FLUID MECHANICS

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Engineering
Technique Department
(Second Stage )

Asst. lec. Maha Ali

References:
1- R.K.Rajput," A textbook of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines",
2008.
2- R.K.Bansal," A textbook of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines",
2011.
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Chapter One: Introduction to fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics may be defined as that branch of engineering science which deals
with the behavior of fluid under the conditions of rest and motion.
The fluid mechanics can be divided into three parts:

Statics. The study of incompressible fluids under static conditions is called

hydrostatics.

Kinematics. It deals with the velocities, accelerations and the patterns of flow only.

Dynamics. It deals with the relations between velocities, accelerations of fluid with
the forces or energy causing them.
Fluid. Is a substance which is capable of flowing and can be classified as:
•Liquid, is a fluid which possesses a definite volume and varies only slightly with
temperature and pressure.
• Gas, It possesses no definite volume and is compressible.

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 1.2 Properties of Fluids:
•Mass Density (

•Weight Density (

•Specific gravity (S)

Viscosity
•Dynamic viscosity
•Kinematic viscosity

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Chapter Two: Pressure Measurement

1- Atmospheric pressure: The atsmospheric air exerts a normal pressure upon all
surfaces with which it is in contact, and it is known as atmospheric pressure.
2- Gauge pressure: is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a
pressure measuring instrument, in which the atmospheric pressure is taken as datum.
The atmospheric pressure on the scale is marked as zero.
3- Vacuum pressure: is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure.
4- Absolute pressure: is defined as the pressure which is measured with reference to
absolute vacuum pressure.
A schematic diagram showing the relations between the above types of pressure is
given in figure (2.3).

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‫‪2.1Simple Manometers‬‬

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2.2 U-tube Manometer. It consists of glass tube bent in U-shape, one end of which is
connected to a point at which pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to
the atmosphere as shown in fig. (2.5). The tube generally contains mercury or any other
liquid whose specific gravity is greater than the specific gravity of the liquid whose
pressure is to be measured.

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 2.3U-tube differential Manometer

2.4Inverted tube differential manometer

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Chapter Three: Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces

3.1 Total pressure and centre of pressure

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3.2 Vertical plane surface submerged in liquid

3.3 Horizontal plane surface submerged in liquid

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3.4 Inclined plane submerged in liquid

3.5Curved surface sub-merged in liquid

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 Chapter Four: Fluid Kinematics
4.1 Types of Fluid Flow
Fluid may be classified as follows:

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4.2 Rate of Flow or Discharge
Rate of flow (or discharge) is defined as the quantity of a liquid
flowing per second through a section of pipe or a channel. It is generally
denoted by Q. Let us consider a liquid flowing through a pipe.
Let, A= Area of cross section of the pipe
V= Average velocity of the liquid

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 4.3 Continuity Equation
The continuity equation is based on the principle of conservation of mass. It states as
follows:

"If no fluid is added or removed from the pipe in any length then the mass
passing across different sections shall be same"

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 Chapter Five: Fluid Dynamics
).
In fluid mechanics the basic equations are: (i) Continuity equation, (ii)
Energy equation, and (iii) Impulse- momentum equation.
5.1 Different Types of Heads (or Energies) of a Liquid in Motion
1- Potential Head or Potential Energy: This is due to position above some suitable
datum line. It is denoted by (z).
2- Velocity head or kinetic energy: This is due to velocity of flowing liquid and is
measured as(

where v is the velocity of flow and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

3- Pressure head or pressure energy: This is due to the pressure of liquid and denoted
as(

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5.2 Bernoulli's Equation
Bernoulli's Equation states as follows:
"In an ideal incompressible fluid when the flow is steady and
continuous, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and
potential energy is constant along a stream line".

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5.3 The Momentum Equation
It is based on the law of conservation of momentum or
on the momentum principle, which states that the net force
acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in momentum of
flow per unit time in that direction. The force acting on a fluid
mass is given by the Newton's second law of motion.

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CHAPTER SIX: Fluid Flow Measurements

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CHAPTER SEVEN: FLOW IN PIPES

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‫‪7.2.2 Minor Energy (Head) Losses‬‬

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CHAPTER EIGHT: Dimensional Analysis

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