The ISEEE Best Practice Guide for

Developing Highly Effective Environmental

Enclosures

International Society of Environmental Enclosure Engineers

www.ise3.com

© Copyright 2013 International Society of Environmental Engineers, LLC. All rights reserved. ISEEELIT.001.110513
Abstract
The ISEEE Best Practice Guide (BPG) presents specific engineer controls in context of a complete environmental
enclosure/cab system. The BPG is designed to assist original equipment manufacturer (OEM) engineers,
enclosure owners, industrial hygienists, and field mechanics in understanding how to improve enclosure
performance. Recommendations made in the guide come from standards, NIOSH recommendations from
relevant research, and a wide array of real world experiences with operator enclosures. The best practice guide
introduces new technologies and how they serve to enhance the enclosure environment. The guide addresses
eighteen various components used in a complete environmental enclosure systems.

NOTE: The BPG takes known, current technologies into consideration. It is therefore subject to modification as
technological advancements allow for the development of new components that can enhance system performance.
The current version of the BPG is specific to respirable particulate and does not address vapors or gases.

ISEEE best practices, engineering practices, and data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone
engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. ISEEE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the
application of ISEEE best practices, engineering practices, and data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with
applicable ordinances, laws, and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for protecting themselves against
liability for infringement of patents.

The International Society of Environmental Enclosure Engineers was not organized to be a standards creating
organization. Rather, it adopts as normative those standards which it deems relevant. ISEEE uses a “best practices”
approach which utilizes known standards, field data, real world experience, real world testing, and common sense to
address air quality issues in environmental enclosures. Normative references are made within the best practices
document.

CAUTION NOTICE: ISEEE Best Practices Recommendations may be revised or withdrawn at any time.

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Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................1
Contents .....................................................................................................................................................................2
Acronyms & Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................................3
Approach & Methodology ..........................................................................................................................................4
Aims of the Best Practice Guide .................................................................................................................................4
Critical Components of an Environmental Enclosure .................................................................................................5
1. Fresh-Air Filtration ..............................................................................................................................................5
2. Complementary Fresh-Air Filter Technologies ...................................................................................................6
3. Fresh-Air Filter Design, Construction, and Seal ..................................................................................................7
4. Recirculation Air Filtration ..................................................................................................................................7
5. Complementary Recirculation-Air Filter Technologies.......................................................................................8
6. Recirculation Filter Design, Construction, and Seal............................................................................................9
7. Maintaining Airflows ..........................................................................................................................................9
8. Particulate Decay Rate .................................................................................................................................... 10
9. Airflow ............................................................................................................................................................. 10
10. Cab Construction ........................................................................................................................................... 11
11. Cab Pressurization ......................................................................................................................................... 11
12. Pressurization Technology ............................................................................................................................. 12
13. Routing of Intake-Air Pressurization Plumbing ............................................................................................. 13
14. Routing of Recirculation Air Plumbing .......................................................................................................... 13
15. Pressurization Plumbing ................................................................................................................................ 14
16. Pressure-Release Valves ................................................................................................................................ 14
17. Make-up Airflow ............................................................................................................................................ 15
18. Pressure Monitoring System ......................................................................................................................... 15
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 16
Contributors ............................................................................................................................................................ 16
Next Steps................................................................................................................................................................ 16
References ............................................................................................................................................................... 17

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Acronyms & Abbreviations
ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable
ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
CAB Clean-Air Barrier
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
EN 1822 European Norm: New European Standard for High-Efficiency Air Filters (2009)
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (system)
ISEEE International Society of Environmental Enclosure Engineers
ISEEE-1.001 “Field Testing Procedures and Methods to Evaluate Operator Enclosure Effectiveness”
ISEEE-2.001 “Comprehensive Scoring and Testing Method for Environmental Enclosure Manufacturers”
ISO International Organization for Standardization
MERV Minimum Efficiency Rated Value
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OEL Occupational Exposure Levels
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OHSMS Occupational Health and Safety Management System
PEL Permissible Exposure Levels
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
TLV Threshold Limit Value
TWA Time-Weighted Average (Exposure Levels)
“ W.G. Inches of Water Gauge (unit of measure for pressure)
Pa Pascal (unit of measure for pressure)
m3/min Airflow volume in cubic meters per minute (metric airflow measurement)
mg/m3 Particulate weight in micrograms by air volume in cubic meters

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Approach & Methodology
The ISEEE Best Practice Guide (BPG) utilizes a best practices approach to address the various aspects of
designing and validating environmental enclosures. Best practice recommendations come from real world
experiences, extensive field observations, and case studies performed by both public and private organizations.

The BPG compares and contrasts the technologies discussed so that the reader can appreciate the best practice
conclusion. Every attempt has been made to make a fair presentation of the material with the simple goal of
presenting useful, real world best practice recommendations.

Aims of the Best Practice Guide

Encouraging Sustained Quality. ISEEE has developed a best practices approach to cab design and maintenance
as a tool to help increase a system’s ability to maintain performance between planned maintenance intervals.
Sustained quality is achieved through components that work together to create a safe environment, give long
lasting service, and are properly engineered to allow cabin pressure and effective filtration to be maintained
continuously between planned maintenance intervals.

Maintaining an enclosure’s environment is an ongoing process that requires not only an understanding of the
best practices, but also a commitment to sustain performance through routine maintenance and audits of the
enclosure. Therefore, careful and thorough maintenance of engineering controls is essential to a successful
Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS).

Changing the Exposure Paradigm. Before it was possible to provide acceptable air quality within environmental
enclosures, it was understood that workers would be exposed to respirable dust while working in these spaces.
Permissible Exposure Levels (PEL), Threshold Limit Value (TLV), Occupational Exposure Levels (OEL), and Time-
Weighted Average (TWA) Exposure Levels set exposure limits for workers in industrial settings. When it was not
possible to hold to these exposure limits, workers wore personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect them
from respirable dust.

Today, advances in technology have made it possible to change this paradigm. It is now possible to achieve air
quality high enough within an operator cab to meet exposure limits so that the operator does not need to wear
PPE. The BPG recommends practices that provide the highest performance with sustained quality at the lowest
cost per hour.

Understanding the Environmental Enclosure as a System. Designing a safe and long-lasting environmental
enclosure involves understanding not only specific components, but also how these components work together
or against each other as a system in real-world applications. For the system to deliver consistently high
performance, it must be engineered with an understanding of how the components work together to ensure
that the environment within the cab can be sustained between planned maintenance intervals.

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Critical Components of an Environmental Enclosure
1. Fresh-Air Filtration
Environmental enclosures should be designed to provide an effective clean-air barrier (CAB)1 for their occupants.
Respirable particulate is defined as particulate below 10 microns in size (Noll, Cecala, & Organiscak, 2011). In the
BPG, emphasis is placed on removing all particulate down to .3 micron. Filtration capable of removing this level
of particulate is referred to as “human respiratory filtration.”

A recent NIOSH study (Cecala, Noll, & Organiscak, 2013) demonstrated that the minimum level of efficiency
acceptable for fresh-air intake filtration is the ASHRAE MERV 16 rated filter2. The ASHRAE Minimum Efficiency
Rated Value (MERV) of 16 simply means that when the filter is new and air is passing through it at its rated
velocity (first pass efficiency), it is more than 95% effective at removing particulate in the .3 to 1 micron range.

When filter media is placed in an airstream, particulate builds on the face of the media increasing its resistance
to airflow and, consequently, increasing the filter media’s level of efficiency. All filtration sections focus
specifically on first-pass efficiency.

1.1. Filtration Test Standards. EN 1822 is an internationally recognized test standard for filters that produce
High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has adopted the
current revision of EN 1822. Both ISO 29463-1 and EN 1822 are equally accepted test validation standards for
HEPA filters for the purposes of the BPG. Other standards designed to test for HEPA filtration efficiency may also
be acceptable.

EN 1822-2 and ISO 29463-1 consider the manufacturing process and require that each filter be breach tested on
the assembly line. Compliance with the standards requires a comprehensive quality assessment that validates
the production process, filter assembly, and breach tests every filter.

1.2. Individually Tested HEPA Filters. Under EN 1822/ISO 29463-1, each filter is tested at the point of
manufacture to ensure the filter is in compliance with the designated efficiency level as prescribed by the filter
label.

1.3. MERV 16 Filtration. MERV 16 is the lowest acceptable level of fresh air filtration for human respiratory
environments according to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Filtration at a lower
efficiency level does not remove enough particulate in the respirable range of .3 microns to 10 microns. The best
test method for determining fractional efficiency for non-HEPA filters is the ASABE S613-3 standard. The

1 All technology that creates a clean-air barrier between the operator's lungs and outside contamination can be described as clean-air
barrier (CAB) technology. The objective of such technology is simple: to protect human lungs by allowing only clean air to be
breathed. CAB technology involves many key components that, when properly applied, work together to produce the clean-air
barrier. When applied to entire enclosures, the clean-air barrier protects all of the enclosure's contents. In micro applications, it may
protect a single piece of electronic equipment or the head of an operator. In the context of CAB technology, the word "effective"
means that the air quality is the best possible air quality as defined by the ALARA principle. Specific standards for air quality are
industry determined, but the ALARA principle applies common sense to the standards by looking at both the cost of solving the
problem and the effectiveness of the technology in producing an acceptable result, seeking a balance between these factors.
2 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE); International Standards Organization (ISO), ISO
29463-1, HEPA Test Standard, adopted 2012.

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American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers’ (ASABE) standard modified the ASHREA 52.2 test
standard by reducing the length of the test duct to accurately determine fractional efficiency on low CFM filters
typically used in small environmental enclosures, i.e. operator cabs.

1.4. Gravimetric Tested Filters. Gravimetric filter tests are based on the weight of the particulate and do not
take into consideration filtration efficiency based on particulate size. Gravimetric filter test procedures are
typically not used for human respiratory filtration, which focuses on the much smaller .3 to 10 micron
particulate range. The lower the filter efficiency the longer it takes for particulate in the smaller micron range to
be removed and the longer it takes to reduce operator exposure.

1.5. Required Filter Documentation. Each filter should come with labeling and/or paperwork that indicate the
filter’s efficiency and the test procedure used to validate its performance. All filter tests should indicate the
airflow at which the test was performed. Evaluation of the filter in use should determine the actual airflow
through the filter. See ASABE S613-3 for more information.

Summary: HEPA and MERV 16-rated filters are best practice. Filtration is a primary component in an effective
cab. Using inefficient filtration will result in an ineffective environmental enclosure. Proper labeling of filters as
to their efficiency and the test standard used to validate their efficiency should be included with all filters.

2. Complementary Fresh-Air Filter Technologies

2.1. Self-Cleaning Filter Media. Self-cleaning filter media is designed to allow particulate to fall from surface of
the filter. Particulate in the filter is dislodged in two naturally occurring ways: as the machine vibrates during
normal operation and whenever the enclosure door is shut generating a pressure surge, which causes the filter
media to flex and particulate to drop. This method is identified in the NIOSH white paper “Key Components for
an Effective Filtration and Pressurization System for Mobile Mining Equipment” (Cecala et al. 2013). This
continuously self-cleaning filter extends cab pressurization and filter life.

2.2. Powered Atmospheric Ejective Precleaning. An excellent method for extending filter life and maintaining
cab pressurization is to eject particulate from the filter housing and airstream before it passes through the filter.
When most particulate is removed from the airstream by a mechanical separation process and ejected back into
the environment before the airstream reaches the filter, the filter experiences less and slower filter loading.
Applications of this technology include devices that continuously clean the filter housing, purging the filter
housing of particulate that drops from the filter. The combination of self-cleaning filter media and atmospheric
ejective precleaning has proven to be extremely beneficial in achieving high sustained quality and reaching
planned maintenance intervals without having to change filters. Therefore, self-cleaning filter media plus
atmospheric ejective precleaning is recommended as the current best practice to extend filter life and maintain
consistent pressurization. This technology was identified in the NIOSH “Key Components” white paper (Cecala et
al. 2013) as one of the key components of an effective system.

2.3. “Blast Method” Self-Cleaning. The self-cleaning “blast method” uses a blast of compressed air to blow
particulate off of the filter. This system uses the force of air to dislodge particulate from the filter. This is not the
equivalent of “blowing out” the filter, which is always discouraged. The blast method is an in-place system that

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periodically applies a blast of air over the filter face to remove accumulated particulate. The ability to maintain
cab pressurization throughout planned maintenance intervals is a critical part of sustained quality. Occasionally
blowing off the filter can lower filter restriction and help the cab maintain pressurization.

Summary: Both types of self-cleaning technology add substantially to sustained quality and system effectiveness
and represent significant opportunities to improve or fine-tune an enclosure’s intake-air performance. Self-
cleaning filter media plus atmospheric ejective precleaning represent the current best practice.

3. Fresh-Air Filter Design, Construction, and Seal

3.1. Radial-Seal Filter Design. Radial seals have the most seal contact area and provide the most effective
sealing capability. This design is the most consistently effective seal design currently available. It is the best
practice recommendation.

3.2. Radial Filter Knife-Edge Seal. The knife-edge seal is very effective when adequately compressed. However,
it does not contain the same amount of seal area as a radial seal and is more prone to seal leakage. This is the
second best seal design.

3.3. Panel Filters. The problems associated with panel filters in vibratory environments are many and well
documented. Problems with panel filter seal leakage include variability in mounting methods; effects of
vibration on the filter seal and mounting; the fact that servicing the filter can alter the mounting bracket or the
filter, affecting its ability to seal or remain sealed under vibration; and panel filter construction. “Examining the
Air Cleaning Effectiveness of Enclosed Cabs” by Organiscak and Cecala (2009) addresses the problems associated
with seal leakage of panel filters.

A properly designed panel filter fits tightly and seals against the inlet surface with the mounting bracket or
mechanism consistently drawing the filter to the mounting surface. However, real-world application of panel-
filter mountings and panel-filter seals has demonstrated that vibratory environments (mobile operator cabs)
make it is difficult to maintain the seal and integrity of the mounting over time.

Summary: Best practice is to use a radial-seal filter design. The second best option is to use a radial filter knife-
edge seal. If a panel filter is used, careful consideration must be given to the sealing method and mounting
bracket to ensure that the filter remains sealed against the seal surface throughout the use of the filter.

4. Recirculation Air Filtration

Efficient recirculation filtration significantly reduces particulate exposure. Recirculation filtration must be highly
effective at removing respirable particulate with a single pass through the filter, because particulate not
removed by the recirculation filter will be reintroduced into the airstream. The minimum threshold for first-pass
filtration efficiency on .3 micron particulate is a MERV 14 efficiency rated filter (Cecala et al. 2013; Noll et al.
2011). Best practice is to use at least a MERV 14 (EN F8) labeled filter run at or below the airflows in which the
filter was tested.

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HVAC system airflows can be found in the manufacturer’s specifications for fan-speed airflows. Note that actual
airflow through the recirculation filter can vary from manufacturer specifications due to alterations in
recirculation/intake-air plumbing and configuration. If there are any doubts about a unique configuration, then
field measurements should be taken. When there is a discrepancy between the field measurements and the
factory specifications, the higher airflow should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the filter.

Each filter should come with labeling and/or paper work that indicates its efficiency and the testing standards
used to validate its performance. All filter test reports should indicate the airflow at which the test was
performed.

Refer to section 1 for details pertaining to fresh-air filtration, such as: HEPA H13 or H14 filtration individually
tested for compliance, HEPA H13 or H14 filtration not individually tested, MERV 16 filtration, and filters rated
using the gravimetric testing method.

Summary: Filters rated below MERV 14 at first-pass efficiency are unacceptable for human respiratory
environments. Best practice is to use at least a MERV 14 (EN F8) labeled filter run at or below the airflows in
which the filter was tested. Failure to properly address the recirculation filtration will negatively affect the
particle stabilization rate.

5. Complementary Recirculation-Air Filter Technologies

5.1. Self-Cleaning Filter Media. The NIOSH “Key Components” white paper (Cecala et al. 2013) promotes the use
of unique filter media that is designed to allow particulate to drop from surface of the filter. Particulate in the
filter is dislodged in two naturally occurring ways: as the machine vibrates during normal operation and
whenever the enclosure door is shut generating a pressure surge which causes the filter media to flex and
particulate to drop. This continuously self-cleaning filter extends cab pressurization and filter life. The particulate
from the self-cleaning filter drops into the recirculation-filter housing, where it accumulates. If the particulate
can be released from the filter and is not obstructing airflow regardless of where it has fallen, it remains off of
the filter for a period of time, if not permanently. This process extends the filter life, reduces system restriction,
and promotes the objective of needing no maintenance between planned maintenance intervals.

5.2. Powered Recirculation System. A powered recirculation system helps to create and maintain the
recirculation airflow from the HVAC blower, extending the blower’s motor life and allowing the system to run
under much lower overall restriction. The powered recirculation helps the HVAC maintain the specified airflows
over the planned maintenance cycle. These complementary technologies allow for a high level of sustained
quality while diminishing the need for maintenance between planned maintenance intervals.

The powered recirculation system runs independently from the HVAC and works as an air purifier, continuously
recirculating the air in the enclosure through high efficiency filtration. A benefit of this approach is operator
protection even when the HVAC system is not working, i.e. when the operator is eating lunch in the cab or
taking a break in the enclosure. The additional air movement in the cab also makes it unnecessary for the
operator to open the doors or windows to get air movement when the HVAC is not running. This promotes
better hygiene and cab cleanliness.

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Summary: These complementary technologies add substantially to sustained quality and system effectiveness
and represent significant opportunities to improve or fine-tune an enclosure’s performance. Both self-cleaning
filter media and a powered recirculation system are recommended as best practice.

6. Recirculation Filter Design, Construction, and Seal

6.1. Radial-Seal Filter Design. See explanation provided in section 3.1.

6.2. Radial Filter Knife-Edge Seal. See explanation provided in section 3.2.

6.3. Panel Filters. See explanation provided in section 3.3.

6.4. No Recirculation Filter Used. While this is not an uncommon practice, not using a recirculation filter is poor
practice and prevents the cab from being effective. When no recirculation filter is used, the cab acts as a mixing
plenum where fresh and recirculated air combine. Particulate brought into the enclosure through an open door
or window, operator clothing, or the fresh-air intake is drawn across the wet evaporator core. This causes the
evaporator core to become clogged, compromising the HVAC. As a result, the evaporator core transforms into a
makeshift water filter, collecting particulate in the condensate drain pan and clogging the condensate drain
tube. When water is retained in the condensate pan, moisture is left in the cab creating a high humidity
atmosphere and an increased likelihood of mold growth. This is an unacceptable method that compromises the
enclosure making it an unfit environment for human respiration.

Summary: The absence of a recirculation filter creates an unacceptable environment for human respiration and
an indefinite particulate stabilization rate. Best practice is to use a recirculation filter which seals without
leakage.

7. Maintaining Airflows
It is important to consider how the installation of aftermarket filtration products will affect the performance of
the OEM HVAC system. Adding more restrictive filters or changing the airflow path will result in changes to the
airflow. A low level of restriction may be unavoidable; however, airflows should not be reduced by more than
10% of the designed airflow. When evaluating an existing system, the standard for proper airflow is the airflow
produced through a clean system running with a clean recirculation filter.

Any restrictions placed on the operation of the HVAC airflow will compromise the life and function of the HVAC
system and its components. Reductions in the airflow to the evaporator core caused by airflow restrictions from
add-on components or plumbing routings create concern for system performance between planned
maintenance intervals and system durability during the designed life cycle.

Summary: Best practice is to keep airflow to the HVAC unobstructed. If restriction is unavoidable due to the
design of aftermarket modifications or if the machine is operating in a severe cold or hot climate, extra care
should be taken to avoid reducing this OEM airflow amount.

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8. Particulate Decay Rate
Particulate decay rate is the time it takes for an enclosure to return to a stabilized state with a low amount of
particulate in the airflow. Highly effective cab performance can be achieved when the air is quickly exchanged in
the enclosure through a highly efficient filter, resulting in first-pass removal of the respirable particulate. The
slower the decay rate, the longer it will take the cab to realize its full air-quality potential. Therefore, a fast
particulate decay rate is a key factor in achieving a highly effective enclosure environment.

Summary: Best practice is to achieve rapid air exchange through high efficiency filtration.

9. Airflow
9.1. Directing Airflow and Minimizing Turbulence. As articulated in “Maximizing Air Quality inside Enclosed
Cabs with a Unidirectional Filtration and Pressurization System” (Zimmer, Cecala, Organiscak, Hillis, & Moredock,
2009), airflow direction is vital in maximizing air quality. The goal is to create a clean-air barrier around the head
of the operator. Since the air around the operator’s head is the most important air space in the enclosure, the
airflow should be unidirectional from the top of the cab to the bottom of the cab. Clean air should flow over the
head of the operator in a downward direction, be drawn into the recirculation system near the bottom of the
cab, and then return to the HVAC through high-efficiency filtration.

The goal is to minimize airflows that draw particulate into the airstream from the floor, walls, or upholstery. The
direction of the airflow should minimize air turbulence and draw particulate-laden air away from the operator.
Factory designed systems are typically more effective because the airflows are directed and not artificially
amplified by directional aftermarket fans.

Aftermarket fans or powered floor heaters should be avoided because they generate airflow over contaminated
areas, causing particulate to reenter the airflow. Particulate decay rates will increase as particles remain
entrained in the airflow.

9.2. Ventilation Ducts and Recirculation Inlet Location. The location of ventilation ducts and the recirculation,
or return-air, inlet within the cab has a large effect on particulate decay rate. If air vents are pushing air toward
the head of the operator from lower areas in the cab, then they are also creating air turbulence that will keep
particulate in the air stirred up, slowing the rate at which particulate is drawn into the recirculation inlet. Any
design that causes conflicting airflows between the clean air coming from the vents and the dirty air being
drawn toward the recirculation inlet is inherently problematic. When trying to achieve a rapid particulate decay
rate, keeping clean air separated from dirty air is more important than avoiding air turbulence.

Summary: Airflow direction is a key consideration in enclosure design. Reducing air turbulence is important to
keeping particulate decay rate low and minimizing entrainment of particulate in the airstream. Proper location
of vents and inlets helps protect the air located around the operator’s head from the rest of the air in the
enclosure. Creating a clean-air barrier around the head of the operator is a primary objective of an effective cab
enclosure.

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10. Cab Construction
10.1. Pre-manufactured or Stand-alone Cabs. The use of pre-manufactured cabs is best practice for many
reasons. Vibration control is much easier on these cabs, as they can be attached with vibration mounts, which
have proven to be very effective. The cab and its components are in one vibratory plane. The cab is connected to
the operation of the machine through electrical controls, resulting in fewer penetrations of the enclosure,
making pressurization easier to achieve and maintain. Stand-alone cabs also utilize watertight and airtight
connectors for the connection of the cab controls, which do not allow air leakage.

10.2. Site-built Cabs. Site-built cabs are less desirable than pre-manufactured cabs. The cab can be constructed
with different vibratory planes, which destroys the seal integrity of the cab. The way that the cab is attached to
the frame may result in excessive vibration. The cab can flex, causing structural racking forces, permanently
damaging cab sealing capability. Window seals may flex, allowing air into the cab when the machine is under
load. Mechanical controls and hydraulic lines that penetrate the cab create seal problems. Temporary sealants
such as silicone caulk or rubber boots degrade rapidly and compromise the ability of the enclosure to pressurize.

10.3. Sliding Windows. Low-cost sliding window are not easily sealed and can cause premature degradation of
the cab. Sliding windows have weep holes in the slider tract that can cause rapid seal degradation, creating air-
leakage problems that compromise the cab’s effectiveness. In addition, they can shorten the recirculation filter
life and contribute to extended particulate decay rates. Due to these factors, use of poorly designed sliding
windows is discouraged. Their use, while at times unavoidable, is not best practice and is not desirable.
Better designed, higher cost, sliding windows are designed to seal and hold pressure.

Summary: Pre-manufactured or stand-alone cabs typically have better vibration and pressurization control than
site-built cabs. Having an electrical connector on a pre-manufactured cab connecting the cab controls is best
practice. Fixed windows or hinged windows with robust seal surfaces are best practice. Sliding windows are
acceptable only if they are designed to seal and hold pressure.

11. Cab Pressurization

Pressurization is critical for the performance of the various components that make up an effective enclosure.
Proper pressurization benefits cab performance in two major ways:

1) Pressurization keeps particulate from being drawn into the cab through sources other than the fresh-air
intake system, such as: through door seals, window seals, leaks, and more.

2) Proper cab pressurization extends recirculation filter life and reduces the dirt load on the HVAC
evaporator core. The benefits of cab pressurization extend to everything that the cab is designed to
protect.

11.1. Role of the Fresh-Air Filter. The fresh-air filter is critical in achieving and maintaining pressurization. As the
filter loads, resistance to airflow increases making it more difficult for the HVAC blower fan to pull air in from the
fresh-air filter. When the resistance of the fresh-air filter exceeds the resistance of the recirculation filter, the

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HVAC will pull the air that it needs from the recirculation system. When this happens, pressurization is lost and
unfiltered fresh air is brought in through leaks in the cab.

11.2. Wind Pressure. Wind pressure on the enclosure must also be accounted for since it can be a significant
source of particulate intrusion. Pressurization necessary to overcome wind pressure can be found in the Dust
Control Handbook for Industrial Minerals Mining and Processing (O’Brien, Cecala, Schall, et al. 2012).

11.3. Acceptable Pressurization Range. Balancing filter life, wind pressure, and fresh air dilution of CO2 within
the cab requires that each cab be individually evaluated. Each cab is a unique and complex system. The goal is to
have sufficient fresh air coming into the cab to achieve a CO2 stabilization rate within 125% of the ambient CO2
level when the HVAC fan is running on low speed. Adequate pressurization levels would typically fall between 50
to 250 Pa (.2 to 1” W.G.). This is the ideal pressurization range for the following reasons:

• Under 50 Pa (.2” W.G.) is not recommended because the enclosure is likely to lose pressurization before the
planned maintenance period. 50 Pa is required to overcome wind pressure with wind conditions up to 20 mph
(O’Brien et al., 2012).
• Above 250 Pa (1” W.G.), the concern is that the fresh-air exchange is insufficient to result in CO2 stabilization at
or below 125% of ambient levels. This is caused when cab pressure creates back pressure against the HVAC or
pressurizer fan and thus slows fresh air from entering the cab. When the cab is not leaking enough air to allow
room for the fresh air, the CO2 concentrations increase.

Standards that address cab pressurization recommend pressurization levels up to 200 Pa or .8” W.G. There is a
lack of evidence that pressures obtainable in a typical operator cab can be detrimental to human health. As
stated above, the negative effects of high cab pressurization are due to reduced fresh air exchange resulting in
high CO2 concentrations which degrade the ability to think clearly and to remain alert (Satish et al. 2012).
Extremely high concentrations of C02 can lead to death by asphyxiation.

Summary: Keeping initial pressurization between 50 to 250 Pa, or .2 and 1” W.G., is best practice. The optimal
pressurization rate maintains CO2 at less than 125% of the ambient CO2 level while at low fan speed, a rapid
particulate stabilization rate, and extended filter life.

12. Pressurization Technology

12.1. Powered Atmospheric Ejective Precleaning. Powered precleaners serve a dual purpose as pressurizers,
making utilization of powered precleaning best practice. See full explanation provided in section 2.2.

12.2. Traditional Pressurizer Blowers. Traditional pressurizer blowers use a “squirrel-cage” fan to pull air
through a filter. Pressurizer blowers can provide a constant airflow. However, when 100% of the particulate-
laden air passes through the pressurizer-blower system, the filter loads quickly, causing an increase in system
restriction that rapidly diminishes pressurization. This type of system is a major contributing cause of early loss
of cab effectiveness and system failure. This type of technology is much less effective and, due to its
compromising effect on the other cab components, is not best practice.

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12.3. Traditional Pressurizer Blowers with Integrated Precleaner. The traditional “squirrel-cage” fan pressurizer
blower technology has a limited capacity to overcome restriction. The fan motor will stall when the restriction
increases to approximately 2” W.G. or 500 Pa. Given this low threshold, any attempt to put additional
precleaning in front of the fan and filter will cause the system to fail more quickly. Precleaners require air
velocity to drive the precleaning process. This air velocity comes from restricting the airflow. Unlike an engine
which has a tremendous capacity to pull air through a precleaner and filter housing, a “squirrel-cage” fan has
very little capacity to overcome system restriction. While counterintuitive, adding a precleaner to a traditional
pressurizer blower system actually degrades the system’s capacity. Adding precleaners to traditional pressurizer
blower systems is not recommended.

Summary: Best practice is to use powered atmospheric ejective precleaning technology with an integrated filter.

13. Routing of Intake-Air Pressurization Plumbing

13.1. Fresh Air Routed Through Mixing Plenum. When fresh air is brought directly into the intake
air/recirculation air mixing plenum, this plumbing configuration allows the HVAC blower fan and the pressurizer
(if used) to work harmoniously to maximize cab pressure and fresh-air filter life. Fresh air must be conditioned to
remove unwanted moisture from the cab and to keep the evaporator core clean. This setup is the best practice
recommendation.

In extremely cold environments (below -25°C/-13° F), pre-heaters should be used to preheat the air prior to it
going into the mixing plenum. Fresh air is required in all environments to reduce moisture and C02 levels in the
cab. Pre-heaters are commonly available and recommended best practices in extreme cold weather
environments.

13.2. Fresh Air Not Routed Through Mixing Plenum. If fresh air is brought into the cab without passing through
the intake air/recirculation air mixing plenum – that is, when intake air is brought directly into the cab without
being conditioned – the cab’s effectiveness is impacted. This plumbing arrangement is counterproductive and
will contribute to unhealthy conditions in the cab resulting from high humidity, difficulty maintaining enclosure
temperature, and mold growth. This practice is discouraged.

Summary: Best practice is to use a plumbing configuration that routes fresh air directly into the intake
air/recirculation air mixing plenum. The practice of bringing fresh air/intake air directly into the cab without
being conditioned, bypassing the mixing plenum, is discouraged.

14. Routing of Recirculation Air Plumbing

14.1. Recirculation Air Routed through Mixing Plenum. The most advantageous way to route airflow from the
recirculation unit is for recirculation air to be brought from inside the cab back into the intake air/recirculation
air mixing plenum. This puts the airflow back into the cab through the HVAC vents and reduces air turbulence.
This configuration will give the lowest particulate decay rate and is best practice.

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14.2. Recirculation Plumbed to Bypass HVAC. Recirculation air is sometimes plumbed through a bypass that
removes air from one area of the cab and puts it back into another area of the cab without passing through the
HVAC. This system can be effective, but it is not preferred. The introduction of this additional airflow into the
cab can create air turbulence that adversely affects particulate decay rate. These effects can be improved or
worsened based on where the clean air is released back into the cab. This configuration introduces a layer of
complexity in designing an effective cab.

Summary: Best practice is for recirculation air to be drawn from inside the cab and plumbed back into the intake
air/recirculation air mixing plenum. Bypass recirculation plumbing can be used to improve cab circulation
patterns; however, proper consideration of its effect must be given in the design.

15. Pressurization Plumbing

15.1. Pipe Material. Hard, durable piping is superior to all other forms of tubing. The smooth interior wall of
hard piping allows air to flow with much less restriction and can, therefore, be used in smaller diameters. The
use of hard pipe is the recommended best practice because it provides the highest sustained quality and fewest
problems over the life of the enclosure.3

Corrugated hose may be conveniently flexible, easily cut to size, and easy to mount, but flexible corrugated hose
is also susceptible to puncturing and can decay from exposure to sunlight and weather conditions over time. It is
a reasonable, but maintenance intensive, second-best option.

15.2. Length of Run. In the case of smooth wall piping, the runs can be much longer without compromising the
airflow or creating air turbulence. The air achieves laminar flow quickly, reducing restriction. Corrugated hose is
much more limited in length of run and number of bends. Corrugated hose creates air turbulence within the
hose, which keeps the airflow from moving in a laminar, or straight, flow.

Summary: Best practice is to use smooth wall piping. Hard piping is preferred over flexible hose. In applications
where flex hose is required, best practice is to use smooth wall flex hose.

16. Pressure-Release Valves

Pressure-release valves are mounted in enclosures as a main source of cab depressurization to counter the
pressure spike that occurs when the cab door is slammed closed. Any added cab pressure that may occur will be
released through the fresh-air filter without negative effects on the operator. Another reason why pressure-
release valves are considered necessary is because the doors do not close easily. If the door will not close easily,
the cause may be robust door seals which are not easily compressed. When using a pressure release valve, great
care must be taken to insure that the cab can pressurize with the valve in place. If the valve were to fail to work

3 Note: Hard, steel piping must be painted inside and out to prevent rust from forming inside the pipe, which may contaminate the
airflow. The use of PVC pipe is acceptable; however, normal rubber plumbing connections and adaptation are not adequate because
they are not UV-rated and deteriorate rapidly. PVC OD and ID measurements do not match those of the steel pipe. This will make
finding adaptation for the PVC more challenging.

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properly, it would compromise the ability of the enclosure to pressurize. Therefore, long-term maintenance of
the valve must be considered.

Summary: Best practice is to avoid the use of pressure release valves.

17. Make-up Airflow

ASABE S613.2 requires fresh air to be supplied in all human-occupied operator cabs. The make-up air must dilute
the CO2 in the enclosure so that the level stabilizes, or returns to near ambient levels. If the CO2 level continually
rises, the system is not producing enough make-up air and the balance between pressurization and intake-air
volume must be adjusted.

ASABE S613.2 requires a minimum of 25 CFM (.71 m3/m) of fresh air per occupant. Real world experiences
demonstrate that this 25 CFM (.71 m3/m) minimum cannot be maintained if any component of the system
degrades. Thus, adopting the minimum as the starting level produces sustained quality concerns. At planned
maintenance intervals when the filters are dirty, the system must produce at least the minimum of 25 CFM (.71
m3/m). NIOSH recommends a starting minimum fresh air flow of 40 CFM (1.13 m3/m) per occupant.

The effectiveness of the enclosure is determined by testing CO2 level stabilization rates at low fan speed. The
acceptable level of CO2 within an enclosure varies depending on ambient CO2 levels.

Summary: Best practice is to have make-up airflow sufficient to achieve CO2 stabilization within 125% of
ambient CO2 levels when the cab is pressurized and the HVAC fan is set on low speed.

18. Pressure Monitoring System

18.1. Pressure Gauge. The need to understand real-time cab pressure makes a pressure monitor mandatory
(Cecala et al., 2013). The commonly used mechanical pressure gauge that gives real-time pressure readings is an
acceptable pressure monitor.

18.2. Electronic Pressure Sensor. An electronic pressure sensor is superior to a mechanical one in that it can be
easily recalibrated and is not affected by altitude or by the pitch of the machine. An electronic pressure sensor
has a visual numeric readout and is a more compact and lightweight device, making it easier to mount in plain
sight of the operator.

18.3. Additional Features. Any feature that adds to the health or safety of the occupant is considered desirable.
The following optional features add to the safety of the operator and enhance sustained quality. Each feature
enhances the use and function of the pressure sensor and allows for its adaption into a variety of environments.

 Readout adjustable between Pa (Pascal) and “ W.G. (inches of Water Gauge)

 Audible alarm
 Visual pressure failure alarm light
 Data output capability
 Adjustable minimum pressure threshold for the alarm

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Summary: Best practice is to use an electronic pressure monitor. No cab should be without this critical piece of
information being constantly supplied to the operator since pressurization is a major indicator of system
performance.

Conclusion
The BPG goes beyond teaching how to reduce particulate in the operator enclosure. It empowers the engineer
to make better design decisions. It gives a clear path forward on how to improve enclosure performance. It
equips those who regulate air quality in enclosures to better understand real world engineering controls and to
make recommendations for improving enclosure performance. It aids the health and safety officer or industrial
hygienist, because the effectiveness of the cab can be improved through knowable means found in the BPG. It
empowers machine owners and maintenance managers to lower maintenance costs and to meet local air quality
regulations.

Contributors
The following primary contributors have added to the body of knowledge from which the BPG was developed or
have otherwise directly aided in its development: Jeff Moredock, Managing Director, ISEEE and VP, Sy-Klone
International; Peter Woodford, President, LSM Technologies, Brisbane, Australia; Greg Knowles, Project
Manager, Citic Pacific Iron Ore Mine, Western Australia; Roger Bryan, Western Territory Manager, Sy-Klone
International; Oscar Vasquez, Air Quality Applications Engineer, Colombia SA, Sy-Klone International; Guillermo
Araque Mirth, Industrial Hygienist, CRP Occupational Health and Safety, Bogota, Colombia SA; James Moredock,
President, Sy-Klone International; Al Vatine, President, LMS Technology (filtration testing laboratory); Jeff
Schmode, President, Polar Mobility, Alberta, Canada; Ian Duiven, VP, Polar Mobility; Roberto Draganic,
President, Climatrans, Montreal Canada; Jason Dohrmann, President, Key Dollar Cab, Portland, Oregon; David J.
Moredock, Environmental Cabs Technical Trainer, Sy-Klone International; Bailey Ferkel, HVAC Engineering, Cabin
Air Quality Expert, Caterpillar Inc.; Donald Smith, Lead Cabin Design Engineer, Atlas Copco Drilling Solutions LLC;
Patrick Della Chiara, Managing Director MOTEUROPE, Paris, France; and the dedicated research scientists at the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, particularly Andrew B. Cecala, John A. Organiscak, and
James D. Noll, PhD, whose works are cited in this publication.

Next Steps
If you would like to learn more about the International Society of Environmental Enclosure Engineers, are in
need of a consult, or would like more information on ISEEE in-field testing methods and certification programs,
please visit www.ise3.com.

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References
Noll, J., Cecala, A.B., and Organiscak, J.A. The effectiveness of several enclosed cab filters and systems for
reducing diesel particulate matter. Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc., Transactions
2011, Vol. 328, pp. 408–415, Littleton, Colorado.

Cecala, A., Noll, J., and Organiscak, J.A. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and
Health Research. (2013). Key components for an effective filtration and pressurization system for mobile
mining equipment. Pittsburgh, PA.

Organiscak, J.A. and Cecala, A.B. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office
of Mine Safety and Health Research. (2009). Key Cab Factors. Pittsburgh, PA.

Zimmer, J. A., Cecala, A. B., Organiscak, J. A., Hillis, M. S., & Moredock, D. J. National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health. (2009). Maximizing air quality inside enclosed cabs with a unidirectional filtration and
pressurization system (NIOSHTIC-2 No. 20035150). Pittsburgh, PA.

O'Brien, A. D., Cecala, A. B., Schall, J., Colinet, J. F., Fox, W. R., Franta, R. J., Joy, J., Reed, W. R., Reeser,
P.W., Rounds, J.R., & Schultz, M.J. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and
Health Research. (2012). Dust control handbook for industrial minerals mining and process (Report of
Investigations 9689). Pittsburgh, PA.

Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., & Fisk, W.J. (2012). Is CO2 an Indoor
Pollutant? Direct Effects of Low-to-Moderate CO2 Concentrations on Human Decision-Making
Performance. Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104789

Organiscak, J.A., and Cecala, A.B. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory.
(2008). Key design factors of enclosed cab dust filtration systems (Report of Investigation 9677).
Pittsburgh, PA.

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