkm]m\
k{¼-Zm-b¯
- nepw kwKo-Xk
- Z- Ê
- nÂ tZin k{¼-Zm-b¯
- nepw ]mSm-
hp¶XmWv. Ch-bnÂ ]eXpw kv{XoIÄ ssIsIm-«n-¡f
- n¡pw D]-
tbm-Kn-¡m-dp--v. Cu hnin-jvS-KpWw Cc-bn-½³X-¼n-bpsS Nne IY-
Ifn-¸-Z-§Ä¡-ÃmsX asäm-¶n-\p-an-Ã. ChÀ c-p-t]cpw kwKo-X-
aÀ½-Ú·
- m-cm-bn-cp-¶X
- n-\m-emWv B {]Øm-\¯
- nÂ C{X-am{Xw
hnPbw t\Sn-bX
- v'' (]pdw 280-þ281).
""sam¯-¯nÂ ]cn-KW
- n-¡p-t¼mÄ, "kwKo-Xk
- m-ln-Xy-§Ä
c-pw H¶p-t]mse \bn-¡m-hp-¶-Xn-\m-epÅ kÀÆ-tXm-ap-J-X, {]Ir-
Xn-kn-²a
- mb Kmwò-cyw, DZmc-amb _Ôw, kzI-t]m-eI
- e
- v]n-X§
- -
fmb \qX-\-`w-Kn-IÄ, Btem-Nn-¡p-t´mdpw Ah-km-\n-¡msX \o-p-
\o--p-t]m-Ip¶ hywKymÀ°-¯nsâ _mlp-eyw, {]tbm-K-ssh-Nn-
{Xy-§f
- m-epÅ hypÂ]m-ZI
- X
- , FÃm hnj-b¯
- n-ep-apÅ t£m`-£-
aX CXp-IÄ \f-Nc
- n-Xs¯ aWn-{]-hm-fI
- r-Xn-If
- nÂ {]Y-aK
- W
- \
- b
- -
am¡nä-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.'' F¶ s{]m^-kÀ cmP-cm-Ph
- À½ tImbn-¯-
¼p-cmsâ A`n-{]mbw kÀhYm kam-Zc
- W
- o-ba
- m-Wv.''
"AÀ°-hn-jb
- ¯
- nÂ Bscbpw \£-{X-sa-®n-¡p¶ ]e `mK-
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§Ä \f-Nc
- n-X¯
- nÂ hmcn-bÀ apà-lk
- X
v a
- mbn hmcn-hn-Xd- n-bn-«p-- v . 12345678901234567890
195
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""ac-¯n-\n-Sb
- nÂ¡m-Wmta kpµ-c¯
- n-\psS kmZr-tiybw'' XpS-§nb
`mK-§Ä kÀÆ-k½
- X
- a
- mb coXn-bnÂ hymJym-\n-¡p-hm³ C\nbpw
BÀ¡pw km[n-¨n-«nÃ F¶v DÅqÀ ]d-bp-¶p. ]ns¶bpw Nne DZm-
l-cW
- §
- Ä FSp-¯p-Im-Wn¨p Ihn-bpsS D·-kvXI
- a
- mb DÑrw-Je
- -
Xbv¡p ZWvU-\-a-kvImcw sN¿msX \o¡p-t]m-¡nÃ F¶pw,
{]mtbW FÃm ]Z-§fpw Xs¶ ]c-ac
- a
- W
- o-b§
- fpw kÀÆ-hn-Zn-X-
§-fp-am-sW¶pw At±lw {]kvXm-hn-¡p¶p (]pdw 281-þ282).
CtX A[ym-b¯
- nÂ ImÀ¯n-IX
- n-cp-\mÄ cma-hÀ½ alm-cm-
Pm-hnsâ Poh-Nc
- n{Xw kwt£-]n¨v IrXn-Is
- f-¸än {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨ncn¡p-¶p.
_me-cm-a`- c
- X
- s
- a¶ `c-Xi
- m-kv{X-{]-_Ô
- hpw BdnÂ¨n-ezm\w B«-
¡-YI
- fpw FSp-¯p]-db
- p-¶p. `c-Xi
- m-kv{X-¯nÂ \njvWm-X\
- mb
ImÀ¯n-IX
- n-cp-\mÄ IY-If
- n-{]-Øm-\s¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-Ibpw
sIm«mcw IY-If
- n-tbmKw F¶ t]cnÂ hnZ-Kv²·
- m-cmb \S-·msc
Iq«n-t¨À¯p Hcp ]pXnb IY-If
- n-tbmKw kzcq-]n-¡p-Ibpw B«-
t¡m-¸p-Ifpw aäpw ]cn-jvIr-X-co-Xn-bnÂ D-m-¡n-¨v, Ah-sc-s¡m-v
DÕ-hZ- n-hk
- §
- f
- nepw \h-cm{Xn Znh-k§
- f
- nepw \Ã IY-IÄ BSn-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIm«mcw Ifn-tbm-K¯
- nsâ taÂ hnNm-c¯
- n\p
kIe tIc-fobIe-I-fnepw \njvWm-X-\m-bn-cp¶ A¼-e-¸pg
am¯qÀ¸Wn-¡sc \nb-an-¨p.
B«-¡Y
- I
- f
- nse Ihn-Xm-coXn [z\n-{]-[m-\hpw Ae-¦m-tcm-Öz-
e-hp-a-sÃ-¦nepw emfn-Xym-Zn-Kp-W-§ÄsIm-v B]m-Z-NqUw Ifn-bm-
Sp-¶X
- m-Wv. Cu hnjb¯nÂ sIm«m-c¡
- c
- X
- ¼
- p-cms\ hfsc A\p-
I-cn-¨n-«p-s-¶pw DÅqÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Nne tÇmI-§Â DZm-l-c-W-
ambn tNÀ¯n- « p- v (]pdw 322- þ 334).
XpSÀ¶v Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ Cf-bX

- ¼
- p-cms\¡pdn-¨mWv ]cm-
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aÀiw. \menÂNn- e zm\w B«- ¡ - Y - I Ä At±lw \nÀ½n- ¨ n- « p- - v . 12345678901234567890
196
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AizXn BZyw \nÀ½n-¨Xv \c-Im-kp-ch
- [
- ¯
- nsâ D¯-c`- m-Kh
- pw,
]ns¶ ]qX-\m-tam-£hpw F¶v DÅqÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. Aiz-Xn-bpsS
kmlnXyw D¯-a-tIm-Sn-bnÂs¸-Sp¶sX¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hmbv Nne
tÇmI-§fpw ]Z-§fpw ZWvUI
- §
- fpw DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn FSp-¯p-
tNÀ¯n- « p- - v . ""]mSn-t¡Ä¡m-\pw, AXn-ep-a[
- nIw BSn-¡m-Wm\pw
sImÅm-hp¶ IrXn-If
- psS Iq«-¯nÂ Ahn-Sps¯ IY-IÄ AXyp-
¨-]-Z-¯nÂ kap-Ã-kn-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm--p-X-s¶-bmWv Ahbv¡v
C{X-am{Xw kÀÆ-at- \m-cR
- vPI
- X kwkn-²a
- m-bn-«p-ÅX
- pw. Ahn-Sp¶p
{]tbm-Kn-¨n-«pÅ Hmtcm i_vZhpw ssNX-\y-]qÀ®-am-Wv. AXn-sâ-
sbÃmw kzmckyw ]cn-]qÀ®-ambn {Kln-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ hmk-\-
¡mcpw hypÂ]-¶-·m-cp-amb \S-·mÀ B IY-IÄ A`n-\-bn¨p
ssIap{Z Adn-bm-hp-¶h
- À ImW-Ww.'' ]qX-\m-tam-£¯
- nse Nne
]Z-§Ä tXm«w i¦-c³\¼q-Xn-cn-sb-t¸m-epÅ A\p-Kr-lo-X·
- m-cmb
\rXy-Ie
- m-Ip-ie
- ·
- mÀ A`n-bn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv AXnsâ A\p-`h
- t- h-
ZyX Adn-bm³ Ign-bp-¶X
- v (]pdw 345-þ347).
]uWv{U-Ih
- [
- ¯
- nse "am[-hk
- a
- b
- a
- nZw' F¶ ]Z-¯nse
Nne hcn-Ifpw Aw_-co-£N
- c
- n-X¯
- nse "Cutc-gp-]m-cn-s\mcp thcm-
bn-ta-hn\' F¶p XpS-§p¶ ZWvUI - hpw Imhy-`w-Kn-bpsS DZm-lc
- -
W-ambn ChnsS D²-cn-¨n-«p--v (]pdw 348).27
\mÂ]-Xm-a-[ym-b-¯nÂ ho-pw Infn-¸m-«p-Ifpw B«-¡-Y-
Ifpw NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶p. AXnÂ BZyw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶Xv cmh-tWm-
Ûhw B«-¡Y Fgp-Xnb ItÃ-¡p-f§
- c cmL-h]
- n-jm-cS- n-sb-¡p-
dn-¨m-Wv. cmh-Ws\ Iuam-cm-hØ
- b
- nÂ "Ip«n-cm-hW' \mbpw hc-
em`w Ignªp henb "cmhW'\mbpw CXnÂ cwK-{]-thiw sN¿n-
¸n-¡p-¶Xv t{]£-Ic
- nÂ IuXpIw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶X
- mbn DÅqÀ ]d-
bp-¶p. IhnX sa¨-am-sW¶v ]d-bm-\n-Ã. F¦nepw ""aa X\bm am
Ipcp-tcmZw _me', "_men-Im-P\
- a
- W
- n-bp¶ aRvPp-fa
- Wn' F¶n-§- 12345678901234567890
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s\-bpÅ Nne ]Z-§Ä¡v Na-XvIm-ca
- p-s¶
- pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. 197
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XpSÀ¶v IÃqÀ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ _men-hn-Pbw B«-¡Y
- sb
]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. kmln-Xy-]-c-ambn H¶mw Øm\-¯n-\Àl-a-sÃ-
¦nepw cwK-{]-tbm-K¯
- n\v kÀÆYm kap-Nn-Xa
- mb Hcp IrXn-bmWv
AsX-¶pÅXns\¸än ]£m-´-c-an-Ã. cmh-W³, _men, \mc-Z³
F¶o aq¶p IYm-]m-{X-§f
- p-sSbpw thjw sI«p¶ \S-·mÀ¡p
kIe at\m-[À½-§fpw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m³ [mcmfw kuI-cy-ap--v.
IÃq-cns\ Hcp\mSy-Ie
- m-aÀ½-Ú\pw ên-X{- ]-tbm-K\
- n-]p-W\
- p-ambn
_men-hn-Pbw \ap¡p ImWn-¨p-X-cp-¶p. tÇmI-§-sf-¡mÄ ]Z-
§Ä¡v kzmckyw IqSpw. AXn-\mbn Nne DZm-lc
- W
- §
- fpw tNÀ¯n-
«p- - v (]pdw 547).
a--h-¸Ån C«n-cm-cn-¨-ta-t\msâ k´m-\-tKm-]mew, cpÜmw-

K-ZN-cnXw F¶n-h-sb-¸än XpSÀ¶p ]d-bp-¶p-. c-p-I-Y-I-fnepw
kwkvIr-Xt- Çm-I§
- Ä hfsc A]qÀÆ-ambn am{Xta LSn-¸n-¨n-«p-Åq.
hS-¡³ cpÜmw-KZ-Nc
- nXw F¶ t]cnÂ Hcm-«¡
- Y A³]-¯n-\mep
Znh-ks¯ B«-¡Y
- b
- psS Iq«-¯nÂ ImWp-¶p. cma-im-kv{Xn-I-
fpsS "_mW-bp²w' ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶n-S¯v tIm«bw AizXn XpS-
§nb H¶mwInS \rXy- k m- l n- X y- I m- c - · m- c psS Iq«- ¯ nÂ
At±l¯n\pw Øm\-¯n-\-h-Im-i-ap-s-¶v ]d-bp-¶p (]pdw 553-
þ554).
aq¶mw hmeyw ap¸-s¯-«m-a[

- ymbw Ip©³\-¼ymsc (cm-a-
]m-Wn-hm-Z³) ]än-bpÅ ]T-\a
- m-Wv. At±ls¯-¸ä- n-bpÅ Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dn-epÅ tcJ-IÄ t{ImUo-I-cn¨p tNÀ¯p-sIm--mWv ]T\w
Bcw-`n-¡p-¶X
- v (]pdw 332). CXn-\mbn Ie-¡s¯ Nne tcJ-IÄ
Aaq-ey-km-£y-ambn tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p (]pdw 347-þ349).
{]Ya cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z\
- \-amWv Ihn-sb¶pw (]pdw 353) P\-
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\-s¯-¸ä- n-bpÅ sFXn-lyw, Kpcp-\m-Y³ (355-þ358) cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z\pw 12345678901234567890
198
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Ip©³ \¼n-bmcpw HcmÄ Xs¶-sb¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p-sIm-v
(]pdw 359-þ360) A\-ć
- I
- m-eP
- o-hn-X¯
- n-te¡pw XpÅÂ¡-YI
- f
- n-
te¡pw IS-¡p-¶p.
XpÅÂ¡-YI
- Ä Hm«³, ioX-¦³, ]d-b³ F¶n-§s\ aq¶p-
h-Ib
- mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡s
- ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu hn`-P\w {]mtbW {]tbm-
àm-¡f
- psS thj-hn-[m-\s
- ¯bpw {]bp-à§
- f
- mb hr¯-§f
- psS
hn`n-¶X
- s
- bbpw Bkv]Z- a
- m-¡n-bp-ÅX
- m-sW¶pw ]d-bmw. ]Xnª
a«nÂ ]mtS-- XmWv ]d-b³Xp-Å³. AXn-t\-¡mÄ apdpIn ioX-
¦³Xp-Åepw AXn-ep-a-[nIw thK-¯nÂ Hm«³Xp-Åepw ]mtS--
Xp--v. ]d-b³thjw sI«n ]S-b-Wn¡p hcp-¶-hÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-
cp¶ Nne hr¯-§f
- n-em-bn-cn-¡Ww \¼n-bmÀ B t]cpÅ XpÅ-
ep-IÄ \nÀ½n-¨Xv (]pdw 405).
ioX-¦³ F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ AÀ°w Fs´¶v ]d-hm³

sshj-ay-ap--v. ...ioX-¦-s\¶ ]Zw \¼n-bmÀ Hcn-S¯pw D]-tbm-Kn-
¨n-«n-sÃ-¦nepw Hm«-t\bpw ]d-bs
- \bpw ]än {]kvXm-hn-¨p-Im-Wp¶p
(]pdw 406).
""hm«w hcmtX Nnetcm«³Xp-Åepw \Ãþ

]m«pw Ihn-IÄ hnf-bm«w {]I-Sn-¡p-¶p.''
F¶p kXymkzbw-hc
- ¯
- nepw
""]s- m cp ]S- b Wn Im×- s \- s ¶þ

s¡m- p ]pd- s ¸- « m\o hnZzm³'' F¶p cpÜn-Wo-kz-bw-hc
- -
¯nepw DÅ ]wàn-IÄ t\m¡p-I (]pdw 406-þ407).
XpÅÂ¡-Yb
- psS \nÀ½m-WI
- m-ew, XpÅÂ¡-Y, {]Øm-\-
¯nsâ Dt±-iw, XpÅÂ¡-YI
- f
- nse `mj, {]Xn-]m-Z\
- c
- oXn F¶nhbpw
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{]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p (407-þ420). ""\¼n- b mÀ Xm³ I- - d nª hnj-b- 12345678901234567890
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199
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§sf am{Xw A\p-`h
- Ø
- sâ \ne-bnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡pI F¶Xv Hcp
{hXw t]mse A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm--mWv At±-l-¯nsâ XpÅ-
ep-IÄ¡v GXp A\p-hm-NI
- sâ lrZ-bs
- ¯bpw X·-bo-`h
- n-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xn-\pÅ Bß-hocyw A\m-bm-tk\ kn²n-¡p-¶-Xv. At±lw
Xsâ CXc `mjm-Ir-Xn-If
- n-se-¶t- ]mse XpÅ-¡Y
- I
- f
- nepw kz`m-
thmàn, ZrjvSm´w, AÀ°m-ć
- \
- ymkw F¶o Ae-¦m-c§
- sftb
- A - [ n- I - a mbn {]tbm- K n- ¡ p- ¶ p- Å q. Ah- s Im- p Xs¶ hÀ®- \ -
IÄ¡pw kw`m-jW
- §
- Ä¡pw XnI¨pw Hcp tIc-fo-bÑ
- mb hcp-
¯p-hm³ km[n-¡p-sa-¶p-ÅX
- mWv AXn-\p-Im-cW
- w'' (]pdw 410-þ417).
""Fhn-sS-s¨-¶mepw At±lw Xsâ \m«nse Imcy-§s

- ftb
{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-I-bp-Åq. AXn-\mWp At±-l-¯n\p kÀtÆm-]cn
kmaÀ°y-ap-ÅX
- v'' (]pdw 417). ""]cn-lm-kt- [m-cWn þ \¼n-bmÀ Xsâ
XpÅ-ep-If
- nÂ Hmtcm¶nepw Hmtcm IYm-`m-Ks
- a-¦nepw At±-l¯
- n-
\-ÃmsX asäm-cmÄ¡pw cNn-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p-¶X
- s
- Ã¶v ss[cy-
ambn ]d-bm-hp¶ hn[-¯n-emWv cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. B `mK-§f
- nepw
ct- m \mtem hcn- I Ä kc- k zXn Xs¶ At±- l - ¯ n- \ p- t h- n Km\w
sN¿p-Ib
- mtWm F¶p tXm¶n-t¸mIpw'' (]pdw 420).
""Hcp \yq\X þ \¼n-bmÀ XpÅÂ¡Y-If

- nÂ ck-N{- I-hÀ¯n-
bmb irwKm-cs¯ Hcn-S¯pw klr-Z-b-k-½-X-amb coXn-bnÂ
kv]Àin-¨n-«n-Ã. Xsâ Dt±i kn²n¡v B ck-¯nsâ {]Xn-]m-Z\w
{]Xn-Iq-ea
- m-sW¶v At±-l¯
- n\v tXm¶n-bn-cn-¡W
- w. AXn\p ]Icw
]e-t¸mgpw Ak-`yhpw AÇo-eh
- p-amb irwKm-cm-`m-k¯
- nsâ hnhn[
apJ-§s
- f-bmWv At±lw hÀ®n-¡p-¶X
- v. ]qÀÆ-Im-e§
- f
- nse ]S-
b-Wn-If
- nÂ A¯-c¯
- n-epÅ ZpjvIr-Xn-If
- mWv XpÅÂ¡mÀ ]mSn-
h-¶s
- X¶pw, Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-a\
- p-kc
- n-¨mWv ]pdwIY-IÄ F¶p
]d-bm-hp¶ Nne XpÅÂ¡Y-IÄ Fgp-Xn-bX
- p-t]m-epw. ...A-le
- ym-
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tam-£hpw aäpw kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j·
- mcpw tIÄs¡ Ifn-¯«- nÂ 12345678901234567890
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\n¶v Hcp XpÅÂ¡m-c\v, AbmÄ F{X Xs¶ h¦\pw hj-f\
- p-
am-bmepw F§s\ ]mSn-]e
- n-¸n-¡p-hm³ km[n¡psa¶v a\-Ên-em-
¡m³ {]bm-ka
- m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.''
D]-kw-lmcw: \¼n-bmÀ XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fnÂ IqSn \ap¡v

{]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶Xv Hcp ]pXnb kmlnXy km{am-Py-am-Wv. ...{Koknse
Acn-tÌm-s^-\okv, tdmanse Pqh-\³, {^m³knse tamfn-bÀ XpS-
§nb ]mÝmXy·mcmb lmk kmln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cp-ambn \ap¡p
Ip©³\-¼n-bmsc kss[cyw Xmc-Xa
- y-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶X
- mWv (]pdw
424-þ425). `mjm-I-hn-a-[y-¯nÂ \¼n-bmÀ¡pÅ Øm\hpw \¼n-
bmcpw aäp-Nne `mjm-Ir-Xn-IfpwIqSn ChnsS NÀ¨ sNbvXn-«p--v
(426þ9).
t£{X-I-e-I-sf-¸än DÅq-cnsâ \nK-a-\-§fpw Is--¯-ep-

I- f p- a mWv \man- X p- h sc I- X v. CXnÂ {]kvXpXIeIsf
t£{XIeIsf¶ \nebnÂ hnebncp¯n¡mWp¶nÃ. KoX-tKm-hn-
µs¯ A\p-Ic
- n-¨mWv am\-th-Z³ IrjvW\
- m«w cNn-¨s
- X-¶pw, AXp-
hsc tIc-f¯
- nÂ {_mÒ-WÀ apXÂt]À¡v IqSn-bm-«hpw aäp-Å-
hÀ¡v tImew-Xp-ÅÂ t]mepÅ Ie-I-fp-am-Wp--m-bn-cp-¶-sX-¶pw,
AXp- s Im- v A¶s¯ Bh- i y- § Ä ]cym- ] v X - a m- b n- c p- s ¶¶pw
DÅqÀ ]d-bp-¶p. b£-Km\w F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp hI \r¯w ssakq-
cnepw IÀ®m-S-I-¯nepw B{Ô-{]-tZ-inepw D-v. ]t£ Ahsb
IY- I - f n- b p- a mbn tNÀ¯p- ] - d - b p- ¶ Xv kq£n- ¨ p- t h- W - s a¶pw
At±lw A`n-{]m-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶p.
]t£, DÅqcpw B«-¡-Y-sbbpw XpÅÂIr-Xn-I-sfbpw

t£{X-Ie
- s
- b¶ \ne-bnÂ ]cm-aÀin¨p ]T\w \S-¯p-¶n-Ã. IY-
I-fn¡v A`n\-b¯
- nÂ IqSn-bm-«¯
- n-t\m-SpÅ ASp¸w FSp-¯p-]d- -
bp¶p. cma-\m-«]
- c
- n-jvIm-c{- i-a§
- Ä, hyàn-IÄ, Ifcn k{¼-Zm-b-
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§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw ]cm-aÀin-¨n-«v, sIm«m-c-¡c X¼p-cmsâ 12345678901234567890
201
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aWn{]hmf{]tbmKs¯ hnaÀin¨ncn¡p¶p. "IYIfn¡hnIÄ'
aWn-{]-hm-f-ip²n Xmc-X-tay\ ]cn-]m-en-¨n-«n-sÃ-¶mWv At±-l-
¯nsâ A`n-{]m-bw. XpSÀ¶v tIm«-b¯
- p-X¼
- p-cmsâ Poh-Nc
- n{Xw
kw{K-ln-¨t- i-jw, FÃm ck-§fpw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-hpÅ Ihn-
bmWv X¼p-cm-s\-¶pw, B«-¡Y
- m-Ir¯v Hcp \S\pw IqSn BbmÂ
\s¶¶pw X¼p-cms\ ap³\nÀ¯n hni-Zo-Ic
- n-¡p-¶p. ap¸-¯n-tbgmw
A[ymb-¯n-emWv \f-Nc
- n-Xs¯ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. D®m-bn-sb-
t¸mse at\m-lc
- a
- mb IY-If
- n-¸Z- §
- Ä aämcpw cNn-¨n-«n-sÃ¶v DÅqÀ
{]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v ImÀ¯n-IX
- n-cp-\mÄ, Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ,
F¶n-hc
- psS B«-¡Y
- I
- sf kmam-\y-ambn hnh-cn-¨n-«,v cmh-tWm-Ûh
- w,
_men-hn-Pb
- w, k´m-\t- Km-]m-ew, cpÜmw-KZ- N
- c
- n-Xw, _mW-bp²w
XpS-§n-b-h-sb-¸-änbpw kmam-\y-ambn ]d-bp-¶p--v.
Chn-sSbpw B«-¡Y
- b
- psS kmlnXyw A`n-\b
- k
- m-ln-Xy-sa¶
\ne-bnÂ ]T\w \nÀÆ-ln-¨-Xmbn ImWp-¶n-Ã. IY-I-fn-bpsS
Dev]¯n hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§sf hni-Zn-I-cn-¡m-\mWv DÅqÀ
A[nIw {ian-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. B«-¡YIfnse kmln-Xy-`w-Kn¡p Nne
]Z-§Ä DZm-l-c-W-ambn FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¨n-«p--v.
Ip©³ \¼n-bmcpw cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z\pw HcmÄ Xs¶ F¶

hmZ-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv \¼n-bmÀ NÀ¨ XpS-§p-¶X
- v. AXp-kw-_Ô
- -
amb tcJ-IÄ kmam\yw hni-Z-am-bn-¯s¶ NÀ¨ sNbvX-Xn-\p-
tijw XpÅÂIr-Xn-If
- n-te¡p IS-¡p-¶p. XpÅ-ensâ hn`-P\w
{]mtbW {]tbm-àm-¡-fpsS thj-hn-[m-\-s¯bpw {]bp-à-§-
fmb hr¯-§f
- psS hn`n-¶X
- t- bbpw Bkv]Z- a
- m-¡n-bp-ÅX
- m-sW¶v
]d-bp-¶p. \¼n-bm-cnse ]cn-lm-kt- [m-cW
- n-bmWv DÅqÀ FSp-¯p-
Im-Wn-¡p¶ asämcp kwK-Xn. Hmtcm IY-bn-sebpw Nne `mK-§Ä
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At±-l¯
- n-\p-am{Xw cNn-¡m-hp-¶Xpw kc-kzXn Xs¶ t\cn«p Km\w 202
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sN¿p-Ib
- mtWm F¶v tXm¶n-t¸m-Ip-¶X
- p-am-Ws
- {X. irwKm-cs¯
Hcn-S¯pw klr-Zb
- k
- ½
- X
- a
- mb coXn-bnÂ Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡m-¯Xv Hcp
\yq\-X-bmbn DÅqÀ FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶p. Chn-sSbpw XpÅ-ense
kmln-Xys¯ cwK-]m-Th
- p-ambn ap³\nÀ¯n Nnń-¨p-Im-Wp-¶n-Ã.
XpÅÂkm-lnXyw A`n-\b
- k
- m-ln-Xy-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ hne-bn-cp-¯n,
cwK-th-Zn-bnse hnhn[ km[y-XI
- Ä Bcm-bp-¶n-Ã. \¼ymÀ¡-hn-X-
bnse DÕ-ho-Ic
- W
- hpw _lp-kz-cX
- bpw NÀ¨-sN-¿s
- ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.
3.4.4. ssIc-fn-bpsS IY
ae- b m- f - k m- l n- X y- N - c n- { X- ¯ nÂ ka- { K- X - s Im- p w kphy-
àXsIm- p w A¡m- Z - a nIv aqeywsIm- p w H¶m- a - X mWv F³.- I r-
jvW]
- n-Åb
- psS "ssIc-fn-bpsS IY'. AXnÂ Bap-Ja
- mbn At±lw
]d-bp¶p, ]WvUn-X·
- m-cmb hmb-\¡
- msc kwXr-]vXc
- m-¡p¶ Hcp
kmln-XyNcn{X-{K-Ùa
- Ã "ssIc-fn-bpsS IY'. tIc-fk
- m-ln-Xy-Nc
- n-
{Xs¯ A[n-Ic
- n¨v \qX-\a
- mb D]-Úm-\§
- Ä H¶pw-Xs¶ Cu
IrXn {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã... kp{]-[m-\§
- f
- mb IrXn-Is
- f-bpw {it²-
b-cmb kmln-Xy-Im-c-·m-scbpw am{Xta Cu eLp-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ
DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Åq. Kth-j-W-Ip-Xp-In-IÄ CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw
s]mXp-¸ńbnepÅ P\-§Ä¡p cpNn-¡m-¯X
- p-amb hnj-b§
- Ä
þ {]mNo-\{- K-Ù§
- f
- psS Ime-IÀXr-Xz-§sf¸-än-bpÅ hnhm-Z{- K-kvX-
amb hkvXp-XI
- Ä þ a\-¸qÀÆw Dt]-£n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. apJy-{K-Ù-
§-fpsS `mh-cq-]-§Ä Nq-n-¡m-Wn¨v Ah-bpsS IÀ¯m-¡-·mÀ
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n\p ssIh-cp-¯nb t\«-§Ä kwt£-]n¨p
{]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-I, AXn-ep-ta-sd, \½psS kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Hmtcm
Ime¯pw D-m-bn-«pÅ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§sf {]m[m-t\y\ hnh-cn-¡pI
þ C{X-bp-amWv Cu IrXn-bn-eqsS km[n-¨n-«p-ÅXv''.28
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf hkvXp-\n-jvTa
- mbpw kw£n-]vXa
- mbpw
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hnaÀi-\m-ßI
- a
- mbpw kao-]n-¡p¶ Hcp Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-bmWv ssIc- 203
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fn-bpsS IY. Hmtcm IrXn-bnepw klr-Zb
- ·
- mÀ t\cn-«p-{]-th-in-¨v,
kzbw A\p-`h
- n¨v sImÅs« k¼-¯p-IÄ' F¶ \ne-]mSmWv {KÙ-
IÀ¯m-hn-\v. AXn-\mÂ bmsXmcp ap³hn-[nbpw IqSm-sX, Ipdp-¡p-
hgnIÄ kzoI-cn-¡m-sX, hmb-\-¡mÀ¡p-th- t{]c-Wbpw {]mY-
an-IÚ
- m-\hpw {]Zm\w sN¿p¶ Hcp {KÙ-ambn ssIc-fn-bpsS
IY amdp-¶p. hf-sc-¡m-ew, A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp¶ F³.-Ir-jvW-
]nÅbpsS klr-Zb
- X
- z-hpw, ¢mÊp-ap-dn-bnÂ Xsâ injy-·mÀ¡p
]e-t¸m-gmbn ]IÀ¶p-\ÂInb Adn-hp-Ifpw kmln-Xy-ZÀi-\§
- fpw
CXnsâ cN-\bv¡v ]n¶nse DuÀÖ-am-Wv. Hc-[ym-]I
- sâ emfn-
Xyhpw sshi-Zyhpw Cu IrXnsb IqSp-XÂ BIÀj-Ihpw B[n-
Im-cn-Ih
- p-am-¡p-¶p. ae-bm-f¯
- nse \ncq-]W
- k
- z-`m-ha
- pÅ Npcp¡w
kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§f
- nÂ H¶mWv "ssIc-fn-bpsS IY'.
ae- b m- f - ` m- j - b psS ]nd- h n- s Xm«v B[p- \ n- I - I m- e - L «w

hscbpÅ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ GI-tZ-i[
- m-cW ]Xn-s\m¶v A[ym-b-
§-fn-embn, \m\q-tdmfw ]pd-§f
- n-embn kw{K-ln¨v CXnÂ {]Xn-]m-
Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. CXnse Bdpw Ggpw A[ym-b§
- f
- n-emWv B«-¡-
Ybpw XpÅÂ¡-Ybpw ]T-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. "B«-¯n-
\p-th-n IY-IÄþ {]XnjvT, {]Nmcw, {]ikvXn' F¶mWv Bdm-a-
[ym-b¯
- nsâ Xe-s¡-«.v A[ym-b¯
- nsâ XpS-¡¯
- nÂ tIm«b¯pX-
¼p-cmsâ Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-Iw, D®mbnhmcycpsS \f-N-cnXw c-mw-
Zn-hkw F¶o B«-¡Y
- I
- f
- nse Hmtcm ]Z-§Ä sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p
(]pdw 174). IY-If
- n-¡p-ap-¼pÅ tIc-fob Zriy-Ie
- I
- s
- f-¸ä- n-bmWv
BZyw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶X
- v. ""CXm `qa-WvUew apgp-h\pw Cf-In-ad- n-
ªn-cn-¡p¶p. sN--bp-sSbpw tN§n-e-bp-sSbpw a±-f-¯n-sâbpw
awK-e[
- z\n ZnMvap-J§
- f
- nÂ apg§n tIÄ¡m-Ip-¶p. F´m-Wn-Xn\p 12345678901234567890
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ImcWw? asä-´mWv IY-If
- n-ta-fa
- Ã
- m-sX'' (]pdw 175). 204
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""IY-Ifn F¶mÂ, IY-If
- n-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶Xv AsÃ-¦nÂ A`n-
\-bn-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶X
- v, F¶-Xm-WtÃm AÀ°w. IY A`n-\b
- n-¡pI
F¶ k{¼- Z mbw tIc- f - ¯ nÂ ]t- - ¡ p- ] t- DÅ- X m- W v . tZh- · m-
scbpw tZhn-am-scbpw ]nXr-¡-sf-bpw {]oXns¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn
sIm«n-¸m-Sp¶ Ah-k-c-¯nÂ, Bcm-[-\m-aqÀ¯n Bcm-[-I-\nÂ
{]th-in¨v AbmÄ¡p `mh-hy-Xym-k-§Ä D-m-¡p-Ibpw AbmÄ
Dd-ªp-Xp-Åp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ImgvN Cuiz-cm-cm-[\
- t- bmfw ]g-¡-
apÅ H¶m-Wv. At¸mÄ AbmÄ kzXzw ad¶v tZho-tZ-h·
- m-cpsS
tNjvSI
- fpw `mh-§fp-am-bn-cn¡pw ImWn-¡p-¶X
- v. Cu ASn-Øm-\-
¯n-emWv {]mIrX Zriy-Ie
- b
- psS DXv]¯
- n''(]pdw 175).
IY-I-fn-¡p-ap-¼p--m-bn-cp¶ Zriy-I-e-I-sf-¸än kw£n-]vX-

ambn ]d-bp-¶n-S¯v Imfn-]q-P, apSn-tb-äv, Xnd-bm«w F¶nh FSp-
¯p-]d- b
- p-¶p. ""Bcy-·mÀ tIc-f¯
- nÂ {]th-in¨p IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¯-
XnÂ ]n¶o-Sv, AhÀ kam-cw-`n¨ Zriy-Ie
- I
- f
- m-WtÃm Iq¯pw IqSn-
bm-«h
- pw.... IYm-]m-{X-§f
- psS thj-aW
- nªv \S-·mÀ cwK-¯p-h¶p
kwkm-cn-¡p-I, apJ¯p hnhn-[c
- k
- §
- Ä {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-I, ssIap-{Z-
IÄ sIm-p ]ZmÀ°-§Ä hni-Z-am-¡pI CsXm-s¡-bmWv IqSn-
bm-«¯
- nse ]cn-]m-Sn.'' ]¯mw iX-I¯
- n\p apt¼m AXn-\S- p¯
Imet¯m Xs¶ taÂ]-dª Zriy-I-e-I-sfÃmw tIc-f-¯nÂ D-m-
bn-¡g- n-ªn-cp-¶p. Ah-bnÂ Iq¯pw IqSn-bm-«hpw khÀ®-cmb
\¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-sSbpw aäpw Bh-iy-¯n-\p-am-{Xta D]-I-cn-¨p-Åq''
(]pdw 176).
]{´-mw iX-I-¯nÂ hwK-tZ-i-¯p-Im-c-\mb Pb-tZ-hsâ

"KoX-tKm-hnµw' F¶ a[p-ca
- mb Km\-Imhyw tIc-f¯
- nÂ IS-¶p-
h-cn-I-bp--m-bn. tIc-fob t£{X-§-fnÂ KoX-tKm-hnµw CS-bv¡-
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tNÀ¯p ]mSn Cuiz-cm-cm-[\ sN¿pI Fs¶mcp hg¡w Xs¶ 12345678901234567890
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205
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D- m - b n. Ajv S - ] Zn F¶p- I qSn CXn- \ p- t ]- c p- - v . ]Xn- t \gmw \qäm- p
]IpXn Ign-ªt- ¸mÄ tImgn-t¡m-«p am\-th-Zc
- m-Pmhv "IrjvWK
- oXn'
Fs¶mcp Imhyw kwkvIr-X¯
- nÂ \nÀ½n-¨p. `mK-hXw Zi-ak
- vI-
µ-¯nse IYm-h-kvXp-hns\ F«p-Zn-hkw sIm-p A`n-\-bn-¡m³
]äp¶ hn[-¯n-emWv hn`-Pn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. Cu IrXn-bpsS cwK-{]-
ZÀi-\¯
- nÂ A`n-\b
- s
- ¯-¡mÄ Øm\w \r¯-¯n-\m-Wv.
cma-\m-«¯
- nsâ cN-\m-kz-cq]w NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶n-S¯v KoX-tKm-
hn-µ¯
- n-sâbpw IrjvW\
- m-«¯
- n-sâbpw amXr-Ib
- n-emWv cma-\m-«-
kz-cq-]s
- a¶v ]d-bp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v IrjvWm-«hpw IY-If
- nbpw X½n-
epÅ kmayhpw cma-\m-«¯
- nsâ BZym-hX
- c
- W
- k
- {- ¼-Zm-bhpw ]n¶oSv
h¶ ]cn-jvIm-c-§fpw kw{K-ln¨p {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ""Hcp
DÂIr-jvSa
- mb Zriy-Ie
- m-{]-Øm-\¯
- n-sâ D]-Úm-Xm-sh¶ \ne-
bn-emWv sIm«m-c¡
- c
- ¯
- ¼
- p-cmsâ {]i-kvXn... IÀ®m-SI
- k
- w-Ko-X-
¯nÂ {]Nm-c-a-Ãm¯ ]e cmK-§fpw {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p--v'' (]pdw 178).
sIm«m-c¡
- c¯¼p-cm³ XpS-§n-h¨ cma-\m-«s¯ kwkvI-
cn¨p KpW-]p-jvI-e-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯Xv tIm«-b-¯p-X-¼p-cm-\m-Wv.
At±-l¯
- nsâ Ime-s¯bpw \ma-t[-bs
- ¯bpw Ipdn¨v t\cn«v Hc-
dnhpw In«p-¶n-Ã. ...alm-`m-cX
- s¯ Bkv]Z- a
- m¡n _I-h[
- w, Ieym-
W-ku-KÔ
- n-Iw, InÀ½o-ch
- [
- w, Ime-tI-bh
- [w F¶o \mep B«-
¡-YI
- f
- mWv At±lw cNn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. alm-`m-cX
- s¯ Bkv]Z- a
- m¡n
\nÀ½n-¨n-«pÅ Cu IrXn-IÄ B«-¡Ym {]Øm-\¯
- nse \mep aWn-
kvXw-`§
- f
- m-Wv. BSn-¡m-Wm\pw ]mSn-t¡Ä¡m\pw H¶p-t]mse
"hI'bpÅXpw a[p-c§
- f
- p-amWv Ch-sb-Ãmw-Xs
- ¶. ...A`n-\b
- ]
- S- p-
hmb Hcp D¯-ak
- m-ln-Xy-Im-c\
- mWv Cu IrXn-If
- psS IÀ¯m-sh¶v
BÀ¡pw tXm¶n-t¸m-Ipw. At±lw kw`m-jW
- c
- q-]§
- Ä \n_-Ôn-
¨n-«p-ÅXv {i²n-¨mÂ... X¼p-cmsâ Hmtcm IrXnbpw H¶n-e[
- nIw
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IY-IÄ saSªp-m- ¡
- n-bX
- m-sW¶ \yq\X hnkvac
- n-¡¯
- ¡
- X
- Ã
- '' 12345678901234567890
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(]pdw 179).
XpSÀ¶v amÀ¯m-WvUhÀ½bp-sSbpw [À½cmPm-hn-sâbpw
Imes¯ Iemt]m-j-Ws¯ ]cmaÀin-¨n«v IÀ¯n-I-Xn-cp-\mfpw
Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mfpw \ÂInb kw`m-h\
- I
- Ä FSp-¯p-]d- b
- p-¶p. ""IY-
I-fn-{]n-b\pw B«-¡Y
- m-\nÀ½m-Xm-hp-amb cma-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ
Imew {]kvXpX {]Øm-\¯
- nsâ kphÀ®-bpKw Xs¶ Bbn-cp-¶p.
sIm«mcw IY-If
- n-tbmKw F¶-t]-cnÂ, cmPy-¯nse {]ikvX \S-
·m-scbpw Kmb-I·
- m-scbpw taf-¡m-scbpw kwL-Sn-¸n¨v Hcp-¶X
Øm]\w At±lw GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. At±lw cNn¨ IrXn-If
- n-seÃmw
kmam-\y-¯n-e-[nIw kmln-Xy-KpWw D-p-Xm-\pw. AizXn Xncp-\mÄ
X¼p-cmsâ IY-IÄ ]mSn-ck
- n-¡m³ ]m«p-ImÀ¡pw, A`n-\b
- n¨p ên-
¸n- ¡ m³ \S- · mÀ¡pw, tI«pw I- p w Nnń¨pw Bkz- Z n- ¡ m³
t{]£-IÀ¡pw hI\ÂIp¶ kmln-Xy-am-Wv. cma-hÀ½-bpsS
Ime¯v B«-¡-Y-IÄ s]cp-Ip-¶-Xmbn At±lw Nq-n-¡m-«p-¶p.
ItÃ-¡p-f§
- c cmL-h]
- n-jm-cS- n-bpsS cmh-tWm-Ûh
- w, IÃqÀ \¼q-
Xn-cn-bpsS _men-hn-Pb
- w, Cc-«¡
- p-f§
- c cma-hm-cy-cpsS Incm-Xw, C«n-
cm-cn-Èn-ta-t\msâ k´m-\t- Km-]m-ew, cpÜmw-KN
- c
- n-Xw XpS-§n-b B«-
¡-YI
- sf ]cm-aÀin-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. B«-¡Y
- I
- f
- psS then-tbäw Xs¶
]Xn-s\«mw iX-I-¯nÂ D-m-b-Xmbn At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.
"D®m-bn-hm-cyÀþ A\p-Ic
- n-¡m-¯h
- ³, A\p-Ic
- n-¡s
- ¸-Sm³
Ign-bm-¯h
- \pw' F¶mWv F³.IrjvW]nÅ hnti-jn-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v
(]pdw 182). ""ae-bm-f¯
- nse ac-Wa
- n-Ãm¯ alm-Ih
- n-If
- psS Iq«-
¯n-emWv At±-l-¯nsâ t]À tNÀt¡-- Xv. ssIc-fn-bpsS Ia-\o-
bm-cm-a¯
- nÂ hnSÀ¶v hmSm-ae
- c
- p-If
- nÂ H¶mWv B hntizm-¯c
- -
Im-hyw.''
""B«-¡Y
- sb \mS-Ih
- p-ambn ]c-am-h[n ASp-¸n-¡\
- m-bn-cp¶p
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At±-l¯
- nsâ {iaw. CXn-hr¯w IS-¶p-t]m-Ip¶ L«-§sf B[m- 12345678901234567890
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c-am-¡n, \mS-Is¯ A¦-§f
- mbn hn`-Pn-¡m-dpÅ ]Xnhv hmcn-bcpw
kzoI-cn-¨p. \f-Nc
- n-Xs¯ \mep-Zn-hk
- s¯ IY-bm¡n¯oÀ¯n-cn-
¡p-¶Xv CXn\v ZrjvSm-á
- m-Wv. `mh-¯nsâ GIm-{K-X, ckm-`n-\b
- -
¯nsâ anX-Xzw. ]m{X-krjvSn F¶n-hb
- nÂ hmcyÀ {i²n-¨X
- mbn
At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä heptXm
sNdptXm BI-s«, \mh-\¡
- n-bmÂ samgn-bp¶ hm¡v, ]m{X-kz-`m-
h-§Ä¡v \ÂIp¶ cq]-tc-Jb
- psS Awi-sa-¦n-ep-am-bn-cn-¡pw. ]e-
t¸mgpw kw`-hn-¡p-¶X
- v, ]m{X-{]-Ir-Xn-km-c¯
- nÂ FIvkvtd t]mse
AXp IS-¶p-sN-Ãp-Ib
- m-Wv. \Ã \mtem At©m hc-þ]
- p-jvIc
- \
- mbn;
c-p-aq¶p hc þ Im«m-f³ ap¼n-se-¯n-¡-gn-ªp. \f³ sXm«p
]À®m-Z³ hsc GXp IYm-]m-{X-¯n-\p-ap-v X\Xp hyànXzw''
(]pdw 184).
]pjvIc
- \pw Ien-Zzm-]c
- ·
- mcpw X½n-epÅ Hcp ]Zw DZm-lc
- -
W-ambn tNÀ¯v C¡mcyw At±lw hnkvX-cn-¡p-¶p-v "Iph-e-b-
hn-tem-Nt- \, _mte, ssào' F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ A`n-\b
- k
- m-[y-XI
- Ä
kmam\yw hnkvX-cn¨pXs¶ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-«p--v (]pdw 188). "irwKm-
c-]-Z-¯nÂ anXXzw ]men-¨p-sIm-v aäpÅ B«-¡-Ym-Im-c-·mÀ¡v
amXr-Ib
- mbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kwKo-Xc
- N
- \
- s
- bbpw A`n-\b
km[y-X-sbbpw Ipdn¨v c--`n-{]mbw CXp-hsc ]d-ªp-tI-«n-«n-Ã.'
""A`n-\b Iem-]m-ca
- y-t¯mSv Imhy-Ie
- m-]m-cayw \S-¯p¶
shÃp-hn-fn-bmWv \f-Nc
- nXw'' tIhew ap{Z- s s¡- I Ä sIm- m - h m-
ln-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯, Icp-¯pä \S-·mÀ t]mepw ]cp-§n-t¸m-Ip¶
]Z-§Ä \f-N-cn-X-¯n-ep--v. ]ns¶ Ip«n-¯-c-¡m-cp-sSbpw CS-¯-
c- ¡ m- c p- s Sbpw AhØ ]d- t b- - X pt- m ? (]pdw 190).
\f-Nc
- n-Xs¯ Ac-§p-ambn LSn-¸n¨v C{X-sb-¦nepw ]d-ªn-
«pÅ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c³ ssIc-fn-bpsS IYm-Im-c³ am{X-
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amsWt¶mÀ¡pI. 12345678901234567890
208
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"Ccbn½³ X¼nbpw Ico{µ\pw' F¶ D]ioÀjI¯neqsS
X¼nbpsSbpw Ico{µ³X¼pcmsâbpw B«¡YIsf ]cmaÀin
¨ncn¡p¶p (]pdw. 215). IoNIh[w, D¯cmkzbwhcw, Z£bmKw
F¶o IrXnIÄ H¶mwInSbnepÅ B«¡YmkmlnXyImc³ F¶
]Zhnbnte¡p X¼nsb DbÀ¯p¶Xmbn ]dbp¶p. ""\fNcnX
IÀ¯mhmb D®mbnhmcysct¸mse PohnX¯nsâ AKm[
Xe§Ähsc ZrãnIÄ hym]cn¸n¡phm³ X¼n¡p Ignªncp
¶nÃ. BibKuchw, ]m{XNn{XWw, IYmkw_Ôamb GIm{KX
F¶o hnjb§fnepw X¼n hmcnbsc¡mÄ ]nt¶m¡amWv.
]t£, kpIpamc`mh§sf efnXKm\§fnÂ¡qSn BhnjvIcn
¡m³ X¼ntbmfw ss\]pWyapÅ B«¡YmImc·mÀ CsÃ¶p
Xs¶ ]dbmw. aq¶mwXcw IhnIfpsS KXm\pKXnIXzwsIm-v
PohssNX\yw \in¨ncp¶ B«¡YmkmlnXys¯ ho- p w
{]_p²am¡m³ ]cym]v X ambncp¶p X¼nbpsS IYIÄ''.
D¯cmkzbwhc¯nse "hochncmS Ipamchnt`m' F¶ Ip½nbpw
IoNIh[¯nse "t£mWo{µ]Xv\nbpsS hmWow \niay' F¶p
XpS§p¶ ZÞIhpw X¼nbpsS anI¨ kw`mh\Ifmbn
hnebncp¯p¶p (]pdw. 216). ChnsSbpw Ac§ns\ ap³\ndp¯n
bpÅ NÀ¨ hncfwXs¶.
"IhnX Nm«-hm-dm-¡nb ]S-bW
- n-¡hn' þ Ip©³ \¼ym-sc-
¸-än-bmWv Ggm--a[ymbw.
""ae-s©-cn-hp-If
- nÂIqSn Cc-¼n-¡p-Xn¨p ]pf-¨p-]m-bp¶ Im«m-
dp-t]m-se, CS-XS- h
- n-ÃmsX ASn-¨p-bc
- p¶ Xnc-am-eI
- Ä t]mse, BIm-
i-¯nÂ\n¶p A\-[ym-ba
- n-ÃmsX sNmcn-bp¶ t]am-cn-t]mse XpÅn-
¡-fn¨p XÅn-¸c
- ¡
- p¶ B kc-kz-Xo-{]-hmlw GXp alm-ssi-e-
¯nÂ \n¶mWv s]m«n-¸p-ds
- ¸-«Xv?'' \ ¼ y m À I - t I c - f h p w I -
hn[-hp-amWv {i²n-¡s
- ¸-«X
- .v Fcnhpw aqÀ¨-bp-apÅ ]cn-lmkw sh«n-
¯p-d¶p X«n-hn-Sp¶ {]Ir-X¡
- m-c\
- m-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. AXnÂ FÃm- 12345678901234567890
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¯cw a\p-jycpw DÄs¸-Spw. 209
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]pcm-WI
- Y
- I
- Ä¡p tZiobÑmb IqSn-bm«w sXmt«-bpÅ ]mc-
¼-cy-am-sW¶v F³.-Ir-jvW-]nÅ Nq-n-¡m-«p-¶p. ""]pcm-WI
- Y
- m-
{]-Xn-]m-Z\
- ¯
- n-\n-Sb
- nÂ tIc-fob ØnXn-KX
- n-If
- psS lmky-\nÀ`-c-
amb hnUw-_\w \S-¯p¶ coXn, NmIymÀIq¯pw IqSn-bm-«¯
- nse
hnZq-jI
- \
- pw, D®n-bm-Sn, D®n-b¨
- n, D®n-¨n-cp-tXhn sXm«n-t§m-«pÅ
N¼p-¡fpw IqSn krjvSn¨ ]mc-¼c
- y-¯nsâ ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bm-sW¶p
]d-bp-Ibmhpw icn.''
\¼ymÀþ Hcp {]Øm-\{- k-jSv m-hm-W.v ""\¼ym-cpsS Ime¯pw
AXn-\p-ap¼pw A¼-e-¸pg apX-emb Øe-§-fnÂ D-m-bn-cp¶ ]S-
b-Wn-¯p-ÅÂ F¶ {]mIrX Iem-cq-]s¯ ]cn-jvI-cn-¨-XmWv
XpÅÂ F¶ Zriy- I - e bpw AXn- \ p- t h- - p ¶ kmln- X yhpw
At±lw krjvSn-¨-Xm-sW¶v ]d-bmw. ]S-b-Wn-bnÂ D-m-bn-cp¶
]d-b³, ioX-¦³ F¶o thj-§f
- psS A]-cn-jvIr-XK
- m-\§
- sf ]d-
b³Xp-Ås
- e¶pw ioX-¦³XpÅ-se¶pw Bbn-cp¶p hnfn-¨p-h¶
- n-
cp-¶X
- v'' (]pdw 195).
""P\-km-am-\ys¯ ckn-¸n-¡m\pw ck-¯nÂIqSn Ah-cnÂ
[À½-t_m-[-ap-f-hm-¡m\pw th-n-bmWv \¼ymÀ Hcp A`n-\h
- k
- -
cWn sh«n-s¯fn¨Xv. Iq¯pw IqSn-bm-«hpw IY-If
- nbpw AhÀ¡p
]e-Xp-sIm-pw Zpjv{]m-]y-am-Wv. H¶m-a-Xv, kwkvIr-X-`mj apń-
\nÂ¡p¶ A¯cw Zriy-Ie
- I
- Ä A\-`n-Ú·
- m-cmb kmam-\y-P-
\-§Ä¡p a\-Ên-em-hp-I-bn-Ã. Ah-bnse A`n-\-b-k-t¦-X-§Ä
{Kln-¡m³ AhÀ¡p {XmWn-bn-Ã. kÀtÆm-]c
- n, t£{X-§f
- nepw
tImhn-eI
- §
- f
- nepw IqSp¶ ]WvUn-X·
- m-cpsS ap¼nÂsh¨v A`n-\-
bn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ B Iem-hn-ti-j-§Ä I-p ckn-¡m³ km[m-cW
P\-§Ä¡p kuI-cy-an-Ã. Cu sshj-ay-§Ä ]cn-lc
- n-¡m³ th-X
- v,
efn-X`- m-jb
- nÂ ênXw \nd-¨p-\nÀ½n-¨n-«pÅ IY-IÄ, hnkvXc
- n¨
ssIap-{Z-IÄ IqSm-sX, s]mXp-P\
- c
- w-K§
- f
- nÂ {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-Ib
- m-W'v ' 12345678901234567890
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(]pdw 195-þ196).
"]m«p-IÄ! ]m«p-IÄ! ]m«p-IÄ!' F¶ D]-ioÀj-I¯
- nÂ B«-
¡-YI
- Ä¡pw \¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂ¸m-«p-IÄ¡pw ]pdsa ]Xn-s\«mw
iX-I-¯nÂ D-m-bn-«pÅ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ eLp-hn-
h-cWw IqSn {KÙ-Im-c³ \ÂIn-bn-«p--v. (]pdw 200-þ03)
kmln-Xy-tem-I-¯nse apJy-kw-`m-h-\-IÄ Np-n¡mWn¨v
Hmtcm Ime-L«- ¯
- n-epw h¶p-tNÀ¶ ]cn-hÀ¯-\§
- Ä hni-Za
- m-
¡m-\mWv CXnÂ {ian-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. D®m-bn-hm-cyÀ IYm-KX
- n-bnepw
]m{X-kr-jvSn-bnepw ImWn-¡p¶ GIm-{K-Xbpw AwtKm-]mw-KL
- S- -
\-bnÂ Ah-ew-_n-¡p¶ HNn-Xyhpw \¼ymÀ¡p Aev]w t]mep-an-
sÃ¶pw ISpck-{]n-b\
- mb \¼ymÀ GXpw ISp-¸n¨pw I\-¸n¨pw
XÃn-¸-c-¯nbpw A©-c-¡-«-bnÂXs¶ ]mSp-¶-XpambpÅ \nco-
£Ww {it²-ba
- m-Wv. \f-Nc
- nXw A`n-\b
- I
- e
- m-]m-ca
- y-t¯mSv Imhy-
I-em-]m-cayw \S-¯p¶ shÃp-hn-fn-bm-sW-¶pÅ ZÀi\w F³.-Ir-
jvW]
- n-Åb
- nse klr-Zb
- s
- \bpw IYIfn Bkzm-ZI
- s
- \bpw shfn-
hm-¡p-¶p. taÂ]-dª \mep-km-ln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-§f
- nÂ h¨v B«-¡-
Ysb Ac-§p-ambn tNÀ¯p Nnń-¡m³ {iaw \S-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv
ssIc-fnbpsS IYm-Im-c³ am{X-am-sW¶v ImWmw.
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ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ
1 Sn.-Fw.-Np-½mÀ, KZy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, ]pdw 419
2 ''History is unending conversation between past and present. Past act is
not dead, it still living with us. It is the duty of the historian to interpret the
past as it nearly as happened.'' (E.H.Carr, What is History, p.4)
3 "When used in the first sense, the word referes to what as a matter of fact
happened, while when used in the seconed sense it refers to the study
and description of those happenings.'' (The new Encyclopaedia Britanica,
Vol.8, p. 961)
4 "^nÂ', "tkm^nb' F¶o ]Z-§Ä tNÀ¶-XmWv ^ntem-k^
- n. "^nÂ'
F¶ {Ko¡v ]Z-¯nsâ AÀ°w kvt\l-sa¶pw tkm^nb F¶mÂ
hnÚm-\-sa-¶pamWv.
5 "The nineteenth century witnessed the advent of the historical movement.
A galaxy of historical thinkers - Darwin, Hegal, Herder, Marx, Tolstory, and
Rankegreatly contributed in the development" (Dr. K. Rajayyan,
Historigraphy- History in theory and method - page 22)
6 sI.-Fw.-X-c-I³, Ncn-{X-ZÀi-\w, ]pdw 198
7 Sn.-Fw. Np½mÀ KZy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, ]pdw 419
8 tUm. ]n.-hn.-th-em-bp-[³]n-Å, ho-p-hn-Nm-cw, ]pdw 192
9 tUm. sI.-Fw. tPmÀÖv, kmln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw {]-Øm-\§
- f
- n-eq-sS, BapJw
10 tUm. ]n.-hn.them-bp-[³]n-Å, ho-p-hn-Nm-cw, ]pdw 193
11 B\-µv, A`-bmÀ°n-IÄ, ]pdw 323
12 "Literature is viewed not as a mere academic product, but as one ex-
pression of the manysided activities of national growth" (Rickett. A History
of English Literature, Preface)
13 ]n.-F-kv.-cm--[m-Ir-jvW³, kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw kwkvImcw amdp¶ ka-
hm-Iy-§Ä, ]pdw 54
14 tUm. sI.-Fw.-tPmÀÖv, "ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw C¶p-h-sc', kmln-
Xy-hn-Úm-\hpw hnÚm-\-km-ln-Xyhpw , ]pdw 95
15 tUm.-Zn-eo-]vIp-amÀ.sI.-hn., "kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nse ImWm-¸p-d-§Ä', 12345678901234567890
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Aªq-dp-hÀj-s¯-tI-cfw Nne Adn-h-S-bm-f-§Ä, ]pdw 419 212
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16 tUm.-I-ev]ä _me-Ir-jvW³, ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, ]pdw 6
17 ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c³\m-bÀ {SÌv (k-¼m-Z-IÀ), "km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N-\þ
XXzhpw {]tbm-Khpw', ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§Ä, ]pdw 13
18 "Literary history is also Literary Criticism. Itís aim is not merely to recon-
struct and understand the past, for it has a further end, which is to illumi-
nate literary works." (David perkins, Is Literary History Possible?, p. 177)
19 "The function of literary history lies partly in its impact on reading. We
write literary history because we want to explain, understnad, and enjoy
Literart works" (Ibid, p. 178)
20 ""[cn¨p kmcw ae-bmf `mjmþ
Ncn- { X- a p- - m - ¡ nb kqcn Xsâ
]cn-{iaw hnkva-c-Wo-b-a-Ãnþ
²cn-{Xn-bnÂ hmgp-sam-cp-¯-cmepw'' (tI-c-f-hnÀ½ henb tImbn-¯-
¼p-cm³, A\p-_-Ôw, ae-bmf `mjmN-cn-{Xw, kÀ«n-^n-¡-äv)
21 ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c³ \mbÀ{SÌv (k-¼m-Z-IÀ), "H¶m-as¯ kmln-Xy-N-
cn{Xw', ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§Ä, ]pdw 33
22 aWn-{]-hmfw C{X \¶mbn asäm-cp-h\pw {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«n-sÃ¶v \nÝbw
Xs¶. ]Z-§-fpsS a«v Aev]w tZin-I-am-I-bmÂ P\-§Ä¡v hfsc
CjvS-am-Wv. {]mkw {]tbm-Kn¡ F¶p sh¨mÂ C{X-t¯mfw a\p-
jy-\mÂ km[y-am-Iptam F¶p tXm¶pw. an¡ ]Z-§Ä¡pw BZn-
bnepw a[y-¯nepw Aý-¯nepw {]mkw D-v. (a-eb
- mf `mjm-Nc
- n-{Xw.
]pdw 295)
23 D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS \f-N-cnXw \mep-Zn-h-ks¯ IY-bnÂ Hcp `mK-sa-
¦nepw kmc-an-sÃ¶v ]d-bm-\n-Ãm. kwkvIr-X-{]-tbm-K-¯n-te¡p Imfn-
Zm-ks\ F§s\ hnNm-cn-¡p-¶pthm AXp-t]mse thWw aWn-{]-hm-
f-I-hn-X-bnÂ D®m-bn-hm-cysc hnNm-cn-¸m³. At±lw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ
Hcp irwKm-c]
- p-cp-j\
- m-bn-cn-¡W
- w. AsÃ-¦nÂ ae-bmf \f-Nc
- n-X¯
- nÂ
kwkvIrX ss\j-[t- ¯mfw ckw hcp-¯m³ {]bm-kw. ...]ns¶ hmcy-
cpsS Ihn-Xbv¡p hntijw Fs´-¶mÂ, GXp-`m-Khpw ]mSn-tIÄ¸m³
Gähpw ck-ap--v. H«p-ap-¡mepw tZio-b-am-Ip-¶p. aWn{]-hm-f-{]-tbmKw
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C{X NmXp-cy-am-bn«p asämcp IY-bnepw CÃm'' (a-eb
- mf `mjm-Nc
- n-{Xw, 12345678901234567890
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]pdw 296). 213
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24 tUm. ]qP-¸pc IrjvW³\m-bÀ A`n-Úm-\i
- m-Ip-´fw Fs¶mcp B«-
¡Y 1996-þÂ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«p--v. Cu IY Nn«-s¸-Sp¯n Ac§¯v
Ifn-¨p-h-cp-¶p.
25 kmln-Xy-\n-]p-W³ Sn.-Fw. Np½mÀ, -K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw, ]pdw 422
26 "]«m-jvSIw' DÄs¸-Sp¶ \¼ym-cpsS hnhn[ cN-\I
- f
- S- §
- nb Hcp-{KÙw
]g-bS- ¯v ]¶n-tÈcn Kpcp-Ip-e¯ - nÂ\n¶v 1949-þÂ ]mWn-hm-ZX - n-eI
- ³
]n.- s I.- \ m- c m- b - W ³ \¼ymÀ Is- ¯ n kq£n- ¨ n- « p- - v . A{]- I m- i n- X -
amb Cu Xmf-{]-kvXmc{KÙ-kw-ln-X-bnÂ "]«m-jvSIw' ImWm-hp-¶-
Xm-Wv. Hcn-¡Â \mcm-bW³ \¼ymÀ Ip©³ Zn\m-tLm-j-¯nÂ
]«mãIw hmbn-¡p-I-bp--m-bn (kw-`m-j-Ww).
27 AizXnXncp-\m-fnsâ ]qX-\m-tam£w Gähpw {]Nm-c-apÅ Hcp B«-
¡-Yb
- m-Wv. {]tXy-In¨pw t\À¨ Ifn¡v Gsdbpw ]qX-\m-tam-£a
- mWv
\S-¯p-I. AXp-I-gn-ªmÂ IptN-e-hr-¯hpw k´m-\-tKm-]m-ehpw
cpÜnWo kzbw-h-c-hp-amWv ]Xn-hv.
28 F³.-Ir-jvW-]n-Å, Bap-Jw, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY.
xxx
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214
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A[ymbw 4
]mc-ºc- yhpw ]mc-kv]c- yhpw
t£{X-Ie - I
- f
- n¬ 12345678901234567890
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215
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A[ymbw ˛4
]mc-º-cyhpw ]mc-kv]-cyhpw t£{X-I-e-I-fn¬
4.1 t£{X-I-e-Ifpw cwK-]m-Thpw
]pcmWIYm-I-Y\w sNøp∂ lcn-IY, ]mTIw, {]_‘w
]d-bp∂ IqØv (Nm-Iym¿IqØv), IqSn-bm´w, AjvS-]-Zn, AjvS-]-
Zn-bm-´w, IrjvW-\m-´w, cma-\m´w, IY-Ifn, Xp≈¬, tamln-\n-bm´w
F∂n-ßs\ t£{X-I-e-Isf kmam-\y-ambn H∂-Sp-°n-bm¬ Ah-
bpsS cwK-]m-T-Øn-ep≈ ]mc-º-cyhpw ]mc-kv]-cyhpw GI-tZiw
a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw. CXn-hrØ kzoI-cW
- Ø
- n-emWv Ch XΩn-
ep≈ BZy-_‘w. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-kß
- f
- nse sshhn-[yhpw Zm¿i-
\n- I hpw XØz- N n- ¥ m]- c hpw [¿tΩm¬t_m[- \ - ] - c - h p- a mb
aplq¿Ø-ß-fpw Bi-b-ßfp-amWv an°-hm-dp-ap≈ t£{X-I-e-I-
fpsS cwK-]m-Thpw kmln-Xy-kz-cq-]hpw. cmam-bW
- hpw alm-`m-cX
- hpw
Imem-Xo-X-ambn Z¿i\ ku`m-Ky-ap≈ c≠p alXv IrXn-I-fmWv.
`mk\pw Imfn-Zm-k\pw `h-`q-Xnbpw `¿Ør-l-cnbpw DZm-Ø-amb
cN-\-Iƒ kw`m-h\ sNbvX-h-cm-Wv. Hcp kmlnXyIrXn-bpsS
k¿§m-flI ssNX-\y-amWv A\p-hm-NI
- s\ AXn-e`- n-ca
- n-∏n-°p-∂Xv.
CXn- l m- k - ] p- c m- W - ß - s fm- g n- s I- b p≈ Imhy- ß - f nemIs´
AXXpIme-Øns‚ kmaq-lnIcmjv{SobkmwkvIm-cnI]›m-Øew
IqSn {]Xn-ê
- n-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. F¶nepw ]pXnb hmb-\m-\p-`h
- ß
- ƒ 12345678901234567890
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]g-b- Ir-Xn-bnse ]pXnb s]mcp-fp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Imc-Wa
- m-Ipw. 216
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F{X hnkvX-cn-®mepw F{X hymJym-\n-®mepw "A]m-cX'
F∂ A\p-`h
- a
- p-W¿Øp∂ cN-\I
- f
- p-≠v. Ah {imhy-Xew IS∂p
Zriy-Øn-te°p IS-°p-tºm-gp≈ A\p-`hw AXo-{µn-b-amWv.
AØcw A\-iz-c I
- mhyaplq¿Ø-ßƒ cwK Ie-bpsS ]mTw \n¿Æ-
bn-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂p. klr-Zb
- s‚ Imhy]cn-Nb
- sØ hn]p-es
- ∏-Sp-ØpI
Fs∂mcp [¿Ωhpw Bkzm-Z-\-tØm-sSm∏w cwK-I-e-Iƒ°v \nd-
th-‰m-\p-≠v. aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnkvX-cn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈-Xns\
kw{K-ln-®p Iem-fl-I-ambn cwK-Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Zriy-I-ebv°v
km[n-°pw. AXn\mbn A`n-\-b-tbm-Ky-amb cwK-ß-fmIpw sXc-
s™-SpØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. cwK-]m-T-Øns‚ DNn-X-⁄-X-tbm-sS-
bp≈ {]tbmKwsIm≠v Ah- A-cßn¬ hnP-bsØ {]m]n-°p-∂p.
Iem-h-X-c-W-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ap≥[m-c-W-Ifpw ap≥hn-[n-Ifpw
Bkzm-Z-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-sa-¶nepw {]Xn-`m-k-º-∂-\mb Hcp
Iem-Im-c\v hnc-kX
- b
- °
v n-Sh
- c
- n-√. Fgp-Ø—
- \pw DÆym-bn-hm-cy¿°pw
]q¿∆m-he
- w-_a
- mb IrXn-If
- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂s√m? ]t£, Ah-cp-tS-Xmb
cwK-]mTw Ahbv°v ]pØ≥ am‰-W-bv°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp.
{]_‘w ]d-bpI, {]_-‘-IqØv ]d-bpI, NmIym¿ IqØp
]d-bpI F∂-Xn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p t£{X-I-e-bpsS XpS-°w. Aº-
e-hm-kn-bmb NmIym¿ Ac-ßØp h∂p cmam-bWw `mcXw F∂n-
hsb Bkv]Z- a
- m°n {]_‘w ]d-bpw. ]n∂oSv `mK-hX
- sØ B[m-
c-am-°nbpw {]_-‘ß
- fp-≠mbn. A°m-eØv Xs∂ lcn-bpsS IY
(hnjvWpIY) kc-ka
- mbn ]d™v "lcn-IY
- mImet£]w' sNøp∂
Iem-Im-c∑
- mcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw AXn-s\mcp cwK-Ie
- b
- psS
cq]-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. `‡n-ck
- hpw Cuiz-c`- m-hh
- p-amWv AXn¬ {][m-\w.
F∂m¬ `‡nbpw ên-Xhpw Ie¿Øn tasºm-Sn°v ]cn-lm-kyhpw
tN¿Øv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p NmIym¿IqØv. {]I¿tjW 12345678901234567890
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_‘n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂Xv F∂mWv {]_-‘-Øns‚ kmam-\y-amb 217
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A¿∞w. KZyhpw ]Zyhpw th≠-Xp-t]mse tbmPn-®s
- X∂pw A¿∞-
ap-≠v. CØcw KZy-]Z- y-ßƒ ]pcm-WI
- Y
- I
- f
- n¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn-®tXm
{]_-‘-I¿Øm-hns‚ kzbw-Ir-Xtam BImw. Ah kz¥-am-sW-
¶n¬ Nºp, AYhm Nºq{]_‘w F∂p- ]-dbpw. a‰p IrXnI-
fn¬\n∂p kzoI-cn-®-h-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]_‘w F∂mWv ]d-bp-I.
c≠m-bmepw IqØp- ]-d-bp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ KZy-]Zy k¶-
en-X-Ir-Xn-I-fmWv {]_-‘-ßƒ. IqØn¬ NmIym¿ \S-Øp-∂Xv
GImw-K`- n-\bcoXn-bm-Wv. NmIym-cpsS Ipe-hrØn IqSn-bmWv IqØv
]d-b¬. NmIym¿ IqØp ]d-bp-tºmƒ angmhv sIm´p∂ tPmen
\ºym¿°p-≈X
- m-W.v Ccp-Iq-ćpw Aº-eh
- m-kn-If
- pw t£{X-It- em]
Pohn-I-fp-am-Wv.
cmP`-c-W-hp-am-bn-´mWv t£{X-I-e-Iƒ°-[n-Ihpw _‘w.
tImf-\n-hm-gvN-bp-sSbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-am-b-
t∏mƒ Ah t£{XaXn¬s°ń\p ]pdØph∂p. AXn-Po-h-\-
Øns‚ {]iv\-ßƒ Ahn-sSbpw kw`-hn-®p. tIcfw IS-∂p- t]mb
^yqU¬ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Dt]m¬∏∂w IqSn-bmWv t£{X-I-e-
Iƒ. kaq-lsØ ss{Xh¿Æn-I¿, ss{Xh¿Æn-tI-Xc¿ F∂p hnh-
£n-°p-tºmgpw \mb¿ hn`m-K-Øn\p Xmtgm-´p-≈-h¿°v t£{X-I-
e-Iƒ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°m\pw ImWm-\p-ap≈ Ah-kc
- hpw Ah-Im-ihpw
hnc-fa
- m-bn-cp∂p Ft∂m¿°p-I. PmXn-]m-cº
- cyw t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS
]mc-k]
v c- ysØ Gsd kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠.v NmIymcpw \ºymcpw amcm-cpw
s]mXphmfpw \ºo- i \pw XpSßn Aº- e - h m- k n- I ƒ am{Xw
ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Ie-bmbn t£{X-I-e-Iƒ hf-sc-°mew \ne-
\n-∂p. \ºq-Xn-cnbpw hmcycpw \mbcpw AXns\ A\p-k-‘m\w
sNbvXp \n∂p-sh∂v am{Xw. Aßs\ Hcp kh¿Ælnµp ]mc-
ºcyw t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cysØ Nqgv∂p\n∂n-cp-∂p. am{X- 12345678901234567890
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a√ Cu Ie-I-fpsS kwc-£-Icpw {]Nm-c-I-cp-ambn \ºq-Xncn ˛ 218
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\mb¿ kap-Zm-b-°m¿ tIc-f-Øn-e-tßm-f-an-tßm-f-ap-≠mbn. cmP-
sIm-´m-c-ßfpw A¥∏p-c-ßfpw AI-Ø-f-ßfpw Ch-bpsS cwK-a-
WvU-]-ambn. IqØ-º-ehpw Ifn-Ø´pw t£{X-∏dºpw cwK-th-Zn-
bm-bn. X∑qehpw t£{X-Ie
- I
- ƒ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p-∂h
- ¿ XΩn¬ ]mc-
º-cyhpw ]mckv]-cyhpw P\n-°m-\n-S-bm-bn. amcm¿ hn`m-K-°m¿
sN≠bpw ]mWnbpw Xnan-ebpw CSbv°bpw ssIImcyw sNbvXp.
\ºym¿, IqØn¬ \n∂v Xp≈-ente°v Ifw-amdn. GImw-K-`n-\-b-
Øn¬ \n∂v IqSn BSm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ IqSn-bm-´-am-bn.
XpS¿∂v `mc-X-Ønse {]Ya kwkvIrX \mS-Im-`n-\-b-amb
IqSn-bm-´w cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXp. \rØ-tØm-Sp -Iq-Snb A`n-\-b-
ambpw CXns\ Icp-Xmw. IqSn-bm-´-Øn\v "B´w IqSn-bXv' (A-`n-
\bw IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv) F∂pw hymJym-\-ap-≠v.1 CXns‚ Ime-∏-g-
°sØ∏‰nbpw hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-{]mbKXn-I-fm-Wp-≈-sX∂pw
GI-tZiw 2000 h¿jw ]g°w Iev]n-°p∂hcp-s≠∂pw tUm. iin-
[-c≥¢mcn ]d-bp-∂p. GXm-bmepw {]mNo-\-X-sIm≠pw kwkvIr-
X-`m-j-sIm≠pw IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw XΩn¬ Gsd ASp-∏p-ap-≠v.
IqØn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ {]_-‘ß
- f
- n¬ taev]Ø
- q-cns‚ "tImSn-
hn-cl'hpw kwkvIrX \mS-I-Øn¬ i‡n`{Zs‚ "B›-cy-Nq-Um-
a-Wn'bpw BZy-Ime cN-\-I-fm-bn-cn°mw. NmIym¿, \ºym¿ F∂o
kap-Zm-b-°m¿ am{Xw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ £{XIe-bm-bn-cp∂p IqSn-
bm-´w. A`n-\-b-Øn\p NmIymcpw, angmhp sIm´m\pw thj-a-Wn-bn-
°m\pw \ºymcpw Xmfw ]nSn-°m\pw kv{Xothjw sI´m\pw
\ßymcpw F∂-XmWv IqSn-bm-´Ø
- ns‚ hyh-ÿ. kv{XoIƒ Xs∂
kv{Xothjw sIń Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p F∂-XmWv IqSn-bm-´-Øns‚
{]tXy-I-X. {]mNo\ \mS-I-th-Zn-bnse kv{Xokm∂n-≤y-amWv
\ßym¿. IY-I-fn-bn¬ hcp-tºmƒ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ kv{Xothjw sIń 12345678901234567890
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BSpI ]Xn-hm-bn. AtXmsS Ac-ßn¬\n∂v kv{Xokm∂n≤yw 219
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sas√ adbp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ASp-ØnsS kv{XoIƒ IqSp-X-
embn IY-Ifn Ac-ßn¬ FØm-dp-≠v.2
]mc-º-cym-[n-jvTn-X-amb ¢mkn-°¬ Ie-sb∂ \ne-bnepw
IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw IrjvW\
- m-´hpw IY-If
- nbpw ]mc-k]
v c
- y-ap-≠.v
Iem-h-X-c-W-Ønse IpSpw-_-]m-c-º-cyhpw Hc-f-hp-hsc AXn-\p-
klmbI-amWv. t«mIhpw t«mIm¿∞hpw hnkvXc
- n-®p≈ A`n-\b
- w
IqSn-bm-´-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv. ap{Zm-`n-\-bhpw ckm-`n-\-bhpw B´-{]-Im-cm-
[n-jT
v n-Xa
- m-bn-´mWv CXn¬ \n¿∆ln-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv. IY-If
- n-bn¬ ckm-
`n-\-b-Øn\pw `mhm-`n-\-b-Øn\pw amXr-I-bm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv Cu IqSn-
bm-´Ø
- nse k{º-Zm-ba
- m-Wv. Ch-bv°mbn {]tXyIw \n¿Ωn-®n-´p≈
cwK-th-Zn-bmWv IqØ-º-e-ßƒ. tIc-f-Ønse {][m\ t£{X-ß-
fn-se√mw CXn-\mbn IqØ-ºe
- ß
- ƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-´p≠v. Ch-bpsS cwKm-
h-X-cW NS-ßp-Ifpw k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw GI-tZiw ka-am-Wv.
A`n-\-b-Øn¬ \mSyimkv{Xhpw ap{Zm-`n-\-b-Øn¬ lkvX-
e-£-W-Zo-]n-I-bp-amWv t£{XIe-IfpsS ASn-ÿm-\ imkv{X
{KŸ-ßƒ. IY-If
- n-bn¬ Im¿Øn-IX
- n-cp-\m-fns‚ "_me-cm-a`
- c
- Xw'
F∂ tIc-fob \mSy-imkv{X IrXn-IqSn {]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p. B´-
{]-Im-c-ß-fmWv k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-ambn cwKm-h-X-c-WsØ Nn´-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. temI-[¿Ωnbpw \mSy-[¿Ωnbpamb cwK-{]-tbm-K-
Øn-eqsS km[m-c-Wo-I-cWw \S-°p-∂p. IY-I-fn-bnse A`n-\bw
IqSp-Xepw \mSy-[¿Ωn-bmWv. \rXy-\m-Sy-ßƒ°v Xpey-{]m-[m-\y-
amWv IY-I-fn-bn¬. t£{X-I-e-I-fn¬ s]mXpsh BwKn-I-Øn\pw
`mhm-`n-\-b-Øn-\p-amWv ap≥Xq°w. hmNnIw AYhm kw`m-jWw
Bi-b-{K-l-WsØ am{Xw Dt±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. \rØ-˛-\r-Xy-˛-\m-
Sy-ß-fn¬ kwKo-Xhpw ]Zm¿∞m`n\-bhpw ckm-`n-\-b-hp-amWv
apJyw. kmln-Xyhpw kwKo-Xhpw \mSyhpw hmZyhpw ]c-kv]cw 12345678901234567890
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tafn-°p-Ib
- mWv sNøp-I. IY-If
- n-tafw F∂m-Ws√m ]d-bp-I. Ac- 220
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ßn¬ I-fnbv°v "IqSpI'bmWv ]m´p-Im-c\pw taf-°m-c\pw. Ac-
ßn-ep≈ Cu Iq´mbva t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS cwKm-h-X-c-W-Ønse
s]mXp-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. cwK-t_m-[hpw HuNn-Xy-hp-amWv t£{X-I-e-
I-fpsS ]mc-kv]cyw ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂-Xv.
t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS A\p-jvSm-\mw-ihpw hnizm-khpw Ahsb
]c-kv]cw ASp-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. IrjvW-\m-´hpw sXøhpw IY-I-fn-
bp-sa√mw Cuiz-c\v hgn-]m-Smbn \S-Øp-∂X
- ns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]kvXpX
hnizm-k-am-Wp≈Xv. t£{X-I-e-IfpsS kwkvImcw Xs∂ {hXm-
\p-jvTX-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. {]tXy-In®pw IrjvW-\m´w
C∂pw ]mc-ºcy hn[n {]Im-c-ap≈ A\p-jvTm\w \ne-\n¿Øp∂
GI cwK-I-e-bm-Wv. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv
IrjvW-\m-´-°-fcn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ""]pcm-W-ß-sf√mw tZh-∑m-
cpsS IY-I-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bp-
∂-h-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠pw P\-ßƒ Ahsb `‡n]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-®p.
Ah-bnse k¬°-Ym-]m-{X-ßsf Cuiz-c-∑m-cmbn k¶-ev]n-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu IYm]m{X-ßfpw Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
`mc-Xnb \rØ˛ \mSymZnIe-Iƒ°p C∂pw hnj-b-ambn kzoI-cn-
®p-h-cp-∂p.''3 A-ß-s\bpw t£{X-I-e-Iƒ°v A\p-jvTm-\-Øn-
s‚bpw Cuiz-c-{]o-Xn-bp-sSbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w h∂p-`-hn-®p.
t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS A`y-k\
- Ø
- n¬ If-cn-]m-cº
- cyw Ah-bpsS
]mc-kv]-cyhpw ]mc-º-cyhpw \ne-\n¿Øp∂ apJy kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.
If-cnbpw Ifn-tbm-Khpw Kpcp-°-∑mcpamWv t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS ]mc-
º-cysØ \ne-\n¿Øn t]m∂ as‰mcp LSIw. Kpcp-Ipe k{º-Zm-
b-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\hpw \nc-¥c
- a
- mb A`y-k\
- hpw t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS
KpW-sØbpw ip≤n-sbbpw ImØp kq£n-®p. IqØn-s\bpw IqSn-
bm-´-sØbpw At]-£n®v tIc-f-Øn-e-tßm-f-an-tßmfw If-cn-I-fp- 12345678901234567890
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≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv IY-I-fn-°mWv. AXp-sIm-≠mImw BZysØ P\- 221
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Io-ba
- mb Ie-sb∂ JymXn IY-If
- n-°p-≠m-bX
- v. \m´p-{]-`p-°∑
- mcpw
\mb¿Ø-d-hm-Sp-Ifpw a\-Ifpw If-cnbpw Ifn-tbm-K-ßfpw \S-Øn-
bn-cp-∂Xv Xß-fpsS BVy-Xz-Øns‚ `mKam-bn´v IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂v ImWmw. B\bpw Ifn-tbm-Khpw BVy-Xz-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXpsh Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-cs\s°m≠p \S-Øn-
s°m≠p t]mIm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X√ If-cnbpw Ifn-tbm-Khpw. B\n-
ebv°v Hcp sslµ-h-˛-^yq-U¬ ]mc-ºcyw t£{X-I-e-Iƒ°v h∂p-
tN¿∂p.
If-cn-bn¬ h®p sNm√n-bmSn ]Tn® Imcy-ßf
- mWv Ac-ßØp
\S∑m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp IY GXp hn[w sNm√n-bm-S-W-
sa∂v B´- { ]- I m- c - ß ƒ hyhÿ sNøp- ∂ p. 4 B´- ° - Y - b psS
kmlnXyw `wKn-bmbn a\- n-em-°pI F∂-XmWv BZy-]S- n. ]n∂o-
SmWv ]Zm¿∞m-`n-\bw sNm√n-bm-Sn ]Tn°p-I. at\m-[¿Ωhpw Cf-
In-bm-´hpw Hcp \S≥ Ac-ßp-]-cn-Nbw sIm≠mWv t\Sp-I. am{X-
a√ at\m-[¿Ωßƒ°pw Cf-In-bm-´-Øn\pw ap≥\n-›-bn® t«mI-
ßfpw ]pcm-WI
- Y
- m-kµ - p-ap-≠v.5 \√-
- ¿`-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ {KŸ-ßf
]p-cmW⁄m\-ap-≈-h¿°p am{Xta kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambn ]I¿∂m-
Sm≥ Ign-bq. Kpcp-°-∑m-cmb \S-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w Iq´p-th-j-ßƒ
sNbvXp≈ ]cn-NbwsIm≠mWv Ch- a\ nem-°m≥ km[n-°p-I.
Kpcp-\mY∑mcpw {]i-kvXc
- p-amb thj-°m-cpsS {]tbm-Kß
- ƒ I≠v
a\- n-em°n, Xt‚-Xmb at\m-[¿Ωhpw tN¿Øv Acßv sImgp-∏n-
°m≥ Hcp \S\v Ignbpw. AXn\v Nn´-bmb A`ym-khpw ka¿∏-
Whpw thWw. AXn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv ]c-º-c-bmbn Kpcp-Ip-e-°-f-cn-
Iƒ t£{X-I-e-Iƒ°mbn ]g-a-°m¿ \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
C∂pw A\p-jvTm-\hpw hnizm-khpw \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-cp∂
Hcp t£{X-I-e-bmWv IrjvW-\m-´w. Ifcn k{º-Zm-b-Øn-emWv 12345678901234567890
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CXns‚ ]cn-io-e\w (Kp-cp-hm-bq¿ IrjvW-\m-´-°-f-cn) kh¿Æsc 222
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am{Xta If-cn-bn¬ {]th-in-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. kv{XoIƒ°n-hnsS {]th-
i-\a
- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcm-ims‚ Iogn-em-bn-cn°pw A`y-k\
- w. ]≠v
IY-If - n-bpsSbpw k{º-Zmbw CXm-bn-cp-∂p.6 F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv IqSn-
bm-´Ø
- n-s‚bpw IY-If
- n-bp-sSbpw If-cn-If
- n¬ kv{Xo]p-cpj hyXym-
k-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. IY-I-fn-bn¬ tIm´bw If-cnbpw h≈p-h-\m-ń¬
I-√-Sn-t°m-S≥ If-cnbpw BZy-Im-e-Øp-≈-h-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂p h∂
Iπn-ßm-S≥ k-{ºmbw sX°≥If-cn-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-´p. I√p-h-gn-
®n´ Fs∂mcp k{ºmbw ]me-°mSv sh≈n-t\-gn-°-Sp-Øp≈ I√p-
hgn {Kma-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXv ]nev°m-eØv "I√p-
h-gn-®n´'˛sb∂pw hS-°≥ k{º-Zm-b-sa∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p. AXns‚
BNm-cy-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv ]ń-°m-sXmSn cmap-Æn-ta-t\ms\
Bbn-cp-∂p.7 hS-°≥Ifcn k{º-Zm-bw tIcf Iem-a-WvU-ehpw
sX°≥I-f-cn- k-{º-Zmbw ]I¬°pdn Iem-`m-cXn Kpcp-sN-ß-∂q¿
IY-Ifn A°m-Z-anbpw C∂v ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂p. IqSmsX, Iemafie
Øn¬Øs∂ sX°≥°fcnbpsS Hcp hn`mKhpw {]h¿Øn®p
hcp∂p.
C{]-Imcw If-cn-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ tZi-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v \ne-\n-
ev°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AcßsØ {]tbmK hnti-j-ßƒ°v henb
hyXym-ks
- am∂pw {]I-Sa
- √
- . Iem-aW
- vUew IrjvW≥ \mb¿, Iem-
a-WvUew cma≥Ipń \mb¿, Iem-aW
- vUew tKm]n F∂n-h¿ GsX-
¶n-ep-samcp {]tXy-I Nn´bpsS h‡m-°-fmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
kwKo-Xw, cmKw, Xmfw, hmZyw XpS-ßn-b-h-bnepw t£{X-I-
e-I-fpsS ]mckv]cyw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. IrjvW-\m-´-Ønse
tkm]m-\-a-ń-em-bn-cp∂p IY-I-fn-bn¬ BZyw ]mSn-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
]n∂oSv Iem-a-WvUew \ºo-is‚ Ime-ØmWv IY-Ifn kwKo-X-
Øn\v imkv{Xob kwKo-X-Øns‚ coXn-bn¬ cmK-`m-hm-Zn-Iƒ 12345678901234567890
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hcpØn A`n-\b
- Ø
- n\v tbmKy-am-bc
- o-Xn-bn-em-°nbXv. AXv ]n∂oSv 223
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"\ºo-i≥ ssien' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. AtXmsS IY-Ifn kwKoXw
A`n-\b kwKo-Xa
- mbn. B´-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]m´m-sW-¶nepw IY-
Ifn Hcp ¢mkn-°¬ Ie-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ AXnse kwKo-Xhpw ¢mkn-
°-em-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-cmen8 ]d-bp-∂p. ""]m´v
\∂m-bm¬ Fs‚ B´hpw \∂mhpw ''F∂mWv Iem-a-WvUew
tKm]n-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw.
IrjvW\
- m´w \rØ-{]-[m-\hpw IY-Ifn \rXy-{]-[m-\h
- p-am-W.v
IY-I-fn-bnse \rØ-amWv Iem-i-ßƒ. ]≠v If-cn-bn¬ sNm√n-
bmSn hnkvX-cn-®-sX√mw Ac-ßØpw ImWn-°pI ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. C∂v B Ahÿ amdn. ImgvN°
- m-cpsS Bkzm-Z\
- s
- Ø-°qSn
IW-°n-se-SpØv \S\pw ]m´p-Imcpw tN¿∂v Nne Iqń-°n-gn-
°epIƒ \S-Øpw. B´sØ sIm≠p-thWw IYm-]m-{X-k-¶ev]w
Bkzm-ZI
- c
- n¬ {]Xn-jT
v n-t°-≠X
- .v kwkvIr-X\
- m-SI
- ß
- f
- nse Bfl-
K-X-Øn\p ]Icw IY-I-fn-bn¬ \n_-‘n-®n-´p-≈-XmWv Xt‚-Sm´w
(a-t\m-[¿Ωw) \mS-I-Ønepw kn\n-a-bnepw ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse
kzbw ad-∂p≈ A`n-\bw IY-I-fn-bn¬ kzoIm-cy-a-√. Hcp \S\v
Xm≥ \f-\mbn thjw sI´p-I-bm-sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv thWw.
cmK-\n-›b
- Ø
- ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ sIm´m-c°
- c Xºp-cm≥ A{Kn-
a-ÿm-\a
- ¿ln-°p-∂p. \m¬]-Øn-ct- ≠mfw cmK-ßƒ cma-\m-´Ø
- n¬
Xºp-cm≥ {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. Km\-kw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ A¤p-X-I-c-
amb \ne-hm-ca - m-c≥ ssIh-cn-®Xv9 ""\mS-Io-bX
- mWv cma-\m-´° - , cmK-
ssh-hn-≤yw, \rØ-ku-I-cyw, ssIap-{Z-Iƒ°pw Imevhbv]n\pw
]‰nb cN-\m-co-Xn, Xmf-eb
- {- ]m-Xn-\n-[yw, hmZy-hm-Z\
- s
- sh-hn-≤y-ku-
Icyw F∂n- h - sb√mw Hcp-t]mse CW-ßn-t®¿∂n-´p≈ Hcp
kºq¿Æ-Km-\-cq-]-amWv IY-I-fn-bp-tS-Xv. kz¥w cpNn-°-\p-k-cn®v
Ch-bn¬ Nne-Xns\ am{Xw Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw _m°n Dt]-£n-°p- 12345678901234567890
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Ibpw Dƒs°m-≠h
- sb Ime-KX
- n-s°m-Øh
- Æw am‰n-∏W
- n-bp-Ibpw 224
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sNbvXn-´p≈ Km\-cq-]-ß-fmWv I¿Æm-S-I-cq-]-Øn-teXv'' F∂p≈
tUm.-eoe HmwtN-cn-bpsS \nco-£Ww kva¿Ø-hy-am-Wv.10
""A`n-\t- bm-t]-Xß
- f
- m-Wt√m IY-If
- n-∏m-´p-Iƒ. A`n-\b
- n-°p-
∂Xv `mh-ß-sfbpw BWv. BI-bm¬ ]m´p-I-fpsS {]tbmKw A`n-
\-bn-°p∂ `mh-ßƒ°v CW-ßn-bn-cn-°pI Xs∂ thWw; ]m´p-I-
fnse cmK-cq-]-ßfpw `mh-ip≤-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°-Ww. cmK-cq-]-
ß-fpsS `mhw, kzc-k©
- mc Btcm-lW
- m-htcm-lW
- {- I-asØ B{i-
bn-®n-cn-t°, hn[n-b-\p-k-cn®p Xs∂-bp≈ {]tbm-K-am-bn-cn-°Ww;
AXn\pw ]pd-sa, `mhw Ka-\-ß-sfbpw B{i-bn®p \n¬°p-∂p.
BI-bm¬ ]m´p-I-fnse cmK-cq-]-ßsf \n›nX K-a-I-ß-fn-eqsS
am{Xta {]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]mSp-≈q.''11
BSm-\p≈ `mhw IYm-]m-{X-Øn-te°v (\-S-\n-te-°v) kw{I-
an-∏n-°p-∂Xv IY-I-fn-bn¬ kwKo-X-amWv. `mh-amWv ]m{X-kz-`m-
hsØ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw `mh-kw-
Ko-Xa
- m-W.v B´-Øns‚ t]mj-IL
- S- I
- ß
- f
- n¬ {][m\w ]mń-\m-W.v
c≠mw-ÿm\w taf-Øn-\pw. aq∂mw ÿm\w Blm-cy-Øn-\p-am-Wv.
Xmf-ta-f-ßƒ t£{X-I-e-bpsS Poh-\m-Wv. angmhv, a±-fw,
sN≠, CS-bv°, tNßn-e, Ce-Ømfw F∂nhbmWv cwKØv
s]mXpsh D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hmZy-ßƒ. IqØn\pw IqSn-bm-´Ø
- n\pw
angm-hmWv hmZyw. IY-I-fn-bn¬ a±-f-amWv {][m-\-hm-Zyw. sN≠
]n∂oSv tN¿°-s∏-´X
- m-Wv. ]mńs‚ {ipXn°pw Xmf-\n-›b
- Ø
- n\pw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv tNßn-ebpw Ce-Øm-f-hp-am-Wv.
""tNßn-e, ssIa-Wn, sN≠, arZwKw
a±-f-an-h-tbm-tcmt∂ t]mcpw
Ch-sb-√mta tNßne X∂psS
{ipXn-sbm-∏n®p ]nSn-®-Y-Iqń
A{ipXn X∂n¬ ]mSo-tSWw 12345678901234567890
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hn{ip-X-\m-Inb KmbIhcy≥'' 225
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F∂ amØq¿ Ip™p-]n≈ ]Wn-°c - psS {]kvXm-h\ IY-If - n-bpsS
Xmf-eb hmZyka\zbsØ ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂-XmWv.12 IY-I-fn-bn¬
A`n-\-bsØ A\pk‘m\w sNbvXv ck-`m-h-ßsf ]q¿Æ-X-bn-
te°v B\-bn-°p-∂Xv hmZy-{]-tbm-K-ß-fm-Wv. \Ss‚ Hmtcm
kq£va Ne-\hpw hnZ-Kv≤-\mb Hcp taf-°m-c\v sN≠-bn¬ Bhm-
ln-°m≥ Ignbpw.
sNº-S, ]©mcn, AS-¥, apdn-b-S-¥, {Xn]p-S, Nº F∂n-h-
bmWv IY-I-fn-bn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Xmf-ßƒ.
Xp≈-en¬ CXnse ]e Xmf-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. \ºym-cm-Is´,
Nne \mS≥ Xmf-ßƒ IqSn {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠.v a¿Ω-Xm-fw, Ipw`n-Xm-fw
XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-cWw
I√ymWn, i¶-cm-`c
- W
- w, taml-\w, tXmSn, kmth-cn, {iocm-Kw,
]¥p-h-cmfn, tIZm-c-Ku-f, lwk-[z-\n, \m´ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv IY-
I-fn-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImWp∂ cmK-ßƒ. ap≥ \n›-bn®
cmK-ß-fn¬\n∂v A]q¿∆w Nneh am‰nbpw ]mSm-dp-ap-≠v.
Xp≈ense arZwKw F∂Xv C∂sØ arZw-Ka
- √. Nne-t∏mƒ
AXv ]≠p≈ sXm∏n-a-±-f-amImw.
IY-I-fnbpw Xp≈epw IqØ-ºew hn´v ]pd-Øp-h∂ t£{X-
I-e-I-fmsW∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. AXn-\m¬
Xp≈¬ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hcp t£{X-I-e-sb∂v ]d-bm\pw hø.
""t£{X-ßfn¬ D’-h-Im-eØp \S-Øp∂ Iem-{]-I-S-\-amWv
Xp≈¬. CsXmcp t£{X-I-e-bm-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ hø. a‰p thZn-
bnepw Cu Ie D≠mbImew apX¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p hcp-∂p. htc-
Wy-I-e-Iƒ°pw \mtSm-Sn-I-e-Iƒ°pw CSbv°v Fhn-sStbm BWv
Xp≈-ens‚ ÿm\w. Aº-e-∏p-g-bnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-
cp∂ \mtSmSnIem-cq-]ß
- f
- psS ]cn-jvIrX cq]-amImw Xp≈¬. ]cn- 12345678901234567890
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lm-kØ
- ns‚ tasºmSn tN¿Øv, efn-Xa
- mb \rØ-ßf
- n-eqsS Bhn- 226
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jvI-cn-°p∂ Cu ]pcm-W-I-Ym-Jym\w F√m-X-e-Ønepws∏´-hsc
ckn-∏n-°p-∂p.''13 \ºym¿ ]cn-lm-k-amWv ssIImcyw sNbvXXv.
lmky-a-√. lmky-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ IpsdIqSn Db¿∂ at\m-`m-h-
am-Wp-≠m-hp-I.
taev]-d™ Ie-Isf IqSmsX tkm]m\ kwKo-Xw, AjvS-
]-Zn, taml-n\n-bm´w, `c-Wn-∏m´v, ]qc-∏m-´v, AØ-®a
- b
- h
- p-ambn _‘-
s∏´ ]m´p-Iƒ (h-©n-∏m-´v), Io¿Ø-\k
- m-ln-Xyw, ]S-bW
- n-∏m-´v, If-
sa-gpØp]m´v, tXm‰w]m´v, `{Z-Im-fn-∏m-´v, ]p≈p-h≥]m´v XpS-ßn-b-
h-sb√mw t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS A\p-_-‘-ßfpw kmln-Xy-ap-≈-h-bp-
am-Wv. Ch-bnepw A\p-jvTm-\-Øn\pw k{º-Zm-b-Øn\pw ]c-kv]-
c-_-‘-ap-≠v. F∂m-eh ChnsS ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂n-√.
4.2 B´-°-Ybpw A`n-\-b-km-ln-Xyhpw
IY-Ifn F∂ Zriy-I-e-bv°p-th≠n Fgp-X-s∏´ kmlnXy
IrXn-I-fmWv B´-°-Y-Iƒ. B´-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ kmln-Xyw.
IY-I-fn-bpsS ]q¿∆-cq-]-amb cma-\m-´-Øns‚ kzcq-]hpw CXn¬
\n-∂v hyXy-kX
v a
- √
- . BSm-\p-≈X
- m-Ib
- m¬ B´-°Ym kmln-XysØ
A`n-\b
- - km-ln-Xy-sa-∂ \nebn¬ thWw hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠X
- v. A`n-
\-bsØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m-\p-XI
- p∂ ssien-bn-emWv B´-°Y cNn-
t°-≠X
- .v cwK-{]-tbmKw, \mS-Io-bX
- , `mhm-`n-\bw, ck-k∂
- n-th-iw,
kwKoXw, kmlnXyw, _nw_Iev]\Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh
- b
- n-se√mw B´-
°-Ym-Im-c≥ {i≤ hbv°-Ww. IY-I-fn-bn¬ hmNnIw ]Z-ß-fn-eq-
sS-bm-Wv {]I-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. BI-bm¬ IYm-]m{X hy‡nXzw,
Bfl-{]-Im-i\
- w, kmXzn-I`- m-hß
- ƒ, \h-ck
- ß
- ƒ F∂nh {]kv^p-
cn-°p-∂-Xm-IWw `mj. AXn-\p-th≠n ]Z-ßsf hfsc t_m[-
]q¿∆w Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv {]tbm-Kn-t°-≠X
- .v A`n-\b
- Ø
- n-te°p hfcp∂ 12345678901234567890
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A-e¶
- m-cß
- fpw _nw_-Ie
- ]
v \
- I
- ƒ°p-amWv ChnsS {]k-‡n. 227
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IY-Ifn Hcp ssieo-IrX Ie-bm-W-s√m. ap{Z-I-fn-eqsS
`mjsb hymh¿Øn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv \S≥ sNtø-≠p-∂-Xv. At∏mƒ
ap{Z-Iƒ°n-W-ßp∂ ]Z-L-S\ IY-I-fn -kmlnXyØn\p A\m-h-
cy-am-Wv. `mhm-`n-\-b-Øn¬\n∂v \mSy-c-k-Øn-te°p \ofp∂ khn-
ti-j-amb kmlnXyw IY-I-fn-bpsS Bflm-hm-Wv. `mjm-kz-cq]w
\h-ck
- ß
- ƒ°v CW-ßp∂ coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°W
- w. h¿Æ-˛h
- mIy˛]Z-
c-N\
- b
- n¬ ck-k∂
- n-th-ia
- \
- p-kc
- n®v am‰w hcp-Øn-sb-¶n¬ am{Xta
cmKm-em-]\
- Ø
- n\pw kwKo-XØ
- n\pw am‰-Wb
- °
v m≥ Ign-bq. ChnsS
A£-c{Iaw ]men-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. IY-Ifn kwKo-X-Øn\v cwKm-h-
X-c-W-Øn-ep-≈ {]m[m\y-a-d-™p -thWw ]Z-ßƒ cNn-°m≥.
IY-Ifn ¢mkn-°¬ Ie-bm-Ip-tºmƒ `mjbpw DZm-Ø-am-
IWw. \mSy-imkv{X hn[n {]Im-c-ap≈ Ah-X-c-W-amWv IY-I-fn-
bp-tS-Xv. `mj, kmlnXyw, ssien, kwKo-Xw, hmZyw, thjw, Ah-
X-cWw F∂n-hb
- nse√mw ¢mkn-°¬ coXn-bmWv ]n≥Xp-St- c-≠X
- .v
Xucy-{Xn-I-Øns‚ (\r-Øw, \rXyw, \mSyw) A\p-k-‘m-\-amWv
kmln-XymZn LS-I-ßƒ. B´hpw ]m´pw sIm´pw XΩn-ep≈ eb-
amWv IY-If
- n-bn-te-Xv. kwKo-XØ
- ns‚ \nc-h[
- nk
- m-[y-XI
- sf A`n-
\-b-hp-ambn tN¿Øp IY-I-fn-bn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. tIm´bw IY-
Iƒ, \f-N-cn-Xw, Xºn-bpsS IY-Iƒ, I¿Æ-i-]Yw F∂nh C{X-
tØmfw Bkzm-Z-Isc BI¿jn-°m-\p≈ Hcp ImcWw kmln-Xy-
kw-Ko-XmZnI-fpsS ka-RvP-k-amb taf-\-am-Wv.
IY-I-fn-bn¬ kwKo-X-amWv hmNn-Im-`n-\-bsØ ]cn-t]m-jn-
∏n-°p-∂X
- .v A`n-\b
- k
- w-Ko-Xs
- a∂v CX-dn-bs
- ∏-Sm\pw Imc-Wa
- n-Xm-W.v
\S≥Xs∂ ]mSn A`n-\-bn-°p-tºmƒ `mhm-`n-\-b-Øn\v ]cn-a-Xn-bp-
≠m-Ip-∂p. AX-dn-™p-sIm-≠mWv sh´ØpXºp-cm≥ ]n∂-Wn-bn¬
]m´p-Imsc G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bX
- v. `mjsb, ]Zm¿∞sØ ap{Z-If
- n-eqsS 12345678901234567890
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ssieo-I-cn®v Zriy-h-ev°-cn-°p-I-bmWv \S≥ sNøp-∂Xv. ap{Zm-`n- 228
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\-bØ
- n-eqsS Bi-bk
- w-thZw \S-Øp-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w `mhm-`n-\b
- hpw
km[y-am-Ip-∂p. AXn\m¬ IY-Ifn kmlnXyw A`n-\b clkyw
a\- n-em°n thWw cNn-°m≥. hmNn-IsØ ap{Z-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv F√m tZi-°m¿°pw F√m `mj-°m¿°pw
IY-Ifn Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX∂v tXm∂p-∂p. IY-I-fnsb
temtIm-Øc
- I
- e
- b
- m°n am‰p-∂Xpw as‰m-∂√
- . cma-\m-Í
- ¿Øm-hmb
sIm´m- ° - c - Ø - º p- c m≥ Aÿn- h m- c - a n´ IY- I - f n- k m- l nXyw
tIm´bØpXºpcm≥ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ {][m\ambpw e£y-
an´Xv kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Zriy-s∏m-en-a-bm-Wv. AXn-\mbn t«mIw
kwkvIr-X-Ønepw ]Zw aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønepw ZWvU-Iw, Nq¿ÆnI
F∂nh Nºq-KZ- y-co-Xn-bnepw \n_-‘n-®p. "]mSm-\p≈ hI am{X-a√
- ,
ap{Z-I-fn-eq-sSbpw `mhm-`n-\-b-Øn-eq-sSbpw BSm-\p≈ hIbpw ]Z-
ßƒsIm-≠m-IW - s- a∂v \n›-bn-®Xv tIm´-bØp Xºp-cm-\m-Wv.''14
B´-Øns‚ Nn´-Iƒ kmlnXyw apX¬ cwKm-h-X-c-W-Ønse
[\m-in-hsc ]men-°W
- s
- a-∂mWv hyh-ÿ. tIm´-bØ
- p-Xº
- p-cms‚
IY-Iƒ Nn´-{]-[m-\a
- m-bXv {]kvXpX \nbaw ]men-®X
- p-sIm-≠m-W.v
aWn-{]-hm-f-`m-j-bmWv ImgvN-bpsS Iebv°v G‰hpw D]-I-cn-°p-
∂-sX∂v Xºp-cm≥ a\- n-em-°nbncp-∂p. DÆm-bn-hm-cycpw CtX
\ne]mSp≈ Ihn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pam{X-a-√, aWn-{]-hm-fsØ
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kzmX-{¥y-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn® Ihn-bp-am-Wv.
`mj D]-I-c-Whpw hm°p-Iƒ tN¿∂p≈ ssien Bi-b-{]-Xn-^-
e-\Ø
- n-\p≈ D]m-[n-bp-am-Ipw. ]Z-cN
- \
- b
- nepw ssien-bnepw kz¥-
amb hgn-Iƒ hmcy¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw B´-®n-´-Iƒ°v
A]- h m- Z - a mbpw hmcy¿ \ne- s Im- ≈ pw. ap{Z- I ƒ°n- W - ß p- ∂ ,
]Zm¿∞m-`n-\b km[y-X-I-fp≈ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ß-fm-IWw B´-°-Y-
bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. F∂m¬ \f-N-cnXw H∂mw Znh-k-Øn¬ 12345678901234567890
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lwk-Øns‚ ]Z-Øn¬ aZ-ep-fn-Xw, arZp-ef
- n-Xw, KpW-an-fnXw F∂o 229
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{]tbm-K-ß-fpsS ap{Zm-`n-\bw \S-∑msc hnj-an-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.15
\Ss‚ at\m-[¿Ω-Øn-eqsS ]I¿∂mSn ap{Zsb hnkvX-cn®v Bi-
b-{K-lWw km[n-°p-I am{Xta hgn-bp-≈q.
\f-N-cnX `mj-sb-∏‰n Gsd N¿®-Iƒ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. "Im¥m-
c-Xm-c-I-Øn¬' G.-B¿. Xºp-cm≥ XpS-ßn-h-®-XmWo N¿®. "\f-N-
cn-X-Ønse `mj aWnbpw {]hm-fhpw tN¿∂-X-√, kwkvIr-X-am-
Ip∂ sNºpw ae-bm-f-am-Ip∂ shfp-Øo-bhpw tN¿Øp-≠m-°nb
Hcp sh¶-e-`m-j-bm-Wv.16
\f-N-cnXw BSp-tºm-gp≈ Hcp \Ss‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Ipń-Ir-
jvW-am-cmcpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠v. ""]n∂o-Sp-h∂ B´-°-Ym-Im-c-
∑m¿°pw A{X-tØmfw Db-cp-hm≥ km[n-°m-ØX
- p-sIm≠v \ΩpsS
IY-If
- n°v Cu \f-Nc
- nXw BSp-tºmƒt]mepw DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿ B{K-
ln-®{X ]q¿ÆX t\Sp-hm≥ km[n-®n-√. \f-N-cnXw \ΩpsS aWn-
{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬Øs∂ {]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-am-sW∂v hnNm-cn-°p-
Ibpw ka¿XvYn°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω tImbn-Ø-
ºp-cm\pw CXn-t\mSp tbmPn-°p-∂p.''17
amcm¿ XpS-cp-∂p, "CXnse kwKo-X-c-N-\-bnepw \rØ-hn-[m-
t\m-Nn-Xa
- mb ]Z-\n-_‘
- \
- Ø
- nepw Ihn A\-\y-km-am-\y-amb sshZ-
Kv≤y-hn-ti-jß
- sf Bhn-jI
v c
- n-®n-´p-s≠∂v A`n-⁄∑
- m¿ ]d-bp-∂p.
sIm´m-c-°-c-°-Y-I-fnepw a‰pw ImWm≥ In´mØ ]e Km\-_-‘-
ssh-Nn-{Xyhpw CXn-ep-s≠∂p kwKo-Xm-\`
- n-⁄∑
- m¿°pw ImWmw.
CXp ]mSn tIƒ°p-tºmgpw BSn-°m-Wp-tºmgpw Akm-[m-cW
- a
- mb
Hcp lrZ-b-kv]¿inX A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v. CsXm-s°bpw Ihn
kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-jvTm-\Ø
- n¬ Dd-®p-\n∂p Xucy-{Xn-IØ
- n-
ep≈ Xs‚ ka-{K-ssh-ZKv≤ysØ Bhn-jvI-cn-®-X-√msX as‰- 12345678901234567890
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¥mW.v'18 230
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"\fN-cnXw ]mSp-hm≥ th≠n cNn-°-s∏´ Hcp IrXn-bmWv.
tIh-e-amb hmb-\-bn¬ tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip∂ ]mcpjyw ]mSp-tºmƒ
tX™-en™p kwKo-XØ
- n\v Htcm-P p sImSp-°pI IqSn sNøpw;
shdpw ka-\n-c-∏mb aW-en-eq-sSbpw, I√pw Nc-ep-ap≈ ÿe-Øq-
sSbpw Hgp-Ip∂ \o¿Nm-ep-I-fn¬ GXmWv ImgvNbv°p \√-sX∂v
t\m°n-bm¬ CXns‚ clkyw GXm-s≠m∂p hy‡-hp-am-hpw.'19
\f-N-cn-X-Ønse `mj, kmlnXyw, kwKoXw F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n
amcm¿ Nq≠n-°m-ńb Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ Hcp klr-Z-b\pw \ntj-
[n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂X
- √. DÆm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS kz¥w ]cn-Ie
- ]
v \
- I
- ƒ°v
tbmPy-amb `mjsb At±lw Xs∂ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
AXpsIm≠mWv \f-N-cn-X-Ønse `mj "DÆmbn `mj-'bm-bXv.
\f-N-cnXw \∂mbn sNm√n-bmSn ]Tn-t°≠ IY-bmWv. adn-
®p-≈- Nne Nn¥-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw icn-b-√.20 AXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-
®n-cn-°p∂ kmlnXyw Pohn-Xt- ØmSp A{X-am{Xw ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-
∂-Xm-Wv. tIhew IY-Ifn kt¶-X-a-dn-™-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw \f-N-
cnXw BSm≥ km[n-°p-∂-X-√. ""DÆm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS ssIbn¬
Int´≠ Xmakw IY-Ifn H∂m-¥-c-samcp \mS-I-am-hp-I-Xs∂
sNbvXp. \f-Nc
- nXw IY-If
- nsb tIc-fØ - ns‚ imIp-¥f - s
- a∂v hnfn-
®m¬ t]mepw A[n-I-∏-‰m-hp-I-bn-√.''21 \f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Pohn-X-K-
‘n-bmb A\p-`-h-amWv AXns\ \mS-Io-b-am-°p-∂-Xv.
"hmcy¿ Hcp \qX\ amXrIXs∂ ImWn-®p. \f-N-cnXw IY-
bn-eqsS At±-l-Øn\p Nne temI-X-Xz-ßfpw Pohn-X-k-Xy-ßfpw
Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. D≈n¬ Xnßn-hn-ßnb A\p-`q-Xn-
Ifpw hnIm-cß
- fpw {]Xn-ê
- n-∏n-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iem-]q¿Æ-amb
IYm-in-ev]-Øn-eq-sSbpw AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb ]m{X-kr-jvSn-bn-eq-
sSbpw hmcy¿ B hn-Im-c-ßƒ°pw Bi-b-kw-ln-X-Iƒ°pw cq]w 12345678901234567890
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\evIn.22 hmcy-cpsS PohnX ho£Ww, kzm\p-`hw, ]pcmWt_m[w, 231
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Imhym-\p-io-e-\w, kwKo-X-t_m-[w, XpS-ßn-bh \f-N-cn-X-Øns‚
\mS-Iob-Xsb Gsd ]cn-t]mjn∏n®n´p-≠v.
cwK-I-e-I-fn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ temI-{]-i-‡n-bm¿÷n®
Ie-bmWv IY-I-fn. \m\qdp h¿jsØ cwK-]-cn-NbamWv Cu Ie-
bv°p-≈Xv. Hcp klrZbs‚ F√m-Øcw Zriy k¶-ev]-ß-sfbpw
Bkzm-Z\
- s
- Øbpw kwXr-]X
v n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nc-h[n LS-Iß
- ƒ IY-
I-fn-bn-ep-≠.v ImesØ AXn-Po-hn-°p∂ \mSym-\p-`h
- a
- mWv AXnse
Iem-k-¶ev]w. F√m `mh-ßfpw AXmXv k¶-ev]-Øn¬ IY-I-fn-
bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpw. hnti-jn®v CXn-lmk ]pcmW
IYm-]m-{X-ßsf \Ω-psS k¶-ev]-ß-tfmSv Ipd-s®-¶nepw \oXn-]p-
e¿Øp∂ thj-˛-`mh∏I¿®tbmsS IY-I-fn-bn¬ am{X-amWv Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I. ]m{X kz`m-ha
- \
- pkcn-®p≈ Npńbpw Blm-
cyhpw AXns\ IqSp-X¬ kzm`m-hn-I-am-°p-∂p. ImcWw, ap≥°qń
\n›bn® Hcp thj-L-S\, (]-®, IØn, Icn, XmSn, an\p-°v) kXz-
cPkvX-tamKpW-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn IY-Ifn thj-ßƒ°p-≠v.
""B´-°Y IY-I-fn-bmbn cq]w amdp∂ Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-b
(Semiotic)- hn-h¿Ø\w F∂ {]{In-b-bpsS hnP-b-Øns‚ ASn-
Ød, If-cn-bn¬ XpSsc XpSsc \S-°p∂ sN√n-bm-´Ø - ns‚ Nn´bpw
Bflm¿∞bpw e£y-t_m-[h - p-am-W.v ''23 \nc-¥c
- a
- mb A`ym-k{- Iaw
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-bmWv IY-I-fn. ""]Ømw \q‰m≠papX¬ 1600
hsc IqSn-bm-´hpw IqØpw ]mTI-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p t£{XsØ kt¶-
X-am-°n-s°m≠p kap-Zm-b-Ønse D∂-X-X-e-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿°p-
th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- ZriyIe-Iƒ. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬
Acßv hnf°v NmIymcpw \ºymcpw IrjvW-\m-´-°m-c-s‚bpw
XpS¿∂v IY-I-fn-°m-c-s‚bpw ssI°¬ Gev]n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-
Wp-≠m-b-Xv.24
B´-°Ymkmln-Xy-Øns‚ sshhn-≤y-amWv, ssien-bmWv
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A`n-\-bsØ hf¿Øp-∂-Xv. "DØ-cm-kz-bw-hc'Ønse "GI-tem- 232
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N\w', \f-Nc
- n-XØ
- nse "hnP-t\-_X', Ime-tI-bh
- [
- Ø
- nse "ke-
t÷mlw' XpSßnbh t]mep≈ A`n-\b
- a
- p-lq¿Øw krjvSn-°m≥
{]kvXpX Ihn-Iƒt° Ign-bq. \f-N-cn-X-Øn¬\n∂v F{X-sb{X
DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ thW-sa-¶nepw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°mw. tIm´-bØp
Xºp-cms‚ IYIfmIs´, kmln-Xy-KpWwsIm≠v A`n-\-b-Øn-
te°p hf-cp-∂h
- b
- m-Wv. IptN-eh
- r-ØØ
- nse "APn-Xm-lt-c'- F∂
]Zw IptNes‚ IÆt\mSp≈ `‡nbpw Bfll¿jhpw H∂n®p
tZymXn∏n°p∂XmWv. AXpt]mse I¿Æi]YØnse "F¥nl
a∑m\tk' F∂ ]Zw I¿Æs‚ Pohn-XsØ BsI A\m-h-cWw
sNøp-∂p.
B´-°-Ym-c-N\ CXc Imhycq-]-ßsft∏mse A{X-F-fp-∏-
ap≈ Ihn-I¿Ω-a√. B´-°-Ym-IrØv kmln-Xy-Øn¬ am{Xw A`n-
c-an-°p∂ hy‡n-bm-bm¬ t]mcm. kwKo-X-⁄m-\w, Xmf-t_m[w,
cwKt_m[w, ]pcm-W⁄
- m\w, temI-[¿Ωnbpw \mSy[¿Ωnbpamb
\S\ kt¶-Xß
- ƒXp-Sß
- n-bh Adn-bp-∂t- Xm-sS∏w Ihn kzbw \S-
\p-am-bn-cn-°Ww. tIm´-bØ
- p-Xº
- p-cm≥ \S-\pw- IqSn BI-bm-emWv
In¿Ωoch[w, Ime-tI-b-h[w XpS-ßnb B´-°-Y-Iƒ Fgp-Xm≥
km[n- ® - X - s {X. Hcn- ° ¬ At±lw thjwsIń cwKØv
hcnIt]mepw D≠m-bn.25 \h-c-k-`m-h-ßƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
h¿Æ-ßfpw hm°p-Ifpw ssien-bp-amWv Xºp-cm≥ \mep- I-Y-I-
fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈sX¶nepw hoc-c-k-{]-[m-\-am-W-h. irwKm-
c]Zßƒ°v arZp-tLmj A\p-\m-kn-I-ßfpw hoc, cu{Z `mh-
ßƒ°v Jc AXn-Jc h¿Æ-ß-fp-amWv A[n-Ihpw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-
≈-X.v AXp-sIm-≠mWv Xºp-cms‚ IØn thj-ßƒ°v D≤X `mhw
Gdn-h-cp-∂Xv. ]Xn™ ]Z-Øn\v AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ h¿Æ-ßfpw
hm°p-I-fp-am-sW-¶n¬ NSpe ]Z-ßƒ°v Jc-h¿Æ-ßfpw ]Z-{]- 12345678901234567890
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tbm-K-ß-fp-amWv Xºp-cm‚ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ImWp-I.26 233
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Ccbn-Ω≥ Xºnsb B´-°-Y-bnse ssieo-[-\≥ F∂mWv
Abva\w IrjvWss°aƒ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.27 kw-Ko-XØ
- n\nW-
ßp∂ ]Z-ßfpw ]mSn-tIƒ°m≥ Cº-ap≈Xpamb h¿Æ-ßfpw
Xºn-bpsS kmln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX
- b
- m-Wv. kzc-cm-Kk
- p-[b
- mb
]Zk©-b-amWv Xºn-bpsS aq∂p B´-°-Y-I-fpw. BSm\pw ]mSm-
\p-ap≈ kpJw Ah-bpsS kmln-Xy-ku-`KwsIm≠v kn≤n®n-cn-
°p∂p. \f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xpt]m-ep≈ A¿∞-
{K-l-W-Zp¿{K-l-Xbpw Zqcm-\zbw F∂ tZmjhpw ChnsS ImWp-
∂n-√. Hcp-]t- £, \f-Nc
- n-XØ
- n¬ h∂p-`h
- n® Nne tZmj-ßsf Zqco-
I-cn-°Ø
- ° Btem-N\ cN-\m-th-fb
- n¬ Xºn \SØnbn´p-≠m-hmw.
kzmXnXncp-\m-fns‚ \n¿t±-ihpw \nco-£-Whpw C°m-cy-Øn¬
Xºnsb klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. s]mXpsh "kwKo-X-a]n kmlnXyw'
Fs∂mcp s]mXp[mc-W-bpsS Imew-IqSn Bbn-cp∂p AXv. Km\m-
fl-IX Xºn-bpsS kmln-Xy-tem-IØ
- n¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ {]Xn-
`m-ka
- m-W.v At±-lØ
- ns‚ B´-°Y
- b
- n-ep-aXv IS-∂p-h∂
- n-´p-≠.v Xncp-
hm-Xn-cbv°pw ssIsIm-ń-°f
- n-°pw, \rØ-cq-]ß
- ƒ°pw Xºn-bpsS
B´-°Y
- b
- nse ]Z-ßƒ [mcm-fa
- mbn ]mSn-hc
- p-∂Xv {]kvXpX kwKo-
Xm-flIXsIm-≠m-Wv. "hoc-hn-cm-S-Ip-amc hnt`m...' F∂ IpΩn
tIcfw F{Xtbm Ime-ambn ]mSn-°-fn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.28
""DØ-a-t{i-Wn-bn¬ s]Sp-Øm-hp∂ aWn-{]-hmf t«mI-ßƒ
Z£-bm-K-Øn-emWv IqSp-X¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xºn-bpsS HSp-hn-
esØ IrXn-bmb Z£-bmKw `mh-_-‘p-c-X-bnepw inev]-ku-µ-
cy-Ønepw \f-N-cn-X-tØmSp ASp-Øp-\n¬°p∂ Hcp IrXn-bm-Wv.
Xºn°v kzm[o-\-am-bn-cp∂ X\-Xmb ssien-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn
Icp-X-s∏-tS≠ a[p-c-tIm-af Im¥ ]Zm-h-en-bpsS hnem-k-emkyw 12345678901234567890
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Z£-bm-K-Øn¬ CX-cm-t]-£bm IqSp-X¬ Zriy-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.''29 234
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]n¬°me B´-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°-fmb Xpf-ko-h-\w, amen am[-
h≥\m-b¿, tUm.-]q-P-∏pc IrjvW≥\m-b¿, Iem-a-WvUew tIi-
h≥, tUm.-]n.-th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cn-se√mw Xºn-bpsS
kzm[o\w ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. B´-°Y
- , BSm≥ am{X-a√
- , ]mSn-tI´p
ckn-°m\pw IqSn-bp-≈X
- m-Wv F∂ Nn¥ Bkzm-ZI - ¿
- °nS-bn¬ ASp-
ØnsS h∂n-´p-≠v.29 `mh-cm-K-Xm-f-ßƒ ka-\z-bn-°-s∏-Sp-tºm-gp≈
ckm-kzm-Z-\-amWv kmln-Xy-Øn¬ {i≤ sNep-Øm≥ X¬I¿Øm-
°sf t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. hmb-\-bn¬ B´-°Y \sΩ ckn-∏n-°p-I-bn√.
]mSn-t°ƒ°pI Xs∂ thWw. \f-N-cnXw Hc-f-hp-hsc kmln-Xy-
KpWw sIm≠v hmb-\m-\p-`hw ]I-cp-∂-XmsW¶nepw s]mXpsh
B´-°-Ym-km-lnXyw hmbn®v ckn-°m-\p-≈-X-√, ]mSm\pw BSn-
°m-\p-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.
4.3 IY-I-fn-∏-Zhpw `mh-Ko-Xhpw
`mhhpw kwKo-Xh
- p-an-Wß
- n-bX
- mWv `mh-KoXw (Lyrics). hnIm-
c-km-{µ-Xbpw {]kmZw Xpfp-ºp∂ `mjbpw CXns‚ {]tXy-I-X-
bm-Wv. Bem-]-\-Øns‚ lrZy-X, aWn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bpsS emfn-
Xyhpw kuµ-cy-hpw, `mh-{]-Im-i\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bm¬ an° IY-I-
fn-∏-Z-ßƒ°pw `mK-ho-X-hp-ambn ASp-∏-ap-≠v. ""Bem-]-\-Øn\p
lrZyX e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ]Z-ßƒ cmK-Øn\pw Xmf-Øn\pw hg-
ßWw. i_vZ-`wKn D≠m-I-Ww. ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, Nc-W-ßƒ
F∂-XmWp ]Z-ß-fpsS s]mXp-hn-ep≈ {Iaw. ]√hn ]Z-Øns‚
Xe-s°-´pw, A\p-]√
- hn ]√-hn-bpsS hni-Zo-Ic
- W
- hpw NcWw Bi-
bm-hn-jvI-c-W-hp-am-Wv. ]√-hn-bpsS ]cn-[n-°p-≈¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xm-
bn-cn°pw Nc-Wa
- pƒs°m-≈p∂ Bi-bw. Nc-WØ
- ns‚ Ah-km\w
]√hn Bh¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. X∑qew Htc
cmK-Ønepw Xmf-Ønepw Be-]n-°m\pw \S-∑m¿°p ka¿∞-ambn
BSn-]v^-en-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p. Cu khn-ti-j-X-sIm≠v an° 12345678901234567890
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]Z-ßfpw H∂m-¥cw `mh-Ko-X-ambn ]cn-W-an-®n-cn-°p-∂p.''31 235
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`mhm-\p-_-‘-am-Wt√m ckw. tIm´bw IY-I-fn-emWv ck-
`m-h-k-tΩ-f\w \ap-°mZyw Zriy-°m-\m-hpI. Ime-tI-b-h-[-Øn¬
Imam-Xp-c-amb D¿∆in kJn-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]th-in-®v A¿÷p-\s\
I≠n´v ]d-bp∂ ]Zw t\m°p-I.
cmKw i¶-cm-`-cWw ˛ sNº-S-Xm-fw.
]mWvU-hs‚ cq]w I≠m-e-tlm
]pWvU-co-I-`h krjvSn-Iu-i-e-a˛
JWvUa
- mbn hne-kp-∂h
- ¶
- e
- nXn it¶ Rm≥! (]m-WU
v h
- s‚)
]≠p-Im-as\ \oe-I-WvT≥ Zln-∏n-®o-Sp-I-aqew
X≠m¿_m-W-Xp-ey-\mbv \n¿Ωn-X-\-h≥ hn[n-bmepw
sXm≠n ]hn-g-an-h-aßp a[-c-anXp
I≠n-Sp-∂-f-hn-en≠¬ ]q≠p-_X
sIm≠-e-Wn-°p-gen tIma-f-h-Zt\!
Bbn kJn ! _X ! (]m-WvU-hs‚)
]q¿Æ-N-{µt\m? ]p\c¿tÆmPtam Inap hZ\w?
kz¿Æw aßo-Sp-a-h≥ Im¥n ImWp-tºm-sf∂p \q\w
I¿Æ-tim` IY-bman hm IYw?
Xq¿Æ-tah sN∂-h-t\m-Sn∂p \o
h¿Æb aa hc-h¿Æn\n ]c-hiw
Nn√n-bp-K-f-aXp hns-√mSp Xpey-am-Ip-∂t√m;
]t√m Nmcp-au-‡n-I-°t√m a∑Y Io¿Øn-sØt√m
ap√-ap-Ip-ftam apIp-c-i-I-etam?
\s√mcp]a sNm√p-h-Xn-\nl \ln
a√-an-gn-Iƒ aWn-a-Ip-S-c-Xv\ta!
Bbn kJn ! _X ! (]m-WvU-hs‚) 12345678901234567890
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hmWo-am-[pcyw tI´m¬ \mWn-®o-Sp∂p hoWm-\mZw 236
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]mWn-Iƒ I≠m-ep-≈n¬ ]mcw hf¿∂o-Sp∂p tamZw
ImWn-\m-gnI If-™o-SmsX kpa˛
_mW-tJ-Z-a-h-s\mSp sNm√p-In¬
\mWn-b-anl Xh \e-samSp s]cp-IoSpw
A¿÷p-\s‚ ico-c-`w-Kn-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv Cu ]Z-Øns‚ imco-
c-hpw. ]mSp∂h¿°pw BSp-∂-h¿°pw ImWp-∂-h¿°pw Hcp `mh-
Ko-XØ
- ns‚ Bkzm-Z\w CXn-eqsS e`n-°p-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-
b-an-√. cmKw i¶-cm-`-c-Whpw Xmfw sNº-Sbpw IqSn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ
{]km-Z-Øn\pw Dt∑-j-Øn\pw hI-bp-am-bn. Nc-W-ß-fpsS A\p-
kyq-X-amb Bi-bm-hn-jvImcw IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ t{]a-`m-h-ßsf
CS-ap-dn-bmsX ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂p. CXn-e-[nIw Cu hcn-I-fpsS
`wKn hnh-cn-°m\pw {]bm-ka
- m-Wv. ]mSn-Øs∂ tIƒ°-Ww. {]_-
‘- h n- k v X mcw`b∂p tIm´bw IY- I - f n¬\n∂v H∂p- a m- { Xta
FSpØp ImWn-°p-∂p-≈q.
{]Wb`mhßƒ IYIfnbnemZyw sIm≠ph∂ Ihn
DÆmbnhmcycmWv. \f-N-cnXw c≠mw-Zn-h-k-Øn¬ \thm-Vbmb
Za-b¥n "Iph-eb hntem-N-t\, _mte, ssào' F∂ \fs‚ ]Z-
tØmSp {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂Xv at\m-l-c-amb Hcp DZym-\-h¿Æ-\bpsS
cq]-Øn-em-W.v Hcp `mh-Ko-XØ
- ns‚ kuµcyw AXpƒs°m-≈p-∂p.
cmKw ]q¿∆ Ieym-Wn, BZn-Xmfw/sNºS
]√hn
kmay-a-I-t∂m-cp-Zym-\w, F{X-bp-am-`n˛
cmay-an-Xn-\p-≠Xp \q\w
A\p-]-√hn
{Kmayw \µ-\-h-\, acayw ssN{X-c-Yhpw 12345678901234567890
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kmayw \n\-bv°p-∂m-In¬ Imay-a-√nXp c≠pw (kmay-a-I....) 237
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NcWw!
It¶fn Nº-Im-Zn-Iƒ ]qØp-\n-ev°p∂p
it¶ hk-¥-am-bm-Xw,
`rwKmfn \nd-bp∂p ]mS-e-]-S-en-bn¬
Inw tIX-I-ß-fn¬ arKm-¶-\p-Zn-°-b√o? (kmay-a-I....)
Nc-Ww-˛2
]qØpw Xfn¿Øp-a-√msX `qcp-l-ß-fn¬
t]¿Øp-sam-∂n-√n-hn-sS-°m-◊m≥;
B¿Øp \S°pw h≠n≥ Nm¿Øpw Ipbn¬°p-ehpw
hmgvØp∂ aZ-\s‚ Io¿Ønsb as‰m-∂n-√. (kmay-a-I....)
Nc-Ww-˛3
k¿∆-Øp-c-a-Wo-b-ta-X¬, s]m∑b {IoUm˛
]¿∆-X-sa-{Xbpw hnNn{Xw
K¿hnX lwk tImIw {IoUm XSm-I-anXp
\n¿hrXn Ic-ß-fn-eo-hÆw as‰m-∂n-√. (kmay-a-I....)
DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿ Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse "k¿∆¿-Øp-c-a-Wobw' Ft∂
CXns\ ]d-bm≥ Ign-bq. ]c-am-\µ km£m-XvIm-cm-\p-`q-Xn-tbm-Sp-
Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Cu NcWw A`n-\-bn-t°-≠-sX∂v Iem-a-
WvUew IrjvW≥\m-b¿ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.32 ]√-hnbpw A\p-]-√-
hnbpw Nc-Whpw tN¿∂v Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ inev]-Nm-Xpcyw A\n-
X-ck
- m-[m-cW
- a
- s
- {X. CXp-t]mse \nc-h[n ]Z-ßƒ \f-Nc
- n-XØ
- n¬
\n∂pw DZm-l-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ae-bm-f-Øn\v At\Iw Km\-am-ey-ßƒ kw`m-h\ sNbvX
Cc-bn-Ω≥X-ºn-bpsS B´-°-Y-bn¬ H´p-an° ]Z-ßfpw `mh-Ko-X-
ß-fm-Wv. ssieo-[-\-\mb Xºn-bn¬ kwKo-Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw
A`n-\b
- hpw ka-RvPk
- a
- mbn ktΩ-fn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ""B´-°Y
- I
- f
- nse 12345678901234567890
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`mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ cq]-in-ev]-Øn¬ Hcp {Xnth-Wo-k-{º-Zmbw kmam- 238
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t\y\ Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bpw. {]uV-kw-kI
v r-Xw, DØ-aa
- W
- n-{]-hm-fw,
ip≤-a-e-bmfw F∂o aq∂n-\-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øm-hp-∂-h-bm-Wv B cN-
\m-co-Xn-Iƒ. t«mI-ßƒ sXmÆq-dp-i-X-am-\hpw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-
bnepw kwkvIr-X-—-µ- nepw cNn-°-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. kwkvIrX ]Z-
L-S-\bv°v ˛ ]Z-c-N-\-bv°p-X-s∂ ˛ IYm-k-µ¿`-Øns‚ hyXym-k-
a-\p-kc
- n®v am‰-ap-≠m-Ipw. efn-Xk
- p-µc
- `
- m-hß
- ƒ {]Im-in-∏n-t°-≠n-
h-cp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-ssi-enbpw kc-f-a-t\m-l-c-am-bn-
cn-°pw. bp≤-cw-K-ßfpw t]m¿hn-fn-Ifpw a‰pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ
`mjm-coXn {]uV-Kw-ò-c-ambn Xocp-Ibpw sNøpw.''33
Xºn-bpsS "Z£-bm-K'- Øn¬ Imf-µo-Xo-cØ
- n¬\n∂p-sIm≠p
Z£≥ thZ-h-√n-tbmSv ]d-bp∂ ]Zw t\m°pI,
cmKw Ieym-Wn, sNº-S-Xmfw
]√hn
IÆn-W-bv°m-\µw \¬Io-Sp∂p ]mcw
Imfn-µo-\Zn km{ºXw
A\p-]-√hn
FÆ-a-‰p≈ \t√m-tc-X¬ KpW-ß-sf√mw
h¿Æn-∏m-\m-h-X√ IpWvU-eo-i-\p-t]mepw (I-Æn-W..)
Nc-Ww-˛1
Rm\p-∂p-S-en-e-`n-am\w shSn™ ]c˛
am\-µm-Imc ]q¿Æ-am-\-k-∑m¿
\m\m-ap-\n-Iƒ h∂p kv\m\hpw sNbvXp sNtΩ
[ym\w ]q≠nl Xoc-Im-\t\ hmgp∂tlm! (I-Æn-W....)
Nc-Ww-˛2
\fn-\-ß-≈n-hr-µ-an-fn-X-ßƒ Im¥-am¿X≥
Af-Im-©n-Xm-ky-ßƒ t]m¬ hnf-ßo-Sp-∂p.
]pfn-\-ßƒ X∂n¬ \√ If-lw-k-eo-e-I≠p 12345678901234567890
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Ifn-bt√ a\-Xm-cn¬ hf-cp∂p ]cn-tXm-jw. (I-Æn-W...) 239
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Nc-Ww-˛3
ic-Znµp Im¥n-tImepw hc-Iw_p-a-Wn-sbm∂p
Ac-hn-µ-]{Xw X∂n¬ acp-ho-Sp-∂p.
]c-an-∂n-Xn-s\-°≠p s]cp-Ip∂p IuXq-lew
hnc-thm-Sn-Xn-s\-bn-t∏mƒ Ic-K-X-am-°n-Sp-h≥ (I-Æn-W....)
AXn-at- \m-lc
- a
- mb Cu Km\-am-enI Ieym-Wn-cm-KØ
- n¬ ]mSp-Ibpw
IqSn sNøp-tºmƒ `mh-Ko-X-Øns‚ kuµcyw Bthmfw Bkz-Zn-
°m≥ \s√mcp klr-Zb
- \v {]bmkw hcn-√. B\µeœn°n\nsb¥p
thWw.
eh-Wm-kp-c-h-[-Ønse "kpJtam tZhn' F∂ ]Zw H∂m-
¥cw `mh-Ko-X-am-Wv. eh-Ip-i-∑m-tcmSv tXm‰-Xmbn \Sn®v _‘-\-
ÿ-\mb l\q-am≥ koXm-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ FØp-tºm-gp≈ hnßn-
s∏m-´-emWv Cu ]Zw.
cmKw \m´-°p-dn-™n, Xmfw BZn
]√hn
kpJtam tZho! km{ºXw CltX?
kpIr-X-\nt[! PmXw kpZn\w (kp-J-tam...)
A\p-]-√hn
]mZ-bpKw Xh Rm\pw
]cn-tNmtS hµn-°p-t∂≥
BZ-tc-W, ]cn-]mln!
Zmk-\t√m l\p-am≥ (kp-J-tam...)
NcWw
]p{X-cpsS ]cm-{Iaw
F{Xbpw A¤pXw ]m¿Øm¬;
C{Xn-temIw ]men-∏m\pw 12345678901234567890
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tbmKy-cm-bn-hcpw \q\w (kp-J-tam...) 240
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]me-°mSv Aar-X-im-kv{Xn-Iƒ cNn® IY-bmWv eh-Wm-kp-c-h-[w.
Cusbm-scm‰ ]Zw-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Cu IY klr-Z-b¿°n-S-bn¬
ÿm\w t\Sn.
""Hmtcm B´-°-Ybpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Hc-`n-\-b-kw-Ko-X-
Ir-Xn-bmWv ˛ kp\n-›n-Xa
- mb cmK-Xm-fß
- f
- n¬ ASn-bp-d® imkv{Xo-
b-kw-Ko-XØ
- ns‚ Aaq-ey-amb J\n. kmln-Xy-am{X ]WvUn-X∑
- m¿
A°Y Hm¿Ωn-°m-dn-s√-t∂-bp-≈q. Pohn-X-Ønse GXp kµ¿`-
Ønepw kzm`m-hn-I-amb F√m `mh-ßƒ°pw IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw
hml-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. as‰√m khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw ]n≥X-≈n-
s°m≠v IY-Ifn kwKo-X-Øn¬ ap¥n-\n¬°p-∂Xv `mh-kw-Ko-X-
]-ca
- mb anI-hp-Xs
- ∂. `mh-]c
- a
- mb sshhn-[y-Øn¬ IY-Ifn kwKo-
X-tØmfw sshin-jvSy-am¿∂ a‰p-h√ kwKo-X-im-Jbpw Dt≠m
Ft¥m!''34
IY-I-fn-∏-Z-ßƒ kwKo-X-I-t®-cn-I-fn¬ Hcn-\-ambnØs∂
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv. arZw-Kw, hb-en≥ F∂o ]°-hm-Zy-ß-
tfmsS Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ac-ßnse A\p-`hw Inń-bn-s√-¶nepw
IY-I-fn-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ kz`mhw AXn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
{]tXy-In®pw `‡n-`m-h-c-k-{]-[m-\-amb IY-I-fn-∏-Z-ßƒ ˛ IptN-
e-hr-Ø-Ønse "APn-Xm-ltc Pb', "Ie-bm-an-kpatX', "]pjvIc
hntemN\' F∂nhbpw k¥m-\t- Km-]mew IY-bnse "{ioa≥ktJ!
hnPb!', Z£-bmKw IY-bnse {io\oeIWvT! KpW-knt‘m!
temIm-[n]! Im¥m!, "l¥' ssZhta! F¥p Rm≥ sNbvhq'
F∂nhbpw I¿Æ-i-]-Y-Ønse "F¥nl a∑m-\tk' \f-N-cn-X-
Ønse "AwK-t\, Rm\ßp t]mh-sX-ßs\?', "{]nb-am-\k'
XpSßn [mcmfw ]Z-ßƒ FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
GsXmcp Km\-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-b-f-hns\ AYhm KXnsb 12345678901234567890
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IrXy-ambpw {Ia-ambpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂ LS-Iw Xmf-amWv. KoXw, 241
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\rØw, hmZyw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm\hpw Xmf-am-Wv. kwKo-X-
Øn¬ "{ipXn-' am-Xm-hmbpw "ebw' (Xm-fw) ]nXm-hmbpw Iev]n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p.35 IY-I-fn-∏Zw Bkz-Zn-°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ cmK-Xm-f-e-b-
tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn, `mh-c-k-ßƒ Adn™v kmln-Xy-t_m-[-tØm-Sp-IqSn
Be-]n-°W
- w. Xmf-amWv IY-If
- n-bpsS Poh≥. AXn\v t\XrXzw
hln-°p-∂Xv {][m\ Kmb-I\pw (s]m-∂m-\n) Hmtcm ]Z-Øns‚bpw
A¿∞-a-dn™p A£-c-kv^p-S-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]mSp-Ibpw thWw.
"F¶nte \S\v' A¿∞-a-dn™v BSm≥ km[n-°pIbp≈q.
4.4 IY-I-fnbpw \mtSmSn°em]mc-º-cyhpw
tIc-fob Iem-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ß-fmWv \ΩpsS
X\Xp \mtSmSn \mS-Iß
- ƒ. Ah A[n-Ihpw Imhp-If
- nepw t£{X-
ß-fnepw aX-]-c-amb NS-ßp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´p \n¬°p-∂p.
\mtSmSn \rØ-cq-]ß
- f
- psS ]cn-Wn-Xc
- q-]a
- mWv \mS-Iw. kw`m-jWw
\mSy-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS sNøp-∂-Xm-Wt√m {]mNo\ \mS-I-
k-{º-Zm-bw. k¶o¿Æ-X-I-fn-√msX Bkz-Zn-°m\pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°m\pw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im\pw Ign-bp∂p F∂-XmWv \mtSmSn \mS-I-
ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X. A\p-jvTm-t\-Xc \mS≥ Iem-cq-]-ß-fnse
\mS-Io-b-Xbpw hyXy-kvX-a-√. XpS¿∂p≈ \mS-I-Øns‚ cq]-`m-
h-ßƒ°v ASn-Ød ]mIn-bXpw \mtSmSn \mS-I-ß-fm-Wv. X\Xp
\mtSmSn Iem-kw-kvIm-c-amWv t£{X-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw ¢m n-°¬
Ie-I-fp-sSbpw cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Hcfhphsc Imc-W-am-b-Xv.
{]mNo\ tIc-f-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ aX-]-chpw A\p-
jvTm-\-]-c-hp-amb Iemcq-]-ß-tfmSv IY-I-fn°v _‘-ap-≠v. IqSn-
bm-´w, AjvS-]-Zn-bm-´w, IrjvW-\m´w, tamln-\n-bm´w XpS-ßn-bh
IY-I-fn-bpsS `mh-˛-c-km-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-b-Xp-t]mse
sXøm-´w, apSn-tb-‰v, ]S-b-Wn, K‘¿∆≥]m´v the-Ifn If-sa-gp- 12345678901234567890
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Øp-]m´v XpS-ßnb A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ Blm-cym-`n-\-b-Ønepw 242
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ktΩ-fn-®n-´p-≠v. GI-tZiw c≠m-bn-cØn-tesd h¿jsØ ]g-°-
ap≈ \mSy- I - e m- k n- ≤ n- I ƒ ]eXpw IY- I - f n- b n¬ Hfn™pw
sXfn™pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
kmam-\y-P-\ßfpambn Ffp-∏-Øn¬ kwh-Zn-°p-sa-∂-XmWv
\mtSmSn °e-IfpsS Hcp {]tXyIX. \S-∑mcpw t{]£-Icpw XΩn-
ep≈ AIew Ipd-bv°p-I-bmWv Cu Ie-I-fpsS e£yw. sXøw,
Xnd, ]S-b-Wn, apSn-tb-‰v, Xoøm-´v, Im°m-cn-»n, s]mdm-´v, the-Ifn
XpS-ßn-bh
- b
- n¬ \¿Ø-Icpw ImWn-Ifpw XΩn¬ henb AI-ea
- n-√.
\s√mcp iX-am\w \mS≥I-e-Ifpw t£{X-Øn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v,
A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw D’-hm-tLmjNS-ßp-I-fp-ambn _‘s∏´pw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. H´p-an-°-Xn-s‚bpw Acßv t£{X-
∏-d-tºm, B¬Ødtbm Ifn-Ø-t´m, Imhp-Itfm, sImbvsXm-gn™
]mStam BWv. hnt\m-Z]
- c
- a
- mb \mtSmSn\mSIßƒ Actßdp∂Xv
hnimeamb ]mS-ß-fn-emWv "tImXm-Ωq-cn-bm´w' XpS-ßn-bh hoSp-
Iƒ tXmdpw \S∂v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv.
NXp¿hn- [ m- ` n- \ bw ˛ BwKn- I w, hmNn- I w, kmXzn- I w,
Blmcyw ˛ \mtSmSn \mS-I-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Ønepw ImWmw.
Blm-cym-`n-\bw (thj-hn-[m\w) F√m Iem-cq-]ß
- ƒ°pw s]mXp-
hm-bp-≠v. cwKIem-hX
- c
- W
- Ø
- n¬ thjhpw Na-bhpw (ta-°∏
- v) Hgn-
®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. thj-∏-I¿® \Ss‚, IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚,
`mhm-`n-\-b-Øn\pw ckm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn\pw klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.
apJ-sØ-gpØpw apSnNa-b-ßfpw DSp-Øp-sI´pw \mtSmSn\mS-I-ß-
fpsS hyXy-kvX-Xsb ImWn-°p-∂p. ]m´pw sIm´pw Xmfhpw hmNn-
IsØ Bkzm-Zy-I-c-am-°p-∂p. hmZy-ta-f-ßƒ Hmtcm \mtSm-Sn-\m-
S-I-Øn-s‚bpw kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-w. X∏v, sN≠,
a±-fw, tNßn-e, Ce-Øm-fw, ssIaWn F∂nh Iem-hX
- c
- W
- Ø
- ns‚ 12345678901234567890
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kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cn°pw kzoI-cn-°p-I. ""\mtSmSn\mS-I-Øns‚ 243
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ASn-ÿm-\k
- z-`mhw A`n-\bw AYhm Zriy-]c
- X
- b
- m-sW-¶n¬ IqSn
kw`m-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw AwK-N-e-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A`n-\-b-tØm-
sSm∏w IYm-K-Xnsb hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cn-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.''36
IY-I-fnsb kzm[o-\n®v apJy-]m-c-º-cy-I-e-I-fmWv Xnd, ]S-
b-Wn, apSn-tb-‰v, K‘¿∆≥]m-´v, If-sa-gpØv ]m´v, If-cn-∏b
- ‰
- v, the-
I-fn, Kcp-U≥Xq°w apX-em-b-h.
4.4.1 IY-I-fnbpw Xndbpw
sXøw, Xnd F∂nh {Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Iem-cq-]-ß-
fm-Wv. {]mIr-XI
- e
- , {]mIr-XP
- \
- X
- b
- psS am{X-a√
- , km¿∆-eu-InIw
(bq-Wn-th-gk
v ¬) IqSn-bmW.v F√m cmPy-°m¿°pw CØcw {]mNo\
Iem-cq-]-ßƒ D≠m-Ipw. ]cn-ÿnXnbpambn _‘-s∏-´mWv Ch-
bpsS cq]-s∏-S¬. ImS¿°pw Im∏n-cn°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ssZhhpw
Iem-k¶
- e
- ]
v h
- p-ap-≠.v Im∏n-cn-Iƒ ]e-\n-dß
- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p kz¥w
ico-c-Øn¬ hc-Ifpw Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-Ifpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ISpØ
\nd-ß-fmWv Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-∂-Xv. Nph-∏v, Idp-∏v, sh≈, ]®
F∂n-hb
- psS tNcp-hI
- ƒ sIm≠v ]pXnb \nd-ßfpw Ah¿ krjvSn-
®n-cp-∂p. ico-cØ
- n¬ ]®-Ip-Øp-∂Xv BNmcw am{X-a√
- , Ae-¶m-ch
- pw
Nn{X-∏-Wn-bp-am-Wv.
sXøm´w \S-°p∂ CS-ßsf Imhv, aS-∏pc, Xm\w, ap≠y,
Ad, ]≈n-b-d, tIm´ F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv ]d-bm-dv. ssZhw F∂
]Z-Øns‚ XZv`-h-ambpw sXøw, Xnd IW-°m-°p-∂p. Iem-cq-]-
Øn-eqsS ssZh-Z¿i\w F∂-XmWv CXns‚ ]n∂nse k¶ev]w.
ac-∏-e-I-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® Hcp km[-\-amWv Xnd. AXv Xe-bn¬
h®m-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv tIme-ßƒ°v "Xnd' F∂ t]cp-h-∂-Xv.
sXøw sI´p-∂-Xns\ tImew sI´pI F∂pw ]d-bpw. AØcw
Inco-S-ßƒ ]cn-jvI-cn®v hep∏w Ipd®v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmWv IY- 12345678901234567890
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I-fn-bnse Inco-Sw. apØ-∏≥, imkvXmhv F∂n-h-bpsS intem-e- 244
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¶m-c-ßƒ ]cn-jvI-cn-®-XmWv h´-°n-co-Sw. IY-I-fn-bnse Icn-th-j-
Øn\pw apØ-∏s‚ apJm-e-¶m-c-Øn\pw XΩn¬ sNdnb hyXym-k-
ta-bp-≈q. a\-tbme FgpXn hnhn[ Nmb-ßƒsIm≠v Nn{X-∏W
- nbpw
hc-bepw \S-Øp∂ Xndbpw IY-I-fn-bpsS Npń-Ip-Øepw XΩn¬
Gsd kmay-ap-≠v.
""tIc-fo-b¿ {]mNo-\-Im-eØpw s]mbvap-J-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-
cp-∂p. Xnd-bn¬ AXn\p sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. apØ-∏s‚ sh≈n-°-Æ-
Sbpw hmb-Xp-d-°m≥ hømØ Xc-Øn¬ sIń-h-bv°p∂ XmSn-ao-i-
Ifpw Ch-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-Nn-”-ß-fm-Wv. IY-I-fn-bnse Npń,
IØn, Icn, XmSn F∂n-h-sb√mw Xnd-bnse ]te cq]-ß-fn¬
\n∂pw ]I¿Øn ]cn-jvI-cn-®-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse IY-I-fn-bnse
DSp-∏v s
- X-øm-´Ø
- n-ep≈ DSp-∏ns‚ ]cn-jvIc
- Ww Xs∂-bm-Wv. shfp-
Ø-tXm, NpI-∂tXm Bb h´-∏m-hmS Iosg apgp-h≥ NpI-∏,v Idp-∏,v
sh≈ F∂nh H‰-bvt°m, F√mw tN¿tØm Ic h®-XmWv km[m-
cW hkv{Xw. NneXv X‰p-SpØv sRmdn-™p-h-®-Xp-am-Wv. Xnd-bn¬
NpI-∏p-amWv {][m-\-\n-dw. IY-I-fn-bn-em-b-t∏mƒ Icbv°pw
IgpØn¬ Xq°p∂ sRmdnbpw am{Xta NpI∏p A[nIw ImWq.
sh≈-bn-te-°p≈ hchv Hcp ]cn-jvIm-c-am-Wv. Iogv°-c-h® h´-
∏m-hmS sRmdn™p h®p-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv IY-I-fn-bnse coXn.''37
IY-If
- n-bnse h¿Æ-{I-aß
- ƒ°pw thj-hn-[m-\Ø
- n\pw apJ-
sØ-gp-Øn\pw Xnd-bp-ambn ASpØ _‘-am-Wp-≈X
- v. \rØ-Ønse
Iem-i-ßƒ XΩnepw henb AI¬®-bn-√. ""sXø-Øns‚ \rØ-
Ønse Iem-iß
- ƒ \nc-¥c
- a
- mb A`y-k\w sImt≠ hg-ßq. FSp-
Øp-I-emiw, Nhn-ń-°-em-iw, sImń-°-emiw F∂n-h-bmWv Iem-
i-ßƒ. B\-\-S-\w, A∂-\-S-\w, abn¬ \S-\w, Ipbn¬ \S-\w,
Ip°p-S\
- S- \w F∂n-ßs\ \S-\ß
- ƒs°mØ Iem-ihpw CXn-ep-≠.v 12345678901234567890
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sXø-Øns‚ XpS°w Bb tIfn "XpS-ß¬' Chn-sSbpw ImWmw.''38 245
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\nc-¥-c-amb A`y-k-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw IY-I-fnbpw Xndbpw
XΩn¬ Gsd ASp-∏-ap-≠v. Ah-X-c-W-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn-ep≈
"tIfn' AYhm Adn-bn∏v c≠n-ep-ap-≠v.
4.4.2 ]S-b-Wnbpw IY-I-fnbpw
a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ thtcmSn\n¬°p∂ Hc-\p-jvTm-\-I-e-
bmWv ]S-bWn (]-tS-\n). ]S-b-Wn-bpsS BZy-N-Sßv "Nq´p-hbv]v'
F∂-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp∂ sImń-hn-fn-°¬' BWv. {iotIm-hn-en-\I
- sØ `{Z-
Zo-]Ø
- n¬ \n∂v Xo ]I¿∂v im¥n-°m-c≥ Ic-\m-Ys\ Gev]n-°p-∂p.
B Nq´p-I-‰-bp-ambn Ic-°m¿ ]®-Ø-∏v, a±-fw, ssIaWn F∂n-h-
bpsS hmZy-tLm-j-tØmsS t£{X-Øn\p Np‰pw B¿Øp-hn-fn®p
hew-hb
- v°p-∂p. CXmWv "sImń-hn-fn-°¬' NS-ßv. AXn-\p-tijw
\S-Øp∂ A`ym-k\
- r-Ø{- ]-IS- \
- a
- mWv Nq´p-]t- S-\n. CXnse kvXpXn-
Ko-X-Øn¬ Hmtcm Cuc-Snbpw Hcmƒ F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ ]m´v Iem-in-
°p-∂n-SØv If-Øn-en-dßn ]m´p-Im-cpsS hmbvØmcn A\p-k-cn®v
\rØw sNøp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. Cu \rØ-Øn\v IY-I-fn-bnse
\rØm-`n-\-b-hp-ambn ASpØ _‘-ap-≠v. hmbvØm-cn-°-\p-k-cn®v
he-Xp-Im¬ Xq°n-s∏m-°n, \oń-h®v If-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p∂
\¬Ø-I≥ c≠p-I-ønepw lwk-]-£-ap{Z apJ-Øn-\n-cp-hiw
s\‰n°v kaw ]nSn®v heXp Im¬∏Øn h°p-Im-em-°n, Ac-bv°p-
kaw Xq°n-s∏m°nbp≈ \ne-bn¬ \n∂-tijw Nph-Sp-Iƒ FSp-
Øp-Xp-S-ßp-∂p. XpS¿∂v sNm¬s°-ń¬ ap{Zm-Jyw, A¿≤-N-{µw
F∂o ap{Z-Iƒ Xncn®pw adn®pw Bh¿Øn-®p-sIm≠p Nph-Sp-Iƒ
FSpØp Iem-in-°p∂p IY-I-fn-bnepw Hmtcm ]Zhpw Ah-km-\n-
°p-∂n-SØv \S-∑m¿ FSp-°p∂ Iem-ihpw CXn\v ka-am-Wv. ]S-
b-Wn-bnse IncoSw IY-I-fn-In-co-S-Øn\v Xpey-am-Wv. AXn¬ hep-
∏-sN-dp∏w ImWp-sa∂v am{Xw. ]tS-\n-t°m-eß
- ƒ ]e-Xc
- Ø
- n-ep≈ 12345678901234567890
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apSn-Iƒ [cn-°p-∂p. KW-]X
- n-t°m-ew, adp-Xm-t°mew F∂n-ht- bm- 246
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Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv tImew-Xp-≈¬ Bcw-`n-°p-∂X
- v. ]nim-Nv, adpX F∂n-
h-tbm-sSm∏w b£n, ]£n, amS≥ F∂n-h-sb-°qSn Dƒs∏-SpØn
]©-tIm-e-ßƒ ]S-b-Wn-bn¬ ImWmw. ]©-`q-X-k-¶-ev]-Øn-e-[n-
jvTn-X-amb ]©-XXzw ]tS-\n-bn¬ ]©-tIm-e-ßƒ apX¬ Imem-
cn-bpsS ]©-apJw hsc BZym-h-km\w \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂p a\p-
jy-\-S°w {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßƒ sIm≠p≈ {]Ir-Xym-cm-[\ F∂
A\p-jvTm-\-I¿Ωw ]©-X-Xz-Øn-emWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IY-
I-fn-bnepw Cu ]©-`q-X-k-¶-ev]hpw {]Ir-Xn-X-Xz-ß-fpsS {]m[m-
\yhpw ImWmw.
""`qX-]-©-I-hn-[m\w {]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn IY-I-fn-bpsS hmZy-
ßƒ, If-cn-bn-tebpw ]pd-∏m-Sn-tebpw ]©-{]-Wm-aw, A©v "InS-
X-In[ow Xmw' ap{Z-I-fnse AwKp-eo]-©-I-k-¶ev]w F∂n-ßs\
H´p-an° Awi-ß-fnepw ImWmw.39
]tS-\n-bn¬ {]Ir-Xn-XXz {]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xv A·n-bv°m-Wv.
A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb Nph-Sp-I-fpsS ka¿∏Ww Nqńs‚ A·n-bn¬
\n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. IY-I-fn-bn-em-I-s´, Ifn-h-f-°ns‚ (B-´-hn-f-
°v ) Zo]- { ]- ` - b nepw. ]tS- \ n- t °m- e - ß - f psS thj- c - N - \ - b nepw
cwKØpw ImWp∂ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-{]-tbmKw IY-I-fn-bn-ep-ap-≠v.
AXn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠Xv {]Ir-Xn-h¿Æ-ß-fp-sS, hnti-jn®v
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS X\-Xp-\n-da
- m-b, ]®-bpsS {]m[m-\y-am-Wv. ]tS-\n-t°m-
e-ß-fnse B¥-c-b-£n, `{Z-Im-fn, Imemcn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS apJw
]®-bm-Wv. ]tS-\n-bnse Imem-cn-bpsS kzm[o\w thj-sØ-t∏m-
se-Xs∂ IY-I-fn-bnepw ImWmw. Imem-cn-bpsS IY-bmb am¿°-
WvtU-b-N-cnXw ]tS-\n-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. t«mI-tØm-Sp-
Iq-Snb cwK-h-µ-\-tijw ]n≥]m-ńse kvXpXnbpw IYm-kq-N\
\¬Ip∂ \ne-Ko-X-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn®v \rØw sNøp∂ tImew 12345678901234567890
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arI-WvUp, am¿°-WvtU-b≥, inh≥, Ime≥ F∂o IYm-]m-{X-ß- 247
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fmbn ]I¿∂m-Sp-∂p. Imem-cn-bpsS Cu ip≤ \rØ-Øns‚ X\n-
∏-I¿∏mWv IY-I-fn-bpsS Bcw-`-Ønse "tXmSbw' CXn¬ {]Ir-
Xn-bpsSbpw ÿnXn-cq-]m-h-X-c-W-amb ]pd-∏m-Sn¬ {]Ir-Xn-]p-cp-j-
∑m-cp-sSbpw \rØ-ßƒ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
IY-I-fn-bnse IØn-th-j-Øns‚ cwK-{]-th-i-Øn¬ \n_-
‘n-®n-´p≈ "Xnc-t\m´w' ]tS-\n-bnse B¥-c-b-£n-bpsS cwK-{]-
th-i-hp-ambn {]I-S-ambn _‘w ImWp-∂p. Fcn-bp∂ Nqń-\p-]n-
∂n¬ ]nSn°p∂ Nph∏v Xnc-»o-e-°p-≈n¬ Nph∏v ta¬°-ń°v
Xmsg-bmWv B¥-c-b-£n-bpsS cwK-{]-th-iw. Xnc-»o-e-°p-≈n¬
]pdw Xncn-™p-\n-∂p-sIm-≠p≈ `‡n-\r-Ø-amWv BZy-N-S-ßv.
XpS¿∂v ap≥Xn-cn™v \n∂p-sIm≠v cwK-h-µ\w sNbvXv Xnc-»o-e-
bpsS ta¬h-°n\p apI-fn¬ ssI∏-Øn-Iƒ \nh¿Øn Ipcp-tØme
\J-an´ hnc-ep-Iƒ hnd-∏n-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂p. Xnc-t\m-´-Øn-\p-tijw
Xnc-»oe am‰p-∂t- XmsS ]S-bW
- n-°f
- Ø
- n-te°v HmSn-°b
- d
- p∂ b£n-
Iƒ AS¥ Xmf-Øn-ep≈ ]mń-\-\p-k-cn®v \rØw sNøp-∂p.
IY-If
- n-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ \rØw, thjw, Xmfw F∂n-
h-bn¬ ]tS-\n-bpsS kzm[o-\-ap≠v. ]tS-\n-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈
sNº-S, AS-¥, ]©m-cn, apdn-b-S-¥, Nº, a¿Ω-Xmfw F∂nh IY-
I-fn-bnepw kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ Xmf-ßf
- mWv. A`ym-kØ
- nepw NS-ßnepw
Nn´-h-´ßfnepw Cu c≠p Iem-cq-]-ßfpw Gsd-°psd Htc coXn
Xs∂-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. A`n-\-b-Øn¬ am{X-amWv IY-
Ifn ]tS-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw thdn-´p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.
4.4.3 apSn-tb‰pw IY-I-fnbpw
tIc-f-Ønse `{Z-Im-fo-t£-{X-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn \S-
Øn-h-cm-dp≈ Hc-\p-jvTm-\-I-e-bmWv apSn-tb-‰v. Ipdp-∏-∑m-cmWv ]c-
º-cm-K-X-ambn apSn-tb‰v \S-Øp-∂-Xv. CXnse A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw 12345678901234567890
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NS-ßp-Ifpw IY-If
- n-bp-ambn ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂h
- b
- m-Wv. 248
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If-sa-gpØv XpS-ßp-∂X
- n\p apºpw Nne-t∏mƒ D®-Ig
- n™pw "sImń-
b-do-°¬' Fs∂mcp NSßv apSn-tb-‰n-ep-≠v. apSn-tb‰v \S-°m≥
t]mIp∂p F∂v {Kma-hm-kn-Isf ap≥Iqń Adn-bn-°p-I-bmWv Cu
NS-ßv. CXv IY-If
- n-bnse "tIfn-sImń'\v ka-amWv. AXn-\p-tijw
Xnc-t\m-´-am-Wv. IY-I-fn-bnse Xnc-t\m-´-Øn\v kmZriyw hln-
°p-∂-XmWv apSn-tb-‰n-sebpw Xnc-t\m-´w. Xnc-»o-e°p ]n∂n¬
inhs‚ Xebpw Hcp Imf-bpsS cq]hpw {]Xy-£s
- ∏-Sp-∂p. XpS¿∂v
\mc-Z≥ apºn¬ h∂v ]n≥]m-´p-Im-cpsS Xmf-Øn-\\
- p-kc
- n®v \rØw
sNøp-∂p. ChnsS \rØ-\r-Xy-ßfpw Xmf-ta-f-ßfpw IY-I-fn-sb-
t∏mse AI-ºSn tkhn-°p-∂p.
""IY-If
- n-bnse "a±-ft- °fn' apSn-tb-‰nse "Ac-ßØ
- p-tIfn' °p
kZr-ia
- m-W.v apSn-tb‰n¬ taf-Øn\p c≠p sN≠, Hcp ho°≥sN-≠,
Ce-Ømfw F∂n-h-bm-sW∂ sNdnb hyXym-k-ap-≠v. apSn-tb-‰n¬
Ac-ß-Øp-tIfn Ign-™m¬ cmKw aqf-em-Wv. Hcmƒ {ipXn aqfp-
tºmƒ at‰-bmƒ Ht∂m ct≠m cmKw tkm]m-\a
- ´- n¬ Be-]n-°p-∂p.
apSn-tb-‰nse Zmcn-Is‚ thjw IY-I-fn-bnse "IØn' thjsØ
A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°pw. ]s£, apSn-tb-‰nse IØn A{X hnkvX-
cn®p≈X-√. DØ-cobw shdpw sh≈-ØpWn am{X-am-bn-cn-°pw.
ISI I¶-Wm-Zn-Iƒ Npcp-°-am-bn-cn-°pw. CS-Xp-ssI-bnse I¶-W-
Øn-\S- n-bn¬ [mcmfw sX‰n∏q Xncp-In-bn-cn-°pw. DSp-Øp-sI´v NmIym-
cp-tS-Xp-t]mse ]rjvT`- m-KØp sh≈-hkv{Xw sRmdn™p-≈X
- m-W.v
Zmcn-Is‚ ]pd-∏m-Sn\v IY-If
- n-bnse Akp-cI
- Y
- m-]m-{X-ßs
- f-t∏mse
Xnc-t\m-´-ap-≠v.''40
apSn-tb-‰nse thj-ßfpw tIm∏p-Ifpw tX∏p-sa√mw IY-I-fn-
bn¬ D]-tbm-K-°p-∂h Xs∂ (Nm-bn-eyw, Acn-am-hv, Icn XpS-ßn-
b-h). apSn-tb-‰nse thj-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS Ipsd-°qSn ]cn-jvI-cn® 12345678901234567890
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cq]-am-Wv IY-I-fn-bn¬ F∂p-am-{Xw. AXp-t]mse ImWn-I-fpsS 249
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CS-bn-eqsS IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ HmSn-\-S-°p∂ Ah-k-c-ßƒ apSn-tb-‰n-
ep-≠v. ]¥w Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p, sX≈n-s∏mSn hnX-dn, ]pjv]-ßƒ
hmcn-sb-dn™p B¿∏p-hn-fn®p Aeu-In-Im-¥c
- o£w krjvSn-°p∂
]Xnhv CXn-ep-≠v. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS apJsØ `mh-c-k-ßƒ kZ-
ky¿°v IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°m-\m-Wn-Xv. IY-I-fn-bn¬ \c-knw-l-
Øns‚ thZn-bn-te-°p≈ hchv ({]-Àm-Z-N-cnXw IY) IptN-e≥
(IptNehrØw), Z£-bm-KØ
- nse Imfn-Iq-fn-Iƒ, \nWw XpS-ßnb
thj-ßƒ kZ- n-eq-sS-bm-Wt√m cwK-tØ°p hcp-∂-Xv.
IY-I-fn-°p-≈-Xp-t]mse enJn-X-amb B´-{]-Imcw apSn-tb-
‰n-\n-s√-¶nepw AXns‚ Nn´-h-´-ßfpw ]mc-º-cy-hn-[n-Ifpw ]men-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. IY-I-fn-bnse IØn-th-j-amWv apSn-tb-‰nse Zmcn-
I≥; ]®-th-ja
- mWv Zm\-ho-c≥. \mc-Z\v IY-If
- n-bnse thjw Xs∂-
bmWv ˛sh-≈Ø
- m-Sn, shfpØ hkv{Xw, Iøn-semcp Xmfn-tbm-e{- K-Ÿw.
inh\pw tImbn-º-S-\m-bcpw an\p°v thj-ß-fm-Wv. `qX-K-W-ß-
fn¬ {][m-\n-bmb Iqfn°v Icn-th-j-am-Wv. apSn-tb-‰nse Inco-Sw,
apJ-tØ∏v, Acn-am-hp-sIm≠v Npń-IpØn hkq-cn-°e hc-bv°p-I
XpSßnbh. CXn-s‚-Xs∂ ]cn-jvI-cn® k{º-Zm-b-amWv IY-I-fn-
bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. DSp-Øp-sI-ńepw tX∏nepw Ae-¶m-c-Øn-
ep-sa√mw IY-I-fn°v IqSp-X¬ ASp∏w apSn-tb-‰p-am-bn-´m-Wv. IY-
I- f n- t b- ° mƒ Ch cma\m´Øn\mWv IqSpX¬ tbmPn°pI.
ImcWw, IYIfn cma-\m-´Ø
- ns‚ ]cn-jvIr-Xc
- q-]a
- m-Wt- √m. sIm´m-
c-°c
- Ø
- º
- p-cm≥ cma-\m-´Ø
- ns‚ Ac-tß-‰Ø
- n\v G‰hpw IqSpX¬
amXr-I-bm°nbn-´p-≈Xv apSn-tb-‰m-Im-\mWv km[y-X.
4.4.4 K‘¿∆≥]m´pw IY-I-fnbpw
]tS-\n-bpsS Hcp Dt]m-ev]-∂-amWv K‘¿∆≥]m-´v. Blm-
cy-Øn¬ (th-j-hn-[m-\w) kº-∂-amb K‘¿∆-t°mew IY-I-fn- 12345678901234567890
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tbmSp kZr-ia
- mb Iem-cq-]a
- m-Wv. s\‰n-bn¬ a™-\n-dØ
- n¬ \maw, 250
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AXn-\p-≈n¬ Nph-∏p-tc-J, hm¬\o-ń-sb-gp-Xnb IÆpw ]pcn-Ihpw,
Nph∂ Np≠p-Iƒ, Ihn-f-Xn¿Øn-bn¬ sh≈-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ Npń-h-
f-bw, Xe-bn¬ tIi-`m-cw t]mse-bp≈ ]mf-°n-co-Sw, Nma-cw, X‰p-
SpØ sh≈-h-kv{Xw, a™tbm Npht∏m Bb Ip∏m-bw, saøm-`-
c- W - ß ƒ, shfpØ DØ- c o- b w, sh≈- ∏ q- a me F∂n- h - b mWv
K‘¿∆≥]mńse K‘¿∆s‚ thjw. CXnse ]mf-°n-coSw IY-
I-fn-bpsS IncoSw t]mse-bm-Wv. GXm≠v IY-I-fn-bnse ]®-th-j-
Øn-\p-k-a-amWv K‘¿∆≥. apJØv a\-tbm-e-tX®v hm¬\o-ń-sb-
gp-Xnb IÆpw ]pcn-Ih
- pw, Xe-bn¬ sIm≠bpw s\‰n-bn-te°v hoWp-
In-S-°p∂ Ipdp-\n-cbpw IhnƒØ-S-Øn¬ Acn-am-hp-sIm≠v ]Øn-
°o‰pw ImXn¬ tXmSbpw ap´p-hsc ssIa-d-bp∂ du°bpw h®p-
sI-ńb apebpw ape-∏-Shpw Igp-Øn¬ amebpw ssII-fn¬ hf-
Ifpw sRmdn-™p-SpØ hkv{X-hp-amWv kv{Xoth-jw. CXpw cma-
\m-´-Ønse kv{Xoth-jhpw XΩn¬ henb AI¬®-bn-√.
K‘¿∆≥]m-ńse A]-kvam-c-t°m-ehpw A]-kvam-c-t∏bpw
cma-\m-´-Ønse Nne thj-ß-tfmSv kmZriyap≈ tIme-ß-fm-Wv.
apJØv Icn-tX-®v, shfpØ Zwjv{S-Ifpw \mkn-Im-{K-Øn¬ sNdnb
ap≈p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Npń-∏qhpw Xe-bn¬ ]mf-bn¬ Xo¿Ø Im´m-
f-ap-Snbpw IdpØ Ip∏m-bhpw amdn¬ ]mf-bn¬ Xo¿Ø Ipc-em-
chpw Ce-™n-∏q-sIm-≠p≈ DSp-Øp-sI´pw Iøn¬ De-°t- ]m-ep≈
Hcp ZWvUp-amWv A]-ka
v m-cØ
- ns‚ thjw. IY-If
- n-bnse Im´m-f,
cm£-ko-th-jß
- ƒ°v amXr-Ib
- m-bn-´p-≈Xv CØcw A]-kvam-ct- h-
j-ß-fm-Wv.
ZpjvS-kz-`m-hn-I-fmb tIme-ßƒ°v "Nm‰v' F∂dnb-s∏-Sp∂
Bem-]-\-coXn (B-b-tb-tbm˛ tb tb ˛tb bm F∂p≈ Btcm-
l-Wm-htcm-lW
- {- I-aw) D≠v. IY-If
- n-bn¬ thj-ßƒ Xnc-»o-e°
- p- 12345678901234567890
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≈n¬ hcp-tºmƒ \S-Øp∂ Kmb-I-cpsS "cmKw-]m-S¬' Nm‰ns‚ 251
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]cn-jvIr-Xc
- q-]a
- m-Wv. AXp-t]mse Nm‰ns‚ XpS-°Ø
- n¬ A]-kvam-
c-tIm-e-ßƒ Xnc-»o-e-°p-≈n¬ h®v \S-Øp∂ {]I-S\w IY-I-fn-
bnse Icn, XmSn F∂o thj-ß-fpsS {]I-S-\hpw XΩn¬ kmay-
ap-≠v. Nm‰n-\p-tijw CW-t°m-e-ß-fpsS \ne-Ko-X-am-Wv. \ne-Ko-
X-Øns‚ Ah-km-\Ø
- n¬ ]m´p {ZpX-KX
- n-bn-em-hp-Ibpw A]-ka
v mcw
CW-bmb t{]X-tØmSv Ib¿°pbpw ZWvUp-sIm≠v ASn®p sIm√p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. "\mSy-hn-[n-{]-Imcw Zqcm-lzm-\w, h[w, bp≤w...
F∂n-ßs\ cwKØv ImWn-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ kwK-Xn-Iƒ cma-\m-
´-Øn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xn-s‚bpw ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb ]e IY-Ifpw "h['
ßfmbXn-s‚bpw ]n∂n¬ tIme-ßfpw AXp-t]mse A\p-jvT-\-
]-cß
- f
- mb \mS≥ \mS-Iß
- f - n-√.''41
- p-am-sW∂v {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠X
cma\m´Ønepw tIm´bw IY-Ifnepw XpS¿∂v h[-Øn-e-h-
km-\n-°p∂ At\Iw IY-Ifnepw ta¬]-d™
- X
- ns‚ kzm[o-\a
- m-Imw
ImWp∂Xv. IY- I - f n- b nse "\nW- ' ßƒ°v ASn- ÿ m- \ w
K‘¿∆≥]m-ńse ]n≈-Xo-\n-°m-fn-t°m-e-am-Wv. Ipńsb A]-l-
cn-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ Id-°p-d-°m-fnsb ]n≈-Xo-\n-°mfn HmSn-°p-
Ibpw XpS¿∂v Ipńsb hen-®p-Iodn c‡w-Ip-Sn®v Ae-dpIbpw
sNøp∂ òI-cZ- r-iy-ßƒ K‘¿∆≥]m-ń¬ ImWmw. ""BsI-°qSn
t\m°p-tºmƒ kt¶-X-`-{Z-amb A`n-\-b-sam-gn®v Hcp \rXy-t`-Z-
Øns‚ k¶-ev]-\-Øn\pw Dcp-Øn-cn-b-en\pw Ah-X-c-W-Øn\pw
th≠ ASn-ÿm\ hn`-h-ßƒ \¬In cma-\m-´sØ A\p-{K-ln®
\ΩpsS ]c- º - c m- K X A\p- j v T m- \ - I - e - I - f n¬ ]tS- \ nbpw
K‘¿∆≥]m´pw BZyw kvacn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bm-sW∂v ImWmw.''42
4.4.5 IY-I-fnbpw If-sa-gp-Øp-]m´pw
""\ΩpsS {Kmao-W-I-em-cq-]-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ]g-°-ap≈
H∂mWv If-sa-gpØpw ]m´pw. tZho-{]-km-Z-Øn-\p-th≠n `{Z-Im-fn- 12345678901234567890
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t£{Xßfn¬ \S-Øp∂ Hcp NS-ßm-Wn-X.v Acn-s∏m-Sn, Icn-s∏m-Sn, 252
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a™ƒs∏m-Sn, ]®n-e-s∏m-Sn, a™fpw NpÆmºpw IqSn-t®¿∂
Nph∏v F∂n-ßs\ A©p-h¿Æ-ß-fn-ep≈ s]mSn-sIm-≠mWv If-
sa-gp-Xp-∂-Xv. If-sa-gp-Ønse cq]-in-ev]-kzm-[o\w IY-I-fn-th-j-c-
N-\b
- n¬ {]I-Sa
- m-W.v If-sa-gp-Øp-Ie
- b
- nse h¿Æ-kw-tbm-P\
- Ø
- n¬
\n∂pw Dbn¿sIm-≈p∂ amkva-c-{]` IY-I-fn-th-j-ßƒ°p AXym-
I¿j-Ia
- mb ]cn-thjw \¬Ip-∂p. IY-If
- n-bnepw IqSn-bm-´Ø
- nepw
shfp-∏v, a™, Icn, ]®, Nph∏v F∂n-h-bmWv thj-c-N-\-°p≈
ASn-ÿm-\-h¿Æ-ßƒ''43
apSn-tb-‰ns‚ ]q¿∆-cwKw If-sa-gpØpw ]m´pamsW¶n¬, Xncn-
bp-gn-®n¬ kam-]\
- ®
- S- ß
- p-am-Wv. ""A\p-jvTm-\Ø
- n¬ \n∂v Ie-bmbn
hnI-kn® Zriy-I-e-I-fn-se√mw thj-Øns‚ apJØv Xnf-ßp∂
]®bpw {XnKp-W-{]-Xo-I-amb aq∂p aIp-S-ß-fp≈ Inco-Shpw If-
sa-gp-Øns‚ Blm-cy-kw-`m-h-\-I-fn¬ {][m-\-am-Wv. Cu Blm-
cy-k-º-Øns‚ kuIp-amcyw ]q¿Æ-ambn Dƒs°m-≈m≥ IY-I-fn-
t]mse as‰mcp Iebv°pw Ign-™n-ń-√.''44
IY-If
- n-bnse kmXzn-I{- ]-[m-\a
- mb thj-ßs
- f√mw ]®-bm-W.v
{]k-∂hpw {]km-Zm-flI
- h
- p-amb h¿Æ-amWv ]®. ssZho-Ia
- m-bXpw
awK-fI
- c
- h
- p-amb Z¿i\ `wKn-bp≈ \nd-amWv ]®. \nXylcn-Xa
- m¿∂
sFiz-cy-Zm-b-I-amWv Cu \nd k¶-ev]w. IY-I-fn-bnse apJ-sØ-
gp-Øns‚ ]›m-Øe h¿Ww ]®-bmWv. temI-Øn¬ {i≤n-°s - ∏´
apJ-sØ-gp-ØmWv IY-Ifn Npń.45 If-sa-gpØpw ]mńse h¿W
hnkva-b-amWv CXn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w. AXnse Hmtcm \nd-ßfpw Hmtcm
Bi-bsØ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. Idp-∏v, shfp∏v F∂o
\nd-ßƒ khn-ti-j-amb `mh-ß-fp-W¿Øp-∂p. ]®, IØn, Icn,
XmSn, an\p°v F∂n-ßs\ IY-I-fn-bnse thj-hn-`-P\wXs∂ Cu
\nd-ß-fpsS `mthm-∑o-e\ tijnsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈XmWv. 12345678901234567890
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""{]Xn-Im-cØ-- n-s‚bpw, cu{Z-X-bp-sSbpw Zriym-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\v Nph- 253
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∏ns‚ sshhn[y cmin-Iƒ tIc-fob{]No\Ie {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. If-
sa-gp-Ønepw apJ-sa-gp-Ønepw Nph¿ Nn{X-Ønepw ImWp-∂Xv Cu
\nd {]IS-\-amWv.''46
A©v h¿Æ-Øn-ep≈ s]mSn-I-fmWv If-sa-gp-Øn\v D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂-Xv. sh≈, Idp-∏v, a™, ]®, sNa-∏v, F∂n-h-bmWv ]©-
h¿Æ-ßƒ. Acn-s]m-Sn®v sh≈-s∏m-Sn-bpw, Dan-°c
- n-sIm≠p Idp∏v
s]mSnbpw, a™ƒ s]m-Sn®v a™-s∏m-Snbpw D≠m-°p-∂p. a©m-Sn,
Bh-W-°v, hmI F∂n-h-bn-te-sX-¶nepw s]mSn®v ]®-s∏m-Snbpw
NpÆmºpw a™fpw Iqń-°e
- ¿Øn Bh-iy-Øn\v sh≈w tN¿Øv
IpXn¿Øv ]n∂oSv DW-°n-bmWv Npa∏v s]mSn D≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
CXn¬ hmI sIm≠p≈ ]®s∏mSn k¿∏-°f-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
I-bn-√. KW-]X
- n°p Ipdn-°pI F∂ NS-tßm-sS-bmWv If-sa-gpØv
Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. Im¬, ssIIƒ, Bbp-[ß
- ƒ, Xncp-ap-Jw, IWvTw,
Be-h-´w, IpWvU-ew F∂n-h-bmWv {Iam¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xv.
G‰hpw HSp-hn-emWv IncoSw hc-bv°p-∂Xv. IY-If
- n-bnepw Npńbpw
DSp-Øp-sI´pw Ign™p HSp-hn-emWv IncoSw hbv°p-∂-Xv.
4.4.6 If-cn∏-b‰pw IY-I-fnbpw
tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xp Btbm-[-\-I-e-bmWv If-cn-∏-b-‰v. IY-
Ifn \S-∑m-cpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Ønepw {]I-S-\-Ønepw Ifcn apd-Iƒ
Gsd kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn´p-s≠∂v ImWmw. IY-Ifn A`y-kn-
°p-∂ CS-Øn\v (hn-Zym-eb
- Ø
- n\v) "Ifcn' F∂mWv ]d-bpI. ""tIc-
f-Øns‚ ico-chpw a\ pw IfcnbpsS kzm[o\ he-b-Øn-em-b-
Xn-\m¬ IY-Ifn t]mep≈ Hcp Iebv°pw AXv DƒsIm-≈msX
IS∂p t]mIm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.''47
""ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn \rØ-I-e-bmb IY-Ifn kzm`m-hn-I-
ambpw Im¬{]tbmK {][m-\-am-Wv. \mS≥ Ie-I-fpsS ]b‰p ]mc- 12345678901234567890
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ºcyw XmWvUh {]h-WX
- b
- mbn AXn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Ie- 254
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I-fnse \rØmw-iØ
- ns‚ G‰-°p-d®
- n¬ Ah-bnse DSp-Øp-sI-ńs‚
kz`m-hsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-XmWv {_m“W Ie-I-fn-sebpw IY-
I-fn-bn-sebpw DSp-Øp-sI-ńs‚ sshPm-Xy-Øn¬ {]Xn-ê
- n-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv.''48
I®-sI-´v, FÆ CSo¬, saø-`ymkw, Xncp-Ω¬ XpS-ßnb
Imcy-ß-fn¬ Htc kt¶-X-ß-fmWv ]b‰p If-cn-bnepw B´-°f-cn-
bn-ep-ap-≈Xv. IY-Ifn ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ Nn´-h-´-ßfpw ]cn-io-e-\-
{I-ahpw If-cn-∏b
- ‰p ]cn-io-e\
- Ø
- n-t‚Xp t]mse-bm-Wv. km[m-cW
Ifcn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p ]Xn-\mep Znh-ksØ Dgn-®n-emWv \S-
ØpI. IY-Ifn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw Nhnń Dgn-®n¬ \SØn hcp-∂p.
IY-If
- n-bn¬ ]cn-io-en-∏n-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ saøpw Iøpw If-cn-bnse saøv
]b-‰n¬ \n∂pw kzoI-cn-®-XmWv. Ifcn apd-bnse hyXykvX AS-
hp-Iƒ IY-If
- n-bn¬ kµ¿`m-\p-kc
- Ww D]-tbm-Ks
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
""tIc-fØ
- nse If-cn-Iƒ B≤ym-fln-Im\p`qXn-bpsS km[\m
tI{µ-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ifcn hnZy-bpsS D∂X ]cn-io-e\ clkyw
Xm{¥n-I-amb at{¥m-]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. [ym\hpw {]m¿∞-\bpw
hW-°-ßfpw AXns‚ A\p-jvTm\ ]mT-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ...]b‰p
If-cn-bn¬\n∂v A\p-jvTm\ Ie-If
- n-eqsS B´-°f
- c
- n-bn-te°p h∂
Ifcn ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ sX°v-˛-h-S°v k{º-Zmb t`Zw kzm`m-hn-I-
ambn B´-®n-´-bnse k{º-Zmb t`Z-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bn. k{º-Zm-b-
t`Zw ASn-ÿm\]c-a-s√-¶nepw bp≤m-`ym-k-amb If-cn-]-b‰v hS-
°≥ k{º-Zm-bØ - n-s‚bpw {]Xn-tcm-[m-`ym-ka
- mb ASn-XS sX°≥
k{º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw {]tXy-I-X-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-´p.''49
IY-If
- n-bpsS B¥-cnILS-\t- ]mepw If-cn-ap-db
- psS Cg-Iƒ
tN¿Øv s\bvsX-Sp-Ø-Xn-\m-emhmw cwK-Ø-h-X-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ `qcn-
]£w IY-Ifpw bp≤-Øn-s‚bpw sh√p-hnfnIfp-sSbpw hoc-i-]-Y-
ß-fp-sSbpw ]pcm-W-J-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ Zriy-h-ev°cn-°-s∏- 12345678901234567890
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Sp-∂-Xv.''50 255
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If-cn-ap-d-bnse sabv]-b-‰n¬\n∂p cq]-sa-SpØ ]Xn-s\m∂p
Im¬{]tbm-K-ßfpw hoXn-cp-Ø¬ hf-™p-Im¬Ip-Ø¬ XpS-
ßnbh IqSmsX ae°w adn-®¬, ssIho-i¬, kqNn-°n-cp-Ø¬
F∂n-hbpw IY-Ifn ]cn-io-e-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbpw
s{]m^. h´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n\mY]n≈ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p. Aßs\
CXn-hr-Ø-LS\bnepw A`y-k-\-Ønepw Iem-{]-I-S-\-Ønepw IY-
I-fn-bp-sS \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\v Ifcn∏b‰v hen-b ]¶v hln-
®-Xmbn ImWmw. ""IY-I-fn-bnse "bp≤w' ]b-‰n¬\n∂v `n∂-ambn
tafsØ B{i-bn-°p∂ \mSy-[¿Ωn {]tbm-K-amWv. Bbp-[-{]-tbm-
K-ßf
- p-sSbpw bp≤-ap-dI
- f
- p-sSbpw {]I-S\
- a
- mbn IY-If
- n-bn¬ ImWp-
∂Xv ]b‰v If-cn-bnse {]tbm-K-ß-fn¬ Nne Awi-ß-fpsS A`n-\-
b-am-Wv. Ch-bn¬ h´w-Np-‰¬, ssItIm¿°¬, apdp-Inb Iemiw
F∂n-h-bn¬ Ipsd-sb-¶nepw temI-[¿Ωn-Xz-ap-s≠∂v ]d-bmw.''51
4.4.7 IY-I-fnbpw the-I-fnbpw
Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]
- p-cw, Aº-e∏
- p-g, Ip´-\mSv F∂o {]tZ-iß
- f
- nse
t£{X-ßf
- n¬ {]Nm-cØ
- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp A\p-jvTm-\I
- e
- b
- mWv
the-If
- n. {io ]fl-\m-`k
- zm-an-t£-{X-Ønse D’-h®
- S- ß
- n¬ AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏´ Cu Iem-cq]w a‰p t£{X-ß-fnse D’-h-ßƒ°pw
\S-Øn-h-∂n-cp-∂p. Hcp t£{X-I-e-sb∂ \ne-bn-emWv the-I-fn-
bpsS {]Nm-cw. Blm-cy-Øne ISpw-Np-h-∏p-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ Xte-s°-
´mWv {][m-\w. Bbp[{]Xo-Iß
- f
- mbn CS-Xp-Iø
- n¬ ]cn-Nbpw he-
Xp-I-øn¬ Npcn-I-t°mepw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. the-I-fn-bpsS {][m-\-
hmZyw ]d (t`-cn)bmWv. CXns\ the-Ø-In-se∂pw ]d-bpw. Cu
the-I-fn-bnse A`ym-k-˛-B-tbm-[\ AS-hp-I-fn¬ Nne-XmWv cma-
\m´w kzoI- c n- ® - X v . sX°≥ k{º- Z m- b - Ø n- e p≈ IY- I - f n¬
ImWp∂ "XmWp-\n¬s∏∂ \rØ-\ne' the-I-fn-bpsS kzm[o-\- 12345678901234567890
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am-Wv. ssIap-´p-Iƒ Xn°n-s∏m°n ap{Z-Im-´p∂ k{º-Zm-bhpw the- 256
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I-fn-bpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. sX°≥ Ifcn ]mc-º-cy-Ønse Kpcp-
ÿm-\o-b\
- mb amØq¿∏Wn-°¿ B´-Øns‚ cmP-Iob {]uUn-°p-
th≠n the-I-fn-bnse Nph-Sp-Ifpw sabv\n-e-Ifpw btYm-NnXw
kzoI-cn-®-Xmhmw. IY-I-fn-bnse ]S-∏p-d-∏m-Sns‚ amXrI IqSn-bm-´-
Øn-te-Xm-sW-¶nepw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ the-I-fn-bnse ]S-I-fn-∏-b-‰p-
Isf A\p-Ic
- n-®X
- m-sW∂v ImWmw. Imc-Ww, the-If
- n-bpsS Zriy-
`wKn ASp-Ø-dn™ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p amØq¿∏Wn-°¿. "Aº-e-
∏pg the-I-≠m¬ AΩbpw th≠' F∂ ]g-s©m√pw the-I-fn-
bpsS Zriy-`w-Knsb hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p.52
as‰m-cp- Iebmb Kcp-U≥Xq-°-Ønse Kcp-U-th-j-tØmSv
\f-N-cn-X-Ønse lwk-th-j-Øn\v kmZr-iy-ap-≠v. DSp-Øp-sI-´v,
Ip∏m-bw, DØ-co-bw, IncoSw apX-embh c≠nepw GI-tZiw Hcp-
t]m- s e- b mWv ""IY- I - f n- b nse lwk- t hjw Kcp- U ≥ Xq°-
Øn¬\n∂p kzoI-cn-®-XmtWm AtXm adn-®mtWm F∂ Imcyw
Xo¿®-bn-√.''53
4.5 tamln-\n-bm-´hpw IY-I-fnbpw
IY-I-fn-bn¬ kv{Xokm-∂n≤yw ]cn-an-X-am-sW-¶nepw sshhn-
[yhpw sshNn-{Xyhpw \nd-™X
- mWv kv{Xoth-jß
- ƒ. \mbn-Ia
- m¿,
A]vk-c- p-Iƒ efn-X-am¿, amXr-`mhw \nd™ kv{XoIƒ, iq¿∏-
W-J(\n-Ww), \{I-XpWvUn F∂nßs\ F{Xtbm kv{Xoth-jß - ƒ
B´-°-Y-I-fn-ep-≠v.54 IY-I-fn-bnse kv{Xoth-j-Øn\v IqSp-X¬
ASp∏w tamln-\n-bm-´-Ønse tamln-\o-th-j-tØm-Sm-Wv. ""IY-I-
fnbpw IrjvW-\m-´hpw tamln\o k¶-ev]-Øn¬ \n∂v emky-L-S-
I-ß-fpw, {][m-\-ambpw tIc-f-Ønse Btbm-[-\-I-e-bmb If-cn-
bn¬\n∂v XmWvU-h-L-S-I-ßfpw kzmwio-I-cn-®p.... ]qX-\m-tam-£-
Øn¬ efnX ]qX-\b
- m-Ip-∂X
- ,v `kvam-kp-cs
- ‚bpw cpIvamw-KZ- s
- ‚bpw 12345678901234567890
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IY-Iƒ F∂n-hb
- n-se√mw hnjvWp tamln-\n-bmbn amdp-∂Xv F∂n-h 257
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tamln-\n-bm-´-Ønse k¶ev]w Xs∂-bmWv IY-I-fn-bn¬ kzoI-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv'' F∂p≈ Ihmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°-cpsS A`n-{]m-
bw IYIfn{]thinIbn¬ FSpØpImWn°p ∂p≠v.56
""tIc-f-Ønse t£{X-ß-fn¬ {]mNo-\-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-
cp∂ tZh-Zmkn \rØ-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ kwkvIr-Xo-Ir-X-cq-]-amWv
tamln-\n-bm-´w. Cuiz-cm-cm-[-\-bv°p≈ Hcp am¿§w F∂ \ne-
°mWv CXp hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. \rØ-{]n-b-\mb \S-cm-Ps\ \rØ-
Øn-eqsS Bcm-[n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p e£yw. ]n¬°m-eØv
CXv shdp-samcp hnt\m-tZm-]m-[n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.57
""A¬]-∑m¿°p ckn-°m≥ \√ sN˛
dp∏-°m-cpsS tamln-\n-bm´w'' F∂p "N{µmw-K-N-cn-X'-Ønepw
""\mS-I-\-S\w \¿Ω-hn-t\mZw
]mT-I-]-T\w ]mh-°qØpw
]mSWnape-am¿ tamln-\n-bm´w'' F∂p "tLmj-bm-{X-'bnepw
tamln-\n-bm-´sØ Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. tIhew
emky-{]-[m-\hpw ck-{]-[m-\-hp-amb Hcp \rØ-cq]w F∂ \ne-
bn-emWv tamln-\n-bm-´sØ BZyw I≠n-cp-∂-sX∂v Icp-Xmw.
1932-˛¬ tIcf Iem-afi
- e
- Ø
- n¬ tamln-\n-bm-´°
- f
- cn ÿm]n-
®p-sIm-≠mWv alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ tamln-\n-bm-´sØ \ho-I-cn-
®-Xv. H. Ieym-Wn-bΩ F∂ A[ym-]n-I-sbbpw X¶-a-Wn-sb∂
injy-sbbpw Is≠-Øn-bmWv CXm-cw-`n-®-Xv. Cu \rØ-I-e-bn¬
\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Nne A«oe {]h-WX
- I
- sf h≈-tØmƒ Hgn-hm-°n,
NXp¿hn-[m-`n-\-b-ßsf Nn´-s∏-SpØn lkvX-e-£-W-Zo-]nI {]Im-
c-ap≈ ap{Z-Ifpw Dƒs∏-SpØn AXns\ ]cn-jvI-cn-®p.
""tamln-\n-bm-´-°-fcn°v c≠p L´-ap-≠v. 1932-˛35 hsc BZy-
L-´w. ]n∂oSv c≠p-sIm√w Ifcn \ne-®p. 37-˛40 hsc BZyL´- 12345678901234567890
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Øns‚ XpS¿®. tijw ]Øp-h¿j-Øns‚ kvXw`-\m-h-ÿ. 258
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50-˛-ap-X¬°p≈ Nn∂-Ωp-hΩ ssien, c≠mw-L´w Nn∂p-Ω-hΩ
ssien-bpsS XpS¿®-bmWv Iem-aW
- vUew kXy-`m-ab - n-eqsS tamln-
\n-bm-´-Øns‚ Iem-a-WvUew ssien cq]-s∏-´-Xv.''58
tamln-\n-bm-´Ønse \rØ-co-Xn-Ifpw {]tbm-K-ssh-hn-≤y-
ßfpw emky-`m-h-ßfpw IY-I-fn-bn¬ kv{Xoth-j-ß-fpsS A`n-\-
b-Øn\v amXr-I-bmbn kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. kv{Xothjw ssIImcyw
sNøp∂ tIm´-bv°¬ inh-cm-a≥, Nnd-°c am[-h≥Ip-ń, Iem-a-
WvUew cmP-ti-Jc
- ≥, am¿§n hnP-bI
- p-am¿ XpS-ßn-bh
- ¿ {]kvXpX
emky-`w-Knbpw k{º-Zm-bhpw sIm≠v Bkzm-ZI
- c
- psS {]iwk ]nSn-
®p-]-‰n-b-h-cm-Wv. tamln-\n-bm-´sØ IqSmsX hfsc ]g-°-ap≈
"bm{X-°-fn-'bnse sIm´v, ]m´v, \rØw saø-`ymkw XpS-ßn-b-hbpw
IY-If
- n-bn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-´p-≠v. \mS≥ kwKo-XØ
- ns‚ Nne coXn-
Ifpw IY-I-fn-kw-Ko-XsØ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw.
""Im©n-®n-S-bp-t≈m-cmWo ˛ Xm¶ƒ
IqsS-°qsS h¥p˛ IqØm-Sp-am≠n ˛Ip©n'' F∂
B≠n-∏m-´mWv Cń-cm-cn-®-ta-t\ms‚ cpIvamw-K-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ˛
"tIńt√ `qtZ-h-∑m-tc˛ `q]≥
Imń-sem-cp-\mƒ, \mbm-ń\p t]mb-t∏mƒ
Inń-t]m¬ \s√mcp s]Æv''
F∂ IY-I-fn-∏-Z-Øn\v kwKo-X-ambn cq]-s∏-´Xv
""Bd-∑p-f-b-a-cp-sa-∂m-Zn-\m-Ym˛ Fs‚
]mSpw ]ZØn∂p-Xhn X∂n-tSWw''
F∂ AΩm-\-∏m-ńs‚ CuW-am-Wv.
""NqXp-I-fn-®o-S-W-an-∂tlm \ma-Xn˛
t∂Xpw apjn-®n-en√ tbmKn-hocm
tNXkn IuXpIw hf¿∂o-Sp∂p ˛aa 12345678901234567890
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kmZcw Ifn-°p-t∂≥ ImÏ Xmbw.'' 259
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F∂v DØ-cm-kz-bw-hc IY-bn¬ ]Z-kw-KoX ]Z-hn-bn¬ hncm-Pn-
°p-∂Xpw''59
IY-I-fn-bn¬ kv{Xoth-j-ßƒ°mbn Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈
kmcn, IpΩn F∂o \rØ-ßƒ Xncp-hm-Xn-c°
- f
- n-bp-sSbpw ssIsIm-
´-n°-fn-bp-sSbpw h©n-∏m-ń-s‚bpw kzm[o-\-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. ""tIc-fob
\mSy-]m-cº
- c
- y-Øn¬ \n∂pw Gsd hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂X
- mWv
IY-I-fn-bnse kv{Xoth-j-Øns‚ Blm-cyw. kv{Xoth-j-ßƒ
Ip∏mbw [cn-°p-∂p. hkv{Xw sRmdn-™p-Sp-°p-∂p. Xe-apSn Hcp
`mK-tØ°p Ncn-®p-sI-ń-sh-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw. CXns\ "sIm≠-sI´v'
F∂mWv ]d-bp-I. AXns\ ad-®psIm≠v Xe-bn¬ s\‰n-tbmSv
tN¿Øp-sI-ń-bn-´p≈ "X´' AWn-™n-cn-°pw. ap…nw kv{XoI-fpsS
thj-Øn-t\mSv CXv kmZriyw ]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v.''60
kv{Xoth-jß
- ƒ cwKØv BSp-tºmƒ sN≠ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dn-√.
a±-f-amWv k¿∆-km-[m-c-Ww. emky-\rØw hcp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬
"CSbv°'bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ kv{XothjwXs∂ Bkp-c
-˛-Xm-WvU-h-`m-h-ßƒ BSp-tºmƒ sN≠ D]-tbm-Kn-°pw.61
C∂p \mw IY-I-fn-bn¬ ImWp∂ Iem-hn-ti-j-ß-tfm-
tcm∂pw A°m-eØp \ΩpsS \mń-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hmtcm amXr-I-
I-fn¬ \n∂v t]m∂p-h∂
- X
- m-Wv. \rØw, \mS≥\r-Øß
- f
- n¬ \n∂v;
hmZyhpw AhnsS \n∂p-X-s∂. thjw \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ß-fmb apSn-
tb-‰v, Xnd-bm-´w, tImew-Xp-≈¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬\n∂v; \rXyhpw
\mSyhpw tIc-fØ
- nse kwkvIr-X\
- m-SI
- m-`n-\b
- a
- mb IqSn-bm-´Ø
- n¬
\n∂v; KoXw, AjvS-]Zn k{º-Zm-bsØ A\p-I-cn®v; kmlnXyw
AXp-h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ aWn-{]-hm-f-im-J-sbbpw ]m´p-k-{º-Zm-b-
sØbpw Iqń-°e
- ¿Øn-sIm≠v Cßs\ GXm-ib - Ø
- n\pw IY-Ifn Hcp
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PmXn Ie-tbmSv As√-¶n¬ as‰m-∂n-t\mSv IS-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p.'' 62 12345678901234567890
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260
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Xnc-»o-e-bnse A\p-jvTm-\-]-cX
IY-Ifn Ac-ßn¬ ]nSn-°p∂ Xnc»oebv°pap≠v ]mcºcyw.
AXv km[mcW amXncn tÃPv I¿´-\-√. tIc-fob Iem-]m-c-º-cy-
Øn¬ AZr-iy-am-Im\pw cwK-am‰w Ipdn-°m-\p-ap≈ ad-bmWv Xnc-
»oe (b-h-\n-I). ssZhnI]cn-th-j-ap≈ IY-I-fn¬ Xnc-kvI-cWn
F∂ k{º-Zm-ba
- p-≠v. A\p-jvTm-\I
- e
- I
- f
- n¬ Iem-Im-c∑
- m¿ kzbw
ssZh-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ssZh-`mhw ssIs°m-≈p-∂p. ChnsS Zriyw
shdpw euIn-Ia
- m-Ib
- m¬ ad-bpsS Bh-iy-an-√. ""ssZh-`m-hØ
- ns‚
ad-sb∂ \ne°v B `mh-Øns‚ \ndw ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv
tIc-f-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ Xnc-»oe Zriy-kz-`m-h-kq-N-I-hp-am-b-Xv. Xnc-
»o-e-bpsS G‰hpw {]mIrX kzcq]w \ne-\n¿Øp∂ tImew-Xp-f-f-
ense A¥-co-£-Nm-cn-I-fmb CuXn _m[m aq¿Øn-t°m-e-ß-fpsS
Icn-º-S-Øn-c-»o-e, K‘¿∆-tIm-e-Øns‚ sh≈-Øn-c-»o-e, tZho-
t£-{X-ß-fnse A¥-c-b-£n, Ac-°n-b-b£n XpSßn tZhn-bpsS
A\p-Nm-c-Wo-aq¿Øn-t°m-e-ß-fpsS Nph∂ ]´p-Xn-c-»o-e, apSn-tb-
‰nse sh≈-am‰v Xnc-»o-e, IqSn-bm-´-Ønse Nph∏v Xnc-»o-e, IY-
I-fn-bpsS k]vX-h¿Æ Xnc-»oe Ch {iZv[n®m¬ A\p-jvTm-\-{]-
[m-\-amb Zriy-ß-fn¬ Xnc-»o-e, ssZhn-I-X-bpsS kmXzn-I cmP-k-
Xm-ak `mh-ßt- fmSpw Iem-{]-[m\ Zriy-ßf
- n-te°v h∂-t∏mƒ AXv
IYm-]m-{X-kz-`m-ht- ØmSpw _‘-s∏´ Zriy-LS- I
- a
- mbn F∂v hy‡-
am- I pw.'' 63 Npcp°Øn¬ IYIfnbpsS cwKmhXcWØnepw
kakvXtaJeIfnepw tIcfob Iem]mcºcyØns‚ ap{ZIƒ
]Xn™pInS∏ps≠∂p ImWmw.
4.6 Hm«\pw ]d-b\pw ioX-¦\pw cwKm-hX
- c
- W
- hpw
tKm{Xkw-kvImcw apXÂ tImew sI«n¯p-Åp¶ ]Xnhv
D-m-bn-cp-¶p.- hfsc ]g-¡w-sN¶ ]S-bWn XpÅÂ F¶ Iem- 12345678901234567890
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cq]w A¼-e¸p-g, a²y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ F¶n-hn-S§
- f
- nÂ \ne-\n-¶n- 261
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cp-¶X
- mbn ImWp-¶p.- e-fn-Xa
- mb cwK-kÖ
- o-Ic
- W
- hpw thj-hn-[m-
\-§fpw `mjbpw lmkyhpw AS-§p-¶X
- mWv Ch-bpsS cwKm-hX
- -
cWw. P\-km-am-\y-¯nsâ Ie-bmbn XpÅÂ amdn-bX
- nsâ ]Ým-
X-eh
- p-an-Xm-Wv. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v Ip©³ \¼ym-cn-eqsS tIc-f¯
- nsâ
kz´w Iem-cq-]s
- a¶ \ne-bnÂ {]Nmcw t\Snb XpÅÂ F¶ Zriy-
I-e¡v taÂ kq-Nn-¸n¨ ]qÀÆ-cq-]-§Ä D-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶p-thWw
Icp-Xm³. aq¶p-X-cw XpÅ-ep-v. þ Hm«³, ioX-¦³, ]d-b³ Ch-
aq¶pw thÀXn-cn-¨d- n-bp-¶Xv {][m-\a
- mbpw cwKm-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- n-eq-sS-
bm-Wv. thjw, kmln-Xyw, Xmfw, hr¯w, XpS-§n-bh
- b
- nepw Nne-
k-hn-ti-jX
- I
- Ä {]I-Sa
- m-Wv.
XpÅ- e nse A`n- \ - b mwiw \¼ymÀ cq]- s ]- S p- ¯ n- b Xv
NmIymÀIq-¯nÂ\n¶mWv. Xmfhpw `mhhpw angm-sh¶ ]cp-jh
- m-
Zy-¯n-tâ-Xp-am-W.v \¼ymÀ angm-hnÂXoÀ¯ Xmf-t_m[w XpÅ-ensâ
cwKm-h-X-cW NSp-e-Xsb Gsd kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p--v. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶
XpÅÂ F¶ Iem-cq]w Ip©³\-¼ym-cp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p Xe-ap-d-
I-fmbn Adn-bs
- ¸-«p-t]m-cp-¶p.- A-dp-]t- Xm-fw I
- r-Xn-IÄ \¼ym-cp-ambn
tNÀ¯p- ] - d - b p- ¶ p- s - ¦ nepw IrXn- I - f p- s Sbpw F®- ¯ n- s âbpw
Imcy-¯nÂ ]WvUn-X³amÀ¡n-Sb
- nÂ GIm-`n-{]mbw CÃ.- F-¦nepw
kmam-\y \
- n-co-£W
- ¯
- nÂ Ccp-]Xp Hm«³ XpÅepw F«p ioX-
¦³ XpÅepw H³]Xv ]d-b³ XpÅepw \¼ym-cp-tS-Xmbn Ds-¶p
]d-bmw.
\¼ym-cpsS Imhy-ssien km[m-cW
- ¡
- mÀ¡n-Sb
- nÂ {]N-cn-
¨n-cp¶ `mjm{]tbmK k©-b¯
- nÂ\n¶v kzoI-cn-¨h
- b
- m-Wv. Hm«³
(Hm-«w), ioX-¦³, ]d-b³ F¶o- ]-Z§
- Ä Xs¶ Xncp-h\
- ´
- ]
- pcw
apXÂ a-e_
- mÀ tZ-iw hscbpÅ P\-§sf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-
¶-h-bm-Wv. a\p-jyÀ¡n-S-bnÂ sXmgnÂ]-c-ambpw Iem-]-c-ambpw 12345678901234567890
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Øm\-am-\§
- Ä¡-\p-kc
- n¨pw PmXn \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶X
- nsâ [mcmfw 262
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AS-bm-f-§Ä XpÅÂ IrXn-I-fnÂ]-Xn-ªp-In-S-¸p--v. cmP-Iob `c-
W-¯nsâ t\À¡m-gvN-IÄ I--dnª Ihn-bmWv \¼ymÀ. AXp-
sIm-v Xs¶ A¡m-es¯ PmXn-ap-{Z-Ifpw hnfn-t¸cpw IÂ¸n-¨p-
In-«nb Cc-«-t¸-cp-Ifpw Øm\am\§fpw \¼ymÀ¡-hn-X-bnÂ
Øm\w ]nSn-¨n-«p--v. A¼-e-hm-kn-Isf C{Xbpw Xcw-Xn-cn¨p {]Xn-
]m-Zn-¨n-«pÅ asämcp Ihn \ap-¡n-Sb
- n-en-Ã.
A¡m-e¯v cmP-im-k\
- I
- fpw ktµ-i§
- fpw Hcp tZi-¯p-
\n¶v asämcp tZi-t¯¡v F¯n-¡p-hm³ Hm«-¡m-c³ F¶ Hcp
hn`mKw (X-kvXn-I) Xs¶-bp--m-bn-cp-¶p. \Ã Btcm-Ky-apÅ bphm-
¡-sf-bmWv CXn\v sXsc-sª-Sp-¯n-cp-¶X
- v. hfsc thK-¯nÂ cmP-
k-tµ-ih - n-\mÂ ‘Hm«³’ F¶ hnfn-
- p-ambn A¡p-«À HmSn-t]-Ip-¶X
t¸cpw In«n-bn-cp-¶p.- X-]mÂ hIp-¸nÂ ]-v ‘A©-tem-«¡
- m-c³’
(t]m-Ìvam³) F¶ hn`m-K-¡mÀ D-m-bn-cp-¶p. -Hm-«³ F¶ tPmen-
¡mbn sXsc-sª-Sp-¯n-cp-¶Xv ]e-t¸mgpw cmPm-hnsâ \mbÀ ]-S-
bm-fn-If
- nÂ \n¶m-bn-cp¶p. A-XnÂ \n¶mImw Hm«³ XpÅÂ F¶
]Zw \¼ymÀ {]tbm-Kn-¨X
- v. am{X-aÃ þ
]S-bWn F¶ {]mIr-XI
- e
- m-cq-]¯
- nÂ Hm«³, ioX-¦³, ]d-
b³ F¶o- th-j-§-fp-Å-Xmbn ]d-bp-¶p--v. \¼ymÀ ]S-bWn I-n-
cp-¶X
- mbn "cpÜn-Wo k
- z-bw-hcw' XpÅ-enÂ\n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
"]s- m cp ]S- b Wn Im¬am³ \s½þ
s¡m- p ]pd- s ¸- « m\o hnZzm³'
NmIymÀIq-¯nsâ ZpÀ{K-lX
- b
- pw kwkvIrX _mlp-eyhpw
hnc-kX
- bpw km[m-cW
- ¡
- mÀ¡n-Sb
- nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶X
- mbn \¼ymÀ
a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm--mWv ‘hSn-hn-bs
- ¶mcp Nmcp tIc-
f-`mj’bmb ae-bmfw At±lw kzoI-cn-¨X
- v. Imhys¯ htc-Wy-
hÀ¤-¯nsâ I¿nÂ\n¶v km[m-cW
- ¡m-cn-te¡v (`SP-\§
- f
- n-te-¡v) 12345678901234567890
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F¯n-¡pI F¶ hn¹-hI
- c
- a
- mb ZuXyw- IqSn CXn-eqsS \nÀÆ-ln- 263
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¡p-Ib
- m-bn-cp¶p \¼ymÀ. A§s\ IhnX Hm«\pw, ioX-¦\pw, ]d-
b-\pambn \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«p. Ah-cpsS DS-bm-S-IÄ Blm-cy-am-bn.
`kvahpw Icnbpw ]mfbpw ]«pw Ipcp-t¯m-ebpw cp{Zm-£a
- mebpw
Idp¯ Ddpamepw shÅ-Xp-Wnbpw sI¨-aW
- nbpw thj-`q-jm-Zn-I-
fm-bn.
\¼ymÀ BZy-sa-gpXn kZ-ÊnÂ Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨Xv IÃym-Wk
- u-
K-ÔnIw ioX-¦³ XpÅ-em-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p-s- ¦nepw AXn-\p-ap-
t¼-Xs¶ XpÅÂ Ir-Xn-IÄ klr-Zb
- k
- a
- £w Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡m-
\mWv km[y-X. Hcp ]t£, cmPm-hnsâ A\p-hm-Zt- ¯msS, hen-
sbm-cp- kZÊn-\p-ap-¼nÂ BZyw Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨Xv IÃym-Wk
- u-KÔ
- n-
I-am-Imw. AXn-\p a
- p-¼vXs¶ Xsâ IrXn-IÄ¡v t\sc- D-bÀ¶n-
«pÅ hnaÀi-\-ic-§sf \¼ymÀ CXnÂ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-ap--v. am{X-
a-Ã, IÃym-Wk
- u-KÔ
- n-Im-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- n-eqsS XpÅÂ F¶ Iem-cq-
]s¯ A¼-e¸p-gb
- nÂ \n¶v B«n-tbm-Sn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp (C-t¸mÄ
ho- p w Ah- X - c n- ¸ n- ¨ p- X p- S - § n- b n- « p- - v ) .
4.6.1 Hm«w XpÅÂ (Hm«³ XpÅÂ)
\¼ym-cpsS cN-\-I-fnÂ Gsdbpw "Hm«w' XpÅ-ep-I-fm-Wv.
]n¶oSv Fgp-¯nepw ]d-¨n-enepw IqSn "Hm«³'XpÅ-em-bn. \¼ym-À-
Xs¶ Xsâ IrXn-If
- nÂ "Hm«w-Xp-ÅÂ' F¶mWv {]tbm-Kn¨p ImWp-I.
B«wIfn-IÄ ]ns¶¨m«w RmWn-t·-tedn
Hm«w-Xp-Åepw ]e Iq«w {Kln-¨h
- \pw
(In-cmXw XpÅÂ)
B«w ]e-Znin ]m«pw Ifn-Ifpþ
tam«w-Xp-Åep sIm¼p-Ip-gÂhnfn
(koXmkzbwhcw)
hm«w hcmsX Nne-tcm-«w-Xp-Åepw \Ã
]m«pw Ihn-IÄ hnf-bm«w {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p 12345678901234567890
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(koXmkzbwhcw) 264
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aq¶p-{]-Imcw XpÅ-ep-IÄ DÅ-XnÂ {ZpXXmf-N-e-\-§Ä
ImWp-¶Xv Hm«³Xp-Åe
- n-em-Wv. ktµ-ihm-lI
- ³ F¶ AÀ°-
¯nepw Hm«³ i_vZs¯ \¼ymÀXs¶ {]tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶p. Hcp
]t£ HmSn-s¡m--pÅ XpÅÂ F¶ \ne¡pw Cu t]cn\v km[y-
X-bp--v. Ac-§¯v IqSp-Xepw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xv- Hm-«³Xp-Å-
emWv. \Ssâ Ne-\hpw `mhhpw ssIap-{Z-Ifpw C¯cw Hm«sâ
thK-Xsb kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- mbpw ImWmw.
cwKm-h-X-c-W-¯n-emZywHm«³Xp-ÅÂ¡m-csâ apJ-¯v a-\-
tbm-e- tX¨v Np«n-Ip-¯pw. F¶m-enXv IY-I-fn-bpsS apJ-t¯-¸n-
t\mSpw Np«n-k{- ¼-Zm-bt- ¯mSpw Xpey-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. I®pw ]pcn-Ihpw
FgpXpw. Xe- b nÂ I¨- s Im- v sIm- - sI«n h«- a p- S nbpw kÀ¸
^W-¯nsâ BIr-Xn-bn-ep-Ås
- N-dnb Inco-Shpw [cn-¡pw. Ipc-em-cw,-
I-gp-¯m-cw, lkvXIS-Iw, tXmÄ]q«v apX-emb B`-cW
- §
- fpw AWn-bpw.
Ac-bnÂ I¨-sI«n ic-ap-pw apńbpw [cn-¡pw. ImenÂ sI¨-a-
Wn-sI-«pw. C¯cw thj-¸I
- À¨-bnepw IYm-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nepw A`n-
\- b - ¯ nepw NmIymÀIq- ¯ nsâ A\p- I - c - W - a p- - v . kZ- Ê n- s \- N q- n
NmIymÀ \S-¯p¶ Ifn-bm-¡Â XpÅÂ¡m-c\pw ]n³Xp-Sc
- p-¶p-v-.
NmIym-cpsS kwkvIrX ]Zy-§Ä sNmÃn-bpÅ hymJym-\¯
- n\p
ka-ambn \¼ymcpw Nne IYm-k-µÀ`-§sf `mjm-I-hn-X-bn-eqsS
hnkv X - c n- ¡ m- d p- - v . F¦nepw NmIym- c psS ]cn- l m- k - I - h - \ - a mWv
\¼ymÀ Gsdbpw kzoI-cn-¨X
- v. KW-]Xnhµ\w, ap¶-c§v F¶o-
N-S§
- p-IÄ¡p-tijw CjvSt- Z-hk
- vXpXn, Kpcp-hµ
- \w F¶n-hbpw
Ign¨p IY XpS-§p-¶p. \S³ (Xp-ÅÂ¡m-c³), ssIa-Wn-¡mÀ,
a±-f¡
- m-c³ F¶n-§s\ aq¶p-t]-cmWv thZn-bnÂ. \S³ ]mSp-Ib
- pw
A`n-\-bn-¡p-I-bpw sN¿pw. F¶mÂ Iq¯n-se-t]mse ap{Z-IÄ
hnkvXc
- n-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p-Ibn-Ã. \S³ ]mSp-¶Xv ssIa-Wn-¡m-c³ Fäp- 12345678901234567890
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]m-Spw. Bk-abw \S³ A`n-\bw BhÀ¯n-¡pw. 265
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4.6.2 ioX¦³XpÅÂ
ioX-¦\
- pw, ]d-b\pw Nne amä-§t- fm-sS-bmWv Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xv. ioX-¦³, ]d-b³ F¶o t]cp-IÄ Xs¶ IogvPm-Xnsb Ipdn-
¡p-¶X
- mbn G.Un lcn-iÀ½ ]d-bp-¶p. ioX-¦³ F¶ ]Zw ]peb
PmXn-tb-bpw, ]d-b³ F¶Xv BZn-a-hm-kn-I-fpsS PmXn-\m-a-hp-
amWt{X. ‘]m¡-\m-cpsS hwi-te-ia
- X
- nÂ ]nd-¶h
- t- \, Rm³’ F¶v
k`m-{]-thiw ]d-b³
- XpÅ-enÂ \¼ymÀ Xs¶ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-ap-v-.
]IÂ ]tS\n Ign-ªmÂ ioX-¦³ XpÅÂ F¶-XmWv ]Xn-h.v
Icn- ¼ - « - b p- S p- ¯ v , Icn- ¼ - « - s Im- - p - X s¶ sIm- - s I«n, Ipcp- t ¯m- e -
sIm-cp-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨v, Ipcp-t¯m-eI
- m¸pw Ipcp-t¯m-ea
- m-eb
- pw, Ipcp-
t¯me ]mhm-Sb
- p-aW
- nªv hcp¶ thj-¡m-c³ Ifn-¯«- nÂ \n¶p-
sIm--mWv XpÅp-¶-Xv. a²ym-Ó-¯n-\p-tijw \nth-Zy-sam-s¡-
hm§n D]-tbm-Kn¨v Bfp-IÄ ImhnÂ hcp-t¼m-tg-¡pw-]-d-b³
XpÅÂ Bcw-`n-¡pw. CXnepw Ipcp-t¯me {][m-\t- h-ja
- m-Wv.
""Xmf, taf, lmky-{]-[m-\a
- mb XpÅ-em-Wn-Xv (Hm-«³Xp-ÅÂ).
]mf- s Im- - p Å Inco- S hpw ]mf- s Im- - p - X - s ¶- b pÅ s\©p- a m- e bpw
[cn¨v Ipcp-t¯me ]mhm-Sb
- p-ap-Sp¯v, ImenÂ I¨-aW
- n-sI-«n, I¿nÂ
]mf-sIm--pÅ B`-c-W-§-fp-a-Wnªv apJ¯v ]¨ -tX-¨p-h-cp¶
thj-¡m-c³ Ifn-¯«- n³taÂ Ib-dn-\n-¶mWv XpÅp¶Xv.''64
Ip«-\m-Snse km[m-cW
- ¡
- m-cpsS Iem-cq-]a
- mWv ]tS\n (]-S-
b-Wn). Hcp P\X H¶msI AWn-tN-cp¶ A\p-jT
v m-\I
- e
- b
- m-Wn-X.v
Imhn-e½
- sb {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯m-\mWv ]-Sb
- W
- n Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v.
]m«pw X¸p-tIm-e§
- f
- p-ambn At\Iw tIme-§Ä Ac-§¯v h¶p
XpÅp-¶p. Cu Hcp ImgvN \¼ymsc Gsd kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p--m-Imw.
AXp-sIm--mWv ]S-bWn XpÅ-ensâ ]cn-jvIr-X -cq-]-amWv XpÅ-
se¶v F³. IrjvW] - v.65 ]Sb-Wn-bnse ioX-¦s
- nÅ ]d-ªX - âbpw
XpÅ-ense ioX-¦s
- âbpw thj-§Ä X½nÂ hfsc kmZr-iy-ap- 12345678901234567890
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s-¶v GhqÀ ]c-ta-iz-c\pw ]d-bp-¶p.66 266
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4.6.3 ]d-b³ XpÅÂ
"]d' F¶ hmZyw sIm«p-¶h
- À "]d-bÀ' Fs¶mcp AÀ°w
Iev]n-¡p-¶p-.v- ]d-bÀ Fs¶mcp hmZy-hn`mKw Xan-g\
v m-«nÂ ImWp-¶p.
tIc-f¯
- nse ]d-b³ h«n, sIm«, ]\¼v F¶nh s\¿p-Ibpw kwKo-Xw,
h
- mZyw F¶nh {]tbm-Kn¨p ImWp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.F¶mÂ \¼ym-
cm-Is« ]d-b³ ‘]d-bp-¶h
- ³’, ‘{]kwKw sNbp-¶X
- nÂ kmaÀ°y-
ap-Åh
- ³’ F¶ AÀ°-Xn-emWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶X
- v. Xmgv¶
PmXn-¡m-csâ t\À¡pÅ htc-Wy-hÀ¤-¯nsâ ]pÑ-`mhw H¶p
XmgvXn-sI-«m\pw IqSn-bmWv \¼ym-cp-sS {iaw.
""]s- m cp ]S- b Wn Im¬am³ \s½þ
s¡m- p - ] p- d - s ¸- « m\o hnZzm³
sN- - ¡ m- c ³ sNÃp- t ¶- S þ
¯p- m w hmÈ- X p- s amcp sshjayw
A¡-sc-bp-sÅmcp XpÅ-¡m-c³
sXt¡¯-t«Â h¶p-It- cdn
]d-b³ IY sNmÂhm-s\mcp KW-]Xn
Ipdsbs¨mÃn-¯p-Åp-t¶-cw.
(cp-ÜnWo kzbwhcw XpÅÂ)
CXnÂ ]S-bW
- n, ]d-b³Xp-ÅÂ F¶n-hsb ]än ]d-bp-¶-
Xn-\mÂ \¼ym-cpsS Ime¯v Cu Iem-cq-]§
- Ä \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶X
- mbn
a\-kn-em-¡mw. am{X-aÃ
- , ]d-bn-s]ä ]m¡-\msc ]d-b {]uV\m-bn-
«mWv \¼ymÀ ImWp-¶X
- v. Ah-cpsS hmKvkmaÀ°yhpw thZ-§f
- n-
epÅ Úm\hpw t{ijvTX
- zhpw At±lw FSp¯p ]d-bp-¶p.
]d-b³ Xp-Åe
- nse thj-hn-[m\w \½psS ]mc-¼cy cwK-th-
Zn-bp-sS-Xm-Wv. apJ¯pw ico-c¯pw `kvaw ]qip-I, I®pw ]pcn-
Ihpw Fgp-Xp-I, Xe-bnÂ Ip¯s\ sIm--sI«n cp{Zm-£-am-e-b- 12345678901234567890
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Wn-bp-I, Igp-¯mcw, Ae-¡nb ]mhp-ap--p-Sp-¯v, AXn-·otX ]«p- 267
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XpWn Npäp-I, h
- e
- t- ¯-¡m-enÂ Nne¼v AWn-bpI F¶n-hb
- mWv
]d-bsâ thjw. Ac-§¯v \ne-hn-f¡v \nÀ_-Ôa
- n-Ã. GsX-¦nepw
shfn-¨-ap--m-bmÂ aXn-bm-Ipw. Ah-X-cWw cm{Xn-bntem ]Item
BImw. F¶mÂ ioX-¦³ XpÅÂ D¨-Xn-cnªv \S-¯W
- s
- a-¶mWv
k¦-ev]w.
\S³, sXm¸n-a±- f
- ¡
- m-c³, Xmf-¡m-c³ F¶n-htc ]d-b³ Xp-
Å-ense thZn-bnÂ ]mSp-Åp. Bcw-`¯
- nÂ Nne Nph-Sp-IÄ \S³
Nhn-«pw. B Nph-Sp-If
- psS hmbvXmcn sXm¸n-a±- f
- ¡
- m-c³ sIm«p-¶p.
Xmf-¡m-c³ Xmfw ]nSn¨v \m«-cmKw ]mSpw. ]m«n\p s]«n th-
{ipXn a
- X
- n. sN¼S Xmf-amWv km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶X
- v. XpSÀ¶v
KW-]-Xn-sb¡p-dn¨pw kc-kz-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-apÅ hµ-\tÇm-I-§-
fmWv. Hmtcm tÇmIhpw \S³ ]mSn-¡g- n-ªmÂ \memw ]Zw ]n³]m-
«p-Im-c³ sN¼S Xmf-¯n-s\m-¸n¨p ]m«mbn ]mSp-¶p. AXp-Ig- nªv
Iem-iw-sIm«n XpÅ-Â Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p. CXp-h-sc-bp-Å-`m-K-amWv
tXmSbw. XpÅ-enÂ Nne ap{Z-IÄ ImWn-¡p-sa-¶Ã
- msX ]ZmÀ°w
apgp-h³ A`n-\b
- n¨p ImWn-¡m-dn-Ã. F¶mÂ IYm-]m-{X-§f
- psS
`mhw \S³ kw{K-ln¨v A`n-\b
- n-¨p-Im-Wn-¡W
- w. ]Z-§Ä ssIsIm-
«n-If
- n-bpsS a«n-em-Wv ]m-Sp-¶X
- v. kwKo-Xh
- m-k\, Xmf-Øn-Xn, cmK-
\n-Ýbw F¶n-h -Xp-ÅÂ¡m-c\v Ahiyw th- KpW-§-fm-Wv.
Ipw`-Xmfw (A-S´
- ) e£vao-Xmfw (sN-¼) aÀ½-Xmfw XpS-§nb Xmf-
§Ä XpÅ-enÂ {]tbm-Kn¨p ImWp-¶p. CsXÃmw \¼ymÀ angm-
hnÂ XoÀ¯ cmK-Xm-f§
- f
- m-Wv. F¶mÂ ]d-b³ Xp-ÅÂ BZy´w
Htc-a-«n-emWv ]mSp-¶-Xv. `àn-`-h-amWv Bem-]-\-¯nÂ Ømbn
Bbn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶X
- v. AXn\mÂ ioX-¦³ XpÅpepw Hm«³Xp-
Å-ep-amWv Ah-Xm-cI
- À¡pw Bkzm-ZI
- À¡pw Gsd {]nbw.
hSt¡ ae-_m-dnÂ XpÅ-en-¶n-Sb
- nÂ hnZq-jI
- sâ {]th-i- 12345678901234567890
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a p - - - t { X . ‘ac-ao-S³’ F¶mWv hnZq-jI
- sâ t]cv. s]mbvap-Jw-h¨v 268
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tZl-¯nÂ ]e-Xcw kma-{Kn-IÄ hmcn-he
- n-¨p-sI-«n, cwK-¯p-h¶v
XpÅ-ens\ hnIr-Xa
- m-b c
- o-Xn-bnÂ Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw, Nne-Xa
- m-
i-IÄ s]m«n-¡p-Ib
- p-amWv A¿m-fpsS IÀ½w. s]«n-¡m-c\
- mWv Cu
tImam-fn-thjw sI«p-I. sXm¸n-a±- f
- ¡
- m-c\pw, Xmf-¡m-c\pw CXn-
s\Ãmw klm- b n- ¡ pw. ct- m aqt¶m aWn- ¡ pÀ XpÅÂ th- n - h -
cp-t¼mÄ \S\p hn{i-as
- a-Sp-¡m\pw, B k-abw cwK-hm-kn-IÄ apjn-
bm-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-amWv ac-ao-Ssâ {]th-i\
- w. C
- ¶
- ,v Cu k{¼-Zm-ba
- n-Ã.
4.7 XpÅÂ þ \m«-c-§nse GIm-`n-\b Ie
Hm«\pw, ]d-b\
- pw, ioX-¦\pw P\-km-am-\y-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-
§-fm-Wv. Iq¯v, IqSn-bm«w, IY-If
- n F¶o BVy-Ie
- I
- ÄIn-Sb
- nÂ
km[m-cW
- ¡
- m-cpsS, \m«m-cpsS Ac-§mbn XpÅÂ cwK-{]-thiw
sNbvXp. A§s\ \m«-c§
- nse GImw-Km-`n-\b Ie-bmbn XpÅÂ
amdn. ChnsS ImWn-Ifpw t{imXm-¡fpw km[m-cW
- ¡
- m-cm-Wv (`-SP
- -
\-§f
- m-Wv). Ahsc Nncn-¸n-¡m\pw Nnń-¸n-¡m\pamWv \¼ymÀ
ênX ]cn-lm-k-§Ä hmcn-hn-X-dnbXv. ]ma-c\pw ]WvUn-X\pw
Hcpt]mse ckn-¨p. F{X apc-Sn¨ Kuch{]Ir-X¡
- m-c\pw IpSp-IpsS
Nncn-¨p. tIc-f¯
- nÂ At§mfw Ct§mfw k©-cn¨v a\p-jy-{]-Ir-
Xnsb ]Tn¨ \¼ymÀ `n¶{]Ir-Xn-If
- mb a\p-jysc ]pcmW-]m-{X-
§-fnÂ A[ym-tcm-lWw \S¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ
\¼ymÀ Bscbpw `b-¶n-Ã. F¼m\pw X{¼m\pw ASn-b\pw \¼ym-
cpsS ZrjvSn-bnÂ kaw. \¼ymcnse kaZÀinXzw \ap¡nhnsS
ImWmw.
""Hcp-¯À¡pw eLp-Xzs¯ hcp-¯p-hm³ taml-anÃ
Hmcp-¯¶pw {]nb-am-bn-]d- h
- m\pw `mh-anÃ''
(]-t©-t{µm-]m-Jym-\w)
CXm-bn-cp¶p \¼ym-cpsS {]Jym-]\w. GsXmcp Iebpw 12345678901234567890
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GsXmcp IÀ½-hn-jb
- hpw kmÀ°-am-Ip-¶Xv kaq-l¯
- n-t\mSv IS- 269
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¸mSpw \oXnbpw A\pI¼bpw ]peÀ¯p-t¼m-gm-Wv. {]amWnamÀ
BVyIeIÄ \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶ I
- m-e¯mWv \¼ymÀ GI-\mbn Ifn-
X-«nÂ Ib-dn-\n¶p XpÅn-bXv. CXmWv tIc-f¯
- nse BZys¯ P\-
Iob \mS-It- h-Zn. ]d-b\
- nepw ioX-¦\
- nepw \½psS \mtSm-Sn- h-g-
¡- § - f psS kpXmcyt_m[- a p- - v . t\m¡nepw hm¡nepw thj-
¯nepw \m«-dn-hnsâ cwKm-h-X-cW ssien-bp--v. \½psS \m«p-
hÀ¯-am-\-§fpw ]g-s©m-Ãp-Ifpw temtIm-àn-Ifpw kµÀ`w
t]mse CXnÂ IS¶p hcp-¶p. Ac-§n-s\bpw ImWn-I-sfbpw
- ¯neqsS (Organic Unity) H¶n-¸n-¡m³ \¼ym-cpsS
ssPh-_Ô
Ah-Xc
- W
- ¯
- n\pw `mjbv¡pw km[n¨p. CXp-Xs
- ¶-bmWv \¼ymsc
BZys¯ P\-Iob Ihn-bm-¡n-bXpw.
\¼ym-cpsS \S-\s
- am-gn-If
- nÂ tIÄ¡p¶ hmsamgn hg-¡§
- Ä
a\p-jyÀ¡v am{X-aÃ
- . a\p-tjy-Xc Pohn-IÄ¡pw _m[-Ia
- m-Wv. Nne-
bn-S§
- f
- nÂ a\p-jy\pw \mbbpw X½n-epÅ kmZriyw \s½ AÛp-
X-s¸-Sp-¯pw.
""Nm¯-¨m-cpsS Nm¯³ \mbpw
sXm½-¨m-cpsS sXm½³ \mbpw
I--¨m-cpsS I-³ \mbpw
tImc-¨m-cpsS hoc³ \mbpw''
F¶n§s\ \mbv¡
- Ä At\Iw h¶p \nd-bp-Ib
- m-Wv.A§v
tZh-tem-I¯v Af-Im-]p-cn-bnÂ ]«-c¨
- ·
- mcpw \mb-·mcpw A´-W-
·mcpw ]Wn-¡-c-¨³amcpsam-s¡-bp--v.C§s\sbmcp hnkvabw
XoÀ¡m³ \¼ymÀt¡ Ignbq.
tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ kmaqly hyh-Øn-XnbpsS
kz`mhw XpÅÂ¡e-bn-eqsS, \S-\-th-Zn-bn-eqsS kmam\y P\-
§Ä¡v a\-kn-em¡n sImSp-¡p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-¶p \¼ymÀ. ss{XhÀ®n-Icpw 12345678901234567890
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ss{XhÀ®n-tI-Xcpw am{X-aÃ
- , AXnepw Xmsg-X«- nÂ hkn-¡p¶ P\- 270
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§fpw tIc-f-¯n-ep--v.-A-hÀ¡pw `c-Whpw `WvUm-chpw \nd-bp-
¶Xpw Hgn-bp-¶Xpw Adn-bm\pÅ Ah-Im-i-ap--v. B Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv
\¼ym-cnse Iem-Im-cs\ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bX
- v. kmln-Xys¯ `mj-tb-
dn- h - c p¶ \Ã aWn- { ]- h m- f - ¯ n\v Du¶Â \ÂIn cNn- ¨ Xpw
AXpsIm-mWv. `mjm-{]-tbm-K-¯nepw kwkvIr-X-¯nepw H¶p
t]mse kmaÀ°yw \¼ymÀ¡p--m-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw km[m-cW
P\-§f
- psS Bkzm-Z\ Xe-¯nte¡v At±lw Ihn-Xsb efn-X-
am¡n. Hm«\pw, ]d-b\
- pw, ioX-¦\pw kwkm-cn-¨Xv \m«p-hÀ¯-am-
\- ¡ - f - c n- b nÂ A`y- k n- ¨ p- s Im- - m Wv .
\¼ym- c nse \S\IemhnZ- K v [ s\ lcnWokzbw- h cw
XpÅenÂ \ap¡v ImWmw.
""XmfwIpg-¸m¯ ]m«p-Imcpw \Ã
tafw-Ip-g¸
- m¯ a±-fI
- m-c\pw
\ofw-s]-cp-¯pÅ Ime-§f
- nÂ thWpþ
\mf-§f
- nÂ \n¶p \Ã \mZ-§fpw
FÃm-sam-cp-an¨p IqSn-ta-fn-s¨-¦nþ
seÃmw P\- § Ä¡p- a p- m w IpXp- l ew
Imepw Ic-§fpw I®pw ]pcn-Ih
- pw
\mepw ]c-kv]cw tNÀ¶p h¶o-Sp-InÂ
]mepw a[p-Kpfw ]©-kmc-s¸mSn
\mepw IeÀ¶- t ]m- e p- p am[p- c yhpw''
Nn{X-tk-\³ e£vao-kzbwhcw F¶pÅ \mSIw e£-W-
sam-¯h
- n[w Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡m³ Nn{X-te-J, cw`, Xntem-¯a F¶n-
hÀ¡v Iev]\
- s
- Im-Sp-¡p-¶X
- mWv taev]d- ª kµÀ`w. \mSy-¯n\p
apJy-amb Xmfw, tafw CXym-Zn-IÄ sXäm³ ]mSp-ÅX
- s
- Ã¶pw FÃm-
\m-SymwK§fpw tNÀ¶p h¶mte \r¯m-`n-\bw lrZy-amIq F¶pw 12345678901234567890
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Nn{X-tk-\³ ]d-bp-¶n-S¯v \¼ym-cpsS \mSy-Iem k¦ev]w ]qÀ®- 271
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ambpw hyà- a m- I p- ¶ p- v . ""ioX- ¦ ³ a«nÂ c- p - a q¶p IY- I Ä D- m -
¡nbXnsâ tijw Kpcp-hnsâ BÚm-\p-kmcw Hm«w-Xp-ÅÂ D-m¡
- n.
B PmXn-bnÂ BZyw cNn¨Xp Incm-X-am-Wv. A\-ćw ]d-b³
XpÅÂ D-m-¡n. B PmXn-bnÂ BZyw cNn-¨Xv KtP-{µ-tam-£-am-
Ip-¶p. Cu aq¶p -hn-[hpw tIhew hr¯-t`-Zw-sIm-v h¶n-«p-Å-
h-bm-Wv. thjw sI«p-¶-XnÂ hXymkw D-v. XpÅÂ IY-IÄ
- mWv ]Xn-hv.''67
]mSn Ac-§¯v Ifn-¡p-Ib
\¼ym-cpsS BZy- Xp-ÅÂ IrXn-bmbn IÃym-Wk
- u-KÔ
- n-I-
s¯-bmWv ae-bm-f`- m-jm-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c³ IW-¡m-¡p-¶X
- v. AXn-\p-
ap¼v Cu hn[w IhnX B `mj-bnÂ CÃm-bn-cp¶p. Ct¸mgpw AXnÂ
am{X-aÃ
- msX asäm-cp-`mjbnepw AXn\p kmZr-iy-amb Ihn-Xb
- nÃm
F¶pw At±lw {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p. XpÅÂIY-I-fnÂ \¼ymÀ
{]tbm-Kn¨ `n¶ hr¯-§f
- psS sshNn{Xyw BZy-Ir-Xn-bmb {ioIr-
jvWN
- c
- n-X¯
- nÂXs¶ {]I-Sa
- m-Wv. thjw, Nn«, Ah-Xc
- Ww F¶o
Awi-§f
- nÂ aq¶n\w XpÅ-ep-IÄ¡p-apÅ eLp-hmb A´-c§
- Ä
Hgn-hm-¡n-bmÂ sam¯-¯nÂ kmln-Xy-cq]w F¶ \ne-bnÂ Ah-
¡p-Å k - a- m-\X
- b - a¶v GhqÀ ]d-bp-¶p.68
- mWv {][m-\s
""aq¶p-Xcw XpÅ-en\pw Ah-X-c-W-coXn Gsd-Ipsd H¶p-
t]mse Xs¶.H-scm-ä XpÅÂ¡m-c³ Xs¶ BWv FÃm-IY
- m-]m-
{X-§t- fbpw Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v.s
- sI-aWnbpw sXm¸n-a±- f
- h
- p-amWv
]n¶-Wn-bnÂ. \ne-¯p-hn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ]\-¼n-emWv XpÅÂ¡mcsâ
\r¯w. Iq¯n-te-tbm, IY-I-fn-bn-tetbm t]mse hnf¡v D-m-hp-
I-bn-Ã. XpÅÂ¡m-c³ XpÅÂ]m-«p-sNmÃn \r¯w \S-¯pw. B
]m«v ]n³]m-«p-ImÀ (a-±f
- ¡
- m-c\
- pw, ssIa-Wn-¡m-c\
- pw) BhÀ¯n¨p
sNmÃpw. C{]-Imcw BhÀ¯n¨p sNmÃp¶ ka-b¯
- v, Fs´-¦nepw
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ap{Z ]nSn¨v \r¯w XpScpw. ap{Z-Im-Wn-¡p-¶X
- nÂ Hcp \njvIÀjbpw 272
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XpÅ-enÂ CÃ. (ap-{Z-bpsS Øm\w IrXy- a mbncnt¡- - X v Hm¯p-
sNm-Ãp-t¼mÄ, ]n¶oSv Iq¯nÂ, AXnÂIp-dª
- \
- n-_Ô
- \
- sb IY-
I-fn-bn-ep-Åp, XpÅ-enÂ \n_-Ô\ H¶pw CÃ. Hm¯p ]ng-¨mÂ
Iq¯v, Iq¯p ]ng-¨mÂ B«w, B«w ]ng-¨mÂ Hm«w. F¶mWp
]d-bp-I''69
4.7.1 XpÅÂ þ X\Xp \mS-It
- h-Zn-bpsS Ifn-¯«
- v
]d-b\pw ]pe-b\pw Ifn-¯«- nÂ Ibdn Ifn-¡m-\pÅ kzmX-
{ý-amWv ]d-b³ XpÅ-enepw ioX-¦³XpÅ-enepw IqSn \¼ymÀ
k¼mZn-¨p -sIm-Sp-¯-Xv. htcWy hÀ¤-¯nsâ A[o-i-Xz-`mhw
XIÀ¡p-Ib
- m-bn-cp¶p \¼ym-cpsS e£yw. Xm³ ]d-b\pw ]m¡-
\mcpw ]nd¶ hwi-¯nÂ P\n-¨-h-\m-sW¶v Dds¡ ]d-bm\pw
At±lw aSn-¨n-Ã. cwKm-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nepw, `mj-bnepw, thj-¯nepw
\mSy-¯nepw X\Xp ]m¼-cy-Ie
- IfpsS k{¼-Zm-ba
- mWv XpÅ-enÂ
kzoI-cn-¨X
- v. \nÀ`-b\
- mb hnZq-jI
- \
- mbn Ifn-¯«- nÂ XpÅnb ]d-
b³ Ip©³ \¼ymÀX-s¶. þ FÃm-hn[-¯nepw \mS³ Ah-Xc
- W
- -
ssi-en. \m«p-hÀ¯-am-\¯
- nse hm¡p-Ifpw \m«-dn-hp-Ifpw ]g-s©m-
Ãp-Ifpw IqSn-tNÀ¶-t¸mÄ \mtSmSn \mS-I¯
- nsâ kmln-Xy-hp-am-
bn. Ipcp-t¯me sIm-pÅ sa¿m-`-c-Whpw shÅ-¯pWnI¨bpw
IW-¦m-enÂ sI¨-a-Wnbpw Xe-bnÂ Idp-¯-Xp-Wn-sIm--p- m-¡nb
sIm-bpw sI«n-I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ ioX-¦-\p-am-bn. Xe-bnÂ Ip¯s\
sIm- - s I«n cp{Zm- £ - a m- e - b p- a - W nªv , Ae- ¡ nb ]mhp- a p- - n sâ
]pd¯v ]«p-Xp-Wnbpw Npän, he-t¯-Im-enÂ Nne¼pw CSp-t¼mÄ
]d-b\
- p-am-bn. ssIa-Wn-¡m-c\pw sXm¸n-a±- f
- ¡
- m-c\pw IqSp-t¼mÄ
Ifn-¯«v Hcp-§n. a
- s
- äm-cp-¡§
- Ä H¶pw Bh-iy-an-Ã. cwK-Ie
- b
- nÂ
C{Xbpw efn-X-amb Ac§v BZyw Hcp-¡n-bXv \¼ym-cm-sW¶v
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HmÀ¡p-I. 273
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4.8 \¼ymcpw ]¨-a-e-bm-fhpw
t^m¡vt- emÀ ]T-\¯
- nÂ \m«-dn-hp-Ifpw \mS³I-eI
- fpw ]¦p-
h-¡p-¶nS-¯mWv \m«p`mjm-hg
- ¡
- §
- Ä {]I-Sa
- m-Ip-¶X
- v. kaq-l-
`m-jm-]T
- \
- s
- a¶ \ne-bnÂ \mS³ ]Z-§Ä, ]¨-ae
- b
- m-fs
- si-en-IÄ,
]Z-§f
- psS Iq«epw Ingn-¡e
- pw, X\n {Kmay-hy-hl
- m-c§
- Ä, \m«-dn-
hp-IÄ F¶n-hs
- bÃmw \m«p kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn amdp-¶p.
Hcp kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ he-b-¯n-\p-Ån-emWv Hmtcm \m«-dnhpw
krãn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {]kvXpX kwkvIm-c-¯nÂ \n¶v \m«-dnhpw
\m«p-hg- ¡
- hpw ASp-¯d- n-bm³ km[n-¡pw.
`mj Hcp P\-Xb
- psS, \m-Snsâ, Xncn-¨d- n-hnsâ AS-bm-fa
- m-W.v
Hcp {]tZ-i¯
- nsâ `qan-imkv{Xw, kmaq-lnI imkv{Xw, kwkvImcw,
Ime-L«- w, sXmgnÂ, Ie-IÄ, hnt\m-Z§Ä, \m«p-\S- ¸
- p-IÄ XpS-
§n-bh
- b
- nÂ \ns¶Ãmw `mj cq]-s¸-Spw. \mtSm-Sn-`m-jm-hg- ¡
- §
- Ä
\mtSm-Sn-¡q-«m-bvab
- nÂ\n¶pw P·-sa-Sp-¡p-¶X
- m-Wv. `qcn-]£
- ¯
- nsâ
`mj C¯cw \m«p-`mjm hg-¡§
- f
- m-bn-cn¡pw. Ah Adn-bp-Ih
- gn
A¡m-es¯ kmaq-ln-I, cmjv{So-b, kmwkvIm-cnI LS\ \nÀ®-
bn-¡m³ Ign-bpw. Hcp Ime-L«- ¯
- nsâ ]p\Àhm-b\ km[y-am-hp-
Ibpw AXphgn apJy-[m-cb
- nÂ\n¶pw AI-äs
- ¸«, \mSnsâ AIw
\ndª, \mtSmSn`mjm- c q- ] - § sf Is- - ¯ m\pw km[n- ¡ pw.
GsXmcp P\-Xb
- p-sSbpw X\-Xmb Bi-bh
- n-\n-ab
- ¯
- n\v kz´w
`mj-bmb \mS³ ssien-If
- m-bn-cn¡pw km[m-cW
- b
- mbn D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶X
- v. \¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂIr-Xn-If
- nÂ C¶-[nIw {]Nm-c¯
- n-
en-Ãm-¯Xpw AÀ°-hhyXymkw h¶-Xp-amb H«-\h
- [n \mS³ `mjm-
{]-tbm-K§
- Ä ImWm³ Ign-bpw. tIÄhn-¡mcsâ DÅnÂ X«p¶
amXn-cn-bpÅ \m«p-hÀ¯-am-\§
- f
- m-Wh
- . Nncn-¡m\pw, Nnń-¡m\pw,
HmÀ¡m\pw Ah D]-Ic
- n-¡pw. F¶mÂ, kµÀ`-¯n\p tbmPn¨
]Z-{]-tbm-K§
- f
- m-Wh
- X
- m\pw. A¯cw Nne DZmlcW§Ä Xmsg 12345678901234567890
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sImSp¡p¶p. 274
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\¼ymcpsS XpÅÂ IrXn-I-fnse ]¨-a-e-bm-f-{]-tbm-K-§Ä
1) XÅ-¡n-s«mcp XÃp-hc
- p-t¼mÄ
]nsÅ-sb-Sp¯p XSp-t¡-bpÅp.
2) XÅ-I-bÀs¯m-cp-e-¡-sb-Sp¯p
sNÅs¡m¶p Nnap- ¡ n W I - p .
3) \mbÀ hni¶p he-ªp-hc
- p-t¼mÄ
Imb-I-ªn-¡-cn-bn-«nÃ.
4) sI«n-bs
- ¸-®ns\ aSn-Iq-SmsX
In«n- b - h - S n- s Im- s - m - ¶ p- ]n-S¨
- p.
5) s\Sp-Xm-bpÅ aW-¸m-S³ apþ
- S n- I - h n- t bmfw Rm¯n-bp-Sp-s¯mcp
6) AXp-sIm-- - c n i w Xocm-ªh
- \
- þ
¸pc-bpsS Npäpw a - n \S-¶p.
7) amcm-b³am-scm-¶d- n-tbWw
\mcm-bW
- \
- psS sImSn-tbäpw \mÄ
t\cm-bp-sÅmcp ]mWn ]ng-¨mÂ
Xocm-Xp-sÅmcp Ipäw hcp-ta.
8) Xd-Ifpam]-Wa
- ¯
- m-Wn-Ifpw
InWdpw Xfhpw Ifhpw Ipfhpw.
9) iWvTn-¸c
- n-jI
- Ä ]ecpw IqSnþ
iWvTX
- p-S§n apS§n t¸mbmÂ
s N - - ¡ m s c \n§sS ssIhn-cÂ
I- n - s ¨- d n- b m³ Iev]\
- h
- c
- pta
10) aSp-ae
- À ]cn-af
- t- aÂ¡pw t\cw
InSp-InsS ta\n-hn-d¨
- o-Sp-¶p.
11) aämÀ]-Sbpw aä-§h
- -\psS 12345678901234567890
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IpämÀ]-Sbpw apäpw \f-\psS. 275
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12) Imä-¯n-fI
- n\ ]mä-IÄ t]mse.
13) - \mcp sNIpXn ]nW-¸m³.
bP-am-\s
14) BÀ¯n hfÀ¶pw ]qÀ¯n XfÀ¶pw
IoÀ¯n Ipdªpw ]qÀ¯-sa-cnªpw.
15) A¼-es
- am¶p ad-¶X
- n-\p-ÅnÂ
X¼-ea
- n-Sp-an\n aSn-Iq-SmsX.
16) e´-]-d-¦n-bp-an-¦n-c-tbkpw.
17) h®³ hmg-IW
- ¡p XSn-s¨mcp
s]m®³ amcpXn.
18) ]S-h¶
- n§p Itc-dn, \½psS
hSn-bn-t§m-s«Sp Ipªn-s¸t®.
19) apªn-\c
- ¨ shfp-s¯mcp \sÃmcp
]ªn-IW
- ¡
- ns\ apXp-In-gh
- ¨
- mÀ.
20) XSn-b\
- X
- n-t¸m-sfms¡ ad¶p
]nSn ]nSna- n - ¯ ms\ Xncn¨p.
21) Gdp-sIm-Sp-¸m³ tXm¶psa\n-¡n-þ
t¸md- I - f psS [n¡mcw I- m Â.
22) Hm«³, hN-\a
- Xp tI«³s]m-Sp-kc
- k
- þ
s\m«pw aSn-Iq-SmsX Hm«w-Xp-S§n.
23) H¶n-\b
- ¨
- m-eXp km[n-¡nþ
sÃ¶-Ãa
- f
- n-bp-sam¶p hcp-¯pw.
24) Iut´-b·
- m-ch
- À ]p\-cn-\nbpw
Im´m-cm-S\
- a
- §p Ign-ªmÂ
25) ISÂhm-g-¡m-¡-dn-bp - s - m - c p - h I
`St`mP-\a
- X
- p-Iq-Sm-XnÃ.
26) s]cn-sbmcp hncp-Xp-If
- d- n-bns¨§pw 12345678901234567890
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XpSn, ]d, InSp-]n-Sn,-]S- l
- §
- f
- pw. 276
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27) FS- b ³am- c psS PXn- ¡ pt- m
FS- s a- ¶ p- Å Xp ap- m - I p- ¶ p.
28) ]m¼n\p ]mep-sIm-Sp-s¯-¶m-InÂ
I¼n-cn-tbdn hcm-td-bp-Åp.
29) C¡pgn-b³ aa XÃpw Ip¯pw
sh¡-sa-Sp¯p XSp-¸m-dmtbm?
30) XÂ]pc-sam-s¡-bS- n¨p IpSªp
31) \nsÃS ]mgm \nsÃ-S t- ]mgm
32) InSp-InsS ta\n hnd-¨p-Xp-S§n
33) C¡q-«¯
- n\p IÃpw s\Ãp-anþ
cn¡pw Iäcn sh¨p hnf¼pw
34) A¦-¸Wa§-Sn-bd- bpw Nne
- hpw ]m«-¸W
Np¦-¸W - hpw
35) Bdn-t¸m-bm-eo-d¡pw Nqþ
tSdn-t¸m-bmÂ \n¶p i]n¡pw
36) XpSp-Xp-S\ - \§fp-sa-¼m-Sp sN¼p-In-Smcw
- b
37) h{Iw ]dªv NXn- ¨ p- s Im- - m - © mdp
N{I-sa-¶m-Inepw h§p-¶h
- c
- n-Ã.
38) s]m¡Ww sI«n-¡p-ta-hs
- \-¶m-Inepw
39) Nn{X- c - X v \ - i ne sIm- p ]Sp¯p
]ß-cm-KX
- W
- nhpw aWhpw
40) apÃ-hn-in-J\
- psS aÃm-S¯
- n\p
41) e´-Ip-gÂ¡mÀ]-Xn-s\-«p-]p-Ån-bpþ
42) a¬IpSw a§en N«n-Ie
- §
- epw
a ¬ s I m - p sIm«n- b p- - m ¡pw Ipi-h³ Xm³
43) \m¡vap-dn-ªp-t]mbv hm¡p-]p-ds
- ¸Sm 12345678901234567890
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Nm¡p-am-{Xw-]p-\c
- mÀ¡pw eò-öe 277
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44) Ipäw-]d- ª
- p-Nn-cn-¡p-¶h
- t- cmSp
Npä- ¯ n- \ m- f p- I Ä Gä- a p- - m bv h cpw
45) Ac-¡mÂ \mgn-It- \cw kvacn¡w IrjvWs
- \-sb-¶mÂ
Xcn-¡m-aÀ®hw t]mse ]d¡pw ZpjvIr-Xs
- aÃmw
46) \mS³]pgp¡pw XneI-§f
- p-tNÀ¯p
tXSn-Èn-am-cpsS hoSpw IpSn-Ifpw
47) sIm«-Wt- ¨mdpw IpSn-¨p-In-S¡
- tbm?.
48) IÃym-Wi
- o-e³ XpS§o kpcm-imcn
49) N©Â¡-Sm-£hpw Nmcp-`m-h§
- fpw
]©m-bp-[¨
- qSp hÀ²n-¸X
- n-¶pÅ
50) ]ń-\n-c¶
- §
- n-cp¶p `pPn-¡b
- pþ
ań-s¡m-tc-S¯p ]mfbw t]mSmw
51) Ihn-sNmÃn ên-¸n-¸m-s\-fpXsÃ-¦nepw \s½þ
¡hn-bp¶ Ihn-X¡
- mÀ Ihn-sI«n Na-¨À
- °w
52) ]mS-Iw, NqS-Iw, XmSI sa¶nh
]mtS-sb-Sp-¯n§p IqsS-tbm-Sn-¡p-¶p.
53) I®-s\m-cp-Zn\w ]qgn-t¨m-dm-Sp-t¼mÄ.
54) \m«nÂ ]e ]
- e tIm«nÂ InS-¡p¶
Im«p ap¡mÂh-« s
- am-s¡-¸W
- n-bn-¨p.
55) c- p - s ]- ® p- § - s f- ¡ q- S n- t h- « m- e pÅ
s N - - ¯- a n- § s\ I- m - e p- t a- h - c pw.
56) amSWns¡m¦bmfmb hkp-e£van
amSw Itcdn¯\n-¡pÅtXmgn-amÀ
57) tNS\mw I- - ¨ - \ - t ¸m- f p- c - s N- b v X p.
58) tNmsd-\n-¡n-Ãmªp tNmsS-Sp-¡p¶p Rm³
t]mSo ]In-Sn- I - s fm¶pw XpS- t §- .
59) I- - P - \ - § Ä ]d- ª p- X p- S - § n- b þ 12345678901234567890
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¯- m Àan- g n- b psS [qfn-¯s
- am-s¡bpw 278
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60) kz½p-If
- s
- §ms¡ \in-¸X
- n-\p-sÅm-cp.
61) imco-ct- a-dp¶ s]®p-§Ä ]mSWw
kmcn-¡p-tN-cp¶ tafw hcp-¯Ww
62) A¶-¡n-Sm-§Ä¡p Jn¶X \ÂIp¶
I¶Â angn-bpsS N´-\S- I
- fpw
63) CÃhpw sNÃhpw ]mtS-Xn-cp-¶X
- n\v
64) N{Iw Npa-¡p-I.
65) s]m¡Ww sI«n-¡pw.
66) F«p-Iq-dn«v.
67) A c w t h - m h m f p - t h - m hm¨n t h - m
68) ]Ån-{im-¼n-ta-tedn Xncp-ap-¼nÂ sN¶p-\n-¶p.
69) ss]Ip-¯p-t¼mÄ
70) iqf-]m-SpI þ Nqf-]m-SpI
71) Ipd¸-¯nÂ Ip¯-c§p Ipdn-¨p-Im-cy-kn-²n-¡mbv þ
72) tXm¶p¶ sXmgnseÃmw tXm¸-\mÀ¡p-a\
- p-hmZw
73) D½-cs¯ ]Ãp- s Im- v Nncn¡pw \½- s f- I - m Â
74) sIm¼p-]äw
75) ]- p \oe- I - W v T s\ \o `b- s ¸«p a - n - b m s d
F - n - i - b n Â hmln-bmªp IWvT³ hmgpw ae.
76) ISn-¡bpw Nc-¡p-IÄ XIÀ¡bpw Idn hmcn-Ip-Sn-¡b
- pw.
77) apdtISp-IÄ sNmÃn-sb-dn-bmtam \n\-t¡hw
78) tXmgnIsfmcphI Xmg¯mbn
t]mgnIsfń\p t]mIps¶¶pw.
79) ]qi-I\mw \o ]qi-I\
- n-\n-taÂ
aqjn-I\mw Rm³ aqjn-I\
- n-\n-taÂ.
80) X«pw sIm«pw s N - - ¡ t { X 12345678901234567890
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In«pw ]W-aXp amcmÀ¡pw 279
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sh«pw Ip¯pw ]cn-i¡
- t{X
In«pw hncpXp ]Wn-¡À¡t{X
81) C¨n-cn-bt½ \n¨n-cn-b¯n
C¨n-cn-tbmSp \¶-tÃ-Sn.
82) aäXpw JWvUn¨p aäXn³taÂ hoWp
aäXpw aäXpw aäXpw `kvaa
- mbv
83) ]¨-¸mepw tamcp ssXcpw
\nXy-hp-an-§s\ I«p `pPn-¨p.
84) Is¿-s¨¶p ]nSn-¡p-sam-cp¯n
sa¿nÂs¨¶p hkn-¡p-sam-cp¯n
aSn-bnÂs¨¶p ae-¡p-sam-cp¯n
ASn-bnÂs¨¶p InS-¡p-sam-cp-¯n.
85) \Ã-sX-¶m-Inepw Xo¿-sX-¶m-Inepw
hÃXpw sN¿mw ]Ww In«p-sa-¶m-InÂ
86) ]d-bsâ Ipew-X¶
- nÂ ]nd-¶p-tÅm-cS- n-b§
- Ä
]d-bp¶ ]c-amÀ°-ad- n-bp¶ P\w XpÑw.
87) ]Å-¡p- s ]m- d p- ¸ m- \ m- b n- c - ¶ p- p \S¶p X³
XÅ-¡p-sam-cp-häp sImSp-¡m-s¯m-cn-ç
- mfn
¸nf-f¡p ]nd-¶p-Åp- `-S³amsc sIm-p-t]m-bmÂ
sXmÅ¡p sXÃp shÅw-Ip-Sn-¸m³ IqSth IqSm
88) hmfp-sa-Sp¯p ]nSn¨p Ifn¨pw
Nosf¶p X§-fnÂ amSn hnfn¨pw
89) Dugn-bn-sem-¡th ]ªw ]nSn-s¸«p
]qgn-bÃ
- m-sXm¶pw Xn¶m-\p-an-sÃtSm
90) tImgn-tIm-«§
- mSn aps«-Xn-cª
- n«pw
tImgn-sb-sIm-Ãp-hm³ ]mcw Npcp¡w
91) IÅXzw Im«p¶ Iivae
- ³am-cpsS 12345678901234567890
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sNÅ¡p c - p Nnan-¡o-St- hWw 280
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92) Noän-s¨¶p IpSp½ ]nSn¨p
Npän-he
- n-Ÿ Xmg-¯n«p
sXsä-¶h
- \
- psS sNhn-bp-adp¯p
]sä-s¨¯n IpSp-ab
- p-ap-Ss\
93) Xmf-¡m-c\p am{X-]n-g¨
- mÂ
XIn-e-d-bp-¶-h-\-h-Xm-f-¯nÂ
94) A¨n¡v Zmky-¸W
- ns
- N¿p-¶h
- ³
sIm¨n¡v t]mb§p sXm¸n-bn«o-SWw
95) XmSn-¡m-sc-¯¨
- nl ]¼ncn
]mSn-¡p-s¶mcp \½psS \maw
96) ]¡-t¨mdpw Imf³ Idnbpw
N¡-Ï
- Wn-bp-sa-¶n-hb
- Ã
- msX
97) C¡q-«¯
- n\v IÃpw s\Ãp-anþ
cn¡pw Iäcn sh¨p hnf¼pw
98) Acn-aW
- n-sbm¶p sImdn-¸m-\nÃ
Xcn-hf
- b
- n«p Inep-¡m³ tamlw
99) N - nIfmscsâ am¼gw I«Xp?
100) sam¨-s¡-Ãm-a-[n-]-Xn-bm-b-hþ
\nÑ-bvs¡m-¯Xp t]mse
101) XÀ¡w ]eXp I- - h - s \m- c p- h \p
hÀ¡-¯nÃ icocw I-mÂ
\¼ymÀ¡-hn-Xb
- nse \mtSm-Sn, hmbvsamgn hg-¡§
- fnÂ Nne-
XmWv taÂ tNÀ¯n-Xn-¡p-¶X
- v. CXpamXncn F{XthWsa¦nepw
FSp¯pImWn¡m³ Ignbpw. hnkvab
- t- ¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn- am-{Xta C¯cw
hm¡p-Ifpw AXn-\n-W§p¶ kµÀ`hpw kckamb {]tbmK§fpw
hmbn-¡m-\m-Iq. aÀ½¯p Xd-¡p¶ \À½hpw ]¨-ae
- b
- m-f¯nsâ 12345678901234567890
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N´hpw XpÅÂ kmln-Xy-¯n\v Gähpw CW-§p-sa¶v \¼ymÀ 281
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CXneqsS sXfn-bn-¨p. am{X-aÃ, Xe-ap-dI
- f
- n-eqsS, ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ
amX-cn, Ch ssIam-dn-hc
- p-¶X
- n-sâ-cl
- k
- yhpw Cu \m«p-`mjm ssien-
X-s¶. XpÅens\ km[m-c-W-¡m-csâ Iem-cq-]-am-¡n-b-Xnepw
P\IobIebm¡nbXnepw {]kvXpX \m«p-hÀ¯-am-\-§-fpsS
BhÀ¯- \ - ¯ n\v ]¦p- - v .
4.9 \¼ym-cpsS X\Xp Xmf-§Ä
A]qÀÆhpw C¶v ]cnNnXaÃm¯Xpamb Nne cmKXmf§Ä
\¼ymÀ {]tbmKn¨pImWp¶p. IÀ®m-SI kwKo-X¯
- nÂ cmK-am-
en-I-bp-Å-Xp-t]mse IncmXw XpÅ-enÂ Hcp Xmf-am-en-I-Xs¶
\¼ymÀ {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p--v. N¼-Xmfw, e£van-Xm-fw, Ipw`-Xm-fw,- I-
- \m-¨n-Xm-fw, ]©m-cn-Xm-fw,- A-S-´-Xm-fw -F-¶n-§s\bmWh.70
Imfn-ba
- À±-\¯
- nÂ Imfn-bsâ inc-ÊnÂ km£mÂ hmkp-tZ-h³
\r¯w sN¿p-¶Xv {]kvXp-XX
- m-f§
- f
- n-epw, HmS-¡p-gÂ hnfn-¡p-¶Xv
]e-Xcw cmK-§f
- n-ep-am-Wv.
""N¼ sN¼-S, ]©-Im-cnI, I--\m-¨n,- b-S´bpw
Ipw`,- Im-cn-I, e£van, cq]-I, aÀ½-Xm-fh
- p, taIhpw
Xmf-ao-hI Imep-sIm-p Nhn-«n-\n¶p \Sn-¡bpw
taf-tam-SnS IqSn \sÃmcp `mhhpw arZp-lm-khpw
Ccpfpw ]p\-cn-µn-im, ćn ]mSn \m«-bp-am,À¯\pw
hoc-XÀ¡ apJmcn Kucn Im\-¡p-dª
- n-bp-an-§s\
C¯cw Nne cmK-am-eI - Ä KoXhpw _lp-Km-bI - ³
kXzcw apc-fo-ap-tJ\ hnfn-¨p-\n¶p Ifn-¡bpw''71
Ch-bnÂ A´-cn, BÀ¯³, hoc-\À¡³, F¶nh tIc-f¯
- nse
Nne ]gb cmK-§f
- m-Wv. kwKo-Xi
- m-kv{X-¯nepw Xmf-¯n-ep-apÅ
\¼ym-cpsS A]m-camb Adnhv taep-²c
- n¨ hcn-If
- nÂ \n¶pw a\-
Ên-em-¡mw.
Xcw-Kn-Wn-bmWv Hm«³ XpÅ-enÂ km[m-cW
- b
- mbn ImWp¶ 12345678901234567890
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hr¯-sa-¦nepw ]d-b³ XpÅ-enÂ "h{àw' AYhm ]d-b³ 282
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hr¯hpw ioX-¦³ XpÅ-enÂ "ImI-fn-'bp-amWv kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v.
Nne \mtSm-Sn ]
- m-«n-sâbpw h©n-]m-«nsâbpw ssIsIm-«n-¡fn ]m«n-
sâbpw ioep-Ifpw CuWhpw \ap¡v Xncn-¨d- n-bm³ Ign-bm-¯h
- n[w
\¼ymÀ {]tbmKn-¡pw. Ip½n, kmcn F¶o \r¯ hnti-j§
- fpw
Ah-Xc
- W - nÂ DÄs¸-Spw. “Hcp imkv{XImhy\n]p-W\
- ¯ - m-bn-cp¶p
\¼ymÀ. amXr-`m-jb
- mb ae-bm-f¯
- n\p ]pdta kwkvIr-Xw, {]mIr-Xw,
Xan-gv, sXep-¦v, I¶-U, lµp-Øm\n F¶o- `m-jI
- Ä (em-S`- mj
DÄs¸-sS) \¼ymÀ¡v hi-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v XpÅÂ IY-IÄ
kmjyw hln-¡p-¶p.”72
{ioIr- j v W - N - c nXw aWn- { ]- h m- f - ¯ nÂ Ccp- ] - ¯ n- c - t - m fw
hr¯-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p--v. am{X-a-Ã, aWn-{]-hmf`m-jsb ]än-
bpÅ \¼y-cpsS kphy-àa - mb ImgvN]- mSpw Imhym-cw-`¯
- nÂ Xs¶
t N À ¯ n - « p - - v .73 a[cp]Zm-I-en-X-amWv aWn-{]-hm-fw F¶t{X
\¼ymcpsS A`n{]mbw.
XpÅ-ensâ kzXz-ip²n \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv Xs¶ AXnÂ D]-
tbm- K n- ¨ n- c n- ¡ p¶ hyXykv X Xmf- § - f nepw cmK- § - f n- e p- a m- W v .
imkv { XobkwKo- X - ¯ n- s âtbm, IY- I fnkwKo- X - ¯ n- s âtbm
cmK`mhXmf-\njvTI-fn-sÃ-¦nepw `mh-¯n-v\pw kµÀ`-¯n-\pw CW-
§p¶ Xmfhpw hr¯-hp-amWv \¼ymÀ kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. XpÅÂ
]m«v Xmfm-\p-_²
- a
- m-Ip-t¼mtg \S\v \h-ck
- `- m-h§
- Ä A`n-\b
- n¨p
ên-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bq.-Ah
- X
- mfw \oc-ka
- mWv P\n-¸n-¡p-I. emfn-Xy-
amWv Hm«³XpÅ- e nsâ apJ- a p- { Z- s b- ¦ nepw Hcp \S³ Xs¶
hyXyØ IYm-]m-{X-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-t¡--n-h-cp-t¼mÄ ]m{X
hyXymkw Ipdn-¡p-¶Xn\p `mhamä¯n\pw {][m-\-ambpw Xmf-
¯nÂ hyXn-bm-\w hcp¯pIbmWv ]Xnhv. \m\m`mh-c-k-§Ä
{]Im-in-¸n-¡p¶Xpw {ZpXNe\aS§nbXpamb hÀ®m-£c þ ]Z 12345678901234567890
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þhmIy k©-ba
- mWv XpÅÂ Ihn-X. NmIym-sc-t¸mse, kZ-kysc 283
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t\m¡n-]d- b
- p¶ hm¡p-IÄ aÀ½¯p Xd-¡m³ NSpe Xmfw Xs¶
- mWv ( Folk ) \¼ymÀ A[nIw
thWw. AXn\v \mtSmSnXmf-§f
{]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. s]mXpsh \mtSmSnkmlnXyw hmsamgn hg-¡-
§-fmWtÃm. Hcm-fnÂ\n¶v asäm-cm-fn-te-¡v, Xe-ap-dIÄ hgn
ssIamäw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v \mhn³ Xp¼nÂ X§p¶ Xmfhpw
CuWhpw IhnXbv¡v thWw. B KpWw XpÅÂ¡-hn-X-bpsS
\mtSm-Sn¯m-f¯
- ntâXmWv. Ah-bnÂ ]e-Xn\pw ]g-s©m-Ãnsâ ]Xn-
cn-Ãm-bvabpw ImWmw.
4.10 XpÅÂ kmln-Xyhpw Ac§pw
cwKIem-t_m-[-amWv XpÅÂ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ apJ-ap-{Z.
XpÅÂ ]mSn-tIÄ¡p-Ibpw XpÅn¨p ImWp-Ibpw thW-sa-¶mWv
sNmÃv. AXn-\mÂ Km\m-ßI
- X
- bpw A`n-\b
- m-ßI
- X
- bpw XpÅÂ
kmln-Xy-¯nep--v. P\-km-am-\y-¯n-sâ-I-em-cq-]-sa¶ \ne-bn-emWv
XpÅÂ Adn-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v. GhÀ¡pw thK-¯nÂ a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶Xpw
GXp-Im-e¯pw {]k-àh
- p-amb hnj-b§
- f
- mWv \¼ymÀ sXsc-sª-
Sp-¯X
- v. Iq¯v, IqSn-bm-«w, IY-Ifn F¶n-hb
- psS Ac-§nÂ\n¶pw
hyXy-kvXa
- mbn DÕ-h]
- d- ¼
- mWv XpÅ-ensâ cwK-th-Zn. BÄ¡p-«-
th-Zn-bp-sS kmln-Xy-sa-¶\
- n-eb
- nÂ `mj _lp-kz-cX {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-
Ibpw, Ah-Xc
- W
- ¯
- nÂ DÕ-ho-Ic
- W kz`mhw DÄs¡m-Åp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. hm¡pw kaplhpw X½nepÅ Cu _Ôw kmaq-lnI
`mjm-im-kv{X-hp-ambpw \h-Nc
- n-{X-hm-Zh
- p-ambpw XpÅ-ens\ ASp-
¸n-¡p-¶p. hm¡nse ]mTm-ć
- _
- Ô
- §
- Ä AXp-hsc Fgp-Xs
- ¸« Ncn-
{X-¯n-\¸
- pdw am\-hn-IX
- b
- p-sSbpw kÀÆ-P\
- o-\X
- b
- p-sSbpw kzc-amWv
DbÀ¯p-¶-Xv.
FÃm P\-¯n\pw Hcpt]mse kzoIm-cy-amb Fgp¯v Akm-
[yamWv. kmÀÆeuInI kmln-Xyw-t]mse kmÀÆ euInI Iebpw 12345678901234567890
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A{X Ffp-¸a
- n-Ã. Øe-Im-e§
- f
- nÂ\n¶pw kzoI-cn-¡p¶ hm¡p-I- 284
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fn-eqsS am{Xta AX-ev]s
- a-¦nepw km[n-¡q. \¼ym-cm-Is«, \nc-
ćw bm{X-sNbvXp In«n-bs
- XÃmw a\-ÊnÂ Ip¯n-\n-d¨
- p. H¶pw
tNmÀ¶p-t]m-ImsX Xsâ Ihn-Xb
- nÂ tNÀ¯p. In«nb \m«-dn-hpsf
- nÂ ]d-ªp. ‘kc-
ênX ]cn-lmkw Nmen¨v ]pcmW IY-IÄ¡n-Sb
k-IY - m-IY
- \w’ Fs¶s{X XpÅens\ \¼ymÀ Xs¶ hnti-jn-¸n-
¨Xv . 74 irwKm- c - h o- c - c u- { Zm- Z n- I Ä \nd- ª p- \ n- ¶ m- S nb B«- § -
fnÂ\n¶pamdn lmky-¯n\pw ]cn-lm-k¯
- n-\pw- C
- Sw \ÂIn. AXn-
\p-th--p¶ hN-\-{Iahpw kmln-Xy-hpamWv \¼ymÀ kzoI-cn-¨-Xv.
“ Xsâ Npän-ep-apÅ Ipä-§fpw, Ipd-hp-Ifpw, Ag-p¡
- pI-fpw, Ipcp-
¡p-I-fpw, hnUvVn-¯hpw hj-f-¯-c-hp-saÃmw kqjva-ambn I-p-
]n-Sn-¨v, Ah¡v Imc-W¡
- m-cmb kz´w kap-Zm-bmw-K§
- fpsS ]pd-
¯v ]-cn-lm-k-am-Ip¶ Nm«-hm-dp-sIm-v Bªm-ª-Sn-¨ B alm-
]p-cp-j³ Bcm-Wv.? GsXmcpckn-Im-{K-Wn-bm-Wv. F{X apcSn¨
Kuch`mh-¡m-cs
- \bpw IpSp IpsS Nncn-¸n¨v, GXp ]ma-cs
- \bpw
BIÀjn¨p hi-s¸-Sp-¯n, BÀ¡pw ad-¡m-\m-Im-¯h
- n[w temI-
cm-Py-§Ä hÀ®n¨v tIÄ¸n¨v tIc-fs¯ A\p-{K-ln-¨Xv.? DS-\Sn
Bcpw ]dbpw D¯cw : Ip©³ \¼ymÀ”75
a\pjylrZ-b¯ - nse Xtam-`m-K§
- f
- nÂ hym]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ F{X-
- Ä kmlnXy-¯nÂ {]th-i\w t\Sn.76 AXn-
sb{X Ah-c`- m-h§
\mbn \¼ymÀ FSp¯p ImWn¨ amXr-I-IÄ ]pcm-W-§-fnÂ
\n¶mWv. Hcp Xcw ]c-Im-b{- ]-th-ia
- m-Wv A
- t- ±lw \S-¯n-bX
- v. CÑm-
i-àn-bpÅ Hcp Ihn¡p am{Xta CXv km[n-¡q. ]cn-lmk Ih-\-
amWv \¼ymsc aäp-Ih
- n-If
- nÂ \n¶v amän \nÀ¯p-¶s
- X¶v kmlnXy
]©m-\\
- pw ]d-bp-¶p. an¡-bn-S§
- f
- nepw hàmhpw `mjbpw X½n-
epÅ s]mcp-¯t- ¡Sv Nncn¡v hgn-sbm-cp¡pw. XpÅÂ¡r-Xn-IÄ
A`n-\bkmln-Xy-am-I-bmÂ `mjbpw cmkm-hn-jv¡m-chpw X½n- 12345678901234567890
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epÅ khn-ti-ja
- mb tNÀ¨-bnÂ \¼ymÀ {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p. 285
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kXyw ]d-bm-\pÅ iànbpw kzmX-{ý-¯n-eqsS e`n-¡p¶
lmky-`m-h\
- bpw XpÅ-ens\ P\-Io-ba
- m-¡n. \ap-¡n-Sb
- nse kXy-
§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bp-t¼m-gp-Å-N-cn-bm-Wn-Xv. tIÄ¡p¶ am{X-bnÂ
AÀ°-{K-lW
- hpw Nncnbpw NSp-ea
- mb AwK-hn-t£-]§
- f
- p-am-Wv
\-¼ymÀ kzoI-cn¨ cwK-]m-Tw. B«-IY
- b
- nÂ ImWpwt¼mse IYm-
]m-{X-`m-ha
- \
- p-kc
- n-¨pÅ ]Z-{]-tbm-Kc
- o-Xnbpw ImWmw. IÃym-Wk
- u-
K-Ôn-I¯
- nÂ hgn-ap-S¡
- n-In-S¡
- p¶ hr²-hm-\c
- t- \mSv (l\p-am³)
D²-X\
- mb òa³ ]d-bp-¶Xv t\m¡q:
""t\ms¡Sm! \½psS amÀt¤-In-S¡
- p¶
aÀ¡Sm! \ob§p amdn-In-Sm-iTm!
ZpÀL-SØ
- m-\¯p h¶pibn¸m³ \n þ
\s¡Sm tXm¶p-hms\s´Sm! kwKXn?''77
hoc-\mb òa-tk-\sâ [mÀjvSyhpw {]uVnbpw D²X`mhhpw,
\nanjw {]Xn hf-cp¶ ]m{X-kz-`m-hhpw {]Xn-ê
- n-¸n-¡m³ C¯cw
`mjm-ssi-en-bmWv \¼ymÀ kzoI-cn-¨X
- v.
Adn-hnsâ X¼p-cm-\m-bn-cp¶p \¼ymÀ. ]pcm-W§
- Ä, B«-
{]-Im-c§
- Ä, \mSy-im-kv{Xw, sshZyw, tPymXn-jw, BbpÀth-Zw,
A\p-jvTm-\I
- e
- IÄ, t£{X-Ie
- I
- Ä, \mtSmSn-¡e
- I
- Ä, Iem-hn-t\m-
Z-§Ä, hmZy-§Ä, kwKo-Xw, kmln-Xyw, A`n-\bw, Xmfw, cmK-
t_m-[w, bp²-apd-IÄ, \mbm-«v, kZy-h«- §
- Ä, BNm-ch
- n-izm-k§
- Ä,
A¼-eh
- m-kn-IÄ, \m«p-hÀ¯-am-\§
- Ä, ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ F¶nhbpw
kwkvIr-Xw, Xan-gv, lnµp-Øm\n XpS-§nb `mjm-Úm\hpw, tIcf
kwkvImc Ncn-{Xw, t£{X D
- u-cm¬a-¡mÀ, `c-WX
- {- ´w, D]m-k-
\m- a mÀ¤w XpS- § n- b - h - b n- e psaÃmw kmam- \ y- a mb Úm\w
\¼ymÀ¡p--m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v XpÅÂ IrXn-IÄ km£yw hln-
¡p-¶p.- Hcp DZml-cWw am{Xw FSp¯v ImWn-¡mw.- In-cmXw XpÅ-
enÂ AÀÖp-\sâ X]Êv hÀ®n-¡p-¶n-S¯v tZhn D]m-k\
- b
- psS 12345678901234567890
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t{ijvTa
- mb [ym\-amÀ¤w hnh-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv t\m¡p-I. 286
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""N{µ-¡e
- m-[c
- sâ km{µamw tkh-sNbvhm³
N{µ-{]-Xn-a³ hoc³ km{µ-{]-km-Zt- ¯msS
A¶pÅ N§-eI
- f
- ©pw shtÆ-sd-bm¡n
BdnÂ IS¶p ]ns¶ Ggp-Åa
- mÀ¤-¯qsS
F«pÅ s]«-I§
- s
- f«pw Xpd-¶p-h¨p
H-¼Xmw hmXn-et- ¸mÄ _Ô\w sNbvXp [oc³
]¯p-ÅZ- n-¡nÂ¡qsS t]À¯pw k©mcw sNbvXp
Bbn-ca
- n-XÅ
- p-Å- Xm-ac
- b
- n-XÄ ]e
`rwKw ]d¶p ]e `rwKn-Ib
- m-bp-tÅmcp
]nwK-eb
- n-UX
- ¶
- nÂ ]nd¶ kpjp-av\X
- ¶
- nÂ
Hs¡¡S¶p ]ns¶ ZpÀLS \Zn-Ifpw
Pnlzm-{K-JW
- vU¯
- nsâ At{K IS¶p hoc³
kqcysâ Zn¡nÂ sN¶p kqcy {]Xn-a³ [oc³”78
`mc-Xob Ejo-iz-c³amÀ kzoI-cn¨ km[\mamÀ¤-¯nse
a{ímkv{Xcl-ky-§f
- mWv ChnsS hnhcn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. {io\m-cm-
bW Kpcp-hnsâ IpWvUe - o-\n-¸m«v CtX tbmK-im-kv{X-cl
- kyw AS-
- m-Wv.79 "A{X-`b
§n-bX - ¦
- c-am-Inb X]-kn\p ]m{X-am-Inb ]mÀ°³'
F¶v \nÊm-ca
- mbn ]d-ªp-t]m-hp-Ib
- mWv \¼ymÀ. F
- ¶
- mÂ ChnsS
hmevao-In-bpsS X]-kn-s\bpw IS-¶p-t]mbncn¡p¶p ]mÀ°³
F¶p tXm¶nt¸mIpw.
tIc-fN
- c
- n-{X-¯nsâ ]gb GSp-If
- nÂ ]ptcm-ln-X³amÀ P·n-
IÄ IqSn-bm-Ip¶ hyhØ (Theiocratie feudalism) ImWm³
Ignbpw. A§-s\-bmWv \¼q-Xncn P·n-amÀkm-ln-XymZn Ie-Isf
\nb-ń-¡m\pw \S-¯n-¡m\pw CS-bm-bX
- v. \mSp-hg- n-Ifpw CS-{]-`p-
¡³amcpw \¼q-Xn-cn-amcpw Iev¸n-¡p¶ ‘A¨nÂhmÀ¯’ cN-\I
- Ä
h¶psImt- Ccp-¶p. AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ \n¶mWv ‘Zo]-kvXw`w alm- 12345678901234567890
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Ýcyw \ap¡pw In«Ww ]Ww’ F¶v hnfn- ¨ p- ] - d - ª p- s Im- v 287
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\¼ymÀ ]pd¯pt]mbn ]mSn-¯pÅn-bX
- v. djy³ t^mÀa-enÌpw,
t]mÌv tamtU¬ Fgp-¯p-Im-c\
- p-amb _àn³ \nco-£n-¡p¶
DÕ-ho-Ic
- Ww (ImÀWn-shÂ Xnb-dn) \¼ymÀ Ihn-Xb
- nse apJy-
kz-`m-ha
- mbn amdp-¶X
- pw ChnsS ImWmw. A
- §
- s\ BZyw ]pd-¯p-
h¶ t£{X-Ie
- b
- mbn XpÅÂ Adnb-s¸-«p.
GXp-Im-e¯pw Ac-§n\v tbmPn-¡p¶ Hcp Ie-sb¶ \ne-
¡mWv XpÅÂ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bX
- v. Ime-¯nsâ ae-sh-Å]
- m-ë
- nÂ
Hgp-In-t]m-I-cp-sX¶pw, GsXm-cmÄ¡pw cpNn-¡p¶ Ie-bm-I-W-
sa¶pw \¼ymÀ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. PmXo-ba
- mb FXnÀ¸p-IÄ t£{X-
I-eI
- Ä ImWp-¶X
- nepw Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-¶X
- nepw A¶p-mb
- n-cp-¶p.
{InkvXy³ ]ptcm-ln-X³amÀ IY-If
- n, XpÅÂ F¶nh ImWp-¶-
XnÂ\n¶pw {InkvXym-\n-Isf hne-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. ""tIc-f¯
- nse ]e-
I-eI
- fpw t£{X-§f
- nÂ \n¶p-am-WtÃm DZv`h
- n-¨n-«p-ÅX
- v. sslµ-
h-am-bs
- XÃmw t¾¨-sa-¶p-Ic
- p-Xnb sa{Xm³amÀ t£{X-Ie
- I
- Ä ]cn-
io-en-¡p-¶nÂ \n¶pw ss{IkvXh
- sc ]n³Xn-cn-¸n-¨p. IY-If
- nbpw,
Iq-¯pw, XpÅepw {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡p-hn-e-¡-s¸« Ie-I-fm-bn-
XoÀ¶p. -{In-kvXym-\n-IÄ¡pth-n Nne Ie-IÄ hntZ-i-¯p-\n¶pw
- nÂ thtcm-Sn-bn-Ã.''80
Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvsX-¦nepw Ah-sbm¶pw tIc-f¯
apÉow kap-Zm-b¯
- nepw C¯cw FXnÀ¸p-IÄ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. Iem-
a-WvUew sslZ-cmen Iem-aW
- vUe
- ¯
- nÂ hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-
t¼m-gpÅ A\p-`-h-§Ä ‘HmÀ¯mÂ hnkvabw’ F¶ At±l
¯nsâ Bß- I - Y - b nÂ hnh- c n- ¨ n- « p- - v .
4.11 t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS Imem-Xn-hÀ¯nXzw
Iesb Ie-bmbn \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ Nne ASn-Øm-\L
- S- I
- §
- Ä
krjvSn Xe-¯nepw Bkzm-Z\
- X-e¯
- nepw Ah-¡pÅ Imen-I{- ]-
k-àn-sbbmWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v. Hmtcm Ime-L«- hpw PohnX ]cn- 12345678901234567890
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tXm-hØ
- I
- f
- nÂ kr-jvSn-¡p¶ A`n-cp-Nn-IÄ B Ime-L«- ¯
- nsâ 288
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`mhp-IX
- zs¯ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯pw. A¯cw `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-aa
- mWv
Iesb Xocp-am-\n¡p-¶X
- v.c
- N
- \
- b
- nepw Imhym-\p-io-e¯
- nepw kw`-
hn-¡p¶ cpNn-t`-Z§
- Ä Ie-bnÂ {]Øm\t`Z-§Ä krjvSn-¨p-sIm-
t--bn-cn-¡pw. `mhp-IXzw amdp-t¼mÄ Ie-bpsS Imen-I-{]-k-ànbpw
\jvS-s¸-Spw. ‘t\mhÂ FÃm-Im-e-¯n-tâ-Xp-a-Ã.’ F¶v ZÀin¨
Im^vIb
- p-sSbpw Imap-hn-tâbpw Iem-ho-£Ww FÃm Ie-IÄ¡pw
Hc-fh - m-Wv. ‘Imfn-Zm-k³t]mepw Ime-¯nsâ Zmk-
- p-hsc _m[-Ia
\m- I p- ¶ Xpw AXp- s Im- - m - W v .’
Imfn-Zm-k\
- m-SI
- §
- f
- mWv cwK-{]-tbm-K¯n\mZyw kzoI-cn-¨k
- m-
ln-Xy-cq-]w. imIp-´fw IqSn-bm-«a
- m-bn-«mWv BZyw Ac-t§-dn-bs
- X-
¦nepw ]n¶o-SXv kwKo-X\
- m-SI
- a
- mbn Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡m³ XpS-§n. A`n-
cp-Nn-bnepw Bkzm-Z-\-X-e-¯nepw h¶ amä-am-W-Xn\p Imc-Ww.
\mtSm-Sn-¡e
- I
- Ä apXÂ B[p-\nI Ie-IÄh-sc CXn-\]
- h
- m-Za
- mbn
\ne-sIm-Åp-¶n-Ã.- F-¦nepw Iesb Imem-Xn-hÀ¯n-bmbn \ne-
\nÀ¯p¶ Nne-L-S-I-§Ä AXn-ep--v. Hmtcm ¢mkn-¡Â Iebpw
auen-I-ambn kq£n-¡p¶ Nne Awi-§sf amäm³ Ign-bn-Ã.
A¯cw auen-IX
- b
- psS ASn-Øm\w Ah-bnse imkv{Xo-bhpw
kmt¦-Xn-Ih
- p-amb LS-I§
- f
- m-Wv.
Iq¯v,- Iq-Sn-bm«w, IrjvW\
- m«w, IY-If
- n, tamln\nbm«w XpS-
§nb Ie-IÄ kt¦X_²hpw, Nn«-{]-[m-\h
- p-am-W.v DZm-lc
- W
- ¯
- n\v
IYI-fnsb IY-If
- n-bm-¡p¶ Nne Awi-§Ä B«-¡Ymkmln-Xy-
¯n-epw- A-`n-\b
- ¯
- nepw kwKoX¯nepw thj-hn-[m-\¯
- nepw cwKm-
h-X-c-W-¯n-ep-ap--v. AXn\v B«-{]-Im-chpw sNmÃn-bm«hpw If-cn-
b-`ym-k-ap-d-I-fp-ap--v. -Ah ]qÀ®-ambpw amäm-hp-¶-X-Ã. AYhm
amäm³ {ian-¨mÂ AXv IY-Ifn AÃm-Xmhpw. Iq¯n\pw IqSn-bm-«-
¯n\pw tXme-Ihn kwhn-[m\w sNbvX B«-{]-Im-chpw {Ia-Zo-]n- 12345678901234567890
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Ibpap-v. AXn\pÅ kmln-Xy-cq]amWv {]_-Ô§Ä. At¸mÄ 289
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Ie-bpsS auen-IX
- sb \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶N
- ne LS-I§
- Ä kmln-Xy-
¯nepw Ac- § nepw GXp- I - e - ¡ p- a p- s - ¶ v ImWmw. ASp¯
Ime¯v cp]-s¸« H¶mWv IY-If
- n-¸Z- I
- t- ¨-cn. klr-Zb
- ³amÀ¡n-S-
bnÂ {i²n-¡s
- ¸-s«-¦nepw IY-If
- n-]Z- §
- Ä cmK-hn-kvXm-c¯
- n-\pÅ-
X-Ã; A`n-\b
- ¯
- n-\p-ÅX
- m-Wv. AXnÂ IY-If
- n- kwKoX k{¼-Zmbw
\ne\nÀ¯n-sIm-pw BIm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. F¦nepw A`n\b kmln-
Xy-amWv Ah-bnse kmln-Xy-kz-cq-]w. Ac§nÂ A`n-\-b-t¯m-
sSm¸w hf-cp-¶X
- mWv AXnse kwKo-Xmw-iw. AjvS]
- Zn tkm]m-\-
co-Xn-bnepw AXp-t]mse IÀ®m-SI kwKo-Xh
- g- n-bnepw ]mSm³ Ign-
bp- ¶ p- - v . c- n \pw AXnse kmln- X yhpw `mhhpw hg- § p- ¶ p.
F¶mÂ IY-Ifn ]Z-It- ¨-cn¡v B«¡YmkmlnXyw A{X-¡p-hg- -
§-W-sa-¶nÃ.
XpÅ-ensâ cwKm-hX
- c
- W
- ¯
- nepw Nne NnÃ-d- am-ä§
- Ä Blm-
cy-¯nepw ]n¶-Wn-hm-Zy-¯nepw hcp-¯n-bn-«p--v. F¶mÂ XpÅÂ
A`n-\b
- n-¡p-¶X
- n-Â Imcy-amb amäw hcp-¯n-bn-«n-Ã. \Ssâ at\m-
[À-a§
- f
- n-emWv Imen-Ia
- mb ]cn-jvImcw hcp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅX
- v. Nne-
amä§Ä Ie-bpsS \ne-\nÂ¸n\v Bh-iy-am-Wv. Xe-ap-dI
- f
- psS A`n-
cp-Nn-t`-Zhpw Ie-bnÂ h¶p-Iq-Sp¶ Imen-I]
- c
- n-jvIm-c§
- f
- p-amWv
Ie¡v Imem-Xn-hÀ¯nXzw \ÂIp-¶X
- v.
¢mkn-¡Â Ie-bpsS ]mc-¼c
- y-¯n-se-¶t- ]m-se- \m-tSm-Sn-¡-
e-Isf AXnsâ X\n-at- bmsS \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ Nn´m-]²
- X
- nbpw Iem-
ZÀi- \ - § - f p- a p- - v . Iesb tZi- I m- e - ] m- c - ¼ - c y- t ¯mSv ASp- ¸ n- ¨ p-
\nÀ¯n Bkz-Zn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa¶ ImgvN-¸mSv \mtSmSnþ¢mknIv
IeIfpsS ]p\chXcW¯n\v t{]cIamIp¶p. A§s\
kwc£nXIeIsf¶ \nebv¡v \mtSmSnþ¢mkn¡v Ie-IÄ
- ¡v If-
cn-Ifpw hnZym-eb
- § - p-¶p.81
- fpw \S-¯n-hc
"Iem]T\w KpcpIpek{¼Zmb¯nÂ BIWsa¶pw 12345678901234567890
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bYmÀ°XmXv]cyapÅhsc Is- ¯ n A`ykn¸n¨mte \½psS 290
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Iem]mc¼cyw \ne\ndp¯m³ Ignbp¶ ]n·pd¡mÀ D-mIq'
F¶pw 1996þse Ip©³ Zn\mtLmj¯nÂ Fw.Sn. ]dbpIbp
-mbn.
Ime-¯nsâ amdn-hc
- p¶ A`n-cp-Nn-Isf BZyw sXm«-dn-bp-¶Xv
{]Xn-`m-im-en-If
- mb Ihn-Ifpw Iem-Im-c³am-cp-am-Wv. X³aqew Ihn-
IÄ krjvSn-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶ ]pXp-aI
- Ä ]et¸mgpw bmYm-ØnXnI Iem-
hm-Zn-I-fpsS hnaÀi-\-§Ä Gäp-hm-t§--n-bpw hcpw. Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw
\¼ymcpw bmYm-Øn-XnI kaq-l-¯nsâ ]qs¨-pw ItÃdpw Hcp-
an¨p kzoI-cn-¨-h-cm-Wv. \ne-hn-epÅ `mhp-I-Xzs¯ \ntj-[n-¨p-
sImt-m ]cn-hÀ¯n-¸n-¨p-sImt-m am{Xta ]p¯³ `mhp-I-Xzs¯
{]Xn-jvTn-¡m-\m-hq.-]e
- t- ¸mgpw ]pXnb Iem-kr-jvSn-IÄ¡v \ntj-
[-¯nsâ kzcwhcp-¶Xv A§-s\-bm-Wv.
]mc¼cyþ\mtSmSnkmln-Xyw- ap-XÂ t£{XIe-If
- mb Iq¯v,
IqSn-bm«w, IY-Ifn XpS-§n-bh
- ¡v BZy-Ime A\p-jvSm-\I
- e
- I
- Ä
F¶pÅ {]k-àn-IqSnbp--v. temI-km-lnXyw D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX
(Post modern) Iem-ho-£W
- §
- f
- n-te¡v IS-¡p-t¼mgpw taÂ¸-d-
ª- I-eIÄ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶X
- nsâ ASn-Øm-\I
- m-cWw Ah a\p-
jy-hÀ¤t_m[¯nsâ BZy-Ime Bhn-jI
v m-c§
- Ä F¶ \ne-¡m-Imw.
IqSnbm«hpw IY- I - f n- b pw ISÂ IS- ¶ p- t ]mbn hntZ- i n- I sf
BIÀjn¨psIm- n - c n- ¡ p- ¶ p. IY- I - f nsb BIÀj- I - a m- ¡ p¶
ssieo-Ir-X-amb Nne Awi-§Ä AXn-e-S-§n-bn-«p-s-¶ Imcy-
¯nÂ kwi-ba
- n-Ã. AXnÂ {][m\w ap{Z-If
- n-eqsS Bibw ssIam-
dpI F¶ k{¼- Z m- b - a m- W v . AXn\mÂ AhnsS `mj Hcp
{]iv\amIp¶nÃ.
kmlnXyw aäpÂ]¶§sft¸mse H¶p am{X-am-sW¶pw
Iebv¡pw ico-c`- mj¡p-a¸
- pdw Hcp `mjy-an-sÃ-¶pw _
- lpkzc-X- 12345678901234567890
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bn-eqsS ]mT-§Ä DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-Ib
- mWv Ie-bpsS [À½-sa¶pw 291
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aäpw ]pXnb \nco-£-W-§Ä h¶p-sIm--n-cn-¡p-¶p.- A-\p-`-hn-¸n-
¡pI Iem-[À½-as
- Ã¶pw, ]mT-§Ä ]Tn-¸n-¡e
- mWv Ie-bpsS e£y-
sa¶pw t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ D¯-cm-[p-\nI Iem-ZÀi-\§
- Ä¡v \Sp-
hnepw "IhnX FÃm-ht- cmSpw kwkm-cn-¡p¶ kzIm-cy-Xb
- mWv' F¶
D¯-cm-[p-\nI ho£-Ww- I-eb
- psS kmÀÆ P\o-\a
- mb AwKo-Im-c-
s¯-bmWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ, Ie BÄ¡q-«-th-Zn-bnÂ
\n¶-Iä- s
- ¸-Sp-t¼mÄ, AXnsâ Iem-]c
- hpw `mjm-]c
- h
- p-amb IS-a-
IÄ \ntj-[n-¡s
- ¸-Sp-Ib
- mWv sN¿p-¶X
- v.
t£{X-I-e-I-fmb Iq¯pw, IqSn-bm-«hpw, IY-I-fnbpw,a-\p-
jys\ PmXn-bpsS aXnÂ sI«n¯ncn¨v t£{X-aX
- n-ep-IÄ¡-I¯v
am{Xw {]Xn-jvTn-¡m³ {ian-¨-t¸mÄ, Ime-{I-taW _Ô-\§Ä
XIÀ¯v P\-Iob ]£t¯¡v Hgp-Im³ XpS-§n. Ahn-sS-bmWv
XpÅensâ XpS¡w. Ie krjvSn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶Xpw Bkz-Zn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-
¶- X pw P\- ] - £ - ¯ p- \ n- ¶ p- s Im- - m - I - W - s a¶ imizXIem- X Xzw
\¼ymÀ Xncn-¨-dnªp. Iebv¡v Ncn-{X-]-chpw tZi-]-c-hp-amb
AkvXn-Xz-amWv D¯-cm-[p-\nI Iem-ZÀi\w AwKo-Ic
- n¨p sImSp-
¡p-¶-Xv. Bkzm-Z\w sshb-àn-Im-\p-`hw IqSn-bm-sW-¶pÅ
ap³Im-ek
- X
- y-§Ä IY-If
- n-sb-t¸m-epÅ Ie-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p-
t¼mÄ hnkvac
- n-¨p-Iq-Sm. ckw XnI¨pw sshb-àn-Im-\p-`h
- a
- m-Wt- Ãm.
Ihn-lr-Z-bhpw klr-Z-b-lr-Z-bhpw \ntj-[n-¨p-sIm--pÅ Hcp Iem-
]-T\w \½psS ¢mÊnIv Ie-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨n-St- ¯mfw Akm-[y-
am-Wp-Xm-\pw. Cusbmcp ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ \n¶p-sIm--p-thWw t£{X-
I-e-Isf ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw sNt¿-- Xv.
""aebmf{Kmakaql§fnÂ t£{X§tfmSpw ImhpItfmSpw
_Ôs¸«p hfÀ¶phcp¶ c-p t{iWnIfp-v. N¼phpw
B«¡Ybpw kwkvIrXhXvIcn¡s¸« t£{X]mc¼cy¯nse 12345678901234567890
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Bibhn\nabcq]§fmbn \nesIm- h bmWv . \¼ymcpsS 292
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XpÅepIfmIs«, t£{X§fpsSbpw ImhpIfpsSbpw AIhpw
]pdhpw kzobam¡n¯oÀ¡pIbmWp- m bXv . DucmfcpsSbpw
\mSphmgnIfpsSbpw {Ibhn{Ib§fpw cpNnt_m[hpw DXv]mZn¸n
¡p¶ Iebpw Iemimkv{Xhpw Hcp hntijmhImiIq«mbvabpsS
êamWv. B kaql¯nse Bib§fpsSbpw A`nemj§fp
sSbpw {]NmcWhpw km£mXvImchpamWv t£{XIeIfpsSbpw
AhbpsS Iemimkv { X¯nsâbpw e£yhpw amÀ¤hpw.
`qhpSaIfmb {_mÒWcpw t£t{Xm]PohnIfmb AhcpsS
c£mIÀ¯m¡fpambncp¶ \m«ptImbvaIfpw {]`p¡·mcpw
DÄs¸Sp¶ hntijmhImi¡q«mbv a bpsS kmwkv I mcnI
hyhlmcambncp¶p aWn{]hmfhpw AXnsâ kmlnXy
imkv{Xhpw''.83
kmln-Xys¯ Zriy-Im-hy-am-¡p-Ib
- pw, "\mSyw' F¶ am[y-a-
¯n-eqsS cwK¯v Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-Ib
- pamWv Zriy-Ie
- b
- psS `mc-Xo-
b-k¦
- e
- v]w. t{]£-IÀ¡v \mSy-¯nÂ\n¶v ckw P\n-¡p-amdv IYm-
]m-{X-§-sfbpw A`n-\-b-ap-lqÀ¯-§-sfbpw Ihn krjvSn-t¡--
X p - - v . ""\mSy-¯nsâ Gähpw {]mNo-\c
- q-]a
- mb Iq¯pw IqSn-bm-
«hpw C¶pw kwc-£n-¡p¶ tIc-fo-bÀ At\I \qäm--p-IÄ¡p
ap¼p-Xs¶ Ømbn-`m-h§ - Ä A`n-\b
- ]
- c
- n-io-e\
- ¯
- nsâ `mK-ambn
DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶p''82 Ac§ns\ ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWv t£{X-Ie - m-
km-lnXyw cNn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v. ckm-`n-\b
- s
- ¯-t¸mse AXn\v Ømbn-
bmb k{¼- Z m- b - § fp- - v . AXp- s Im- - p - X s¶ t£{X- I - e - I Ä¡v
kn²n¨ ¢mÊn-¡Â kz`mhw AXn-\pÅ Imem-Xn-hÀ¯n-bmb ]Z-
hnsb Ønco-Ic
- n-¡p-¶p. Npcp-¡¯
- nÂ Hcp Zriy-Im-hy-¯nsâ aqey-
s¯-]än Ah-km-\-hm¡p ]d-tb--Xv Ac-§-¯p-h-¨m-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
Hcp Zriy-Ie
- m-Ihn Imhy-in-ev]s
- ¯-¸ä- nbpw cwKm-hnjvImcIe-sb- 12345678901234567890
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¸-änbpw Hcpt]mse Nnń-¨n-cn-¡W
- w. 293
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ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1 tUm.iin-[-c≥ ¢mcn, tIc-fo-b-I-e-Iƒ, ]pdw 13
2 {ioaXnamcmb Nhd ]mdp-°p-ń, sIm´m-c°
- c KwK, sIm´m-c°
- c `{Z F∂n-
h¿ kPo-h-ambn IY-I-fn-thjw sNøp-∂p. Ccn-ßm-e-°pS tIµ-co-I-
cn®v Hcp h\nXm IY-I-fn-kwLw Xs∂ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ac-ßn¬
tafw HgnsI as‰√mw h\n-X-Iƒ Xs∂. 'Lavanasuravadham' was staged
by and all female east in palakkad. The Hindu, Friday review, June 25, 2010.
3 ]n.-Pn.-P-\m¿±-\≥, \mSy-I-em-kn-≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ]pdw 35
4 Iem-aW - vUew IrjvW≥\m-b¿ Xøm-dm-°nb \f-Nc - nXw B´-{]-Im-chpw
Iem-a-WvUew ]Xv\-am-`≥\m-b-cpsS sNm√n-bm-´w, IY-Ifn thjw
F∂nhbpw DZm-l-cWw
5 Nhd A∏p-Ip-´≥]n-≈, IY-If- n-bnse at\m-[¿Ω-ßƒ, {]thinI, ]p.xvi
6 as¶mºv inh-i¶
- c
- ]
- n≈ & kn.sI.-in-hc
- ma-]n-≈, IY-If
- n-kz-cq-]w, ]pdw 11
7 Iem-a-WvUew ]fl-\m-`≥\m-b¿ & RmbØv _me≥, \mSym-Nm-cys‚
Pohn-X-ap-{Z-Iƒ, ]pdw 5
8 Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-cm-en, Hm¿Øm¬ hnkva-bw, ]pdw 44
9 as¶mºv inh-i¶- c
- ]
- n≈ & kn.-sI.-in-hc
- m-a]
- n-≈, IY-If
- n-kz-cq-]w, ]pdw 126
10 s{]m^. h´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n-≈, IY-I-fn-{]-th-in-I, ]pdw 145
11 AtX ]pkvXIw ]pdw 147
12 AtX ]pkvXIw ]pdw 148, 149
13 tUm.-F-kv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥, \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ, ]pdw 152
14 tUm.-]q-P∏
- pc IrjvW≥\m-b¿, kºq¿Æ ae-bm-fk
- m-ln-Xy-Nc
- n-{Xw, ]pdw 372
15 \fNcnXw H∂mwZnhkØnse "aZ-ep-fnXw' F∂Xn\vv km[m-c-W-bmbn
ImWn-®p-h-cp-∂Xv Al-¶m-c-Øns‚ ap{Z-bmWv ({]-kn-≤-∑m-cmb \S-
∑m¿t]m-epw), ChnSpsØ "aZw' Al¶mc`mha√.
16 G.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω, Im¥m-c-Xm-c-Iw, ]pdw 22
17 Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, Ie PohnXw Xs∂, ]pdw 153
18 AtX ]pkvXIw, ]pdw 153
19 AtX ]pkvXIw, ]pdw 154
20 \f-N-cnXw If-cn-bn¬ sNm√n BtS-≠-Xn√ F∂ Iem-a-WvU-e-Øns‚
at\m-`m-h-tØmSv tbmPn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. \fNcnXw Zo]nImhymJym\w
AXn\p sXfnhmWv.
21 ap≠t»-cn. hmb-\-im-e-bn¬, ]pdw 154 12345678901234567890
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22 ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿, ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, ]pdw 32 294
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23 tUm.-hn.-B¿.-{]-t_m-[N
- {- µ≥\m-b¿, Ah-Xm-cn-I, A`n-⁄m-\i
- m-Ip-¥fw
B´-°Y, ]pdw.8
24 s{]m^. F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY, ]pdw 80
25 ""Ihn H∂m-¥cw Hcp ]WvUn-X\pw klr-Z-b-\p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v In¿Ωo-
c-h[w apX-emb IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Ime-tI-b-h-[-
Ønse D¿∆-in-bpsS thjw sIń kmaq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns\ kt¥m-jn-∏n®
sFXnlyw hnizm-ky-am-bmepw As√-¶nepw {]kvXpX B´-°-Y-bpsS
I¿Ømhv \√ Hcp \S≥ IqSn Bbn-cp-∂p. (Im-e-tI-b-h[w ˛A-h-Xm-cn-
I), tIcf `mjmkmlnXyNcn{Xw hmeyw 3, ]pdw 319.
26 ]Xn™ ]Z-Øn\v DZm-l-cWw:˛
(1) ""Im¥, Nn¥n-°n-en-Xn-te-sd˛
sbs¥mcp k¥m-]-an-∂nl ta
im¥-am-\k! i¥-\p-Ip-e-Zo]!
Inw Xzbm \ hnZnXw ? Ir]m-knt‘m
Ipa-Xn-Iƒ hc-\mIpw Ipcp-\r-]-k-l-P-\m¬
Kpcp-P-\-k-hnt[m IrX-a-h-am\w
Ia-\o-bmwK! \r]! Iae hntem-N\!
Icp-Wm-km-Kc! IY-anh IYtb \c-]tX! (In¿Ωo-c-h[w ˛ {Zu]Zn bp[n-
jvTn-c-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂-Xv)
(2) hoccu-{Z-`m-hßƒ°v DZm-l-cWw:˛
""hmSm t]mcn-∂m-bn-hnsS ]mS-h-ap-s≠-¶n¬
IqS-e¿ Ime\mw KqUm-tI-i-\m-Ip∂ Rm≥
BS¬Xo¿∂p cW-\m-SIw ]cn-Nn˛
emSp-h-Xn∂p hmSm! A[n-IaqVm!
iwX-IqSm Akp-c-IoSm! (\nhmXIhNIme-tI-b-h-[-Øn¬ A¿÷p-\≥
\nhm-X-I-h-Nm-Zn-Isf bp≤-Øn\v £Wn-°p-∂-Xv)
27 ""tIm´bw IY-Ifpw \f-Nc - n-Xhpw Ign-™m¬ hy‡n-Xz-hn-tijw Xpfpºn
\n¬°p∂ ssieo-hn-em-kt- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXv Xºn-bpsS B´-°Y
- I
- f
- mWv''
(s{]m-^. Abva\w IrjvWs- s°-aƒ, Kpcp sNß-∂q¿ Pb¥n kvac-Wn-I,
]pdw 18)
28 Cc-bn-Ω≥X-ºn-bpsS DØ-cm-kz-bw-hcw B´-°-Y-bn¬ A¥-∏pckpµ-cn-
am¿ DØ-c-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
29 s{]m^.Abva\w IrjvW-ss°-aƒ, Kpcp sNß-∂q¿ Pb¥nkvac-Wn-I,
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]pdw20-˛21
295
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30 Iem-a-WvUew F{ºm-¥n-cn, Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-cm-en, Iem-a-WvUew
lcn-Zm-kv, ]Øn-bq¿ i¶-c≥Ipń F∂n-hc - psS IZ-If - n-∏Z- I - t- ®-cn°v Gsd
{]Nmcw e`n-®n-cp-∂p.
31 tUm.-]q-P∏- pc IrjvW≥\m-b¿, kºq¿Æ-ae - b
- m-fk
- m-lnXyNcn{Xw ]pdw 374
32 Iem-a-WvUew IrjvW≥\m-b¿, \f-N-cnXw B´-{]-Im-cw, ]pdw 89
33 s{]m^. Abva\w IrjvW-ssI-aƒ, Kpcp sNß-∂q¿ Pb-¥n-kva-c-Wn-I,
]pdw 19
34 tUm. hn.-B¿.-{]-t_m-[-N-{µ≥\m-b¿, Ah-Xm-cn-I, Nn´-s∏SpØnb IY-
I-fn-∏-Z-ßƒ, ]pdw 9˛10
35 "{ipXn-: amXm eb: ]nXm'
36 cmL-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv, t^mIvtem¿, ]pdw 348
37 Fw.-hn.-tZ-h≥, tZh-kv]-µ-\w, ]pdw 537-˛538
38 Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥, \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ, ]pdw 162
39 as¶mºv inh-i¶ - c - ≥]n≈ & kn.-sI.inhcma-]n-≈, IY-If - n-kz-cq-]w, ]pdw 82
40 s{]m^.-h-´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n-≈, IY-I-fn-{]-th-in-I, ]pdw 153-˛154
41 as¶mºv inh-i¶ - c - ≥]n≈ & kn.-sI.inhcma-]n-≈, IY-If - n-kz-cq-]w, ]pdw 89
42 AtX ]pkvXIw ]pdw 92
43 s{]m^. h´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n-≈, IY-I-fn-{]-th-in-I, ]pdw 153
44 as¶mºv inh-i¶ - c - ≥]n≈ & kn.-sI.inhcma]n-≈, IY-If - n-kz-cq-]w, ]pdw
101-˛102
45 IY-I-fn-®pń (ap-J-sØ-gp-Øv) Kn∂-kv_p-°n¬ CSw t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v.
46 kn.-B¿.-cm-P-tKm-]m¬, Imth‰w \mS≥I-em-]-T-\w, ]pdw 17
47 s{]m^. h´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n≈ IY-I-fn-{]-th-in-I, ]pdw 155
48 as¶mºv inh-i¶ - c - ≥]n≈ & kn.-sI.inhcma]n-≈, IY-If - n-kz-cq-]w, ]pdw 102
49 AtX ]pkvX-Iw, ]pdw 111
50 s{]m^.-h-´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n-≈, IY-I-fn-{]-th-in-I, ]pdw 156
51 as¶mºv inh-i¶ - c- ≥]n≈ & kn.sI.inhcma-]n-≈, IY-If - n-kz-cq-]w, ]pdw 112
52 Aw_-co-£N - c
- nXw B´-°Y - b
- nse bh-\{- ]-th-i\ - Ø
- n¬ the-If - n-bnse
]Z-k-©-e-\-{I-ahpw saøv kzm[o-\hpw ImWmw.
54 IY-I-fnbnse kv{Xo]m-{X-ßf ]T-\-ku-I-cy-Øn-\mbn \membn hn`-Pn-
®n-´p-≠v. \mbn-I-am¿, amXr-`m-h-ap-≈-h¿, A]vk-c- p-Iƒ, efnX-am¿
F∂nßs\ (tUm.-sI.-Pn.-]u-tem-kv, Ah-Xm-cnI IY-If - n-bnse kv{XoI-
Ym-]m-{X-ßƒ), ]pdw 9˛10. 12345678901234567890
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56 s{]m^.-h-´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n-≈, IY-I-fn-{]-th-in-I, ]pdw 156, 157 296
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57 tUm.-i-in-[-c≥ ¢mcn, tIc-fo-b-I-e-Iƒ, ]pdw 77
58 IY-Ifn \qd-cßv kvac-Wn-I, ]pdw 108
60 tUm.-i-in-[-c≥ ¢mcn, tIc-fo-b-I-e-Iƒ, ]pdw 72
61 ]qX-\m-tam-£-Øn¬ efnX ]qX-\-bm-Ip-tºm-gpw, \nWw, \{I-Xp-WvUn,
iq¿∏-WJ F∂o thj-ßƒ°pw sN≠ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. cu{Z-˛-_o-
`’ ck-Øn\v sImgp-∏p-Iq-´m≥ th≠n-bm-Wn-Xv.
62 tUm. Fkv.-sI.-\m-b¿, kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS, ]pdw 565
63 as¶mºv inh-i¶ - c
- ]
- n-≈, kn.-sI.inhcma]n≈ IY-If- n-kz-cq]w ]pdw 193
64 IS-Ω-\n´ hmkp-tZ-h≥]n-≈, ]tS-\n, ]pdw 423, 424
66 Ghq¿ ]c-ta-iz-c≥, Ip©\pw Xp≈-epw, ]pdw 97
67 ]n.-tKm-hn-µ-]n-≈, ae-bm-f-`m-jmNcn-{Xw, ]pdw 268
68 Ghq¿ ]c-ta-iz-c≥, kºq¿Æ-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, ]pdw 268
69 Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥, \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ, ]pdw, 154-˛155
70 Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ, IncmXw Xp≈¬, ]pdw 166-˛169
71 AtX ]pkvX-Iw, Imfn-b-a¿±\w Xp≈≥, ]pdw 603
72 Ghq¿ ]c-ta-iz-c≥, Ip©\pw Xp≈epw, ]pdw 208-˛209
73 ""a[p-cn-]p-N-cnXw at\m-`n-cmaw
a[p-c-]-Zm-I-enXw aWn-{]-hmfw'' ({io-Ir-jvW-N-cnXw aWn-{]-hm-fw)
74 Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ, IncmXw Xp≈¬, ]pdw 170
76 ]n.-sI.-in-h-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, Ah-Xm-cn-I, \ºym¿Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ]pdw 7
77 Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Ieym-W-ku-K-‘n-Iw, ]pdw 476
78 AtX ]pkvX-Iw, IncmXw ]pdw 189
79 ""BSp-]mtº! ]p\w tXSp-]mtº! bcp˛
fm\-µ-°qØp I≠m-Sp-]mtº!
Xn¶fpw sIm∂bpw NqSp-ao-i≥ ]Z˛
]¶Pw tN¿∂p\n∂m-Sp-]mtº'' (Ip-WvU-en-\n-∏m-´v)
80 tUm.-kvI-dnb k°-dnb (F-Un) DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Imt\m-
\-Iƒ, ]pdw-˛61
81 tIc-f-I-em-a-WvU-ehpw IÆq¿ t^mIvtem¿ A°m-Z-anbpw
82 thWp Pn. Ac-ßns‚ s]mcpƒtX-Sn, ]pdw 18˛9
83 ]n.Fkv . cm[mIrjv W ≥, kmlnXyw Ncn{Xw kwkv I mcw amdp∂ 12345678901234567890
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297
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kahmIyßƒ, ]pdw. 57˛58. 12345678901234567890
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A[ymbw 5
D]-kw-lmcw
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298
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A[ymbw ˛5
D]-kw-lmcw
ae-bm-f-Ønse ka-{Khpw {]ap-J-hp-amb \mep kmln-Xy-N-

cn-{X-ß-fmWv Cu {]_-‘-Øns‚ At\z-j-W-]-cn-[n-bn-epƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≈X
- v. {]kvXpX kmlnXyNcn{Xßfn¬ t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS
kmln-Xy-]-T\w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv tIhew alm-Im-hy-ßfpw
t\mh-ep-Ifpw Ihn-X-Ifpw \ncq-]Ww sNøp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv.
Ihn, Imew, cN-\m-]-›m-Ø-ew, Imhy-`wKn F∂n-ßs\ kmam-\y-
ambn N¿®-sNbvXv A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-
X-√msX kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Zriy-km-[y-X-I-tfm, A`n-\-b-km-[y-X-
Itfm Bcm-bp-∂n-√. t£{X-I-e-Iƒ `mc-Xob Zriy-I-em-]m-c-º-cy-
Øn\v A\¬]-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬
AhbpsS kmlnXyw A`n-\-b-km-lnXyw AYhm cwK-km-lnXy-
sa∂ \ne-bn¬ thWw hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. IqØv, ]mT-Iw, IqSn-
bm-´w, IrjvW-\m-´w, cma-\m-´w, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬, tamln-\n-bm´w
F∂n-ßs\ t£{X-I-e-Isf kmam-\y-ambn H∂-Sp-°n-bm¬ Ah-
bpsS kmln-Xy-Ønepw cwKm-hX
- c
- W
- Ø
- n-ep-ap≈ ]mc-ºc
- yhpw ]mc-
kv]-cyhpw F{X-tØm-f-ap-s≠∂v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu 12345678901234567890
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kwKXnIfpw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-ßƒ N¿®-sN-øp-∂n-√. am{X-a√
- , CX-c- 299
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I-e-Isf At]-£n-®v, t£{X-I-e-Iƒ {]Zm\w sNøp∂ Hcp
kmwkvIm-cn-I-Zu-Xy-ap-≠v. AXm-I-s´, `mc-Xob Iem-kw-kvIm-c-]m-
c-ºc
- y-Øn-t‚-Xm-W.v t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS Xucy-{Xn-Iw (\rØw, \r-Xyw,
\mSyw) hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. \mS-Io-b-Xbv°pw ck-`m-h-k-∂n-
th-i-Øn\pw G‰hpw DNn-X-amb {]_-‘-ßƒ, Nºp-°ƒ, aWn-
hmfw F∂o `mjm-co-Xn-If
- mWv IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IY-If
- n, Xp≈¬
F∂n-h-bn¬ apJy-ambpw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. {]tXy-In®pw aWn-{]-
hm-f-Øns‚ A\-¥-km-[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv B´-
°-Ymkm-lnXyw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xp≈¬°r-Xn-I-fnepw `mj-
tb-dn-h-cp∂ aWn-{]-hmfw Xs∂ {]nbw-I-c-sa∂v \ºymcpw {]Jym-
]n-°p-∂p-≠v. {]kvXpX aWn-{]-hm-f-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw \ΩpsS
kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-ßf
- n¬ th≠{X {]m[m-\y-tØm-sS, cwK-km-ln-Xy-
hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn N¿®-sN-bvXp-Im-Wp-∂n-√. am{X-a√
- , kmln-
Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fnse aWn-{]-hm-f-N¿®-bn¬ Hcn-SØpw B´-°-Y-Ifpw
Xp≈epw ]cm-a¿i-hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂n-√. aWn-{]-hm-f-`mj A`n-\-b-
km-ln-Xy-Øn\p \¬Inb kw`m-h\ hfsc hn]p-ehpw hne-s∏-´-
Xp-am-Wv. Nºq-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ XpSßn Xp≈¬°m-c-\n¬ FØn-
\n¬°p∂ kpZo¿L-amb cwK-]m-T-]m-c-ºcyw aWn-{]-hm-f-Øn\v
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p-≠v.
]mT-Iw, IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IrjvW\

- m´w F∂n-hb
- psS ]mTw
(Text) A[n-Ihpw {]_-‘-ßfpw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bp-am-b-Xn-\m¬
Ah-bpsS kmlnXyw hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v ]cn-K-Wn-®n-ń-√.
F∂m¬ Ah-bpsS kmln-Xy-sam-gn-sI-bp≈ cwKm-h-X-c-W-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ kwK-Xn-Iƒ N¿®-sN-bvXn-´p-ap-≠v. Cu {]_-‘-Øn¬
{][m\ ]T-\-ta-J-e-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-´p-≈Xv B´-°-Ym-km-
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ln-Xyhpw Xp≈¬km-ln-Xy-hp-am-sW∂v BZyta ]d-™p-sIm-≈s
- ´. 300
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Iem-Z¿i\w Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw N¿®-sN-bvX-Xn¬\n∂v
`mc-Xo-b-I-em-Z¿i-\hpw ]m›m-Xy-I-em-Z¿i-\hpw XΩn-ep≈
A¥cw Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw. Ie-bpsS AXo-{µn-b-amb A\p-`q-
Xn-hn-ti-j-Øn-te°pw ]cm-a-\-µ-\n¿hr-Xn-I-c-ß-fmb A\p-`-h-ß-
fn-te°pw `mc-Xo-bI
- e
- I
- ƒ e£y-an-Sp-tºmƒ, ]m›m-Xy¿ Ie-bpsS
tIh-ea
- mb {]tbm-P\
- Ø
- n¬ am{Xta {i≤n-°p-∂p-≈q. A°q-´¿°v
Ie Adn-hp-Iƒ ]I-cm\pw NneXv ]Tn-∏n-°m-\p-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. `mc-Xo-
b¿ Icp-Xp-∂-Xp-t]mse a\- ns‚ "Xpcobm' hÿ-bn-sem∂pw
]m›m-Xy¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. F∂p-am-{X-a-√, \ap°v hfsc IrXy-
amb Hcp \mSy-I-em-]m-c-º-cyhpw \mSy-kz-cq-]-hp-ap-≠v. AXn-\p≈
ASn-ÿm-\-{]m-am-Wn-I-{K-Ÿ-amWv `c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-im-kv-{Xw.
IqSmsX lkvX-e-£-W-Zo-]n-Ibpw B´{]Imchpw {IaZo]nIbpw
\nµn-tI-iz-cs‚ A`n-\b
- Z- ¿∏-Wh
- pw, Im¿Øn-IX
- n-cp-\m-fns‚ _me-
cm-a`- c
- X
- hpw A`n-\b
- Ø
- n-s‚bpw \mSy-Øn-s‚bpw ck-X{¥w hy‡-
am-°n-Øc
- p-∂p-≠v. ]m›m-Xy¿ CXn\pXpeyambn Acn-tÃm-ń-ens‚
"t]mbn-‰nIvkv' Nq≠n-°m-´p-am-bn-cn-°pw. A°q-´¿°v Zpc-¥-\m-S-I-
amWv G‰hpw henb Zriy-I-em-k-¶-ev]w. F∂m¬ ip`m-¥-am-Wv
AYhm "Unssh≥ tImaUn'bn¬ ]cy-h-km-\n-°p-∂-XmWv `mc-
Xob Iem-Z¿i-\w.
\mtSm-Sn-°-e-Ifpw t£{X-I-em-]m-c-º-cyhpw XΩn¬ an°

kwK-Xn-I-fnepw ASp-∏-ap-≠v. t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v
IqØ-º-e-ßfpw \mtSm-Sn-°-e-Iƒ°v Imhp-Ifpw B¬Ø-dbpw
hnim-e-amb ]mShpw cwK-th-Zn-bm-Wv. IY-I-fn-bp-sSbpw Xp≈-en-
s‚bpw cwKm-h-X-c-W-Øn¬, {][m-\-ambpw Blm-cy-Øn¬, \mtSm-
Sn-°-em-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ImWmw. IY-I-fnsb G‰hpw
IqSp-X¬ kzm[o-\n-®Xv sXøw, Xnd, the-Ifn F∂o Iem-cq-]-ß- 12345678901234567890
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fm-Wv. Xp≈-en-s\bm-I-s´, ]S-b-Wn-bpw. Hm´≥, ]d-b≥, ioX-¶≥
F∂o thj-ßƒXs∂ ]S-b-Wn-Øp-≈-en¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn
ImWp-∂p.
kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw Imen-

I-amb am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-
ßƒ°v Ncn-{X-t_m-[-tØm-sSm∏w Zm¿i-\n-I-X-ehpw thW-sa-∂p-
≈-XmWv B[p-\n-I-\n-co-£-Ww. kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw kmln-Xy-hn-
a¿i\w IqSn-bm-I-W-sa-∂pw, kmlnXyw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw a\- n-
em-°m\pw Bkz-Zn-°m\pw IqSn Ign-b-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ tUhnUv
s]¿°n≥kns‚ (David Perkins) A`n-{]m-b-amWv s]mXp-hn¬
AwKo-Ic
- n-°m-hp-∂X
- v. kmln-Xyhpw Ncn-{Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-
c-]q-c-IXzw BZy-Im-e-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
Hmtcm kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xhpw AXp-≠mb Ime-Øns‚ krjvSn-Iq-Sn-
bm-Wv. Hcp Ncn-{X-Kt- h-jI
- s
- ‚bpw kmln-Xy-Kt- h-jI
- s
- ‚bpw Npa-
X-e-Iƒ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ \n¿∆-ln-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
ae-bm-f-Ønse {]Y-a-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-amb "ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-

cn-{X'-Øn¬ tZi-Nc
- n-{X-Øn\pw `mjm-Nc
- n{XØn\pw {]k-‡n-\¬In-
s°m-≠p≈ cN-\b
- mWv \n¿∆-ln-®n-´p-≈X
- .v hkvXp-Xm-ti-Jc
- W
- hpw
D]m-Zm-\t- i-Jc
- W
- hpw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- \
- b
- n¬ {][m-\a
- m-bn-cn-t°,
{]Ya kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]n.-tKm-hn-µ-]n-≈°v
Gsd ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-Sp-h∂ _rl-’m-ln-Xy-N-
cn-{X-amWv B¿.-\m-cm-b-W-∏-Wn-°-cpsS Ggp-hm-ey-ß-fp≈ "tIc-f-
`m-jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw'. AXns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ BwK-e-km-ln-
Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ At±lw Hs´ms° ]n≥Xp-
S¿∂n´p≠v. AXn¬ B´-°-Ybpw Xp≈¬km-ln-Xyhpw ]T-\-hn-
t[-b-am-°p-∂n-SØv Hcp klr-Zbs‚ kao-]\w hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.
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tIc-f`- m-jb
- p-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp B[n-Im-cn-Ia
- mb Ncn- 12345678901234567890
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{X-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv alm-Ihn D≈q¿ "tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-Ncn{X'c-
N\ \n¿∆-ln-®X
- v. A{X-am{Xw Kth-jW
- _
- p-≤nbpw \njvI¿jbpw
\n¿∫-‘_
- p-≤nbpw AXns‚ ]n∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ggp-`m-Kß
- f
- mbn
{KŸ-Im-c≥ Xøm-dm-°nb {KŸw A©p-]pkvXIß-fn-embn alm-
I-hn-bpsS Ime-ti-ja
- mWv {]kn-≤o-Ir-Xa
- m-bX
- v. AXp-sIm≠v A®-
Sn-ka
- b
- Øv th≠ am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øp-hm-t\m, {]q^v Xncp-Øp-hmt\m
At±-l-Øn\v Ign-bm-Ø-XpsIm≠ph∂ sX‰p-I-fmWv AXn-e-[n-
Ihpw ImWp-∂-Xv. F¶nepw ae-bm-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
C∂pw Hcp B[nImcnI{KŸ-ambn tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw \ne-
sIm-≈p-∂p.
CXn¬ aq∂mw hmeyØn¬ ap∏-Øn-\m-em-a-[ym-b-Øn¬ IY-

I-fn-{]-ÿm-\hpw ap∏-Øn-sb-´m-a[
- ym-bØ
- n¬ Xp≈¬ {]ÿm-\hpw
kmam\yw hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂ N¿®-sN-bvXn-cn-°p-∂p. cma-]m-Wn-hm-
Z\pw Ip©≥\-ºn-bmcpw HcmƒXs∂ F∂ D≈q-cns‚ \nco-£Ww
]n¬°m-eØv IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. IY-I-
fn-°-hn-Iƒ aWn-{]-hm-f-ip≤n kmam-t\y\ ]cn-]m-en-®n-ń-s√∂pw
AXn\v Hcp ImcWw H≥]Xmw iX-IØ
- n¬ aWn-{]-hm-f{- ]-ÿm\w
Xs∂ AkvtXm-∑p-Ja
- m-bn-cn-°W
- s
- a-∂pw D≈q¿ IcpXp∂p. as‰m∂v
Xºp-cms\ ]Z-c-N-\m-hn-j-b-Øn¬ IhnIƒ A‘-ambn A\p-I-cn-
®-Xp-am-bn-cn-°m-sa∂pw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. \f-N-cn-XsØ aWn-{]-
hm-fI
- r-Xn-If
- n¬ {]Y-aK
- W
- \
- o-ba
- m-°n-®a
- ®
- n-cn-°p-∂X
- mbpw A¿∞-
hn-j-b-Øn¬ Bscbpw \£-{X-sa-Æn-°p∂ ]e `mK-ßfpw \f-N-
cn-X-Øn¬ hmcn-b¿ ap‡-l-kvX-\mbn hmcn-hn-X-dn-bn-´p-s≠∂pw
D≈q¿ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. Xp≈¬°r-Xn-I-fnse Hcp \yq\-X-bmbn
At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv, \ºym¿ Xp≈¬°-Y-I-fn¬ ck-N-{I-
h¿Øn-bmb irwKm-csØ Hcn-SØpw klr-Z-b-k-Ω-X-amb coXn- 12345678901234567890
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bn¬ kv]¿in-®n-ń√ F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp ]pXnb kmln-Xy-km-{am-Py-
amWv \ºym¿ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂pw, {Koknse Acn-tÃm-s^-
\n-kv, tdmanse Pqh-\≥, {^m≥knse tamfn-b¿ XpS-ßnb ]m›m-
Xy-∑m-cmb lmk-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cp-ambn At±-lsØ Xmc-X-ay-
s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fn¬ \ncq-]-W-kz-`m-h-ap≈ Hcp

IrXnbmWv F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bpsS "ssIc-fn-bpsS IY'. kmln-
Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambpw kw£n-]vX-ambpw hna¿i-\m-fl-
I-ambpw CXn¬ kao-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DÆm-bn-hm-cysc A\p-I-cn-°m-
Ø-h\pw A\p-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-\p-ambn hnti-jn-∏n-®n-
cn-°p-∂p. irwKm-c-∏-Z-Øn¬ anXXzw ]men-®p-sIm≠v a‰p≈ B´-
°-Ym-Im-c-∑m¿°v amXr-I-bm-b-Xpw, A`n-\-b-I-em-]m-c-ay-tØmSp
Imhy-I-em-]m-cayw \S-Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv \f-N-cn-X-sa-∂pw,
Icp-Øp‰ \S-∑m¿t]mepw ]cp-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂ ]Z-ßƒ CXn-ep-
s≠∂pw {]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IhnX Nm´-hm-dm-°nb ]S-b-Wn-
°-hn-bmbn´mWv Ip©≥\-ºn-bmsc hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv. \ºym¿
Hcp {]ÿm-\-{k-jvSm-hm-Wv. \ºym¿ I≠ tIc-fhpw I≠-hn-[-hp-
amWv {it≤-bw. Fcnhpw aq¿®-bp-ap≈ ]cn-lmkw shń-Øp-d∂p
Xń-hn-Sp∂ {]Ir-X-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. AXn¬ F√m-Øcw
a\p-jycpw Dƒs∏-Sp-sa∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.
t£{X-Ie
- m-km-ln-Xy-]T
- \w \S-tØ-≠Xv {][m-\a
- mbpw cwK-
]m-Tw, Ac-ßv, A`n-\bw F-∂nhsb ap≥\n¿Øn-bm-I-Ww. cwK-I-
e-I-fn¬ `mjbpw `mh-{]-Im-i-\hpw _lp-kz-c-X-bp-ambn _‘-
s∏-´mWv \n¬°p-∂-Xv. anJm-tb¬ _‡ns‚ Im¿Wn-h¬ Xnbdn
km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv Ac-ßnepw cwK-]m-T-Øn-ep-am-Wv. kmln-Xy-amWv
CXn-s\√mw ASn-ÿm-\w. hmb-\m-\p-`hw IS∂v ImgvNb
- psS kwth-
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ZrV-_‘w A\p-`h
- t- h-Zy-am-Ip-∂X
- v. ChnsS h¿Æw, ]Zw, hmIyw,
{]mkw, Ae-¶m-cw, _nw_-Ie
- v]\
- I
- ƒ XpS-ßnb F√m-Øcw "Cta-
Pdn' Ifpw A`n-\b
- Ø
- ns‚ Xe-Øn-te°v hyXy-kvXa
- m-\ß
- f
- n-eqsS
(Different Dimensions) hf¿® {]m]n-°p-∂p. {]tXy-In®v IY-Ifn
Hcp ssieo-IrX Ie-bm-Wv. Iem-kzm-Z-\-Ønse `n∂-cp-Nn-Iƒ
¢m n-°-enepw \mtSmSn hg-°-ß-fn-ep-ambn Aen-™p-tN¿∂v InS-
°p-I-bm-Wv. Ie-Iƒ Pohn-X-K-‘n-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂-Xns‚ Hcp
{][m\ Imc-Ww-Xs∂ AXns‚ P\-Io-b-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. ]pcm-tW-
Xn-lm-k-ß-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, B´-°-Y-bnepw Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-
I-fnepw a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb hy‡nXzw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
\ΩpsS Bkzm-Z-\-X-e-sØbpw Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-sØbpw Nqgv∂v
\n¬°p-∂-Xv. s]mXpsh Ie-I-fpsS {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw \mS-Io-
b-Xbpw cmjv{So-bhpw km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS PohnX-hp-ambn AXn-
\p≈ _‘sØ Bkv]Z- a
- m-°n-bmWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂X
- .v am{X-a√
- ,
Ie-I-fpsS Imen-I-{]-k-‡nbpw Imem-Xn-h¿Øn-Xzhpw \n¿Æ-bn-
°- s ∏- S p- ∂ Xpw Ah- b psS Pohn- X - K - ‘ n- b mb Ah- X - c Ww
ap≥\n¿Øn-bm-Wv. cwKm-h-X-c-W-Øn-ep-S-\ofw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂
Xmf-t_m[w t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\mw-i-am-Wv. Xmf-hpw- Im-
ehpw Nm{In-Ia
- mbn CØcw Ie-If
- n¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂p. kwKo-
Xhpw Xmfhpw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xucy-{Xn-I-Øns‚ am{¥n-I-
i-‡n-bm¬ Bkzm-Z-I≥ B\µsØ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p.
A`n-\-b-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-Ød aWn-{]-hm-f-`m-jm-kz-cq-

]-am-Wv. F√m ck-ßs
- fbpw Dƒs°m-≈m\pw {]tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈
khn-ti-j-amb Ignhv B `mj-bv°p-≠v. ]mTIw apX¬°p≈
t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS A¿∞-hn-kvXm-chpw t«mI-ßf
- nse kzmc-kyhpw
aWn-{]-hm-f-Øns‚ IqsS `wKn-bn-emWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. aWn-{]-
hm-f-`m-j-bpsS {]tbmKw B´-°-Y-bnepw Xp≈¬°r-Xn-I-fnepw 12345678901234567890
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kar-≤-ambn ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. B´-°-Y-bn¬ ]Zw aWn-{]-hm-f-
Øn-emWv \n_-‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. DÆm-bn-hm-cy-cm-I-s´, \f-N-cnXw
B´-°-Y-bn¬ aWn-{]-hm-fsØ kzmX-¥y-tØmsS FSp-Øp-{]-tbm-
Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ `wKn H∂p thsd Xs∂-bm-Wv. \√ `mj-tb-dn-
h-cp∂ aWn-{]-hm-fsØ \ºymcpw «mLn-°p-∂p. kwKo-XK
- p-Whpw
`mh-{]-Im-i\ kma¿∞y-hp-amWv aWn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚
{][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. Zriy-I-e-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-amb ckm-
`n-\-b-Øn\pw ck-t]m-j-W-Øn\pw {]kvXpX `mj AXy¥w
tbmPn-°p-∂p. GXp `mh-sØbpw Dƒs°m-≈m\pw {]Im-in-∏n-
°m\pw aWn-{]-hm-f-`m-jbv°v khn-ti-j-amb i‡n-bp-≠v. Imfn-
Zm-k≥ apX¬°p≈ Ihn-Iƒ `mj-bpsS CØcw A\-¥-km-[y-X-
Iƒ I≠-dn-™-h-cm-Wv. A`n-⁄m-\-im-Ip-¥-f-am-bn-cp-∂t√m
tIcfob Zriy-I-e-bpsS BZysØ cwK-]m-T-sa-t∂m¿°p-I.
kwKoXw Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ `mj-bm-b-Xn-\m-emWv B´-°-Ym-

kz-cq-]-Ønepw Xp≈¬°r-Xn-I-fnepw aWn-{]-hm-f-Øn\v C{Xbpw
ÿm\w e`n-®-Xv. IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw A`n-\-b-kw-Ko-X-am-Wv. A`n-
\-bsØ AI-ºSn tkhn-°p-I-tbm, ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp-
I-bmWv IY-I-fn-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ [¿Ωw. B´-Øn\p th≠n-bp-≈-
XmWv ]m´v. ]m´p \∂m-hp-tºmƒ \Ss‚ B´hpw \∂m-hpw. \rØ-
˛-\r-Xy-˛-\mSy {][m-\-amb IY-I-fn-bn¬ kmln-XysØ cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ aWn-{]-hm-f-`m-jm-ssi-en°v kwKo-X-Ønepw A\-ev]-amb
ÿm\-ap-≠v. ck-`mh hyRvPI-ß-fmb ]Z-ßƒ°v ]I¿∂m-Sp-hm-
\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ kwKo-X-amWv Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw Ac-ßnse BZy A`n-\-b-I-e-bm-sW-

¶nepw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-sIm≠pw kmln-Xy-k-{º-Zmbw sIm≠pw
A`n-\-b-k-t¶-X-ßƒsIm≠pw Ah km[m-c-W-°m¿°v A{]m-]y-
am-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂p-h∂ IY-I-fn-bmWv P\-Io-b-kz-`mhw {]I-Sn- 12345678901234567890
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∏n® BZy cwK-I-e. tIc-f-Øns‚ F√m-`m-KØpw F√m Pn√-I- 306
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fnepw IY-I-fn°v {]Nmcw kn≤n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. H´p-an°
Zn°p-I-fnepw If-cnbpw Ifn-tbm-K-ßfpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. F¶nepw Imhym-\p-io-e\
- Ø
- n-s‚bpw Bkzm-Z\-Øn-s‚bpw
Db¿∂ Xe-amWv IY-If
- nbpw \ne-\n¿Øn-bX
- v. AXp-sIm-≠mImw
htc-Wy-Xb
- psS Iem-cq-]s
- a∂ JymXnbpw kh¿Æ-Ie
- s
- b∂ hnti-
j-Whpw IY-If
- n°v h∂p-tN¿∂-Xv. "IY-bd
- n™p B´w ImWpI'
F∂Xv IY-I-fn-bpsS imkv{Xo-b-X-sb-°qSn Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
sNm√m-Wv.
F∂m¬ Xp≈-em-I-s´, km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ Iem-cq]am-Wv.

kmln-Xy-`m-j-bn¬ \ºym¿ hcpØnb \m´p-h-g-°-ß-fmWv Xp≈-
ens‚ P\-{]n-b-Xbv°v apJy-tl-Xp. hm°n¬ kaq-lsØ {]Xn-^-
en-∏n-°m-\p≈ \ºym-cpsS Ignhv hnkvab
- m-hl
- a
- m-W.v AXp-hgn D’-
ho-Ic
- W
- k
- z-`m-hhpw Xp≈¬ kzmb-Øa
- m-°n. GIm-`n-\b
- I
- e F∂
{]tXy-I-Xbpw IYIfnsb At]-£n®v Xp≈-en\v Ah-Im-i-s∏-
Sm-\p-≠v. ChnsS Hcmƒ Xs∂ hyXykvX IYm-]m-{X-ßsf cwKØv
Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. IY-I-fn-tbmfw \mS-Io-b-Xbpw A`n-\-
bhpw Xp≈-en¬ hf-cp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw, Hcp \S≥ Xs∂ F√m `mh-
ßfpw ck-ßfpw A`n-\-bn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂p F∂Xv FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-
≠p∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. ap{Zm-`n-\-bhpw ckm-`n-\-bhpw efn-X-h-evI-
cn-®p-sIm≠v \rØ-Øn\pw Xmf-Øn\pw kwKo-XØ
- n\pw {]m[m\yw
\¬Ip∂ Ie-bmWv Xp≈¬. Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ ]mSnbpw Xp≈nbpw
Bkz-Zn-°-W-sa-∂mWv ]d-bm-dv. AXn-\n-W-ßp∂ kmln-Xy-amWv
\ºym¿ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-®X
- v. Acßv ap≥\n¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p \ºym-cpsS
cN-\.
Xp≈ense cwKm-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ ImWp∂ \mtSm-Sn-Ø-\na

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cwK-I-e-bnse Iogmf ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn-t‚-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. htc-Wy- 12345678901234567890
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h¿§-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-WØ
- n-em-bn-cp∂ t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- n¬\n∂v hyXy-
kvX-ambn H´\pw ]d-b\pw ioX-¶\pw Ie-bpsS Ifn-Ø-ń¬ Ib-
dn-\n∂v Xp≈m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv \ºym-cpsS Imew apX¬°m-Wv.
Cusbm-cp-am‰w t£{X-Ie
- m-hX
- c
- W
- Ø
- nse hnπ-ha
- m-Wv. ]mf-sØm-
∏n-bpw, IpcptØm-ebpw ]´pw `kvahpw Nneºpw thj-hn-[m-\-ß-
fm-bn. ]S-b-Wn-Øp-≈¬ F∂ {]mNo\ Iem-cq-]sØ sNdnb am‰-
ß-tfmsS Xp≈-embn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p-Ib
- m-bn-cp∂p \ºym¿. \ΩpsS
X\Xv \mtSmSn Iem-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ Du¿÷w \pI¿∂pw ]pcm-
W-I-Y-bn¬ h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ t\¿°m-gvN-Iƒ ]I¿∂pw D’-h-
∏-d-ºnse \m\m-hn-`mKw P\-ß-sfbpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\mWv
\ºym¿ DZy-an-®X
- .v AhnsS "Hcp-Ø\pw eLp-Xz-sØ-hc
- p-Øp-hm-t\m,
Hcp-Ø\pw lnX-ambn ]d-bp-hmt\m' At±lw {ian-®n-√. km[m-
cW°mcpsS Bkzm-Z-\-Øns‚ "ck-X{¥w' \ºym¿°v \√-hÆw
hi-am-bn-cp-∂p. NmIym¿Iq-Øns‚ cwK-th-Zn-bn¬ \n∂v Inńb Adn-
hm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Nncn-∏n-°m-sXbpw ckn-∏n-°m-sXbpw Nn¥n-∏n-
°mt\m ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°mt\m km[y-a√ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B ck-
X-{¥w. AXn\v ên-X-]-cn-lm-k-ßƒ tN¿Øv temtIm-‡n-Ifpw
at\m-[¿Ω-ßfpw CS-I-e¿Øn, \m´p-hm-sam-gn-h-g-°-Øn¬ IY ]d-
bm≥ {ian-®p. AXn-`m-hp-I-Xztam Aew-IrX ssientbm Ae-¶m-c-
ßtfm \ºym¿ {]tbm-Kn-®n-√. \mS≥ hmsam-gn-®¥w \mtSmSn X\-
Xp-Xm-f-Øn-emZyw ]mSn-t°ƒ∏n-°p-Ibpw ]ns∂ Xp≈n-°m-Wn-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. t£{X-Ie
- b
- psS htcWy BS-bm-`c
- W
- ß
- ƒ Hmtcm-
∂mbn ChnsS Du¿∂p hogp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A`n-\-b-Øns‚ ]c-Im-
b-{]-th-i-amb Xp≈-en¬ Ac-ßns\ \m´-c-ßmbpw Ifn-Ø-´mbpw
]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-®p. IqØ-ºe
- Ø
- ns‚ ]mc-ºc
- y-th-Znsb \ºym¿ \ncm-
I-cn-®p.
NmIym¿Iq-Øns‚ kzm[o\w Xp≈-en¬ \ntj-[n-°m-hp-∂- 12345678901234567890

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X-√. kZ- n-s\-t\m°n ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ coXnbpw A`n-\-b-Øns‚
Nne Awi-ßfpw IqØn¬\n∂pw kzoI-cn-®X
- m-Wv. IYm-`m-KØ
- ns‚
hnkvX-c-W-Øn¬ at\m-[¿Ω-ßfpw D]-I-Y-Ifpw \¿Ω-`m-h-\bpw
CS-I-e¿Øp∂ k{º-Zmbw IqØn-ep-≠v. Xp≈¬°m-c\pw Gsd-
°psd AXv kzoI-cn-®p-Im-Wp-∂p. F∂m¬ Bƒ°q-´-Øns‚ a\-
»mkv{Xw a\- n-em-°n-bmbn-cp∂p \ºym-cp-sS {]tbm-Kw. Kl-\-
amb XXz-t_m-[\w D’-h-∏-d-ºn\v tN¿∂-X-s√∂v At±-l-Øn-\-
dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jy¿°n-S-bnse \nXy-hy-h-lm-cØn¬ \ns∂-
SpØ DZm-lc
- W
- ß
- f
- mWv \ºym-cpsS D]-aI
- ƒ. ]ma-c\pw ]WvUn-
X\pw AXv Hcp-t]mse ckn-°p--sa∂v At±lw Is≠-Øn. ]cn-l-
kn-°p-I-bmWv ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw ê-{]-Z-amb am¿§-
sa∂pw \ºym¿ sXfn-bn-®p. F∂m-eX
- n¬ hntZz-jØ
- n-s‚tbm shdp-
∏n-s‚tbm am¿§-an-√. `mh-{]-Im-i\
- Ø
- ns‚ _lp-Xe
- k
- v]¿i-amWv
Xp≈¬°r-Xn-I-fnse _lp-kz-c-X. kaq-l-Ønse F√m-hn-`mKw
P\-ß-sfbpw AXv kv]¿in-®p. Bscbpw \ºym¿ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-√.
F√m-h-cpsS hnIm-c-ßfpw Aa¿j-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈n-®p. {]`phpw
tkh-I\pw ASn-bm\pw IpSn-bm\pw Ac-ßn-se-Øn. AXm-bn-cp∂p
\ºym-cpsS G‰hpw henb COm-i-‡n. AXn-\mbn ]pcm-W-I-Ym-
]m-{X-ß-fn¬ C°q-´sc A[ym-tcm-lWw \S-Øn. `mc-Xo-b-Im-hy-
im-kv{X-Ønse A\p-am-\-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\v Xpey-am-Wn-Xv. AXp-
sIm≠v {]Xy-£-Øn¬ \ºymsc FXn¿°m≥ B¿°pw Ah-kcw
e`n-®n-√. Aßs\ kXyw ]d-bm-\p≈ i‡n {]I-Sn-∏n® aebmf
Ihn- b mbn Ip©≥\- º ym¿ amdp- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. cmP- I ob
`cWØn≥Io-gn-ep≈ Hcp kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p
CsX∂v {]tXyIw Hm¿°-Ww. {]`p-°∑
- mcpw amS-ºn-amcpw ]n≈-amcpw
hmgp∂ ^yqU¬ Ime-L-´-am-W-Xv. Hcp]t£, Aºe∏pgt£{X
Ønse Xp≈¬ \ntcm[\Øns‚ ]›mØehpw CXmbncn°mw.
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AXmWv IqØ-º-e-ßƒ. IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬ 309
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am{Xta Ac-tß-dm≥ ]mSp-≈q-sh∂pw Aº-eh
- m-kn-If
- mb NmIym¿
kap-Zm-b-°m¿°mWv AXn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sa∂pw hyh-ÿ-bp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. IqØ-ºe
- Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-Whpw imkv{X-hn-[n-Ifpw \mSy-
im-kv{X-Øn¬ khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. AX-\p-k-cn-®mWv
t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS Xucy-{XnIw \n_-‘n-®n-´p-≈X
- v. \rØw, \mSyw,
A`n-\-bw, kwKo-Xw, hmZyw XpS-ßnbhbpsS {]tbmKw Nn´-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw i_vZw {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw ta¬]-d™
\mSy-im-kv{X-hn-[n-{]-Im-ca
- m-Wv. \mSy-kz-cq]w Xs∂ IqØ-ºe
- Ø
- n-
\p-≈nse \mSy-a-WvU-]-hn-[n-{]-Im-c-amWv \n¿∆-ln-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v
ImWmw. t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS cwKm-h-X-c-WsØ F√m-hn-[-Ønepw
]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂ as‰mcp LSIw hmZy-ß-fm-Wv. angm-hv, a±-fw,
sN≠, CS-b°
v , tNßn-e, Ce-Øm-fw, Ipgn-Ømfw XpS-ßn-bh
- b
- mWv
{][m\ t£{X-Ie
- m-hm-Zy-ßƒ. IqØn\pw IqSn-bm-´Ø
- n\pw angm-h,v
IY-I-fn°v a±-fhpw sN≠-bpw, Xp≈-en\v sXm∏n-a-±-fw (ar-Zw-Kw)
Ipgn-Øm-fw, F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv k{º-Zm-bw.
kwKoXw t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS Bflm-hm-sW∂pXs∂ ]d-bmw.
AjvS]-Zn-bpsS Bem-]\w tkm]m-\c
- o-Xn-bmbn {]Nmcw t\Sn. IY-
I-fn-kw-KoXw A`n-\-b-kw-Ko-X-ambpw `mh-kw-Ko-X-ambpw Adn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p. IY-I-fn-bn¬ A`n-\-bsØ hf¿Øp-∂Xv Hc-f-hp-hsc
]n∂-Wn-kw-Ko-X-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, IY-I-fn-bnse hmNnIw ]n∂-Wn-
∏m-´m-Wv. IY-Ifn Hcp ¢m n-°¬ Ie-bm-bX
- n-\m¬ AXnse kwKo-
Xhpw ¢m n-°-em-sW∂v Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-cm-en-bpsS A`n-
{]mbw C∂sØ k{º-Zm-bsØ km[q-Ic
- n-°p-∂p. t£{X-Ie
- I
- sf
AXns‚ k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Ifcn ]T-\-Øn\pw
]mc-º-cy-Øn\pw apJy-]-¶p-≠v. ka¿∏-W-a-\-kvI-cmb \S-∑mcpw
Kpcp-°-∑mcpw {]kvXpX Ie-I-fpsS X\na \jvS-s∏-SmsX ImØp-
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ip-≤n-bnepw A`n-\b]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep-amWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 310
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\nK-a-\-ßƒ
1) ka-{K-Xbpw Kth-j-W-aq-eyhpw Ncn-{X-hn-⁄m-\hpw \ncq-]-

W-kz-`m-h-ap-≈-Xp-amb kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬
hf-sc-Ip-d-®p-am-{X-ta-bp-≈q.
2) kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-X-ehpw \ncq-]-W-kz-`m-

hhpw kw£n-]vXX
- bpw Ah-bpsS A°m-ZanIv hmeyp \n¿Æ-
bn-°p-∂p.
3) GsXmcp Zriy-I-ebv°pw cwK-{]-tbm-K-Øn\v Hcp A`n-\-b-

km-ln-Xy-ap-≠mIpw; DZm-Ø-c-N-\-Iƒ A`n-\-tbm-Nn-X-ambn
]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w sNbvXpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw..
4) alm-Im-hy-ßfpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw Ihn-X-Ifpw a‰p cN-\-Ifpw

\ncq-]Ww sNøp-∂Xv t]mse-bmWv aebmf kmlnXyNcn{X
ßfn¬ t£{X-I-em-km-ln-Xy-]-T\w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
\mS-I-km-lnXyw t]mepw thZnsb ap≥\n¿Øn ]Tn-®n-ń-√.
Ihn, Imew, I¿Øm-hv, Imhy-`wKn F∂n-ßs\ km{º-Zm-bn-
I-co-Xn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
5) IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IrjvW\

- m-´w, IY-If
- n, Xp≈¬ XpS-ßnb
cwK-I-e-Isf t£{X-I-e-I-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-
ń-√. t£{X-kw-kvImcw, t£{X-Ie
- I
- ƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-kv]-
cyw, cwKm-h-X-c-W-Ønse A\p-jvTm-\-]-cX F∂n-hbpw ]T-
\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂n-√.
6) t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS kmln-XysØ cwK-km-ln-Xyw, A`n-\-b-

Øn-\p-th≠n Fgp-X-s∏´ kmln-Xyw F∂ \ne-bn¬ hne-
bn-cp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂n-√. Zriy-I-e-I-fpsS kmlnXyw A`n-\-b-
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km-ln-Xy-am-W.v Ac-ßns\ ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv Ah-bpsS cN-\. 311
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7) cwK-I-e-I-fpsS Xucy-{XnIw th≠-hn-[-Øn¬ N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-
ń-ń-√. t£{X-I-e-I-fn¬ apJy-ambpw IY-I-fn-bn¬ \rØ-˛-
\r-Xy-˛\
- m-Sy-ßƒ (B-´w, ]m´v, sIm´v)k
- t- Ωm-l\
- a
- mbn ktΩ-
fn-°p-∂p.
8) B´-°Y
- b
- p-sSbpw Xp≈-en-s‚bpw `mj-bn¬ apJy-`mKw aWn-
{]-hm-f-am-Wv. IY-I-fn-∏-Z-ßƒ aWn-{]-hm-f-Øn-emWv cNn-°p-
∂-Xv. `mj-tb-dn-hc
- p∂ aWn-{]-hm-fa
- mWv Xp≈¬°r-Xn-If
- n¬
A[n-Ihpw. F∂m¬, kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xßfnse aWn-{]-hm-f-
N¿®-bn-sem-cn-SØpw B´-°Y
- m-km-ln-Xyhpw Xp≈¬ kmln-
Xyhpw N¿®m-hn-jb
- a
- m-Ip-∂n-√. F∂m¬ kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-
c-∑m¿ B´-°-Y-bnse aWn-{]-hm-fsØ IY-I-fn-{]-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.
9) aWn-{]-hm-f-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am\w B´-°-Ym-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬
ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Xp≈¬°r-Xn-I-fnepw "\√-`m-j-tb-dn-h-
cp∂ aWn-{]-hmf'sØbmWv \ºym¿°pw ]Yyw. F∂m¬
kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c∑
- m¿ C°mcyw ]mtS ad-∂p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
10) t£{X-Ie
- m-km-ln-Xy-]T
- \w \n¿∆-ln-t°-≠Xv Acßpw A`n-
\-bhpw ap≥\n¿Øn-bm-I-Ww. Imc-Ww, A`n-\-b-km-ln-Xy-
sa∂ \ne-bn¬ cwK-]m-Ts
- am-cp-°p-Ib
- mWv Ihn-Iƒ sNbvXX
- .v
11) cwK-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Imhy-_nw-_ß
- fpw Iev]\
- I
- fpw h¿Æ-
\-Ifpw (C-ta-P-do-kv) A`n-\-b-Øn-te°p hf-cp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
temI-[¿Ωnbpw \mSy-[¿Ωn-bp-amb \mSy-ßƒ AXn-eq-sS-
bmWv A`n-\-b-]m-c-ay-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. km[m-cW Ihn-X-I-
fn-se-t∏m-se-bp≈ {]Xo-Im-flI
- _
- nw-_I
- e
- v]\
- I
- f
- √ t£{X-
I-em-km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-≈X
- v. {]tXy-In®pw IY-If
- n-bn¬ ap{Zm-
`n-\b
- Ø
- n\v tbmPn® coXn-bn-em-bn-cn°pw h¿Æ-\I
- fpw Iev]- 12345678901234567890
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\-Ifpw Ihn-Iƒ tIm¿Øn-W-°p-∂-Xv. 312
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12) IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS ÿmbn-bmb NnØ-hr-Øn-I-fmWv ck-
ambn ]cn-Wa
- n-°p∂-X.v AXn-\h
- e
- w_w {][m\ambpw kmln-
Xy-am-Wv.
13) IY-I-fn-∏-Z-ßƒ cwK-\n-jvT-ambn "kq{X-{]mb'Øn¬ cNn-°-

s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. \S≥ ]Zm¿∞m-`n-\-bØneqsSbpw ap{Z-bn-eq-
sSbpw Ah-bpsS Bi-bsØ t{]£-I\v ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-
°p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.
14) IY-Ifn Hcp ssieo-IrXIe-bmWv. AXn-\m¬ ap{Z-bv°n-

W-ßp∂ h¿Æ-]Z- h
- m-Iy-k©
- b
- a
- mWv B´-°Y
- m-km-ln-Xyw.
IY-I-fn-bpsS BtKm-f-{]-Nm-c-Øn\pw {]i-kvXn°pw {][m-
\-Im-c-W-hp-an-Xm-Wv. ChnsS Bkzm-Z-\-Øn¬ `mj Hcp XS-
-am-Ip-∂n-√. GXp tZi°m¿°pw IYIfnI≠v BkzZn°m≥
Ignbp∂Xv AXpsIm≠mWv.
15) t£{X-I-em-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ (I-Y-I-fn, Xp≈¬) ck-`m-h-

hn-Nm-c-N¿® {]ap-J-amb kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fn¬ t]mepw
th≠{X \S-Øn-bn-ń-√. aWn-{]-hm-f`- m-jb
- psS A`n-\bkm[y-
X-If
- mWv CXn-\mbn Ihn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Ks
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- .v
\h-c-k-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ B `mjbv°v khntij
amb Ign-hp-≠v.
16) IY-Ifn-bpsS km¿∆-eu-In-I-Xbpw km[m-c-Wo-I-c-Whpw

X∑qew kn≤n-®-Xm-Wv. ap{Z, cwK-I-e-bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-amb
Bi-bh
- n-\n-at- bm-]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv \mSy-im-kv{X-hn-[n-Iƒ°v
hnt[-b-hp-am-Wv. B´{]Imchpw {IaZo]nIbpw AXn\p≈
ASnÿm\{KŸßfmWv.
17) Ac-ßn-eqsS hnI-kn-®p-h-cp∂ Zriy-I-em-km-lnXyw A`n-\- 12345678901234567890

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b-Øns‚ A\-¥-km-[y-X-Iƒ \nd-™-Xm-Wv. "Ah-ÿm-\p- 313
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Ir-Xn¿\mSyw' F∂ `c-X-aXw temI-km-[m-c-W-amb kIe
hyh-lm-c-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. \Ss‚ at\m-
[¿Ωm´w apJyambpw A`n-\-b-]m-c-ay-Øn-te°p \bn-°m-\p-
X-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
18) ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ°pw, ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-ßƒ°pw khn-ti-

j-amb hy‡n-Xzhpw Pohn-X-K-‘hpw \¬Im≥ B´-°-Ym-
Im-c≥am¿°pw Xp≈¬I¿Øm-hn\pw Ign-™n-´p-≠v. \f-N-
cnXw "\c-Nc
- nX' amIp-∂Xpw amen-bpsS "I¿Æ-i]
- Y
- '- Ønse
I¿Æ≥ A]q¿∆ hy‡n-Xz-Øn\p DS-abm-Ip-∂Xpw \ºym-
cpsS ]pcmWIYm- ] m- { Xßfpw CXn\p \nZ¿i- \ - a m- W v .
\fNcnXØnse Ien, lwkw, \mc-Z≥ F∂o ]m{X-kr-jvSn-
Iƒ as‰m-cp-Zm-l-c-Ww.
19) \f-N-cn-X-Ønse kmlnXyw \Ss‚ temI-[¿Ωnbpw \mSy-

[¿Ωn-bp-amb A`n-\-b-Øn-eqsS klr-Z-b\v ta¬°p-ta¬
Bkzm-Z\
- sØ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w Hcp \Ss‚ A`n-
\-b-ti-jnsb sh√p-hn-fn-°p-∂Xpw IqSn-bm-Wv. ka¿∞-∑m-
cmb \S-∑m¿t]mepw Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ ]cp-ßn-t∏m-Ipw.
20) t£{X-I-em-km-ln-Xyhpw kwKo-Xhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w

A`n\bsØ ]cnt]mjn∏n°p∂p. hmZyhpw kwKoXhpw
Xmfhpw Ah-bpsS Pnh-\m-Wv.
21) IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw A`n-\-b-kw-Ko-X-am-Wv; ¢m n-°-ep-am-Wv.

Ime-{]-am-W-Øn\pw cmK-hn-kvXm-c-Øn-\p-sam∏w kwKo-X-
Ønse at\m-[¿Ω-kz-cß
- ƒ ]Z-ßf
- psS Bem-]\
- k
- u-`K
- hpw
A`n-\-b-]q¿Æ-Xbpw ssIh-cp-Øp-∂p. `mh-Ko-X-ß-tfmSv
kmay-ap≈ ]Z-ßƒ DÆm-bn-hm-cy-cp-sSbpw Xºn-bp-sSbpw 12345678901234567890
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B´°Y-I-fn--ep-≠v. 314
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22) IY-If
- nbn¬ hmZyØn\v (ta-fØ
- n-\)v hep-Xmb ÿm\-ap-≠.v
IY-I-fn-tafw F∂m-W-Xns\ s]mXpsh ]dbp-I. taf-°m¿
Ifn°v tafn-°p-I-bmWv AYhm IqSp-I-bmWv sNøp-I. ap{Z-
I-fp-sSbpw Iem-i-ß-fp-sSbpw FÆhpw {Iahpw k{º-Zm-
bhpw taf-{]-tbm-K-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®mWv km[p-hm-Ip-∂-Xv.
c≠pw tN¿∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ah-Xm-f-am-Ipw. ck-`w-K-Øn\v Imc-
W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw.
23) IY-Ifn Ac-ßsØ sN≠-bpsS hmb\ (I-Y-I-fn-bn¬

sN≠ sIm´p-I-b-√) A`n-\-b-Øns‚ kq£vamw-i-ß-sf-
t∏mepw klr-Z-b\v ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Wv.
ka¿∞\mb IemImc≥ H´p-an-°-i-_vZ-ßfpw sN≠-bn¬
Bhm-ln-°p-∂p. A`n-\-b-Øn\v X∑-b-Xzhpw XmZm-flyhpw
hcp-Øm≥ CXv D]-I-cn-°p-∂p.
24) tafw t£{X-Ie

- b
- psS Bflm-hm-sW∂v Xs∂ ]d-bmw. IY-
I-fn-Ac
- ß
- n¬ s]m∂m-\n-bpsS Iønse tN¶n-eb
- n¬ hogp∂
FÆ-amWv Ac-ßsØ Xmf-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w. ]m´v, sIm´v,
A`n-\-bw, Iem-i-ßƒ, ap{Z-Iƒ, cwK-am‰w (]m-{X-ß-fpsS
{]th-iw, \njv{I-a-Ww), IY-bpsS hnkvX-cn-°epw kw{K-ln-
°-epw-Xp-Sßn F√m kwK-Xn-Ifpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv s]m∂m-
\n-bm-Wv. cwKm-h-X-c-W-Ønse kwhn-[m-b-I-\mbn s]m∂m-
\nsb ({]-[m\ ]m´p-Im-cs
- \) IW-°m-°mw. s]m∂m\n Ac-
ßnse kPoh km∂n-[y-am-Ip-∂p.
25) Xp≈-en¬ kwKo-XØ

- n\pw Xmf-Øn-\p-a\
- p-kc
- n-®mWv \Ss‚
`mh-am-‰hpw A`n-\-b-Ønse ]c-Im-b-{]-th-i-hpw. Hcmƒ
Øs∂ hyXykvX IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠n-h-cp-
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tºmƒ ck-`m-h-∏-I¿®°v ]mńs‚ cmK-am-‰hpw Xmf-am-‰-hp- 315
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amWv \S≥ {][m-\-ambpw Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xv. Xp≈-ens‚
hn`-P\ (Hm-´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥) Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\hpw
CXp-X-s∂. \ºym-cmI-s´, Xp≈-en¬ C∂-[nIw {]Nm-c-an-
√mØ A]q¿∆-Xm-f-ßƒ (a¿ΩXmfw, Ipw`w, e£van, Nm∏v)
hsc {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.
26) IY-I-fn-bnepw Xp≈-enepw ]mc-º-cy-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw \mtSm-

Sn-°-e-I-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w {]I-S-ambn IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.
Blm-cy-Ønepw apJ-sØ-gp-Ønepw Ah-Xc
- W
- Ø
- nepw A\p-
jvTm-\-Øn-ep-ambn \nc-h[n LS-I-ß-fn¬ ]c-kv]cw sImSp-
°¬ hmß-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
27) If-sa-gpØpw Nn{X-I-e-bpw t£{X-I-e-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-

kv]-cyhpw ]mc-º-cyhpw Gsd {it≤-b-amb ]T\w A¿ln-
°p∂ taJ-e-bm-Wv. Zriy-I-e-bpsS apJ-sØ-gp-Ønepw \nd-
k-¶-ev]-ß-fnepw ck-`m-h-k-¶-ev]-Ønepw Nn{X-I-e-bpsS
kt¶-Xhpw ]mc-º-cyhpw A\p-jvTm-\-k-¶-ev]-ßfpw IS-∂p-
h-cp-∂p. If-sa-gp-Øn¬ tZhn-bpsS AwtKm-]mw-K-ßƒ hc-
®p-I-gn™v G‰hpw HSp-hn-emWv DØ-amw-K-amb inc v Fgp-
Xp-∂-Xv. IY-I-fn-bnepw Npńbpw DSp-Øp-sI-´pw Nne-¶bpw
saøm-`-c-W-ßfpw [cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw G‰hpw HSp-hn-emWv
IncoSw hbv°p-∂-Xv. ]ns∂ thjw Ac-ßn-te-°m-Wv.
28) t£{X-I-e-Iƒ hln-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ZuXyw N¿®-sN-

ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. `mc-Xo-b-X-bnepw [¿Ωm-[¿Ω-hn-th-N-\-
Ønepw Du∂nb kwkvIm-ct- em-Ia
- m-Wn-Xv. B `mKw \ΩpsS
kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ßƒ hnkva-cn-®p-I-f-™p.
29) Xp≈-ens‚ P\-{]n-bX {][m-\a

- mbpw `mjm-ssi-enbpw cwKm- 12345678901234567890
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h-Xc
- W
- Ø
- nse \mtSm-Sn-hg- °
- ß
- f
- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p. 316
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30) anJm-tb¬ _‡ns‚ Im¿Wn-h¬Xn-bdn (D-’-ho-I-c-Ww)
IqSp-Xepw tbmPn-°p-∂Xv Xp≈-ens‚ cwK-th-Zn-bn-em-Wv.
Bƒ°q-´t- h-Zn-bpsS a\-»mkv{Xw Xp≈-ens‚ Ah-Xc
- W
- Ø
- n-
ep-S-\o-f-ap-≠v.
31) hm°nse kaq-lhpw, _lp-kz-cX
- bpw, ]mTm-¥c
- _
- ‘
- ß
- fpw
Xp≈¬km-ln-Xyhpw cwK-]m-Thpw A`n-\-bhpw XΩn-ep≈
tN¿®-bn¬ \n∂mWv D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.
32) \mSy-I-esb t]mjn-∏n-®Xpw hf¿Øn-bXpw IY-I-fnsb
hntizm-Ø-c-amb Hcp Ie-bm-°n-b-Xnepw tIc-f-Øn\p hen-
b-]¶
- p-≠v. \ΩpsS ]mc-ºc
- y-Ie
- m-cq-]ß
- f
- n¬ \n∂v Dƒs°m-
≈m-hp-∂s
- X√mw kzmwio-Ic
- n®v hnI-kn® Ie-bmWv IY-If
- n.
33) \ºymcpw ]®-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-{]-tbm-K-ßfpw \mtSm-Sn-km-ln-Xy-
k-©-b-hp-ambn tN¿Øp-]-Tn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xp≈¬°r-Xn-
I-fn-eqsS \m´p-h¿Ø-am-\-ß-fn¬ Gsdbpw C∂sØ Xe-ap-
dbv°v A\y-am-Wv. \m´p-ae
- b
- m-fs
- at∂m ho´p-ae
- b
- m-fs
- at∂m
]d-bm-hp-∂, X\n-\m-´p-`m-jm-h-g-°-ßƒ \sΩ hnkva-b-`-cn-
X-cm-°pw. ]®-ae
- b
- m-f]
- Z- ß
- ƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂X
- n¬ am{X-
a-√, Ah-bpsS kµ¿t`m-Nn-Xhpw {]mk-`w-Knbpw \nd™
HuNn-Xy-]q¿Æ-amb {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \ºym¿°p-
am{Xw km[n-°p-∂X
- m-W.v \mtSm-Sn-km-ln-Xy-]T
- \
- Ø
- n-epƒs∏-
Sp-Ønbpw Chsb hni-I-e\w sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
34) t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS Imen-I{- ]-k‡
- nbpw Imem-Xn-h¿Øn-Xzhpw
kPo-h-N¿®-°p≈ hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ie-I-fpsS {]Xyb-im-
kv{Xhpw cmjv{So-bhpw If-cn-]m-c-º-cyhpw Ah-bpsS X\-
Xp-kw-kvIm-csØ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Hc-f-hp-hsc D]-I-cn-°pw.
IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬, tamln-\n-bm´w F∂nh 12345678901234567890
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]cn-jvI-cWw Bh-iy-s∏-´mepw Ahbv°v ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v. 317
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35) Hmtcm t£{X-I-ebv°pw AXn-t‚-Xp-am-{X-amb Nne {]tXy-
I-X-Iƒ kmln-Xy-kz-cq-]-Ønepw Ah-X-c-W-Ønepw k{º-
Zm-bØ
- n-ep-ap-≠m-Ipw. Ahsb ]mtS am‰p-Is
- b-∂Xv {]kvXpX
Iem-cq-]sØ AX-√m-Xm°n am‰p-hmt\ D]-I-cn-°q. t£{X-
I-e-I-fpsS imkv{Xob Awi-ßƒ Ah-bpsS ¢m n-°¬
kz`m-hØ
- n-t‚-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-Ip-∂p F∂-dn-bW
- w. BtKm-fh
- X
- vI-
c-W-Øns‚ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \ΩpsS kz¥w Ie-I-fmb
t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ kw_-‘n®v IqSp-X¬ ]T-
\-ßƒ \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
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A`n-apJw H∂v
Ccn-ßm-e°
- pS \S-\s
- sI-cfn sNb¿am≥ thWp-Pn-bp-ambn \S-Ønb
A`n-ap-Jw
tNmZyw : cwK-I-e-bpsS ]mc-º-cyhpw A`n-\bkmln-Xy-Øns‚

XpS-°hpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°mtam?
DØcw : `mc-Xob cwK-I-e-bpsS {]tbm-K-]-≤-Xn-bpsS Ncn{Xw

A⁄m-Xa
- m-Wv. AXn\v hfsc ]g-°a
- p-s≠∂v am{Xw
]d-bmw. IqØv BWv BZy-tØ-Xv. AXv C∂sØ
NmIym¿Iq-Ø-√. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Iem-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-
ep≈ \rØ-cq-]-ßsf samØ-Øn¬ IqsØ∂v hnfn-
®n-cp-∂p. IqØv F∂-Xn\v Xntb-‰¿, A`n-\-b-Ie
Fs∂m-s°-bmWv A¿∞w. sXm¬°m-∏nbw t]mep≈
Xangv Imhy-ß-fn¬ CXns‚ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. imIy-
∑msc Nm°-b≥ F∂mWv Xangn¬ ]d-bp-I. IqSn-bm´w
{Ia-Zo-]n-I-bn-ep≈ ]Z-am-Wv. Hc¶w H∂n-e-[nIw t]¿
h∂v A\-h-[n-Zn-hkw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI, AXmWv IqSn-
bm-´w. IqØv, IqSn-bm´w F∂o ]Z-ßƒ ASp-Ø-Im-
eØv D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-bX
- m-Wv. A`n-\b
- k
- m-ln-Xy-
Øns‚ XpS°w `mks‚ IrXn-Iƒ tIc-fØ
- n¬ FØn-
b-ti-j-am-Wv. kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS kmln-Xy-
Øn¬ \n∂v performance \p≈ kmlnXyw AYhm
cwK- ] mTw D≠m- ° n. {]Xn- a m- \ m- S Iw XpS- ß n- b h
Aßs\ h∂-Xm-Wv. IqSn-bm-´-Øn\v BZyw D]-tbm-
Kn® `mk-IrXn Ducp-`w-K-am-Wv. i‡n-`-{Zs‚ B›-
cy-Nq-Um-aWn h∂-tXm-sS-bmWv A`n-\b - ns‚ scope
- Ø
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- .v {]Xn-a, A`n-tj-Iw, NqUm-aWn F∂n-ßs\ 320
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hnJym-Xa
- mb cmam-bW
- I
- Y {]Nm-cØ
- n¬ h∂p. cmam-
b-Ww, {Ia-Zo-]nI CXn-\p≈ production manual Bbn
amdn.
tNmZyw : Zriy-Ie
- m-km-ln-Xyhpw CX-ck
- m-ln-Xy-cN
- \
- I
- fpw XΩn-
ep≈ hyXym-k-sa-¥mWv?-
DØcw : A`n-\-tbm-Nn-X-amb IrXn-Iƒ°v Hcp text (]m-Tw)

D≠m-Ipw. B ]mTw ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv, A\p-kc
- n-®mWv
A`n-\b
- n-t°-≠X
- .v Hmtcm Iem-cq-]Ø
- n\pw kmlnXyw
Hmtcm-∂m-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬
\mep-hcn \mep-a-Wn-°q¿ BSm≥ Ign-bpw. IY-I-fn-
bn¬ Aßs\ hnkvX-cn® B´-an-√. ]Zm¿∞m-`n-\-b-
amWv apJyw. Ahn-sSbpw A`n-\b
- Ø
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm\w
text BWv. ultimately ckm-kzm-Z\w km≤yam-Ip-∂Xv
kmlnXyw hgn-bm-Wv.
tNmZyw : IqSn-bm-´Ø
- ns‚ XpS¿®-bmWv IY-Ifn F∂v ]d-bmtam?
DØcw : Xo¿®-bm-bpw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ cmam-bWw {Ia-Zo-]nI

base sNbvXmWv cma-\m´w \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. IrjvW-\m-´-
Øn\v AjvS-]-Zn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AjvS-]-Zn-bmWv
kwKo-X-Øns‚ temIw Xpd-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse tZh-
Zmkn \rØ-hpw. IY-I-fn-bn¬ kwKo-X-Øns‚ ele-
ment AjvS]
- Z- n-bn¬ \n∂mWv {]tbm-P\
- s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bX
- .v
AXv ]n∂oSv hnImkw {]m]n®p F∂p-am{Xw. IqSn-bm-
´-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øn\v ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≠v. Imc-Ww, \S≥
Xs∂ sNm√-Ww. IqSn-bm´w thsdmcp kwkvIm-ca
- m-W.v
AXn¬ \Ss‚ contribution hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. Home 12345678901234567890
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tNmZyw : cwK-kmln-Xy-amWv A`n-\-b-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-sa∂v ]d-
™p-h-t√m. B \nebv°v `mjbv°v henb {]m[m-\y-
ant√? {]tXy-In®v aWn-{]-hm-f-`m-jbv°v?
DØcw : `mjbv°v Hcp i‡n-hn-ti-j-ap-≠v. AXn-t∏mƒ aWn-

{]-hmfw F∂-√, kwkvIr-X-Øn\pw Xan-gn\pw ae-bm-
f-Øn\pw i‡n-bp-≠.v F√m `mjbv°pw i‡n-bp-≠.v
\mS≥`m-jbv°v AXn-t‚-Xmb i‡n-bp-≠v. hm°p-I-
fpsS {]tbm-K-Øn-emWv `mj-bpsS i‡nbpw A`n-\-
b-km-[y-Xbpw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hm°p-I-fpsS
i‡n i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kuµ-cy-e-lcn t\m°n-bm-e-
dn-bmw. amXr-`m-jX
- s∂ i‡n. Im°m-c»n \mS-IØ
- n¬
\mS≥`mj-bpsS i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw a\- n-em-°mw.
tNmZyw : t£{X-kw-kI
v mcw Ie-If
- psS Bhn¿`m-hØ
- n¬ hln-®
]¶v F{X-am-{X-ap≠v? hni-Zo-I-cn-°mtam?
DØcw :t£{X-ßf
- m-bn-cp-∂p, Fhn-sSbpw Ie-If
- psS Bÿm-\w.
t£{X-ßƒ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ am{X-a-√, P\-ßƒ
IqSp∂ ÿew IqSn-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cØ
- ns‚
hnim-ea
- mb temI-am-WX
- v. P\-ßsf t\¿h-gn°p \bn-
°m- \ p≈ [¿Ωw Ie- I ƒ°p- ≠ v . t£{X- Ø ns‚
aXn¬s°-ń-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-amb \nc-h[n Ie-Iƒ
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-t]m-∂p. hfsc sNdnb Hcp hn`mKw
am{Xta Iem-h-X-c-W-Ønepw Bkzm-Z-\-Ønepw Xg-
b- s ∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≈ q. t£{X- I - e - I ƒ°v AXn- t ‚- X mb
kwkvIm-c-ap-≠v, Ah-X-c-W-ssi-en-bp-≠v.
tNmZyw : t£{X-Ie
- I
- f
- psS A\p-jvTm-\]
- c
- X F{X-tØm-fa
- p≠v? 12345678901234567890
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DØcw : t£{X-I-e-I-fn¬ A\p-jvTm-\mwiw Npcp°w Ie- 322
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Iƒt° D≈q. A\p-jvTm\w hf-sc-Ip-d-hm-Wv. Ie-
bn¬ Bkzm- Z - \ - Ø n\mWv ap≥Xq°w. AXn\v
kmlnXyap≠v. A\pjvTm\Øn¬ ckmkzmZ\an√.
`‡n-bmWv apJyw. sacred, ritual Fs∂√mw ]d-bmw.
]e-t∏mgpw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-chpw hnizm-k-hp-amWv A\p-
jvTm-\-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬. sXøw Hc-\p-jvTm-\-I-e-bm-Wv.
IY-Ifn AX-√. F∂m¬ Ie-bn¬ A\p-jvTm-\hpw
A\p-jvTm-\-Øn¬ Iebpw ImWpw. Iebv°v cwK-{]-
tbm-Kw, thZn, ImWn-Iƒ (t{]-£-I¿) ckm-kzm-Z\w
F∂o LS-I-ß-ƒ IqSnbp≠v. t£{X-I-e-Iƒ k¿∆-
I-eI
- f
- p-sSbpw t£{X-am-Wv. A\p-jvTm\w thsd, Ie
thsd. A\p-jvTm\w ]e-t∏mgpw a\p-jys\ Aam-\p-
jn-I-\mbn am‰p-∂p. Nne powerful elements Ie-bn-
te°p FSp-°p-∂p. cmh-W≥, Zmcn-I≥ XpS-ßn-b-hsc
A\p-jvTm-\-Øns‚ Awiw tN¿Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
IqSn-bm-´-Ønepw A]q¿∆w Nne `mK-ßƒ ˛ aØ-hn-
em-kw, AwKp-eo-bm¶w F∂nh Nne t£{X-ß-fn¬
A\p-jvTm-\-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
tNmZyw : Iem-Z¿i\w ˛ `mc-Xo-bhpw ]m›m-Xyhpw ˛ H∂p hni-

Z-am-°mtam?
DØcw : Gsd hni-Zo-I-cWw th≠ Hcp tNmZy-am-Wv. F¶nepw

Fs‚ Iem-\p-`h
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Npcp-°n-]d
- b
- mw.
Htc Ie F√m-h¿°pw Bkzm-Zy-I-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°m≥ temI-Øm¿°pw km[y-a-√. `mc-Xob Iem-h-X-
c-W-Øn¬ {][m\w a\- m-Wv. F√m Iem-Z¿i-\-
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Bflo-bX
- b
- psS Awi-ap-≠.v \ap°v Iem-hX
- c
- W
- Ø
- n\v
IqØ-ºe
- a
- p-≠v. ]c-am-h[n 300-˛t- ]¿°ncn-°m-hp-∂X
- m-
W-Xv. AXn-\p-≈n-emWv cwK-a-WvU-]w. AXn¬ 3˛-\-
S-∑m¿°p-am{Xw \n¬°m-\p≈ CSw. \Ss‚ `mj, A`n-
\-bw, Ne-\w, hmZyw F∂nh \nb-{¥n-®p-\n¿Øn-bp-
≈-Xm-Wv thZn. \ap°v cwK-thZn Zpc-¥-Øn\pw Ic-
bm-\p-ap-≈-X-√. \ΩpsS Xnø-‰¿ auspicious awK-f-I-c-
am-Wv. \ne-hn-f°v sImfp-Øn-bmWv Iem-h-X-cWw
Bcw-`n-°p-I. Hcp-Xcw meditation Iem-hX
- c
- W
- Ø
- n-ep-≠.v
]m›m-Xy-cm-I-s´, a\- ns‚ km[y-X-Isf∏‰n Nn¥n-
°p-∂n-√. Ah-cpsS tÃPv, hen-sbm-cp lmfm-Wv. aq∂p-
\n-e-Iƒ D≠m-Ipw. Ah¿°v A`n-\-b-Øns‚ {][m\
LSIw tImd-km-Wv. human body, movements AXn-
emWv {i≤. Total presentation emWv ]m›m-Xy-cpsS
Iem-Z¿i\w Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂X
- v. {]I-S\
- ]
- c
- X
- b
- mWv
e£yw.
tNmZyw : Iem-hX
- c
- W
- Ø
- nse Bflo-bX
- s
- b-∏‰n kqNn-∏n-®p-ht- √m.
AsXm∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°mtam?
DØcw : cwKm-h-X-c-W-k-a-bØv Iem-Im-c\v Hcp BXvaob
DW¿∆v D≠m-Ipw. \S-\n¬ ckw DW¿∂v ckw {]Im-
i-\-am-°m≥ CXp-hgn km[n-°pw. F¶nte Bkzm-Z-I-
\n¬ ckw P\n-°p-I-bp-≈q. CXns\ \S-\nse Dƒsh-
fn®w Fs∂√mw ]d-bmw. B[n-Im-cnI ]T-\w, \√
Kpcp-°-∑m-cpsS in£-Ww, Zo¿L-Ime ]cn-N-bw, \nc-
¥-c-amb km[\ F∂n-h-sIm-≠p-am-{Xta CXv km[y-
am-Iq. Iem-aW
- vUew IrjvW≥\m-b¿, Iem-aW
- vUew
tKm]n F∂n-h-cpsS Ac-ßsØ {]tbmKw CXn\v
ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv. ChnsS `mjbv°v AXo-X-amb Hcp 12345678901234567890
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i‡n-hn-ti-jw, BI¿j-I-Xzw, \S-\n¬ h∂p-tN-cpw.
tNmZyw : ap{Zm-`n-\-b-Øns‚ km[y-X-Ifpw {]k-‡nbpw hni-Zo-
I-cn-°mtam? "IY-I-fn-ap-{Zm-\n-L≠p' Dƒs∏sS Aßv
[mcmfw ]pkvXIßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠t√m.
DØcw : A`n-\b
- I
- e
- b
- p-sSbpw ap{Zm-`n-\b
- Ø
- n-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-
\-{KŸw B´-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. AXn¬ Hcp hmIyw F{X
ap{Z-Iƒ ImWn-®v, F{X kabw FSpØv A`n-\-bn-°-
W-sa∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠.v Text BWv ap{Zbv°v ASn-
- ns‚ Text kwkvIr-Xa
ÿm\w. IqSn-bm-´Ø - m-sW-¶nepw
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Nn¥n-®n-´mWv ap{Z-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.
ap{Z tIhew kmln-XyØns‚ Bi-bm-hX
- c
- Ww am{X-
a-√, \Ss‚ Nn¥-bpsS, a\- n-ep-≈-Xns‚ F√mw vi-
sual IqSn-bm-Wv. IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬ kºq¿Æ-cm-am-bWw
Ccp- ∂ p- s Im≠v , ap{Z- s Im≠v am{Xw ImWn- ° mw.
F∂m¬ IY-If
- n-bn¬ hyXym-ka
- m-Wv. ap{Zbpw `mhhpw
kv^pcn-°p∂ coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww cwK-IemkmlnXyw
Fgp-tX-≠-Xv.
tNmZyw : [mcmfw hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Iem-h-X-cWw \S-Øn-bn-

´p≈ B¿ńÃv F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xm¶ƒ°v cwK-Ie
- b
- psS
A\-¥-km-[y-X-Iƒ H∂v hni-Z-am-°mtam?
DØcw : temIØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Kth-jWw \S-∂n-´p-≈Xv

cwK-I-e-bn-em-Wv. `c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSyimkv{X-Øn-\p-
apºpw ]n≥]pw \S-∂n-´p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ AXn\p sXfn-
hm-Wv. Fs‚ Imcyw Xs∂ FSp-°mw. Rm≥ BZyw
Hº-Xp-h¿jw IY-I-fn-]-Tn-®p. ]ns∂ Kpcp tKm]n-\m-
Yns‚ ASp-°¬\n∂pw \rØw ]Tn-®p. ]n∂o-SmWv
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IqSn-bm´ BNm-cy≥ AΩ-∂q¿ am[-h-Nm-Iym-cpsS 325
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in£-W-Øn¬ IqSn-bm´w A`y-kn-®-Xv. Aßs\ 20
h¿jsØ ]T-\-Øn-\p-ti-j-amWv imIp-¥fw IqSn-bm-
´-ambn Nn´-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. AXps∂ Hcp-
h¿jsØ tlmw h¿°v sNbvXmWv thZn-bn¬ Ac-
tß-dn-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v Im°m-c-»n-\m-S-Iw, ]mh-°q-Øv
F∂n-hbpw ]Tn-®p. Ct∏mƒ ]mh-°-Y-Ifn Ac-tß-
dm-\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏n-em-Wv. \nc-¥c ]T-\hpw Kth-j-
Whpw cwK-{]-tbm-K-km-[y-X-Ifpw Bh-iy-amb taJ-
e-bmWv cwK-I-e-. Iem-Im-cs‚ ka¿∏-W-a-t\m-`m-h-
amWv apJyw. AXn-ep-]cn Xm≥ ]Tn® Iesb \ne-
\n¿Øm-\p≈ {iahpw ASpØ Xe-ap-dsb ]Tn-∏n-°m-
\p≈ B{K-l-hpw A-Xns‚ ]n∂n-ep-≠v. F¶nte Cu
Ie-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-I-bp-≈q.
tNmZyw : IqSn-bm´w t]mep≈ Ie-If

- p-ambn hntZ-i]
- c
- y-S\w \S-
Øp-tºmƒ AhnsS `mjbpw kt¶-Xhpw Bkzm-Z-\-
Øns‚ {]iv\w krjvSn-°m-dnt√?
DØcw : Hcn-°e
- p-an-√. C°-gn™ c≠mgvN Rßƒ ]mco-kn¬
]cy-S\w Ign-™p-h-∂-Xm-Wv. Hº-Xp-a-Wn-°q-dmWv
XpS¿®m-bbn IqSn-bm´w Ah-Xc - v. Text ip≤-kw-
- n-∏n-®X
kvIr-Xa
- m-W.v Bbn-cØ
- n¬∏cw ImWn-If
- p-≠.v AXn¬
]Øp-t]¿°v am{Xta kmlnXyw Adn-bm≥ Ignbq.
F∂m¬ F√m-hcpw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p. Fs‚ aIƒ
I]ne, Djm-\ß
- ym¿ F∂n-hc
- S- ß
- nb kwL-am-bn-cp∂p
AXv. `mjbv°v A∏p-da
- p≈ Hcm-I¿j-IX
- zhpw Bkzm-
Z-\X
- e
- hpw CØcw Ie-Iƒ°p-≠v. ]ns∂, C∂v hntZ-
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io-bc
- n¬ ]ecpw ]Tn-°m≥ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p-∂p-≠.v 326
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tNmZyw : IqSn-bm-´-Øn-sebpw IY-I-fn-bn-sebpw A`n-\bw Xmc-
X-ay-s∏-SpØn hni-Zo-I-cn-°mtam?
DØcw : Aßs\ Hcp Xmc-X-ay-Øn\v Xs∂ {]k-‡n-bn-√.
c≠n\pw c≠v k{º-Zm-b-sat∂ ]d-bm-hq. Hmtcm cwK-
I-e-°p-ap≠v AXn-t‚-Xmb k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw imkv{Xo-
b-h-i-ß-fpw. ]ns∂, Hmtcm ]pXnb Iem-cq-]-Ønepw
AXn-\p-ap-ºp≈ Ie-I-fpsS kzm[o\w ImWpw. AXv
kzm`m-hn-Iw. CXv icn°pw cwK-{]-tbm-KØ
- n¬ \n∂pw
Acßp ]cn-Nb
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂pw am{Xta {Kln-°m-\m-Iq.
kmam-\y-]-T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v In´p-∂-X-√.
tNmZyw : t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ kw_-‘n®pw ]T-
\-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s\-∏-‰nbpw F¥mWv A`n-{]mbw?
DØcw : Hcp Iem-Im-c≥, performer Hcp Iesb F¶nepw
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw thWw.
injy-∑m-sc, Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈-hsc Ie ]Tn-∏n-°-Ww.
Hcp performer°v AwKo-Imcw In´m-\p≈ hgn-Iƒ
Is≠-ØW
- w. Iebv°v hnim-ea
- mb temIw InS-∏p-≠.v
Iemt-{]-an-Iƒ D≈n-SØv Ie-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.
AXv tIc-f-sat∂m hntZ-i-sat∂m t\mt°≠ Imcy-
an-√. \ΩpsS Kpcp-Ipe k{º-Zm-b-sØbpw If-cn-I-
sfbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-I. C∂v \nc-h[n k¿∆-I-em-im-e-
I-fn¬ performing arts ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£, Ahn-
sS-\n∂v Hcp outstanding Bbn-´p≈ Iem-Im-c≥ ]pd-
Øn-dß
- p-∂Xv A]q¿∆w. AXp \ΩpsS ]mc-ºcy Kpcp-
Ipe k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂m-W-[n-Ihpw D≠m-hp-I.
H∏v
Ccn-ßm-e-°pS thWpPn 12345678901234567890
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11˛07-˛2010 sNb¿am≥, \S-\-ssI-cfn 327
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A`n-apJw c≠v
Hm´≥Xp-≈¬ \S-\-cXv\ Xma-c-°p-Sn -am-Ã¿ Icp-Wm-I-c-\p-ambn

\S-Ønb A`n-ap-Jw
tNmZyw : t£{X-Ie
- m-km-ln-Xyhpw cwKm-hX
- c
- W
- hpw CXc Ie-
I-fn¬ \n∂v Fßs\ thdn´p \n¬°p∂p?
DØcw : IY-I-fn, Hm´≥Xp-≈¬ XpS-ßnb t£{X-I-e-Iƒ°m-

h-iy-amb kmln-Xy-cN
- \ IqSp-Xepw Ihn-XI
- f
- m-bn-´mWv
cNn-®n-´p-≈X
- v. kwKo-Xm-flI
- a
- mbn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p-hm≥
Ign-bØ
- °
- h
- n[w cmK-Xmf kwhn-[m-\ß
- f
- n¬ HXpßn
\n¬°p-∂p. Cuiz-co-ba
- mb Hcp `mhw CXn¬ DS-\ofw
Z¿in-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw. IqØv, IqSn-bm´w XpS-ßnb
C\-ßfpw t£{X-I-e-I-fm-Wt√m? Ah-°m-h-iy-amb
kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-I-fnepw Cu `‡n-`mhw Z¿in-°m≥
km[n-°pw. \mS-I-ßƒ t]mep≈ a‰p Ie-Iƒ°v
ta¬∏-d™
- n-cn-°p∂ kz`mhw D≠m-bn-cn-°W
- s
- a-∂n-√.
cwKm-h-X-c-W-Ønepw Cu hyXymkw D≠v. a‰p Ie-
I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw hn]p-e-amb cwK-k-÷o-I-c-W-ß-
tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW-¶n¬ t£{X-I-em-h-X-c-W-ßƒ°v
hfsc efn-Xhpw AtXm-sSm∏w `‡n-km-{µ-amb Np‰p-
]m-Sn¬ HXpßn \n¬°p∂ Hcp thZn aXn-bm-Ipw.
tNmZyw : Xp≈¬ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kzcq-]-sa¥v ?-
DØcw : aWn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-amWv Xp≈¬ kmln-Xy-Øns‚

kzcq]w. `mj-tb-dn-h-cp∂ \√ aWn-{]-hmfw hnti-j-
`q-j-W-ambn \ºym¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. hSn-hn-b-s∂mcp
NmcptIc-f-`m-j-bmWv Xs‚ IYIƒ°-\p-tbm-Py- 12345678901234567890
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sa∂pw At±lw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. 328
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tNmZyw : GIm-`n-\bIe-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Xp≈-ens‚ Ac-ßnse
km≤y-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv ?
DØcw : ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw cwK-ß-fp-

sa√mw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ thZn-bmWv Xp≈¬. t{]£-
I-cpsS apºn¬ ImWp-∂Xv H-‰-\n-e-hn-f-°n\p ap∂n¬
cwK-]-S-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX C{µ-{]-ÿ-hpw, lkvXn-\-
]p-chpw Zzmc-Ib
- pw, sshIp-WvTh
- p-sa√mw t{]£-I¿°v
Zriy-am-Im≥ km[n-°pw. AXn-\m-hiyw Iem-Im-cs‚
A`n-\-b-]m-Shw H∂p-am-{Xw. k¥m-\-tKm-]mew IY-
bn¬ A¿÷p-\-s\bpw Ib‰n sshIp-WvT-Øn-te°v
cY-Øn¬ BIm-i-am¿§w IrjvW≥ bm{X-sNbvX
`mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ D’-h-`m-c-hm-ln-I-fpsS
\n¿∫‘w aqew tXcv BIm-iØv \n¿Øn F\n°v
awKfw ]mtS-≠-Xm-bn-h-∂p. At∏mƒ t{]£-I-\mb
Hcp hµy-h-tbm-[n-I≥ Cu Xp≈¬°m-cs\ iIm-cn-
®Xv Ct∏mgpw Dƒ`-bt- ØmsS Hm¿°p-∂p. ]Xn-\©
- Sn
ka-N-Xp-c-Øn¬ HXp-ßnb B tÃPn¬ B Iem-kzm-
Z-I≥ Zzmc-Ibpw sshIp-WvThpw F√mw ImWp-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°Ø
- n¬ Iem-Im-cs‚ X∑-bX
- z-amb A`n-
\bw GIm-`n-\-b-Øn\v Ac-ßnse km≤y-X-Iƒ Hcp
{]iv\-am-Ip-∂n-√.
tNmZyw : ]m´pw Xp≈epw A`n-\-bhpw IqSn H∂n®p \n¿∆-ln-

°p-tºmƒ t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv ?
DØcw : Xp≈¬°-em-Im-cs\ hnj-an-∏n-°p∂ Hcp kwK-Xn-

bmWv ]m´pw Xp≈epw, A`n-\-bhpw Htc-k-a-bØv
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\n¿∆-ln-°pI F∂p-≈-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw {ipXn-bpsS 329
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{]iv\-amWv. [rX-Im-e-Øn-ep≈ ]m´pw AXn-\-\p-k-
cn-®p≈ NSp-e-amb Im¬hbv]pw IqSn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ
{ipXn-bn¬\n∂pw ]m´v ]e-t∏mgpw hn´p-t]m-Imw. {ipXn-
aoń ]n≥]m-´p-Im¿ Km\-am-e-]n-°p-tºmƒ Xp≈¬°m-
c≥ ]e-t∏mgpw {ipXn-bn¬ \n∂pw sX∂n-am-dn-sb-∂p-
h-cmw. At∏mƒ t{imXm-°ƒ°v t{im{X-kpJw \jvS-
s∏-Spw. ]mSn-s°m≠v A`n-\-bn-°p-tºmƒ ]e-t∏mgpw
]mńs‚ kuIp-am-cyhpw \jvS-s∏-Smw.
tNmZyw : \ºym¿ kzoIcn® A]q¿∆Xmfßsf∏‰n hni-Zo-I-cn-

°mtam?
DØcw : tIc-f-Øn¬ Xp≈¬{]-ÿm\w DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

apºv {]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ \mtSm-Sn-\r-Ø-ß-fpsS Xmf-
ßƒ, Xmf-s°-´p-Iƒ F∂nh \mtSm-Sn-]m-´p-I-fpsS
CuW-Øn-ep≈ ]Z-a-´p-Iƒ°mbn kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ cmK-Xmf\n_-≤-amb imkv{Xo-b-kw-Ko-X-
Øns‚ ]Z-hn-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂ Xp≈¬]-Z-ßƒ°v
I¿Æm-SI kwKo-XØ
- n\p kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Xmfßƒ
Dƒs°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
a¿Ω-Xm-fw, e£van-Xm-fw, Ipw`-Xm-fw, sNº-S-Xmfw XpS-

ßn-bh A[n-Ihpw Xp≈-en¬ am{Xw Z¿in-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw Nne-t∏mƒ Nne Xmf-
ßƒ Dƒs°m-≠n-cn-°mw. Cu Xmf-ß-sf√mw C∂pw
Xp≈-en¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p∂p-≠v. IqSn-bm´w IY-Ifn Ch-
bp-ambn \nXy-k-º¿°w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ \ºym¿
{]kvXpX Ie-If
- n¬ \n∂pw Xp≈¬°-YI
- ƒ°mh-iy-
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ap≈ cmK-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xm-Imw. 330
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tNmZyw : Xp≈en¬ hmZyØns‚ {]tbmKw Fßs\bmWv?
DØcw : Iq-Øn\v angm-hn¬ hmbn-°p∂ sNm¬s°-´p-Iƒ km[m-

cW arZw-K-Øn¬ hmbn-®p-tI-ń-ń-√. Xp≈-ens‚ ap∂-
cßpw IqØns‚ ap∂-cßpw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp _‘-
hp-an-√. F∂m¬ arZwKw Xp≈enem-bmepw kwKo-X-
°-t®-cn-°m-bmepw DS-\ofw hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-Ww.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ angm-hn-s‚bpw sXm∏n-a-±-f-Øn-s‚bpw
Xmf-ßƒ XΩn¬ henb kmay-ap-s≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n√
(Hcp Km\-i-I-e-Øn\pw angmhv hmbn-®p-tI-ń-ń-√.)
IqØns‚ Ah-X-c-W-Øn¬ CS-bv°n-S°v kwkvIr-X-
t«mIw sNm√n-°-gn-bp-tºmƒam{Xw angm-hn¬ Nne
{]tXyI sNm¬s°-ń¬ Xmfw]nSn-°pI am{Xta sNøp-
∂p-≈q.
tNmZyw : Xp≈en¬ ckm`n\bkm[yXIƒ F{XtØmfap≠v?
DØcw : \h-c-k-`m-hm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn\v Xp≈¬km-lnXyw
t]mse as‰mcp IrXn-Iƒ°pw km[y-am-bn-ń-s√∂v ]d-bmw.
F√m IY-I-fnepw \h-c-k-ßƒ cwKØv ]mSn Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°m≥ t]mcp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fpw, hcn-Ifpw [mcm-f-
ap-≠v. k¥m-\-tKm-]m-ew, Incm-Xw, F∂o c≠p-I-Y-I-
fnse cwK-ßƒ am{Xw ho£n-®m¬ C°mcyw hy‡-
am-Ipw. A¿÷p-\s‚ apºn¬ tZh-kv{Xo-Iƒ Im´p∂
irwKm-c-`m-hw, k¥m-\-tKm-]mew IY-bnse {_m“-
Ws‚ Icp-Wm¿{Z-amb timI-`m-h-h¿Æ\, A¿÷p-
\s‚ hoc- h mZw(ho- c w) XpSßn \h- c - k - ß fpw
\n¿tem`w hmcn-s®m-cn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
tNmZyw : Xp≈¬hn`P\Ønse {]tXyIXbpw thjhn[m 12345678901234567890
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\hpw a‰pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°mtam? 331
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DØcw : Xp≈¬{X-bØn¬ BZy-ambn cwK-Øv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv
ioX-¶≥ BWv. H‰-cm-{Xn-sIm≠v FgpXn a\x-]m-Ta
- m°n
cwKØv Ah-X-cn-∏n® IY-bmWv Ieym-W-ku-K-‘n-I-
sa∂ sFXnlyw AwKo-Ic
- n-°p-∂n-√. Hcp Imcyw kzoI-
cn-°p∂p. Hcp ZnhkwsIm≠p Xøm-dm-°nb thj-hn-
[m-\a
- m-sW-∂p≈ Imcyw. apJw an\p-°n, hmen´p IsÆ-
gp-Xn, XneIw Nm¿Øn Np≠p Nph-∏n-°p-∂p. Xe-bn¬
sIm≠ sIń Ipcp-tØm-e-bn¬ {]tXyIcoXn-bn¬
Xøm- d - ° nb thjw Nm¿Øp- ∂ p. (In- c o- S - a m- b n)
tXmƒ]q´v lkvX-I-S-Iw, ame Ch-Ifpw Ipcp-tØm-e-
bn¬ \n¿Ωn-®hXs∂. Dt±iw 10 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hoXn-
bnepw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw \of-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°nb
XpWn {]tXyI Xc-Øn¬ tIm¿Øp-I® Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.
ASn-bn¬ ]mhmS [cn®v apI-fn¬ I®-sI-´p-∂p. I®°p
ta¬ ap≥`m-KØv ap¥n [cn-°pw. c≠p Imenepw apń\p
Xmsg- b mbn Nne¶ [cn- ° p- ∂ p. ]m´v an°- h mdpw
]Xn™ ań-em-Wv (io-X-¶≥ F∂ t]cv Kpcp-\m-Y≥
\¬In-bXv AXp-sIm-≠m-Imw). \b-\m\-µ-I-c-amWv
Hm´≥Xp-≈-ens‚ thjw. IY-I-fn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
Xp-t]mse a\-tbme Xøm-dm°n apJØv tX®v, hmen´p
IsÆ-gp-Xp-∂p. "d' BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ at\m-l-c-amb
IncoSw [cn-°p-∂p. ioX-¶≥ Xp≈-en-\p-]t-- bm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xp-t]mse I®bpw Im¬Nn-e-¶bpw [cn-°p-∂p.
\ºym¿ hn`m-h\ sNbvXn-´p≈ F√m Xmf-ß-fnepw
D≈ hcn- I ƒ Hm´≥Xp- ≈ - e n¬ Dƒs°m- ≈ p- ∂ p.
F¶nepw A[n-Ihpw Xcw-KWn hrØ-Øn-emWv cNn- 12345678901234567890
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®n-´p-≈X
- v. [rX-KX
- n-bn-ep≈ ]m´pw Xmf-hp-am-bn-´mhmw 332
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Hm´≥ F∂ t]cv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]d-b≥Xp-
≈en¬ ioX-¶≥ Xp≈-en\v sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse apJw
an\p-°p-∂p. s\‰n-bnse `kva-°p-dnbpw Xne-Ihpw ]c-
a- i n- h s‚ apJ- { ]- k mZw kv ^ pcn- ° p∂ ań- e mWv
ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I. ASn-]m-hm-Sbv°p apI-fn¬ Hcp ]´v
{]tXyI coXn-bn¬ sRmdn™p [cn-°p-∂p. \mK-∏-
Øn-tN¿∂ at\m-l-c-amb {XntIm-Wm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈
IncoSw [cn-°p-∂p. Ik-hp-t\-cyXv sRmdn™p ]ń-
\p-ta¬ sXmß¬ Nm¿Øn apI-fn¬ Ac-∏´ AWn-bp-∂p.
ssII-fnepw Igp-Ønepw cp{Zm-£-Øn¬ tIm¿sØ-
SpØ B`-cWw [cn-°p-∂p. he-Xp-Im-en¬ am{Xw
Nne¶ [cn-°p-∂p. Xmfw Nhn-´p-∂Xpw A[n-Ihpw he-
Xp- I m¬sIm- ≠ p- a m- { Xw. ap∂- c ßv aq∂p Xp≈- e p-
Iƒ°pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
tNmZyw : ]db≥Xp≈¬ C∂v cwKØv AhXcn∏n°p∂pt≠m?

AhXcWcoXn hniZam°mtam?
DØcw : ]d-b≥Xp-≈¬ [mcmfw cwK-Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

t£{Xm-¶-W-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-c-Wm-h-kcw Ipd-hmWv.
Hm´≥Xp-≈e
- mWv ]e-t∏mgpw kwLm-SI
- ¿ B-hi
- y-s∏-
Sp-∂X
- .v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p-th-≠n-bmWv CXv IqSp-Xepw
Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°m-dv. ta¬hn-hc
- n® coXn-bn¬ thjw sIń
cwKØv hcp-∂p. cwKØv sImfp-Ønb \ne-hn-f-°n-\p-
ap-∂n¬ Ah-X-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. ]n∂-Wn-bn¬
hmtZym-]-I-c-W-ambn CS-bv°bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
hµ-\t- «m-IØ
- n-\p-tijw ]c-ai
- n-hs\ kvXpXn-®p-sIm-
≠p≈ Cuc-Sn-Iƒ ]mSp-∂p. A\-¥cw IY Ah-X-cn- 12345678901234567890
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∏n-°p-∂p. Cg™ ań-emWv Ah-X-c-Ww. 333
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tNmZyw : \ºym¿ kzoIcn® ]®aebmf`mj Xp≈ens\
F{Xam{Xw P\Iobam°nbn´p≠v?
DØcw : Ihn-XIƒ tIƒ°pw t\cwXs∂

sNhn-bp-t≈m¿°m-\µw thWw, F¶n¬
`S-P\
- ß
- sS \Sp-hn-ep-s≈m-cp-]S- b
- W
- n°nl tNcp-hm≥
hSn-hn-b-s∂mcp Nmcp-tI-c-f-`m-j-X-s∂-th-Ww.
]WvUn-X-∑m-cpw, ]ma-c-∑mcpw AS-ßp∂ B_m-e-hr-

≤¿ ImWm≥ FØp∂ Hcp P\-Iob Ie BIp-tºmƒ
]c-k-lmbw IqSmsX Bkz-Zn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ X\n ae-
bm-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ cNn-°-W-sa∂v Ihn Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-
°-Ww. ]®-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≈ ]g-s©m-
√p-Ifpw temtIm-‡n-Ifpw a\p-jy-a-\- p-Isf \n¿Ω-
eo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw AtXm-sSm∏w ckn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
km[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
tNmZyw : Xp≈ens‚ cwKmhXcWØn¬ NmIym¿IqØv

kzm[o\n®n´pt≠m?
DØcw : Xp≈¬ {]ÿm-\Ø

- ns‚ Bhn¿`m-hØ
- n\v NmIym¿IqØv
kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠.v Xmf-tam, kwKo-Xtam IqØns‚ Ah-
X-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ hep-Xm-bn-s´m-∂p-
an√ F¶n-epw, kmln-Xyw, ên-Xw, kmaq-ln-I-hn-
a¿i\w F∂n-hI
- ƒ Ipd-™t- Xm-Xn-se-¶nepw IqØn¬
\n∂pw Dƒs°m-≠n-´p-≠v. B\p-Im-enI kw`-h-ßƒ
Iq- Ø ns‚ Ah- X - c - W - Ø n- e qsS NmIym¿ cwKØv
sIm≠p-hc
- p-∂p. IqØp-ambn kl-Ic
- n®p t]m∂n-cp∂
\ºym¿ CsX√mw Xs‚ Iem-kr-jvSn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-]n- 12345678901234567890
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Sn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv cNn-®X
- m-sW-¶nepw 334
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C∂sØ Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ ]pØ-\mbn tXm∂p-∂-h-bmWv
]e-Xpw.
tNmZyw : \ºymcpsS IYmkµ¿`h¿Æ\bpw ]m{XNn{XoIcWhpw

F{Xam{Xw BkzmZyP\IamIp∂p≠v?
DØcw : ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-kß
- f
- nse IYm-]m-{X-ßs
- fbpw cwK-ß-
sfbpw {]Xn-]m-Z-°p∂ Hcp Ie-bmWv Xp≈¬. tZh-
tem-Ih
- ¿Æ-\b
- m-bm-epw, `qtem-Ih
- ¿Æ-\b
- m-bmepw X\n
tIc-fo-b-Omb ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. tZh-tem-I-Øpw,
]mXm-f-Ønepw DuWpw Z£n-Wbpw tXSn-t∏m-Ip∂
{_m“-Wcpw I≈p-Ip-Sn-°p∂ \mb-∑mcpw F√mw {]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp-∂p. B\ Ifn-°p-I, Btcm-a¬, Du¿≤z-am-
Ip-I, t¢in-°p-I, sN≠-]n-Wb
- pw, b{¥n, bjvSn, h√-Xn,
hmse-Sp-°pI XpSßn A\-h[n ]Z-ssi-en-Iƒ, kZy-
h-´-ß-fpsS h¿Æ-\, bp≤-h¿Æ-\, XpSßn [mcmfw
{]tbm-K-ßƒ Xp≈-en¬ ImWm≥ km[n-°pw.
tNmZyw : Xp≈ens‚ P\IobXbv°pw {]NmcØn\pw {][m\

ImcWsa¥mWv?
DØcw : D’h∏d-ºn¬ Xp≈¬, IY-I-fn, \rØw, \mSIw

XpSßn A\-h[n Iem-cq-]ßƒ Ac-tß-dp-∂p. `n∂-
cp-Nn-°m¿ HØp-Iq-Sp∂ ÿe-amWv D’-h-∏-d-ºv. hcp-
∂-h-sc-sb√mw Bkz-Zn-∏n-®p-hn-Sm≥ Xp≈¬t]mse
as‰mcp Iebpw C∂n-s√-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. kwKoXw,
`mhm-`n-\-bw, lmkyw, kmtcm-]-tZ-i-ßƒ, ]g-s©m-
√p-Iƒ, temtIm-‡n-Iƒ XpSßn H´-\-h[n hn`-h-ßƒ
Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Xp≈-en¬ am{Xta ImWp-I-bp-≈q. 12345678901234567890
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AXp-t]mse ]cn-⁄m-\hpw Bh-iy-an-√. Hcp kmln- 335
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Xy-Im-c\
- m-bmepw a‰p Iem-Im-c\
- m-bmepw kaq-lt- Øm-
Sp≈ IS-∏mSv \nd-th-‰n-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXn\p t]mcp∂
Htc Hcp Ie Xp≈¬ am{X-am-Wv. henb kmº-ØnI
_m≤y-Xb
- n-√msX Hcp al-Ømb Iem-]c
- n-]mSn _lp-
P-\-k-a£w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ kwLm-S-I¿°v Ign-bp-
sa-∂Xpw Xp≈-en\v {]Nmcw In´m≥ Imc-W-am-bn.
tNmZyw : \ºym¿ kzoIcn® hrØhpw hyXykvXXmfßfpw
AhXcWsØ F{XtØmfw NSpeam°p∂p≠v?
DØcw : Cu‰n-√-Øn-\-IØp ]pd-sØm-cn-SØp
Ic-Øn¬ [\p- p-sa-SpØp
he-Øp-I-c-ØnepcpØ-sa-cpØ
IcpØp s]cpØ ic-Ø-bp-ta¥n
(k-¥m-\-tKm-]m-ew)
Ifn-°bpw Nne-scm-fn-°bpw Nne¿
hnfn-°bpw Nne¿ ]pf-°bpw
Nne¿ hcn-°bpw tamZ-an-f-°bpw
tJZw s]cp-°bpw ]mcw-l-kn-°bpw
A´-l-kn-°bpw cWw kvXpXn-°bpw
Nne-scm-gn-°bpw Nne¿ ]gn-°bpw (_m-W-bp-≤w)
XpSßn NSp-e-Xm-f-Øn¬ cwK-Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ DX-
Ip∂ F{X-sb{X Cuc-Sn-Iƒ \ºym-cpsS IY-I-fn¬
ImWm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.
a¿Ω-Xm-fw, Ipw`w, e£van, Nm∏v XpSMvln F{Xtbm
Xmf-ß-fn¬ \n_-≤-amb hcn-Iƒ Xp≈-en¬ ImWm≥
\ap°v km[n-°pw. If-Im-©n, Xcw-KnWn XpS-ßnb
hrØ-ß-fn¬ cNn-®n-´p≈ hcn-Iƒ an°Xpw NSp-e-Xm- 12345678901234567890
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f-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. 336
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tNmZyw : Xp≈ens‚ cwKmhXcWØnepw thjØnepw h∂
ImenIamb ]cnjvImcßƒ Fs¥√mamWv?
DØcw : hfsc IqSp-X¬ DØcw ]d-bp-hm-\p≈ tNmZyw. {]mb-

ap≈ Kpcp-\m-Y∑
- m¿ ]ecpw I≠n-ń-√mØ coXn-bn-em-Wv
C∂sØ thjhn[m\w. s\©mcw tXmƒ]q-´v, lkvX-
I-SIw F∂o saøm-`-c-W-ßƒ XSn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn®mWv
D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv . C∂v AXns‚ ÿm\Øv
XpWnbpw Iºn-fn-\q-epw, Kn¬‰p-t]-∏-dp-amWv D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂-Xv. C\n Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-amWv
IjvSw. ap∂-cßv ]ecpw ]e coXn-bn¬ sNøp-∂p.
Im¬ap-ń\p Xmsg-bmbn Iq∏p-ssI-I-fp-ambn Nph-Sp-h-
bv°p-∂p. lrZ-b-Øn\p Xmsg-bmbn sXmgpssI Hcn-
°epw icn-b-√. H‰-cm-{Xn-sIm≠v Ipcp-tØm-e-bn¬
s\bvsX-SpØ ioX-¶≥ Xp≈-ens‚ thjw Ct∏m-gm-
I-s´, Hm´≥Xp-≈-en-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ s\©m-chpw
t\¿am-ebpw lkvX-I-S-Ihpw [cn®v \ma-am-{X-ambn
Ipcp-tØm-e-th-jhpw [cn-°p-∂p. I®-bnepw ]e-am-‰-
ßfpw hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Hm´≥Xp-≈-en\v apJØv ]®
tX°p-∂X
- nepw Nne am‰w hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]mń¬ hcp-
Øn-bn-´p≈ am‰-amWv A¬∏-sa-¶nepw kln-°m-hp-
∂Xv. kwKo-Xm-flI
- a
- mbn ]e Xp≈¬°mcpw cwKØv
]m´p-]m-Sp-∂p-≠.v C∂p-]e
- cpw sXm∏n-a±- f
- hpw arZw-Khpw
Hgn-hm°n X¬ÿm-\Øv X_-ebpw lm¿tam-Wn-bhpw
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
tNmZyw : t£{X-I-e-I-fn¬ Xp≈ens‚ \ne-\n¬∏ns\ kw_-

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‘n®pw ]T-\-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s\-∏-‰nbpw F¥mWv A`n- 12345678901234567890
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337
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{]mbw?
DØcw : A`y-kn-°m-≥ hfsc {]bm-k-amb Hcp Ie-bmWv
Xp≈¬. ]m´v, \rØw, `mhm-`n-\-bw F∂nh Htc-k-
abw ssIImcyw sNtø≠ Hcp GIm-`n-\b Iem-cq-]-
am-b-Xn-\m¬ A`y-kn-°m≥ ]ecpw hnap-J-X-Im-´p-∂p.
GI-tZiw c≠-c-a-Wn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ IY a\x-]m-
T-am°n cwK-Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-°pI ZpjvIcw Xs∂. Xpcp-
ºp-]n-Sn-°mØ \mcm-ba
- p-\I
- f
- n-eqsS ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-
ß-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ß-tfbpw IY-I-tfbpw Iotdm-e-I-
fn-te°p ]I¿Øn kc-kzXn k]cy \S-Ønb B
alm-flm-hn-t\mSv Xp≈¬°em-Im-c∑
- m¿ BZ-chv Imt´-
≠Xv At±-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-Iƒ°v Bi-b-Øn\pw
A¿∞-Øn\pw k¶-ev]-Øn\pw tIm´w X´msX cwK-
Ø-h-X-cn-∏n-®m-bn-cn-°Ww ... "\ap°pw In´Ww ]Ww'
F∂ Nn¥ am{X-am-I-cp-Xv. Iem-a-WvUew _ncpZw
t\Snb Hcp Iem-Im-c≥ Xs‚ aI-s\bpw aI-sfbpw
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v I√ym-Wk
- u-K‘
- nIw IY Hm´≥,
ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂o aq∂p hn[w Xp≈-ep-Ifpw
Htc-k-abw Snhn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-I-≠p. Xp≈¬{X-
b-ßƒ°v {]tXyIw IY-Iƒ B alm-\p-`m-h≥ cNn-
®n-´p≈ ÿnXn°v Xp≈¬{]-ÿm-\-tØmSv Cu A\m-
Z-chv Imń-bXv £an-°-Ø-°-X-√. Iem-a-WvUew
_ncpZw t\Sn F∂p-I-cpXn Xp≈¬ {]ÿm-\sØ
A]-am-\n-°pw-hn-[-ap≈ CØcw ""Iem-{]-I-S\w'' a‰p
Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°p-IqSn Bt£-]-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Xp≈¬{X-bß-- f
- psS ap∂-cß
- p-Np-hS- p-Iƒt]mepw hyXy-
kvX-am-bn-cns° ]co-£-W-ßƒ \SØn Cu Iem-cq- 12345678901234567890
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]sØ hnI-e-am-°-cp-sX∂pw a‰p Iem-Im-c-∑msc 338
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hnUv V n- I - f m- ° - c p- s X- ∂ pw, Iem- t I- c - f - Ø ns‚
ss]XrIw ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ffnb {ia-sa-
¶nepw \S-Øp-hm\pw At±-l-tØm-sSm-c-t]£
H∏v
sIm´mc°c, Xma-c-°pSn Icp-Wm-I-c≥am-Ã¿
15.7.2010. sIm´m-c-°c Xºp-cm≥ kvamc-I-I-Y-Ifn

Iem-a-WvUew
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339
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A`napJw aq∂v
{]kn≤ Iem\ncq]I≥ hn. Iem[c\pambn \SØnb A`napJw
tNmZyw : cwKmhXcWØn¬ t£{XIeIfpw CXcIeIfpw

XΩnep≈ {][m\ hyXymkw F¥mWv?
DØcw : Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠phsc `mcXobIYIsfm∂pw

]q¿Æambpw t{]£Isc B{ibn°pItbm apJhne
bvs°Sp°pItbm sNbvXncp∂Xmbn IcpXm\mhn√.
NXp¿hn[m`n\bßfn¬ apgpIptºmgpw tZhXm{]oXn
F∂Xv AhbpsS A¥¿lnXambn h¿Øn®p.
IeIƒ t£{Xap‡ambtXmsS t{]£I]£w
i‡amIpIbpw kuµcykw_‘nbmbn Acßpw
kZ pw IqSpX¬ {IbmflIamIpIbpw sNbvXp.
hnizmkhpw `‡nbpw [ym\hpw t£{X˛t£t{XXc
IeIfn¬\n∂v Hgn™pt]mbn´v Imetasdbmbn.
amdp∂ kaqlØns\mØv IeIfpw amdn. HXp°w
Ipd™p. {]IS\w IqSn. D≈Xne[nIambn ImgvNIfpw
tIƒhnIfpw.
tNmZyw cwKkmlnXyw AYhm cwK`mj A`n\bsØ

F{XtØmfw ]cnt]mjn∏n°p∂p≠v?
DØcw cNnX]mTw/kmlnXyw, cwK`mjbn¬ Nnet∏mƒ

AXpt]mse hcmw. Nnet∏mƒ amdmw. Nnet∏mƒ
AXns\ ImgvNbv°p≈ C‘\ambpw am‰mw. a‰p
Nnet∏mƒ \n¿±m£nWyw h¿÷n°mw. \S≥/\Sn,
\¿ØIcpsS {]Xn`bmWv Acßns‚ `mjm\n¿ΩnXn
bnepw A\p`hhym]vXnbnepw \n¿ÆmbIw. kmlnXyw 12345678901234567890
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Ah¿°v {]tNmZ\amhmt\ ]mSq. _m[yXbmhm≥ 340
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hø. _p≤nbpsS As√¶n¬ ⁄m\Øns‚ hyhlmc
am[yaa√ Hcp Iebpw. AXv PohnXØns‚ hyXykvX
hymJym\ßfmWv. Htc kabw euInIhpw AeuIn
IhpamWv IebpsS BhnjvImcßƒ- ˛ ]mcºcy
ambmepw B[p\nIambmepw.
tNmZyw A`n\bkmlnXyØs‚ khntijXIƒ Fs¥√m

amWv?
DØcw sXfn™ Iev]\Iƒ, cq]Ißƒ, Ae¶mcßƒ,

_nw_ßƒ. [z\nIfpsS [mcmfnØw F¥n\v ?
aq¿ØXbmWv A`n\bkmlnXyØns‚ a¿Ωw.
anÃnknkw/knw_enkw/A\ym]tZiw ]et∏mgpw
Acßn¬ IodmapńbmWv.
tNmZyw A`n\bkmlnXyhpw cwK{]tbmKhpw XΩnep≈

_‘w hniZoIcn°mtam?
DØcw t\csØ ]d™p. kmlnXyw Hcp \Ss\ As√¶n¬

\Snsb As√¶n¬ \¿ØIsc Acßn¬ Pzen∏n°Ww.
kmlnXyw Hcn°epw Hcp IcnºSw t]mse Ahsc
aqScpXv. kmlnXyØn¬ can®p\S°p∂ cwKIemIm
c\pw IemImcnbpw Acßn¬ arXicocßfmWv.
tNmZyw ZriyIemkmlnXyhpw kwKoXhpw (IYIfn,

Xp≈¬) Fßs\ _‘s∏ńcn°p∂p?
DØcw F√m anI® B´°YmImc∑mcpw \ΩpsS Ip©≥

\ºymcpw kwKoXØns‚ {]amWßfneq∂nbmWv
cN\Ifn¬ apgpInbXv . {]mkw, hrØw, ]√hn,
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A\p]√hn, NcWßƒ F∂nhbpsS kz`mhw 12345678901234567890
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341
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Ah¿°v P∑kn≤w. Imhykq£vaXbpsS A[nXyI
bn¬ Ah¿°v {]thi\w Inńbns√∂pw hcmw. ]t£,
kwKotXm∑pJXbn¬ Ah¿s°Xncn√. Xmft_m[
Øn¬ Ah¿°v hogvNIfn√. B´°YIfpw Xp≈¬
°YIfpw \ΩpsS ]m´p]mcºcyamWv. ]Tn∏n√mØ
h¿°pw Ah ]mSn\S°mw. IYIfnbpw Xp≈epw
Acsßmgn™mepw AhbpsS kmlnXyw hcnIfmbn
Ipd®pImewIqSn Ign™pIqSpw. kmlnXyØns‚
kwKoXamWv AXns\ Aßs\ ]nSn®p\ndpØpI.
kmlnXyw £bn°pw. kwKoXØn\v cq]t`Zw hcpw.
£bn®n√mXmhn√.
tNmZyw IYIfn F∂ ssieoIrXIebn¬ `mjbpw

ssienbpw XΩnep≈ _‘w F{XtØmfap≠v?
DØcw IYIfnbpsS `mj ssieoIrXhpw bYmXYpamWv.

I≈nXcnt°≠ Imcyan√. A`n\bsØ∏‰nbp≈
\nbaßsfm∂pw IYIfnbn¬ I¿°ia√, hn«
YamWv AXns‚ LS\. ISpw]nSpØw AXns‚
\nL≠phnen√. AXpsIm≠v IqSnbm´wt]mse
ImeØns‚ ap∂n¬ `mjWkzcq]ambn IYIfn
\n¬°p∂n√.
tNmZyw cwKIebnse `mjmkzcq]hpw ap{ZIƒ°p≈

ÿm\hpw hy‡am°mtam?
DØcw cwKIebn¬ ap{ZIƒam{Xa√t√m `mj. hmNnI-

˛kmXznImlmcyßfpap≠t√m. Xucy{XnIØns‚
N´°qSmWv Iebn¬ ap{ZIfpsS ÿm\w, hn\ymkw,
hnkvXrXn F∂nh Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. lkvXap{Z 12345678901234567890
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IfpsS {]tbmKw ssieoIrXhpw bYmXYhpamImw. 342
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kmlnXyw, IYm]m{X{]IrXn, kµ¿`w F∂nßs\
\nch[n LSIßfmWv cwK`mjbpsS \n¿ΩnXnbn¬
]cnKW\bv°p hcnI. `mh\mimenbpw A`ymk
]Sphpamb IemImc≥/IemImcn CXnte¿s∏Sp
tºmƒ `mj IrXyamIpw. sh≈m´pNmØp∏Wn°¿
IYIfn \n¿Ωn®Xns\∏‰nbp≈ IYIƒ "IYIfncwK'
Øn¬ kqNnXamIp∂p≠t√m?
tNmZyw IYIfnbpsS imkv{XobX AXns‚ kmlnXysØ

kzm[o\n®n´pt≠m?
DØcw B´°YIfmWv BZyw D≠mbXv , IYIfnb√.

kmlnXyw Bkv ] Zambn ]n∂oSv IYIfn ]e
imJIfmbn ]S¿∂p ]¥en°pIbmbncp∂p.
imkv{Xhpw kt¶Xhpw Hcp Iebnepw Ccpºpebv°
b√. Iebpw Imehpw hy‡nIfpw Ahsb ]cnh¿Øn
∏n°pw. Ncn{Xw as‰m∂p ]dbp∂n√.
tNmZyw IqSnbm´hpw IYIfnbpw A`n\b∏I¿®kw`hn®

Iemcq]ßft√?
DØcw CØcw XmcXayßƒ°pw \nKa\ßƒ°pw Ncn{X

Øns‚ ]n¥pWbn√. Dulmt]mlßfmWnsX√mw.
Nnet∏mƒ kXyØns‚ IWnIIƒ Cu t\m´ßfnep
≠mtb°mw. ]g°w IqSnb IeIƒ ]nev ° me
IeIƒ°v {]tNmZ\w \¬Inbn´p≠mImw. B[¿aWy
ßƒ kzcq]n®v IYIfnbpsSbpw Xp≈ens‚bpw
`mjmhniIe\w \SØp∂Xv hrYmhymbmaamWv.
Ncn{XtØmSp≈ ]cnlmkamWv. Chbn¬ {]h¿ 12345678901234567890
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Øn®htcmSp≈ A\mZchmWv. 343
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tNmZyw IYIfnbn¬ imkv{XobX F{XtØmfap≠v?
DØcw IYIfnsb \n›nX {]amWßfnepw imkv{Xob

\nbaßfnepw \n¿∆Nn°m\mhn√. AXns‚ Ne\m
flIXbn¬ BNmchncp≤Xbp≠v. {]amWßfnep≈
hnizmkhpw Ahnizmkhpap≠v. \mSyimkv{XtØm
Sp≈ aaXbpw kvt\lcmlnXyhpap≠v.
tNmZyw t£{XIeIƒ°v ZriyIem]mcºcyØnep≈

ÿm\w hniZam°mtam?
DØcw C∂v A\pjv T m\]cw/\mS≥/imkv { Xobw F∂p

hn`Pn®n´p≈ IeIsf√mw Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠p
hscsb¶nepw AºeßfpsS `mKambncp∂t√m?
Zriyhpw \mZhpsa√mw Cuizc{]oXn°mbncp∂p.
{_m“W¿ kzbw Cuizcs‚ {]Xn]pcpj∑mcmb
tXmsS AhcpsS {]oXn°mbn ]n∂oSv IeIƒ
amdnbn´p≠v. IeIƒ £{Xßfn¬ am{XsamXpßnb
t∏mƒ Ah BNmcßfpw Bh¿Ø\ßfpambn.
t£{Xap‡ambtXmsS {]Z¿i\hkv X p°fmbn.
Xo¿®bmbpw AhbpsS kuµcyw ]Xn∑Sßv
h¿≤n®p. D]t`m‡m°fpsS XmXv]cya\pkcn®v
IeIsf√mw \hckßfmSn. ImgvNbpsS, tIƒhn
bpsS ]cn[nIƒhn´p. C∂nt∏mƒ \ΩpsS IeIƒ
hgntbmcßfn¬\n∂v IÆpw Iøpw ]pcnIhpw Imń
P\Øns\ hioIcn°pIbmWv.
tNmZyw Xp≈ƒ F∂ GImwKm`n\bIebpsS km[yXIƒ

Fs¥√mamWv? 12345678901234567890
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DØcw Xp≈ense k¿∆{][m\`mj hmNnIamWv. 344
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kmlnXyamWv Xp≈ens‚ tijn. aebmfhpw
kwkvIrXhpw Xp≈¬°mc\neqsS \ne\ndpØm
\mhptam F∂t\zjn°Ww. AbmfpsS XqWocØn¬
]t£, AºpIƒ Xosc Ipd™p. A©p Xp≈¬
°YIƒ apgph≥ ]Tn®v ]mSm≥ Adnbp∂h¿
C∂mcp≠v? C\n ]Tn®m¬Øs∂ B¿°pthWw
CXv ? Xp≈¬°mc≥ shdpsX ]mSnØp≈nbm¬
Øs∂ Xp≈embn. kvtXm`hpw Xmf°k¿Øpan
s√¶nepw Hcp Ipg∏hpan√.
tNmZyw aWn{]hmf`mj A`n\bkmlnXysØ F{XtØmfw

kzm[o\n®n´p≠v?
DØcw "aWn{]hmfw' aebmf`mjbpsS tXP pw A¥ p

amWv. `mj lnamebtØmfw Db¿∂p. kwkvIrX
]Zßƒ \ap°v ho´p`mjbnse hn`hßfmbn.
cmjv{Sob°m¿t]mepw apS°v F∂p ]dbmdn√t√m.
Ah¿°pw ]{X°m¿°pw "{]Xn_‘w' am{Xtabp≈q.
aWn{]hmfas√¶n¬ A`n\bkmlnXyw ipjvIw.
Acßnse thjs∏menabv ° v Xpeyw\n¬°m≥
\m´psamgnIƒ am{Xw t]mct√m? \fNcnXØnse
Im´mf≥ "AIr{XnaZypXnc\htZybw' F∂mWv
Zab¥nsb I≠Xv.
tNmZyw tIm´bw IYIfpw \fNcnXhpw XΩnep≈ kmlnXob

ta∑Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
DØcw tIm´bw IYIfn¬ kmlnXyw IYIfnbpsS

Xnc°YbmWv . Xºpcm≥ an\s°ńcp∂p≠m°n 12345678901234567890
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'' 2010 IY-Ifnbnse ck-hn-Nm-cw,
tIc-f`- mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´,v Xncp-
h-\-¥-]pcw.
A∏p-°p-´≥\m-b¿, Nº-°pfw 1998 ae- b m- f - k - t µ- i - I m- h y- ß ƒ
Hcp ]T- \ w, tIc- f - ` mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ]- pcw.
A\n¬ sI.-Fw. 2004 t^mIvtem¿ P\p-kv, kn≤m-
¥w, cmjv{So-bw, ]m∏n-tbm¨
]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tImgnt°mSv.
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ sI. 1999 C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w
{]k-‡nbpw km[y-X-I-fpw,
h-\-¥-]pcw.
Bimcn B¿.-F-kv. 1975 Ifn-b-c-ßv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.
DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ kn. 1972 tIc-fw, tIc-fo-b¿, Ie, Fw.- 12345678901234567890
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F-kv.-_pIvkv, sIm√w. 361
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Iem-[-c≥ hn., 2002 ae-bm-f-ap-{Z Zriy-{imhyI-e-
I- f n¬, Un.- k n.- _ pIvkv,
tIm´bw.
I√ym-Wn-°p-ń-b-Ω 1978 tamln-\n-bm-´w, kmln-Xy-{]-
h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw,
tIm´bw.
Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ 1965 Ie PohnXw Xs∂, \h-tI-
cf tIm Hm∏-td-‰ohv ]ªn-
jnwKv Iº\n enan-‰U - v, tImgn-
t°mS.v
Ipń-Ir-jvWtat\m≥. ]n.-Fw. 1997 Iebpw hnZybpw ImgvN-∏m-
SpIfneq-sS, tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°m-Z-an, Xriq¿.
Ip™≥]n-≈ Cfw-Ip-fw 1970 kmln-Xy-am-en-I, \mj-W¬
_pIvÃmƒ, tIm´bw.
Ipam-c≥ hb-tecn 2004 `mjbpw kaq-l-hpw, ]m∏n-
tbm¨, tImgn-t°mSv.
Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿ hn.-]n. 1974 Zriy-Ie - I
- ƒ, Inßn-Wn, ]me-
°mSv.
Ipdp-∏v \mK-h≈n B¿.-F-kv. 1989 B´w- I m- W m≥ t]mImw,
kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI kl-I-
c-Wk - w-Lw, \mj-W¬ _pIv
Ãmƒ, tIm´bw.
tIc-f-h¿Ω AΩm-a≥ Xºp-cm≥ 1989 IqØpw IqSn-bm-´-hpw, amXr-
`q-an, tImgn-t°mSv
tIi-h≥ Iem-a-WvU-ew 1992 Ac-ßsØ A¤p-X-{]-Xn-`m-
kw, F≥.-_n.-Fkv., tIm´bw.
'' 1994 Ipheb-hn-tem-Nt\, Id‚ v
_pIvkv, tIm´bw.
'' 1980 Ia-e-Z-fw, \mj-W¬ _pIv
Ãmƒ, tIm´bw.
IrjvW≥\m-b¿ Iem-a-WvU-ew 1984 \f-Nc - nXw B´-{]-Imcw, tIc- 12345678901234567890
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f-km-ln-Xy-A° - m-Zan, Xr»q¿. 362
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IrjvW≥\m-b¿ ]qP-∏pc 2003 ht{Im-‡n-ssI-c-fn, tIc-f-
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]pcw.
'' 1996 ckIuapZn, amcpXn{]Im
i≥, Xncph\¥]pcw.
IrjvW≥Ip-ń-s]m-Xp-hmƒ 1982 taf-∏-Zw, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-
I-kl - I - c- W
- k - w-Lw, tIm´-bw.
IrjvW-]n≈ kn.F≥. 2001 "KpcpsNß-∂q¿ bpK-{]-`m-h-
\mb IY- I fn BNm- c y≥'
sdbn≥t_m _p°v ]ªn-tj-
gvkv, sNß∂q¿.
IrjvW-]n≈ F≥.- 2005 ssIc-fn-bpsS IY (aq∂mw
]Xn- ∏ v ) , Un.- k n.- _ pIv k v ,
tIm´bw.
IrjvW-∏n-jm-cSn B‰q¿ 1960 tIm´bw IY-If - n, KoXm-{]- ,v
Xriq¿.
IrjvW-ss°-aƒ Abva-\w 1986 IY- I - f n- h n- ⁄ m- \ - t Im- i w,
kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-Ik - l
- I- c
- -
W-kw-Lw, tIm´bw.
'' 1989 B´-°-Ym-km-lnXyw (c≠mw
]Xn-∏v) tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.
'' 1989 A`n-\b - k- m-ln-Xyw, F≥.-_n.-
F-kv. tIm´bw.
'' 1984 Iem-Nn-¥I - ƒ kwkvIm-cZ- o-]-
ßƒ, \mj-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ,
tIm´bw.
'' 1983 Xp≈¬ Zriy- t h- Z n- b n¬,
¥-]p-cw.
'' 1987 am¶pfw hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn
(Po- h - N - c n- { Xw) \mjW¬ 12345678901234567890
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_pIvÃmƒ, tIm´bw, 363
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'' 1981 Cc-bn-Ω≥X-ºn-bpsS B´-°-
Y-Iƒ (aq-∂mw-`m-Kw), (Z-£-
bm-Kw) \mjW¬ _pIvÃmƒ,
tIm´bw,
'' 1977 Ajv S - I em- i w, \mj- W ¬
_pIvÃmƒ tIm´bw.
KtWjv sI.-F≥.- 1996 Ip©≥\-ºym¿ hm°pw kaq-
l- h pw, Un.- k n.- _ p- I vkv,
tIm´bw.
KoX Sn. 2002 Ifn- b - c ßpw kv { XoI- f pw,
F≥.-_n.-F-kv. tIm´bw.
Kp]vX≥\m-b¿ Fkv. 2004 tIc-fhpw kwKo-Xh - pw, ]q¿Æ-
]-ªn-t°-j≥, tImgn-t°mSv.
Kpcp-Kp-cp-hm-bq¿(\m-cm-b¨.-B¿)2008 Irjv W - \ m´w Ifn- h n- f - ° v ,
amXr- ` qan _pIv k v , tImgn
t°mSv.
tKm]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿ F≥.- 1992 ck- X - Ø z- Z ¿i- \ w, tIc- f -
¥-]pcw.
tKm]m-e-tat\m≥ tIma-c-Øv 1986 Xmf- t a- f - ß ƒ, hniz- \ mYv
{] v, Xriq¿.
tKm]n-\m-Y-]n≈, h´-∏-d-ºn¬ 2002 IY-If - n-{]-th-in-I, tIc-f`- m-jm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h\ - ¥
- ]- pcw.
tKmhn-µ-∏n≈. ]n 1956 ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cn-{Xw, F≥.-
_n.-F-kv.-tIm-´bw.
Jeo¬Pn-{_m≥ 1996 ssZhw {]Wbw kwKo-Xw,
tKm]n- Z m- k v ( hnh.), ]m∏n-
tbm¨ ]ªn- t °- j ≥kv ,
tImgn-t°mSv.
N{µ≥ ]≈w 1988 IY-b-dn™v B´w ImWq,
Kmb{Xn ¢m n-°¬ dneo-kv, 12345678901234567890
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tIm´bw. 364
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N{µ-ti-J-c-hm-cn-b¿ 1989 Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Xp≈¬
°- Y - I ƒ (kw- t im- [ - \ w),
Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´bw
NpΩm¿. Sn.-Fw. 1983 alm-Ihn Ip©≥\-ºym¿ (]-
cn-jI v c
- n®p hn]p-es
- ∏-Sp-Ønb
F´mw ]Xn- ∏ v), Un.- k n.-
_pIvkv tIm´bw.
NpΩm¿ Nq≠¬ 1991 IdpØ Ie-Iƒ, tIcf t^mIv
tem¿ A°m-Z-an, IÆq¿.
P\m¿±-\≥ ]n.-Pn. 2006 \mSy-Ie kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm
- K - h pw, amXr- ` qan _pIvkv,
tImgn-t°mSv.
tPmbn-°pń ]me-Øp-¶¬ 2006 Ip©≥\- º ym¿(Poh- N - c n-
{Xw), ssk‘- h - _ p- I v k v ,
sIm√w.
tPmk^v ap≠-t»-cn 1999 Imhy-]o-Tn-I, Id‚ v _pIvkv,
Xriq¿.
'' 1981 hmb- \ - i m- e - b n¬, Id‚ v
_pIvkv, Xriq¿.
tPmbvt]mƒ.sI. 2002 [z\n]mTw B[p\nIaebmf
\mSIØn¬, aebmf ]T\
KthjWtI{µw, Xr»q¿.
tPm¿÷v sI.-Fw.(FUn-.) 1998 kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-
ß-fn-eq-sS, F≥.-_n.-F-kv., -
tIm-´bw.
tPm¿÷v sI.-Fw. 1983 kmln-Xy-hn-⁄m-\hpw
hn⁄m\- km- l n- X yhpw,
F≥.-_n.-F-kv.- tIm-´bw.
'' 1982 `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,
hmeyw H∂v, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-
A-°m-Z-an, Xriq¿.
Xºm≥ Fw.-B¿. (P\-.FUn-.) 1997 cwKm-h-X-c-Ww, tIc-f-`mjm 12345678901234567890
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C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h\ - ¥
- ]- pcw. 365
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Xp©Øv Fgp-Ø-—≥ 2003
{ioa-lm-`m-Kh - X
- w, Un.-kn.-_p-
Ivkv, tIm´bw.
'' 2000 {ioa- l m- ` m- c Xw, Id‚ v _ p-
Ivkv, Xriq¿.
Xpf-ko-h-\w 1998 ]m¿∆-Xo-]c - n-Wb - w, ARvPen
]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]pcw.
\mWp-]n≈ ]∂n-t»-cn¬ 1987 IY-If - n-{]-Im-cw, kmln-Xy-{]-
h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw,
F≥.-_n.-F-kv., tIm´bw.
\ºym¿ F.-sI. 1985 tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥I-e-Iƒ,
F≥.-_n.-F-kv., tIm´bw.
\ºq-Xncn Un. 2006 D]-\n-jXvk¿∆-kzw (k-ºq¿
Æ- a q- e hpw ]cn- ` m- j - b pw),
k{am´v ]ªn- t °- j ≥kv ,
Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿.
\mb¿ Fw.-sI.-sI. 1990 IY- I - f n, Un.- k n.- _ p- I v k v ,
tIm´bw.
'' 1990 B´-°Y - b- Ω- m-h≥ IY ]d-bp-
∂p, Un.-kn.-_pIvk,v tIm´bw.
\mb¿ Fkv.-sI. 1984 tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-°-e-
Iƒ, F≥.-_n.-Fk - v., tIm´bw
\mb¿ B¿.({]-km-.) 1962 Nn¥m-cX - v\w, Xp©≥ Kpcp-Ip-
em-{i-aw, Hm®nd.
\mb¿ Fkv.-sI., B\-µ-°p-´≥, 1979 \q‰n-sbm∂p B´-°-Y-Iƒ
A°nØw (k-am.) (H∂mw `mKw), kmln-Xy-{]-
tIm´-bw
\mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿ B¿. 1929-˛51 tIc-f` - m-jm-km-ln-Xy-Nc - n{Xw
(7 hmeyw), hnZym-hn-em-kn\n
_p°v Unt∏m, Nme, Xncp-h- 12345678901234567890
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\-¥-]pcw. 366
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\mcm-b-W-]-Wn-°¿ Imhm-ew 1999 C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥w
{]k-‡nbpw km[y-X-bpw,
h-\-¥-]pcw.
'' 1991 tIc- f - Ø nse \mtSm- S n- k w-
kvIm-cw, \mj-W¬ _pIv
{SÃv C¥y.
\mcm-b-W≥ AI-hq¿ 2008 IY-I-fn-c-km-b-\w, amXr-`q-an-
_p-Ivkv, tImgn-t°mSv.
\mcm-b-W-∏n-jm-c-Sn,sI.-]n.(hn-h.)1997 `cXap- \ n- b psS \mSy- i m-
kv{Xw, hmeyw 1, 2, tIc-f
kmln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an, Xriq¿.
'' 2002 IqØ- º - e ßfn¬, tIc- f -
¥-]pcw .
'' 2002 Iem-temIw, tIc-f- kmln-
Xy- A-°m-Zan Xriq¿.
\nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn 1998 KoXm-RvPen (a-e-bm-f-Øn-
ep≈ `mhm-hn-jvIm-cw), \nXy-
_p-Ivkv, \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-Ip-
ew, t^¨ln¬, \oe-Kncn.
]c-ta-iz-cø¿, Fkv.- D-≈q¿ 1972 tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw (hm-
eyw-˛3), {]kn-≤o-Ic - W
- h - I- p-∏,v
tIc-fk - ¿∆-Ie - m-im-e, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]pcw.
]c-ta-iz-c≥ Ghq¿ (kwtim.) 2001 Ip©≥\-ºyq-cpsS 36 Xp≈-
ep- I ƒ, Un.- k n.- _ pIv k v ,
tIm´bw.
'' 1989 Xp≈¬°-fc - n, F≥.-_n.-Fk - ,v
tIm´bw.
]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ ]n.-sI. 1992 ae- b m- f - k m- l n- X y- N - c n- { Xw, 12345678901234567890
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kmln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an, Xriq¿. 367
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'' 1991
B[p-\n-Ia - e- b
- m-fk
- m-ln-Xyw,
tIc- f - k m- l n- X y- A - ° m- Z - a n,
Xriq¿.
]n.-sI.-]c
- t- a-iz-c\
- \
v m-b¿ kvamcI 2000 ae-bm-fk - m-ln-Xy-Nc - n-{X-ßƒ,
{KŸm-h-en Xncph\¥]pcw.
]fl-\m-`≥\m-b¿ Iem-a-WvU-ew, RmbØv _me≥ 2005 \mSym- N m-
cys‚ Pohn-X-ap-{Z-Iƒ, Imen-
°‰v k¿∆-I-em-ime {]kn-
≤o-I-cWw, tImgnt°mSv.
]∑\ cma-N-{µ≥\m-b¿ (FUn.) 2008 kºq¿Æ- a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-
N- c n- { Xw, Id‚ v _pIv k v ,
Xriq¿.
]hn-{X≥ Fw.-hn. (F-Un-.) 2009 Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-bs‚ kºq¿
ÆIr-Xn-Iƒ, Id‚ v _pIvkv,
Xriq¿.
]njm-scm-Sn, sI.-B¿. 1940 \ΩpsS Zriy-Ie - , \mj-W¬
_pIvÃmƒ, If- c n- ° ¬
_km¿, tIm´bw.
]njm-cSn F.-sI. 1982 tIm´bw IY-I-fn, k\m-X\
]ªn-jnwKv lukv, FKvaq¿.
t]mƒ Fw.-]n. 1963 kmln-Xy-hn-Nm-cw, kmln-Xy-
{]-h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-
Lw, F≥.-_n.-Fk - v. tIm´bw
t]mƒ aW-hm-f≥ 1990 tIc-fk - w-kIv m-chpw ss{IkvX
-h-an-j-\-dn-am-cpw, Un.-kn.-_p-
Ivkv, tIm´bw
]utemkv sI.-Pn. 2001 IqSn-bm´w A`n-\-b-Øns‚
XpS¿®bpw hf¿®-bpw, C‚¿
\m- j - W ¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿
IqSn-bm-´w, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd
{]`m-I-c≥{]-bm¿ 1999 `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-im-kv{X-
]-T-\-ßƒ, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy- 12345678901234567890
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A-°m-Zan Xriq¿ 368
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_me-Ir-jvW≥, Iev]-‰ 2000 ae- b m- f - k m- l n- X y- N - c n- { Xw,
h-\-¥-]pcw
_me-Ir-jvW≥ hn.& 2005 sslµ-h-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-iw,
eoem-tZ-hn, B¿.- B¿j{io ]ªnt°-j≥kv,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
_me-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-b¿ F. 2004 Iem-km-ln-Xy-Nn-¥I - ƒ, tIc-
f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Zan Xriq¿
`c-X≥ sI.-Fw. 2003 t^mIv t em¿ kn≤m- ¥ hpw
{]tbm-Kh - pw, t^mIv s^t√mkv
Hm^v ae-_m¿ {SÃv, tImgn
t°mSv.
`mkvI-c≥ Sn. 1989 `mc-Xo-bI - m-hy-im-kv{Xw, tIc-
f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h\ - -
¥-]pcw
`‡-h-’e sdÕn 2004 t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w kn≤m-¥-
X-ew, t^mIvtem¿ skmssk‰n
Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ emwtKzPv
`mkvI-c≥\m-b¿ sI. 1987 Iebpw Ime-hpw, amXr-`qan
_pIvkv, tImgn-t°m-Sv
`mkn aS-hq¿ 1990 ae- b m- f - \ m- S - I - k ¿∆- k zw,
ssNX\ym ]ªn-jnw-Kv, hń-
bq¿°m-hv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
amWn-am-[-h-Nm-Iym¿ 1975 \mSy-I-ev]-{Zp-aw, \mj-W¬
_p-IvÃmƒ, tIm´bw
amWn-sh-´w 2003 ]pcm-WnIv F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-
Un-b, F≥.-_n.-Fkv-, tIm-
´bw
amXyqkv hmg-°p∂w 2007 B´- ° - Y - b nse ss__nƒ
{]ta-b-ßƒ, Iem-ime, FS-
°c
apc-fo-[-c≥, s\√n-°¬ 2003 hniz-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i-\-ßƒ, 12345678901234567890
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Un.-kn.-_pIvkv tIm´bw 369
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tat\m≥ sI.-]n.-F-kv. 1986 IY- I - f n- c wKw, amXr- ` qan
{]n‚nwKv B‚ v ]ªn-jnwKv
Iº\n enan-‰U
- ,v tImgn-t°m-Sv
'' 1969˛79 IY-I-fn-B-´-{]-Im-cw, tIc-f-a-
em-a-WvU-ew, sNdp-Xp-cpØn
'' 1967 sNß-∂q¿cm-a≥]n≈ (Po-h-
N- c n- { Xw), F≥.- _ n.- F - k v . ,
tIm´bw
cho-{µ-\mYv F.-sI 2004 Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKoXw (H-
∂mw-`m-Kw), kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-
kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip-∏v, tIc-f-
k¿°m¿
cmL-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv 1998 t^mIvtemdn\p Hcp ]T-\-]-
≤-Xn, tIc-f k
- m-ln-Xy A
- °
- m-
Zan, Xr»q¿.
'' 1997 sXøhpw tXm‰w-]m-´pw, \mj-
W¬ _pIvÃmƒ, tIm´bw
'' 1997 tIc-f-t^mIvtem¿, t^mIv
tem¿ s^temkv Hm^v ae-
_m¿ {SÃv, tImgnt°mSv.
'' 1986 t^mIv t em¿, tIc- f - ` mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿,Fw.-B¿.(k-ºm.)2009 Be-Øq¿ aWn-{]-hmfw F∂
sshZy-{K-Ÿw, Bcy-ssh-Zy-
ime tIm´-°¬
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω G.-B¿ 1984 Im¥m-cX
- m-cI
- w, AhXmcnI,
\fNcnXw B´°Y, Id‚ v
_pIvkv, Xriq¿
cmP-tKm-]m¬ kn.-B¿. 2004 Imth‰w \mS≥I- e m- ] - T - \ -
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370
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IWn-aw-Kew
cmP-ti-J-c≥ Iem-a-WvU-ew 2008 IY-I-fn-bnse kv{XoI-Ym-]m-
{X-ßƒ, tIc-f-I-em-a-WvU-
ew, Iev]n-X-k¿∆-I-em-im-e,
sNcp-Np-cp-Øn.
cmtP-{µ≥ ]n.-Pn. 2000 t£{X-hn-⁄m-\t- Im-iw, Un.-
kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´bw.
cmtP-{µ≥ kn. (hn-h.) 1992 \µn-tI-iz-cs‚ A`n-\-b-Z¿∏-
Ww, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿
cm[mIrjvW≥.]n.Fkv. 2005 kmlnXyw Ncn{Xw kwkvImcw
amdp∂ kahmIyßƒ, Id‚ v
_pIvk,v tIm´bw.
cma≥Ip-ń-\m-b¿, Iem-a-WvU-ew 1993 Xnc-t\m-´w, Un.-kn.-_pIvkv
tIm´bw
cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈ Pn., 1957 IY- I - f n, Xncp- h n- X mw- I q¿
k¿∆-I-em-im-e, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw
cma-Ir-jvW≥ C.-hn. 1997 hm°nse kaq-lw, Un.-kn.-
_pIvkv tIm´bw
cma≥]n≈ Kpcp sNß-∂q¿ 1987 IY-I-fn-bnse sX°≥Nn-´,
F≥.-_n.-F-kv. tIm´bw
cma-h¿Ω Aº-e-∏pg 1969 IY-I-fn-\n-cq-]-Ww, F≥.-_n.-
F-kv. tIm´bw
cma-h¿Ω sI.-Sn. 1981 AΩ- ∂ q¿ Nm®p- N m- I ym¿,
h≈- t Ømƒ hnZym- ] o- T w,
ipI-]pcw FS-∏mƒ
eoem-hXn Fw. 1996 ae-bm-fI - h
- n-Xm-km-ln-Xy-Nc- n-{Xw,
tIc- f - k m- l n- X y- A - ° m- Z - a n,
Xriq¿
eoe HmwtNcn 1996 A`n- \ - b - k w- K o- X w, tIc- f -
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Xncp-h\ - ¥ - -
]pcw
eoem-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv 1990 Iem-aW - vUe - Ø
- ns‚ Ncn-{Xw, 12345678901234567890
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Iem-aW- U v e- w, sNdp-Xp-cp-Øn. 371
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hk-¥≥ Fkv.-sI. 2006 \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ, ae-bm-
f- ] - T - \ - K - t h- j - W - t I- { µw,
Xriq¿
'' 2005 tIc- f - k w- k v I m- c - N - c n- { X- \ n-
L≠p, hmeyw 1, 2, tIc-f-
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Xncp-h\ - ¥- -
]pcw
hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥ 1981 hmKv`S- m-\µ - s‚ kºq¿Æ-Ir-
Xn- I ƒ, amXr- ` q- a n, tImgn-
t°mSv
hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xncn kn.-hn. 1996 [z\ym-temIw (hn-h¿Ø-\w)
tIc-f`- mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Xncp-
h-\¥]pcw
'' 1990 "`mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ßƒ', \mj-
W¬ _pIvÃmƒ tIm´bw
hmkptZ-h≥]n-≈, IS-Ω-\n-´ 1993 ]tS-\n, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v Xncp-h-\¥]pcw
hmkp-tZ-h≥]n≈, hbem 1984 cwK-`m-j, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv,
tIm´bw
hnP-b≥ Fw.-F≥.(P-\.-F-Un-.) 2002 \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw \ΩpsS
kaqlw, hmeyw 3, tIc-f-km-
lnXy A°m-Zan Xriq¿
hnP-b-`m-\p 1994 \rXy-{]-Im-in-I, tIc-f` - mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Xncp-h-\¥]pcw
hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥ 1975 B[p- \ n- I - I- e m- Z ¿i- \ w,
Id‚ v _pIvkv Xriq¿
kvIdnb k°-dnb (P-\.-F-Un-.) 1999 500 h¿jsØ tIcfw ˛ Nne
Adn-h-S-bm-f-ßƒ, Xmc-Xay
]T-\-kw-Lw, Nß-\m-t»-cn.
hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn Fw.-hn. 1989 t^mIvtem¿ \nL-≠p, tIc-
f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Xncp-h- 12345678901234567890
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\¥]pcw 372
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hnizw sI. (k-ºm., ]T.) 2000 ]mW-s∏m-dm-´p-Iƒ, tZim-`n-
am\n _pIvkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]pcw
'' 1993 t^mIvtem¿ {]_-‘-ßƒ,
h-\¥]pcw
'' 1975 apJ-Z¿i-\w, F≥.-_n.-F-kv.
tIm´bw
thWp-Pn 2006 Ac-ßns‚ s]mcpƒ tXSn,
IY- I - f nbpw IqSn- b m- ´ - h pw,
Id‚ v _pIvkv tIm´bw
'' 2005 IY-I-fn-ap-{Zm-\n-L≠p,
kmwkvImcn-I -{]-kn-≤o-I-c-
W-h-Ip-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿
thZ-_‘p (hn-h.) 1967 t]mb-‰nIvkv (A-cn-tÃm-ń¬),
sIm´m-c-°c
them-bp-[≥]n≈ ]n.-hn. 1989 aWn- { ]- h m- f - I - h n- X , tIc- f -
`mjm C≥Ãn- ‰ yq´v Xncp- h -
\¥]pcw
them-bp-[≥]n≈.]n.-hn.(k-ºm-.)1977 {_lm-am-WvU-]p-cmWw
KZyw, tIcf k¿∆-Ie
- m-im-e,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
i¶-c≥Ipń kn.-]-\-bq¿ 2004 IY-I-fn- km-[m-c-W-°m¿°v,
h-\¥]pcw
i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿ Fw.-]n. 1987 \mSy- a - W v U - ] w, amXr- ` qan
{]n‚nwKv B‚ v ]ªn-jnwKv
Iº\n, tImgn-t°mSv
iin-`q-j¨ Fw.-Pn. 2000 tIc- f - Ø nse Nph¿®n- { X-
ßƒ, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn- 12345678901234567890
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‰yq´v Xncp-h-\¥]pcw 373
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iin-[-c≥ ¢mcn 2007 tIc-fo-b-I-e-I-ƒ (¢mknIv
Ie-Iƒ Hcp ]T-\w) Henhv
]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tImgn-t°mSv
'' 2004 tIc-fob Iem-am-\kw (]-T\
- w),
]m∏n-tbm¨, tImgn-t°mSv
i¿Ω hn.-F-kv.(hym-Jym.) 1982 _mecma`cXw kc- k z- X n,
\mj-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ,
tIm´bw
inh-i-¶-c-]n≈ as¶m-ºv & 2006 IY-I-fn-kz-cq-]w, amXr-`qan
inh-cm-a-]n≈ kn.-sI. _pIvkv, tImgn-t°mSv
{io[-c≥ F.-Fw. 2009 t^mIvtem¿ kao-]-\-ßfpw
km[y-X-I-fpw, ae-bm-f-]-T-\-
K-th-j-W-tI-{µw, Xriq¿
kZm-\-µ≥]n≈ s]cn-\m-Sv 2005 ae-bm-f-°-c-bnse alm-t£-
{X-ßƒ, {]im¥n ]ªn-t°-
j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
kptcjv \mcm-b-W≥ 2007 I¿Æm-SI
- k
- w-Ko-Xw, kph¿Æ-
cm-Kw, Iev]‰
- , hb-\mSv
kn‘p A¥¿÷-\w 2005 If-sa-gpØpw tIc-f-Ønse
B[p- \ nI Nn{X- I - e - b pw,
Kth-jW
- {- ]-_‘
- w (A{]Im
inXw), Imen-°‰v k¿∆-I-em-
ime
lcn-tKm-hn-µ≥ sRc-f-Øv 2008 tIc-fob hmZy-I-e, tIc-f-
`mjm C≥Ãn- ‰ yq´v Xncp- h -
\¥]pcw
lcn-i¿Ω F.-Un. 1997 \mS-I{- ]-th-inI, kmln-Xy-{]-
\mj-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ, tIm´bw
sslZ-cmen Iem-a-WvU-ew 2004 Hm¿Øm¬ hnkva-bw, {]Xn` 12345678901234567890
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_pIvkv, sIm®n≥ 374
12345678901234567890
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B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ
APn-XvIp-am¿ sI.-sI., kuayw Zo]vXw, amXr-`qan hmcm-¥-∏-Xn-∏v, sabv
25, 2008
Cf-b-cm-P, F∏Sn ]mSn-\m≥? Rm\pw Fs‚ kwKo-X-hpw, `mjm-t]m-
jn-Wn, ]pkvXIw 32, e°w 12, sabv 2009
DÆn F≥.-]n. tUm., `mk-\m-SI - {- ]-iv\w, {KŸ-mtem-Iw, hmeyw 60, e°w
4, P\p-hcn 2010
DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ sI.-F-kv., Ch¿ {]Ir-Xn-Km-b-I¿, tZim-`n-am\n hmcm-
¥-∏-Xn-∏v, Pqsse 29, 2007
Iem-[-c≥ hn., Ifn-sh-´-Øn¬ sXfn™ tafw, amXr-`q-an-]-{Xw, G{]n¬
26, 2009
KtWjv ]n.-F≥. tUm, BNm-cymb \ax, amXr-`qan hmcm-¥-∏-Xn-∏v,
BKÃv 3, 2008
tKm]n Iem-a-WvU-ew, _me≥ Rmb-Øv, hntZ-im-\p-`-h-ßƒ (Hm¿Ω-
bnse ]®-Iƒ-˛21) amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, ]pkvXIw 85,
e°w 34, HIvtSm-_¿ 2007
Kpcp sNß-∂q¿ kvac-Wn-I, Iem-`m-cXn kvamc-I-k-anXn {]kn-≤o-I-c-
Ww, ]I¬°p-dn, 1982
Pm≥kn hn_n≥ tUm., \mtSmSn Iem-cq-]-ßfpw \mSy-im-kv{X-hpw,
hn⁄m-\-ssI-c-fn, hmeyw 10, e°w 2, s^{_p-hcn 2009
\tc-{µ≥ sI.-Fw., s]mXp-tem-I-Øn-te°v hgn Xpd∂ i_vZw (tb-ip-
Zm-kns‚ kwKo-Xw), `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, ]pkvXIw 33, e°w
8, P\p-hcn 2010
\ºym¿ F.-sI., A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ ˛ ]›m-Ø-e-hpw, ]cn-Wm-a-hpw,
kmln-Xy-tem-Iw, e°w 13-˛1985
\mcm-b-W≥ sI.-kn., "ssihw', amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, ]pkvXIw 83,
e°w 48, P\p-h-cn-˛-s^-{_p-hcn 2006
\mcm-b-W-°p-dp∏v ]n., Ifn-b-c-ßns‚ ck-`m-h-hn-Nm-cw, ]T-\w, {KŸm-
tem-Iw, hmeyw 60, e°w 5, s^{_p-hcn 2010
\n¿Ω-em-]-Wn-°¿, Nne-∏-Xn-Im-chpw IqSn-bm-´-hpw, tIfn ssZzam-kn-I,
e°w 119, s^{_p-hcn˛am¿®v 2009 12345678901234567890
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{]Zo]v Fw., hmZy-{Km-aw, amXr-`qan hmcm¥y∏-Xn∏v, G{]n¬ 20-˛2008 375
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{]Zo-]≥ Fw.-sI. tUm., kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ßƒ \nß-tfmSv kwkm-cn-®-
sX¥v? am[y-aw, s^{_p-h-cn-˛-am¿®v 2009
_me≥ Rmb-Øv, Xnc-t\m-´-Øn-\p-ti-jw, tIfn ssZzam-kn-I, e°w
119, s^{_p-h-cn-˛-am¿®v 2009
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω G‰p-am-\q¿, Z£n-W-tI-c-f-Ønse ]mc-º-cy-I-e-Iƒ,
hn⁄m-\-ssI-c-fn, e°w 6, 2000
cma-Ir-jWv ≥ IS-Ω\ - n-´, PohnXw Xs∂-bmWp Ie, tIfn ssZzam-kn-I,
e°w 110, s^{_p-h-cn-˛-\-hw-_¿ 2006
h’≥ ]oen-t°m-Sv, ap{Z-bpsS `mj, amXr-`qan ]{Xw, s^{_p-hcn 29,
2008
hmk-h≥ H. tUm., Xf-cmØ \S-\-ssh-`-hw, amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn∏v
\hw-_¿ 17-˛23, 2003
hnP-bI- r-jvW≥ F≥.-]n. tUm., IY-If - n-bpsS cwK-{io., amXr-`qan BgvN-
∏-Xn∏v \hw-_¿ 17-˛23, 2003
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥ F≥.-]n. tUm., Ifn-b-c-ßn¬ Aº-Xm-≠v, amXr-`qan
hmcm¥-∏-Xn∏v, am¿®v 4, 2007
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥ F≥.-]n. tUm., Iem-k-©m-cw, amXr-`qan hmcm¥∏-
Xn∏v, HIvtSm-_¿ 19, 2008
hn\n Fw., tamln-\n-bm-´Ø - ns‚ Blm-cy-]c - n-jvIc
- W
- w, hn⁄m-\s - sI-
c-fn, hmeyw, 10, e°w 12, Unkw-_¿ 2009
hotc-{µ-Ip-am¿ Fw.-]n., AjvS-]-Zn-Ko-X-ß-fnse `‡n, cXn-`m-h-ßƒ,
amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn∏v ]pkvXIw 83, e°w 49, s^{_p-
hcn 2006
hniz-\m-Y≥\m-b¿ sI.-F≥. tUm., IY-I-fn-bnse t^mIvLS-I-ßƒ,
hn⁄m-\-ssI-c-fn, hmeyw 40, e°w 7, Pqsse 2009
thWpPn, hnc¬Øp-ºnse IY-If - n-th-jß - ƒ, tIfn ssZzam-kn-I, e°w
124, sabv 2010
i¿Ω hn.-F-kv., \S-\-I-em-\n-[n, amXr-`qan hmcm¥∏-Xn∏v, Pq¨ 22,
2008
inh-cm-a≥ tIm´-°¬, \f-N-cnXw kmln-Xyhpw cwK-hpw, `mjm-t]m-jn-
Wn, ]pkvXIw 8, e°w 5, \hw-_¿ 1, 2007
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inh-cm-a≥ tIm´-°¬, hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥ F≥.-]n., If-cn-]m-T-ßƒ, amXr- 12345678901234567890
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12345678901234567890
`qan BgvN-∏-Xn∏v , ]pkvXIw 86, e°w 3, am¿®v 2008 376
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{ioIp-amcn cma-N-{µ≥, `mc-Xo-b-kw-Ko-Xhpw B≤ym-fln-I-X-bpw, tIfn
ssZzam-kn-I, e°w 106, s^{_p-h-cn-˛-am¿®v 2006
kpZ¿i-\≥ Bep-h, \f-N-cn-X-Øn-eqsS, tIfn ssZzam-kn-I, e°w 109
BK-Ãv-˛-sk-]vXw-_¿ 2006
kpan-Xm-\m-b¿ F≥. tUm., cwK-km-ln-Xyhpw A`n-\b
- h
- pw, tIfn ssZzam-
kn-I, e°w 124, sabv-˛-Pq¨, 2010
kqcy IrjvW-aq¿Øn, Ifn-hn-f-°n-\p-ap-∂n¬ IÆ-S-bv°m-sX, Iem-Iu-
ap-Zn, Pq¨ 21-˛2009
IY-Ifn \qd-c-ßv-˛-kva-c-Wn-I, tIcf Iem-a-WvU-ew, Iev]nX k¿∆-I-
em-ime {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, 2008-˛09
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Unnikrishna Pillai J - A Study of Literature On Temple Art in History of Malayalam Literature

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""kwKo-Xw, kmlnXyw BZn-bmb Ie-Isf Dt]-£n-¨h

Iemþ-hn-Zy, Iebpw hnZybpw tNÀ¶-XmWv "Iem-hn-Zy'. ""{]Ir-

"Ie' F¶ kwÚ-bpsS {]mY-an-ImÀ°w Awiw, `mKw

hmÕym-b\ alÀjn-bpsS Adp-]¯

1.5 Iebpw BZnakwkvIm-chpw

_n.kn. aqhm-bn-ct- ¯msS kpta-dn-bb

CuPn-]vjy³ kwkvIm-c-amWv ]g-¡-¯nÂ c-m-a-t¯-Xv.41

ssN\-bnse lpbmMvtlm \Zn-bpsS Xoc-¯mWv ssN\okv

bh\kwkvImcw \evInb kw`m-h\

B[p-\nI coXn-bn-ep-ff Agp-¡p-NmÂ (underground drain-

""\r¯hpw KoXhpw hmZy-hp-saÃmw \mSy-t¯m-S\

"\¨ń ]n Kmbń ]n hmZń ]n emtkń ]n (-hn-\b

- n\p ap¼p-ff (Pre-Aryan Ur-

\mÂ¡m-en-bmbn \S¶ a\p-jy³ Ccp-Im-enÂ \S-¡m³ XpS-

BZn-a-Imew apXevt¡ a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw X½nÂ

\mbm-«nepw k©m-c-¯nepw Ah³ I- arK-§Ä, B{I-a-

""kwkvImcw cmPy-¯nsâ Poh-\m-Ip¶p; Ie AXnsâ ssNX-

""C\n kmln-Xy-¯n-te-¡v. AhnsS ]Zm-he

`mc-Xob Imhy-im-kv{X-¯nse [z\n-Im-cn-I-bpsS hym]vXn

kwKoX N{I-hÀ¯n kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ tI«p-d§

cLp-hwiw H¶mw kÀ¤-¯nse {]Y-a-tÇmIw tIhew

s]mXpsh kÀ¤-`m-h\ c-p coXn-bn-emWv {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xv-

""P´p-¡Äs¡Ãmw _lnÀtÃm-I{- K-lW

`mc-Xob ZriyIebpsS ]g¡w \nÝ-bn-¡m\p-XI

""GXp kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw D`-bc

""]pcm- W - h kv X phnÚm- \ o- b - ¯ n- t em (archaeology)

Gsd sshhn-²y-amÀ¶ Iem-]m-c¼

""hn`n-¶hpw hn]p-ehpw Bb Cu kwkvImcw {]Xn-_nw-_n-

""ssN\, {KoÊv apX-emb tZi-§-fnse¶t]mse \½psS

""amIvkv apÅÀ, an³Un-jv, ]nkvNÂ apX-em-bh

{imhyIebpw ZriyIebpw X½nÂ Nne khn-ti-jX

""FÃm cwKIe- I Ä¡pw aq¶p {][m\ LS- I - § - f p- - v .

""ZriyImhy-§-fpsS \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ff

Cu `mcXob kwKoXkmlnXymZnbmb IeIfpsS XpS¡w

apJy-ambpw c-p [mc-I-fm-bn-«mWv \mSy-im-kv{Xhpw Imhy-