20.

 The Philippine Constitution : General  between   and   connecting   the   islands   of   the

Provisions  Philippine   Archipelago,   regardless   of   their
breadth   and   dimensions,   including   the
General   Provsions   :   National waters in bays, rivers and lakes. No right of
innocent passage for foreign vessels exists in
Territory; Flag of the Philippines 
the   case   of   internal   waters.   (Harris,   Cases
and Materials on International Law, 5^ ed.,
Q.   (2004)  Distinguish   briefly   but
1998, p. 407.)
clearly between:
Internal waters are the waters on the
landward side of baselines from which the
(1) The   territorial   sea   and   the
breadth   of   the   territorial   sea   is   calculated.
internal waters of the Philippines.
(Brownlie, Principles of Public International
(2) The contiguous zone and the
Law, 4th ed., 1990, p. 120.)
exclusive economic zone.
(3) The flag state and the flag of
(2) Contiguous   zone   is   a   zone
convenience
contiguous to the territorial sea and extends
(4) The   constitutive   theory   and
up   to   twelve   nautical   miles   from   the
the   declaratory   theory   concerning
territorial   sea   and   over   which   the   coastal
recognition of states.
state   may   exercise   control   necessary   to
(5) The   Wilson   doctrine   and   the
prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal,
Estrada   doctrine   regarding
immigration or sanitary laws and regulations
recognition   of   governments.
within its territory or territorial sea. (Article
(5%)
33   of   the   Convention   on   the   Law   of   the
Sea.)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:

The   exclusive   economic   zone   is   a

A. (1)   Territorial   sea   is   an
zone   extending   up   to   200   nautical   miles
adjacent belt of sea with a breadth of twelve
from the baselines of a state over which the
nautical miles measured from the baselines
coastal   state   has   sovereign   rights   for   the
of   a   state   and   over   which   the   state   has
purpose   of   exploring   and   exploiting,
sovereignty.   (Articles   2   and   3   of   the
conserving   and   managing   the   natural
Convention on the Law of the Sea.) Ship of
resources,   whether   living   or   nonliving,   of
all states enjoy the right of innocent passage
the waters superjacent to the seabed and of
through the territorial sea. (Article 14 of the
the seabed and subsoil, and with regard to
Convention on the Law of the Sea.)
other activities for the economic exploitation
and exploration of the zone. (Articles 56 and
Under   Section   1,   Article   I   of   the
57   of   the   Convention   on   the   Law   of   the
1987 Constitution, the internal waters of the
Sea.)
Philippines   consist   of   the   waters   around,
 Flag   state   means   a   ship   has   the
nationality of the flag of the state it flies, but
there   must   be   a   genuine   link   between   the
state   and   the   ship.   (Article   91   of   the
Convention on the Law of the Sea.) Flag of
convenience refers to a state with which a
vessel is registered for various reasons such
as   low   or   non­existent   taxation   or   low
operating   costs   although   the   ship   has   no
genuine link with that state. (Harris, Cases
and Materials on International Law, 5th  ed.,
1998, p. 425.)
(3) According to the constitutive
theory, recognition is the last indispensable
element   that   converts   the   state   being
recognized into an international person.
According to the declaratory theory,
recognition is merely an acknowledgment of
the   pre­existing   fact   that   the   state   being
recognized is an international person. (Cruz,
International Law, 2003 ed., p. 80.)
(4) Under   the  Wilson   doctrine,
recognition   shall   not   be   extended   to   any
government   established   by   revolution   or
internal   violence   until   the   freely   elected
representatives of the people have organized
a constitutional government.
Under   the  Estrada   doctrine,  the
Mexican government declared that it would,
as   it   saw   fit,   continue   or   terminate   its
diplomatic   relations   with   any   country   in
which a political upheaval had taken place
and   in   so   doing   it   would   not   pronounce
judgment on the right of the foreign state to
accept, maintain or replace its government.
(Cruz, International Law, 2003 ed., pp. 85­
86.J
(In view of recent developments, the 
Wilson, doctrine and the Estrada doctrine 
are no longer in the mainstream of public 
international law
National Territory 
Q.   (2003)  What   is   outer­space?   Who   or
which   can   exercise   jurisdiction   over
astronauts while in outer space?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Outer space is the space beyond the
airspace surrounding the Earth or beyond the
national   airspace.   In   law,   the   boundary
between   outer   space   and   airspace   has
remained undetermined. But in theory, this
has been estimated to be between 80 to 90
kilometers.   Outer   space   in   this   estimate
begins from the lowest altitude an artificial
satellite   can   remain   in   orbit.   Under   the
Moon   Treaty   of   1979   the   moon   and   the
other   celestial   bodies   form   part   of   outer
space.
In outer space, the space satellites or
objects are under the jurisdiction of States of
registry   which   covers   astronauts   and
cosmonauts. This  matter is  covered by the
Registration of Objects in Space Convention
of   1974   and   the   Liability   for   Damage
Caused   by   Spaced   Objects   Convention   of
1972.
21. International Organizations  protection   of   the   life   of   the   unborn   from
Q.   (2007)  The   City   Mayor   issues   an
Executive   Order   declaring   that   the   city
promotes   responsible   parenthood   and
upholds   natural   family   planning.   He
prohibits   all   hospitals  operated   by  the  city
from   prescribing   the   use   of   artificial
methods   of   contraception,   including
condoms,   pills,   intrauterine   devices   and
surgical   sterilization.   As   a   result,   poor
women   in   his   city   lost   their   access   to
affordable   family   planning   programs.
Private clinics, however, continue to render
family   planning   counsel   and   devices   to
paying clients.
b.   Is   the   Philippines   in   breach   of   any
obligation under international law? Explain.
FIRST ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The acts of the City Mayor may be
attributed   to   the   Philippines   under   the
principle of state responsibility. Article 26 of
the   International   Covenant   on   Civil   and
Political rights requires that Philippine law
shall   prohibit   any   discrimination   and   shall
guarantee to all persons equal and effective
protection   against   discrimination   on   any
ground such as social origin, birth or other
status.   The   Executive   Order   of   the   City
Mayor discriminates against poor women.
SECOND ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The   Philippines   is   not  in   breach  of
any obligation under international law. The
conception is consistent with Article 6(1) of
the Convention on the Rights of the Child,
which recognizes the inherent right to life of
every child. While Article 24 (2)(f) of the
Convention   of   the   Rights   of   the   Child
requires the States Parties to develop family
planning education and services and Article
10(h), Article 12(2) and Article 14(b) of the
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms
of   Discrimination   against   Women   require
States   Parties   to   provide   access   to
information,   advice   and   services   in   family
planning, they do not prescribe any specific
form of such information and services.
Q. (2006) In 1980, the United States filed
with   the   International   Court   of   Justice   a
complaint against Iran alleging that the latter
is detaining American diplomats in violation
of   International   Law.   Explain   how   the
International   Court   of   Justice   can   acquire
jurisdiction over these contending countries.
5%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1. The   International   Court   of
Justice acquired jurisdiction over the United
States   and   Iran   by   virtue   of   the
compromissory   clause   in   the   Treaty   of
Amity,   Economic   Relations   and   Consular
Rights   between   them   and   the   Optional
Protocols   to   the   Vienna   Convention   on
Diplomatic   Relations   and   the   Vienna
Convention on Consular Relations, of which
the United States and Iran are both parties.

ANOTHER SUGGESTED ANSWER:
6. The   ICJ   can   acquire
jurisdiction   over   parties   only   with   their
consent. In the case of Iran and the United
States, that consent may be expressed in 3
ways:
(a) Compromise, in which states
voluntarily   submit   to   ICJ   jurisdiction   in
relation to a specific dispute;
(b) Compulsory   jurisdiction
under the Optional Clause, in which a state
may   in   advance   declare   that   it   will   be
subject   to   ICJC   jurisdiction   in   future
disputes, subject to reservation; and
(c) Compromissory   clauses   in
multilateral   treaties,   wherein   States­Parties
to a treaty undertake to resolve all disputes
arising under that treaty through the ICJ.
In   the   US   v.   Iran   dispute,   the   US
invoked,   and   the   ICJ   applied,   the
compromissory clause under the Convention
on the Protection of Diplomatic Personnel.
22. Powers of the Local Government  eminent domain. [Heirs of Alberto Suguitan
Power of Eminent Domain  (2000)1.
Q. (2005)   The Sangguniang Bayan
of   the   Municipality   of   Santa,   Ilocos   Sur
passed   Resolution   No.   1   authorizing   its
Mayor   to   initiate   a   petition   for   the
expropriation of a lot owned by Christina as
site for its municipal sports center. This was
approved   by   the   Mayor.   However,   the
Sangguniang   Panlalawigan   of   Ilocos   Sur
disapproved   the   Resolution   as   there   might
still   be   other   available   lots   in   Santa   for   a
sports center.
Nonetheless,   the   Municipality   of
Santa, through its Mayor, filed a complaint
for eminent domain. Christina opposed this
on   the   following   grounds:   (a)   the
Municipality   of   Santa   has   no   power   to
expropriate: (b) Resolution No. 1 has been
voided since the Sangguniang Panlalawigan
disapproved   it   for   being   arbitrary;   and   (c)
the   Municipality   of   Santa   has   other   and
better lots for that purpose.
Resolve the case with reasons. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(2) (a) The Municipality of Santa
has the power to expropriate. Section 19 of
the Local Government Code grants all local
government   units   the   power   of   eminent
domain. However, Section 19 of the Local
Government Code requires an ordinance, not
a resolution, for the exercise of the power of
v.   City   ofMandaluyong,  328   SCRA   137
(b)   The   disapproval   of
Resolution   No.   1   by   the   Sangguniang
Panlalawigan   of   Ilocos   Sur   on   the   ground
that   there   may   be   other   lots   available   in
Santa is not a valid ground, because it can
disapprove  Resolution  No.  1 solely  on  the
ground   that   it   is   beyond   the   power   of   the
Sangguniang   Bayan   of   Santa.  [Modayv.
Court of Appeals, 268 SCRA 586 (1997)].

(c) If there are other lots that
are   Better   and   more   appropriate   for   the
municipal   sports   center,   the   lot   owned   by
Christina   should   not   be   expropriated.   Its
choice   is   arbitrary.  [Municipality   of
Meycauayan   v.   Intermediate   Appellate
Court, 157 SCRA 640 (1988)].

23. Powers of Executive Department 

1. What   do   you   mean   by   the

“Calling­out Power” of the President under
Section 18, Article VII of the Constitution?
5%

SUGGESTED ANSWER:

1. The calling­out power of the
President refers to the power of the President
to   order   the   armed   forces,   whenever   it
becomes   necessary,   to   suppress   lawless
violence,   invasion   or   rebellion   (David   v
Macapagal­ Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May
3, 2006).