English classes

Class 3

Will/won’t/shall:

A. We use will o show we are deciding something while we are speaking

M: Would you like tea or coffee?
K: Mmm… I’ll have tea please
B. Will is also use to make offers and promises:
M: Oh no – I’ve left my money at home!
K: Don’t worry – I’ll pay
M: Can I tell you a secret?
K: Of course. I promise I won’t tell
C. We use shall in questions to make offer and suggestions
D. We can also use shal to ask for a suggestion
Affirmative: I, you, we, she, he, it + will + verb in base form
Negative: I, you, we, she, he, it + won’t + verb in base form
Question form: will/won´t/shall + I, you, we, she, he, it + verb in base form

Future Tense with ‘going to’ vs present continuous:

A. We use it to talk about the future

B. The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements when you have something with
other people or you have already spent money
I’m meeting Mary tomorrow
C. Going to is use to talk about intentions or plans – when you have already decided to do
something in the future
After the exams, we’re going to celebrate

Affirmative: I + to be (am) + going+ infinitive (to stay)

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 I am going to stay.
You, we, they + to be (are) + going + infinitive (to leave)
We are going to leave
She, he, it + to be (is) + going + infinitive (to stay)
She is going to stay.

Negative: I + to be (am not) + going+ infinitive (to stay)

I am not going to stay.
You, we, they + to be (are not/aren’t) + going + infinitive (to leave)
We aren’t going to leave
She, he, it + to be (is not/isn’t) + going + infinitive (to stay)
She isn’t going to stay

Questions: To be (am, are, is) + I, we, you, they, she, he, it + going + infinitive (to run)?
Aren’t they going to run?

1. A: Will we go out for a pizza tonight?

B: Yes, good idea. I'll phone the pizzeria to book a table.

2. A: What time shall your brother arrive?

B: This evening. I drive to the station to meet him at 6.30.

3. Hello, John. The traffic's really bad in the centre. We're being about 20 minutes late.

4. In my opinion the next president of the USA shall be a Republican.

5. Will I help you bring in the shopping from the car?

6. A: What time shall you have your hair cut this afternoon?
B: I've made an appointment for 3 o'clock.
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7. I don't think Brazil is winning the football match tomorrow.

8. Perhaps he's getting a job in that new hotel at the beach.

Future Perfect and Future Continuous:

A. We use the future continuous to talk about an action that will be in progress at a specific
time
This time next week I’ll be settling into my accommodations.
B. We use future continuous to talk about planned action in the future
I think I’ll be doing similar things every day.
C. We use future perfect to talk about an action that will be completed before a specific time
in the future
By the time I arrive the penguins will already have got into pairs

Future perfect
Affirmative: I, we, you, they, she, he, it + will have + past participle verb
He will have arrived
Negative: I, we, you, they, she, he, it + won’t have + past participle verb
They won't have arrived
Questions: Will + I, we, you, they, she, he, it + have + past participle
Will I have arrived?

Future continuous

Affirmative: I, we, you, they, she, he, it + will be + present continuous (staying)
She will be staying.
Negative: I, we, you, they, she, he, it + won’t be + present continuous (watching)
They won't be staying.
Questions: Will + I, we, you, they, she, he, I + be + playing?
Will I be playing?

1. Passanger, we will soon have arrived at the base/be arriving at the base

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2. You can still help because they won’t have finished/be finishing yet

3. Will polar bears still be living/have lived in the artic 50 years from now?

4. We’ll be feeding/have fed the penguins at 2:30, so make sure you see that

5. The team will be completing/have completed their project at 2:30, so make sure you see
that

6. What will we be achieving/have achieved after we’ve spent all this money on research?

7. I don’t think we’ll be driving/have driven cars in 20 years’ time

8. Fleur will be learning/have learned a lot by the time she leaves Antartica.

9. This time tomorrow. I’ll be getting/have got ready to go

10. Fleur will be glad to get back because she won’t be seeing/have seen her friends for ages

Review of future tenses

1. Going to future
2. Future simple
3. Future continuous
4. Future perfect

a. They will deliver things, bring stuff back to earth and then go up again. 2
b. This only going to happen through free enterprise. 1
c. In the future, these space vehicles will be orbiting the Earth as efficiently as air
freight carriers. 3
d. Many people believe that by 2025 space tourism will have become a viable industry. 4
e. Tom is going to try to prove a point. 1
f. It plans to launch a manned expedition to an asteroid by 2025. 2
g. However, this situation is due to change. 2

1. A prediction about the future. a,b,c

2. A planned event that is expected to happen soon. f,g
3. An event that has not yet happened but will happen within a certain period of time. d
4. An intention to do something. g

Class 4

Modals:

Modal verbs are used to express functions (allows you to express) such as: Ability (can and
could), obligation (can, have to, must, should and ought to), deduction in present and past
(must, might, can’t, could), suggestions/imperatives (should and shouldn’t).

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Ability

1. He wanst able to/wont be able to/hasn’t been able to practise with the band since he
satarted his new job.
2. Your sister speaks English really well could you/ can you/have you been able to speak it as
well as her?
3. By the time he was seven, he can/could/’s been able to speak four languager fluently
4. The banks are all closed now, but don’t worry; you ‘ll be able to/could/were able to
change some money tomorrow morning
5. He missed the last bus, but fortunately he could/can/was able to find a tay to take him
back to the hotel
6. I can’t/couldn’t/haven’t been able to finde wher your street wa, so in the end I asked a
policeman
7. Before she goes abrod on holiday, she tries to learn som of the language, as she likes bee
able to/can/will be able to say a few words to the people she meets
8. She looked everywhere in her apartment, but she can’t/won’t be able to/didn’t manage
to find her car keys

Obligation

Paul: I’ve got my english exam tomorrow mornng

Mum: Really? So what time do you Shoud/have to/must be at school?
Paul: The exam starts at 9 o’ clock, so I musn’t/don’t have to/can be late tomorrow
Mum: I think you shoudn’t/musn’t/ought to leave earlier than normal, in case there’s a lot of
traffic
Paul: Yes, good idea
Mum: And what are ypu going to do after the exam?
Paul: I musn’t/shudn’t/don’t have to stay at school, son I can/should/must come home for
lunch
Mum: Fine, other thing. It says on this infrmation sheet that students can/must/shouldn’t
show their identity cards to the examiner before the exam
Paul: Don’t worry I have it
Mum: It also says you don’t have to/can’t/must use a dictionay during the exam.
Paul: Yes, I know. I’ll leave it at home.
Mum: Ok. Y the way. It’s 10 o’ clock. You have to/shoudn’t/must go to bed late tonight
Paul: No, you’re right
Mum: god luck tomorrow

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Deduction

A: Some new people have just moved into the house opposite.
B: Yes, I sow them yesterday when they arrived I think they’re french.
A: No, they musn’t/can’t/must be french. Their car has a “P” sticker on the back.
B: Really? They can’t/couldn’t/might come from plan, then.
A: Or they musn’t/could/can’t be portuguese.
B: Is it a family or a couple?
A: It musn’t/couldn’t/can’t be a family. They couldn’t/can’t/musnt have two or three children.
B: I sow childrens’ bikes. Also there eas another woman in the car. She was older than the
mother.
A: She micht/can/couldn’t be the childrens’ grandmother
B: No, she can/musn’t/can’t be their grandmother. She only looked about 45
A: Or she must/can’t/could be their aunt. Or she can’t/might not/can be a relative at all. She
may/can’t/can be just a friend. She can’t/might/can be helping them to unpack their things.
B: Let’s go say hello
A: But they might not/can’t/couldn’t speak English – it can’t/could/musn’t be really
embarrasing
B: They can’t/couldn’/must speak english. I just saw them speaking to one of the neighbours
and they seemd to understand eache other.

Shergar was a very successful champion race horse, in fact he can’t/might have been the best
ever. His racing career ended in 1981 and he could/must have made a lot more money for his
owners from his celebrity status if he hadn't been stolen. This happened in 1983 and Shergar
was never seen again.

There are lots of theories of who took Shergar and what happened to him, but in reality
anything must/might have happened. The kidnappers must/might have been very
professional, or very lucky, because they hid their victim so successfully. It can’t/musn’t have
been easy to steal such a famous horse and make it disappear completely. People say the
police may/must not have done the best job of finding the horse because they could/must
have acted a lot more quickly - the truth is, they didn't have much evidence and the horse and
its kidnappers were never found.

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Some people say the kidnappers can’t/must have killed Shergar when the owners didn't agree
to pay the kidnappers. This must/could have been a tragedy for the owners and fans of
Shergar. However, there must/may have been a happier ending. Of course, Shergar can't be
alive today because this happened so many years ago. Being optimistic, he cannot/might not
have been killed by the kidnappers, he must/could have died a natural death somewhere safe.
We will probably never know.

Suggestion/imperative

1. Listen to that music! Our neighbors shouldn't/should play music that loud at this hour.
2. If your tooth is still hurting you tomorrow, you should/shouldn’t go to the dentist's.
3. Cathy should/shouldn’t keep ringing her ex-boyfriend. I think he is with another girl now.
4. Before going to Madrid for your holidays, you should/shouldn’t try and learn something of
the language. You will enjoy things a lot more.
5. You should/shouldn’t always knock on the door before entering. This is a private office.
6. We should/shouldn’t bring something to Kate's party. I'll feel really embarrassed otherwise.
7. That model on the TV is too skinny. She should/shouldn’t eat more, I think!
8. Lizzie should/shouldn’t ask Bryan to help her with her studies. He did the same course last
year.
9. Pregnant women should/shouldn’t smoke as it can damage the baby.
10. We should/shouldn’t leave too late tomorrow if we want to reach the beach before lunch.

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The future 1

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