Javier, Ma. Rossette V.

November 3, 2018
AR135 – A71

ACTIVITY NO. 1

1. WHAT IS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND?

Structural Analysis is an estimate of the performance of a certain structure under set of loads and
other external effects, such as support movement and temperature changes.

Historical Background:
Dawn of History
-Structures were designed by trial and error using rule of thumb based on past experience
th
Mid-17 Century
-Engineers began applying Mechanics (Math and Science) in designing structures

Some of the following are the Magnificent Structures from Earlier Eras that still Exist:
• Egyptian Pyramids (about 300 BC)
• Greek Temples (500 –200 BC)
• Roman Coliseum and Aqueducts (200BC –AD200)
• Gothic Cathedrals (AD100 –1500)
2. IDENTIFY THE PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE?
The Contributors:
1. Galileo Galilei
➢ considered as the originator of the theory of structures
➢ The book: Two New Sciences
➢ published in 1638, discussed the analysis on the failure of simple structures including
cantilever beams and the approximate predictions on the strength of beams
➢ ushered a new era of structural engineering in which analytical principles of mechanics
and strength of materials would have major influence on the design of structures
2. Robert Hooke (1635-1730)
➢ developed the law of linear relationship between the force and the deformation of
materials (Hooke’s Law)
3. Isaac Newton (1642 –1727)
➢ formulated the laws of motion and developed calculus (foundational mechanics)
4. John Bernoulli (1667 –1748)
➢ formulated the principle of virtual work
5. Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)
➢ developed the theory of buckling columns
6. Charles Agustin de Coulomb (1736-1806)
➢ presented the analysis of elastic bending of beams
7. Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier (1785-1836)
➢ published a treatise on elastic behavior of structures (1sttextbook on modern theory of
strength of materials) in 1826.
8. B.P. Clapeyron (1799 –1864)
➢ formulated the three-moment equation for the analysis of continuous beams
9. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
➢ presented the method of consistent deformations and the law of reciprocal deflections
10. Otto Mohr (1835 –1918)
➢ developed the conjugate beam method for calculation of deflection and Mohr’s circle of
stress and strain
11. Alberto Castigliano (1847 –1884)
➢ formulated the theorem of least work
12. C.E. Greene (1842 –1903)
➢ developed the area moment method
13. Heinrich Muller-Breslau (1851 –1925)
➢ presented a principle for constructing an influence line
14. George A. Maney (1888 -1947)
➢ developed the slope deflection method (the precursor of matrix stiffness method)
15. Hardy Cross (1885 –1959)
➢ provided significant understanding on the behavior of statically indeterminate frames
➢ design of high-rise buildings and other huge structures would not have been possible
without the moment distribution method of analysis
3. WHAT IS A STRUCTURE AND ITS CLASSIFICATIONS?

Structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load

Examples: buildings, towers, bridges, frames, vessels, support structures, etc...

Design loading in a structure is usually specified in codes

2 Classifications of Codes:
(1) General Building Codes
➢ specify the requirements of governmental bodies for minimum design loads on
structures and minimum standards for construction
(2) Design Codes
➢ provide detailed technical standards and are used to establish the requirements
for the actual technical design

4. DEFINE LOADS AND ITS TYPES

DEAD LOADS
➢ consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any objects
that are permanently attached to the structure
➢ for a building, include the weights of columns, beams and girders, floor slab, roofing,
walls, windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures, and other miscellaneous attachments.
LIVE LOADS
➢ can vary both in magnitude and location like weights of objects temporary placed on
structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
➢ minimum live loads specified in codes are determined from studying the history of their
effects on existing structures.

5. WHAT ARE SUPPORT CONNECTIONS? PROVIDE A TABLE THAT WILL IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF SUPPORT CONNECTIONS AND THE CORRESPONDING LOAD DIAGRAMS

Three Types of Joints:

1. Roller Support
2. Pin Connection

3. Fixed Connection
REFERENCE:

Aslam Kassimal. (2010). Structural Analysis, Fourth Edition, Retrieved from:

https://ubooks.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/book/raw/1472358627625-hjv466dua25mrhsg-
bc7cf3ec31c42c74fabcb2966b9b6216/ASLAM+KASSIMALI+4ED.pdf