Chapter 4

 Advection: transport with the mean fluid flow

eg, if the wind blow towards east, advection
will carry the pollutant towards the east.
 Dispersion: transport of compounds through
the action of random motion. Dispersion
works to eliminate sharp discontinuities in
concentration, as a result: smoother, flatter
concentration profile.eg if a bag of dye is
emptied into the centre of river, dispersion
spread out the concentrated spot of dye to
larger, less concentrated region.
 Flux Massa (m) MT-1
 → rate at which mass was transported across the
boundary of the control volume

 Mass Flux density (J):

 rate of mass transfered across the plane per unit time
per unit area. The plane is the imajinary plane oriented
perpendicular to the direction of mass transfer.


 J = [ M ] [ L ]-2 [ T ]-1
 Total Mass Flux across a boundary (m)
 m = J x A
 advective flux : the movemnet of a compound
along with the flowing air or water.
 J =c x v
 c = concentration
 v = fluid velocity, v is vector quantity
(magnitute and direction).
 J: the movement of pollutant mass in the
same direction as the fluid flow. The
coordinate system is generaly defined so that
the x-axis is oriented in the direction of fluid
flow.
 Calculate the average flux density (J) of
phosphorus downstream of the wastewater
discharge if a pipe from a municipal
wastewater treatment plants discharge 1 m3/s
efluent containing 5 mg/l phosphorous compound.
Upstream flow is 25 m3/s and background of
Phosphorous is 0,01 mg/l. The cross-sectional
area of the river is 30 m2.
 Random motions: random motion of
molecules (molecular diffusion) and random
eddies (turbulent dispersion).

 Fick’s Law
 Dispersion moves from regions of high
concentration to regions of low concentration
and acts to reduce concentration gradients.
At t = t + Δ t
 20% of molecules that were originally on the
left (I) will have move to the right (II)= 0,2 x
10 = 2 molecules a
 20% of molecules that were originally on the
right (II) will have move to the left(I)= 0,2 x
20 = 4 molecules b
 Total massa molekul b :
 ML = total massa molekul b di bagian kiri
 MR = total massa molekul b di bagian kanan

 Kotak berukuran 1 x 1 x 1

 Flux / area = laju transfer massa melewati pembatas

 Jumlah massa yang berpindah dari kiri ke kanan

 Pada 1 step waktu Δt :
 kML = jumlah massa yang berpindah dari kiri ke kanan
 kMR = jumlah massa yang berpindah dari kanan ke kiri

 Laju bersih fluks massa dari kiri ke kanan (kML – kMR)
At t = t + Δ t

If converted to concentration unit

 Negative sign is simply a result of the convention that
flux is positive when it flow from left to right, while
the derivative is positive when concentration
increases toward the right.
D = diffusion coefficient, [ L2 ] [ T-1 ], then the Fick’s
law:

 D = cm2 dt-1, or equal to 𝑘(∆𝑥)2 /∆t

 Flux density : constant x concentration gradient


 Table 4.6 reports some typical values of D

Senyawa T ( oC ) D ( cm2 s –1 )
Metanol di air 15 1,26 x 10-5
Etanol di air 15 1,00 x 10-5
CO2 di udara 20 1,151

 For gases, the D values: 0,01 – 0,1 cm2 s –1

 For liquids, the D values: 10-5 cm2 s -1


 The transport of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) is limited by molecular diffusion across
a thin stagnant film in the surface of the lake.
 Calculate the J and the total annual amount
(m) of PCBs deposited into the lake if:
 PCB concentration in the air just above the
lake’s surface = 100 x 10-12 g/m3
 The concentration at a height 2 cm above the
water surface = 450 x 10-12 g/m3
 Diffusion coefficient for PCBs= 0,044 cm2/s
 The surface area of lake = 8,2 x 1010 m2
 m=J x A
 m= total depositional flux
 Molecular diffusion→ - random motion of molecular
of pollutant molecules , depend on chemical
characteristics of molecule, relatively slower than
turbulence movement.

 Turbulent dispersion → - mass is transferred through

the mixing of turbulent eddies within the fluid; it’s a
random motion of the fluid; the value of turbulent
dispersion coefficient depends on property of the fluid
flow; it’s not dependent on molecular properties of the
compound. E.g for flow in pipe depends on flow velocity
(Reynolds number)
 The degree of turbulence depends on the material over
which the flow is occuring. E.g bumpy surface is more
turbulent than smooth surface, temperature- induced
density
 Is a result of variations in the movement of the fluid that
carries a chemical. The variations are the result of (1)
variation in the flow pathways taken by different fluid parcels
that originate in nearby locations, or (2) variation in the speed
at which the fluid travels in the different region.
 FB

FD
FD

μ = fluid viscosity fluid (g cm –1 s –1)

vr = velocity of the particle relative to Fg
the fluid (the settling velocity)
 When particle has reach terminal velocity, it is
no longer accelerating so
 Can be applied for groundwater flow, flow of
oil underground, flow of water through a
water treatment filter, flow of air through an
air filter
 Refer to the height to which water rises within
a well.
 Unconfined aquifer: the head within the well
is equal to the height of surrounding water
table
 Confined aquifer: the head rising above the
surrounding water table
 Water flows from one point toward another as
a result of differences in pressure between
the two points.
 The magnitude of this difference is expressed
by the hydraulic gradient, the rate at which
head changes with horizontal distance or
dh/dx.
𝑑ℎ
 Hydraulic gradient=
𝑑𝑥
 Hydraulic gradient is a vector quantity
 Is defined as the fraction of the total volume
of soil or rock that is empty pore space
capable of containing water or air.
 η = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠_𝑜𝑓_𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠/𝑡𝑜𝑡al_volume
 Porosity: sub-surface environnent,
 sandstone rock formation (5 – 30)%
 Sand deposits (25 – 50)%
 Karst limestone formation (5 – 50)%
 Clay deposits (40 – 70)%
The pressure force that drives groundwater flow is
proportional to the hydraulic gradient.
The velocity at which groundwater moves is determined
by balance betwen this driving force and resistive force.
 Drag force= resistive force

 K1 x dh/dx = K2 x velocity (v)


 v = K1/K2 dh/dx
 v = K3 dh/dx

 Groundwater flow velocity should be proportional to
the hydraulic gradient.

 Found that the total volumetric flow through
the tube, Q, is related to the hydraulic
gradient by this equation (Darcy’s law)
𝑑ℎ
 𝑄= −𝐾𝐴
𝑑𝑥
 K= hydraulic conductivity which depends on
property of medium, and fluid viscosity.
 VD = Q/A = -K (dh/dx)

 Vd = v darcy

 The effect of limited pore area:


 v = 1/ Q/A


 vtrue = 1/ VD