Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRACT
Rapidly acting static synchronous compensator first introduced by N. G. Hingorani in 1988 [1]. Using
(STATCOM), a member of FACTS devices, is a electronic converters in the structures of these
capable technology being widely used as the state state-of- compensators provides several advantages such as
the-art
art dynamic shunt compensator for reactive power high dynamic speed, low loss, and more accurate
control in transmission and distribution system. In the control. Therefore, running control functions in power
last 25 years, technocrats have made extensive systems while facing phenomena like the flicker,
research on STATCOM technology due to which, imbalance, harmonic pollution, and transient
many STATCOM controllers based on the self self- behaviors will be more efficient and have a higher
commutating solid-state voltage-source source converter quality compared with the common compensators.
(VSC) have been developed and commercially put in One of FACTS devices, which has a positive and
operation to control system dynamics under stressed accurate function in regulating the voltage and
conditions. Because of its many attributes, compensating the flicker, is the synchronous static
STATCOM has emerged as a qualitatively superior compensator (STATCOM). The STATCOM is a
controller relative to the line commutating static VAR shunt-connected
connected FACTS family member that can
compensator (SVC). This controller is called with regulate the system bus voltage at transmission or
different terminologies as Static Compensator distribution levels. Furthermore, it can inject
advanced static VAR compensator, advanced static harmonic currents to enhance the power quality of the
VAR generator or static VAR generator, Static power networks. Such controller gains in fact a
Condenser, synchronous solid-state
state VAR voltage-source-based
based converter that can operate in
compensator, VSC-basedbased SVC or self self-commutated both modes injecting or absorbing the reactive power.
SVC or static synchronous compensator (SSC or In comparison with other shunt devices like thyristor
S2C). The development ent of STATCOM controller controlled reactor, thyristor switched reactor, thyristor
employing various solid-statestate converter topologies, switched capacitor, and thyristor controlled
controlle reactor
magnetic configurations, control algorithms, with fixed capacitor, which are identified as static
switching techniques and so on, has been well Volt-Ampere
Ampere Reactive (VAR) compensator, the
reported in literature with its versatile applications in STATCOM has some important advantages. For
power system. A review on the state state-of-the-art example, unlike other shunt-connected
shunt FACTS
STATCOM technology and further research potential family, the maximum compensating current is not
are presented. dependent on thehe system bus voltage. Therefore, the
maximum reactive power inject able to the system by
Keywords: STATCOM; power structure; control the STATCOM is decreased with decreasing of the
structures system voltage linearly, while this reduction is
proportional to the square of voltage reduction in
I. INTRODUCTION other shunt-connectedted devices [2]. Moreover, the
The compensators based on the electronic STATCOM is superior to others from viewpoint of
transformers of power named flexible alternating exchanging the active power with the power system
current (AC) transmission systems (FACTS) were when it is equipped with an energy source. In spite of
Figure1.
1. The basis of the control architecture in synchronous static compensator (STATCOM) [12] VSC,
voltage-source converter; AC, alternating current; DC, direct current; GTO, gate turn-off
turn thyristor.
Figure 4 Multi-pulse
pulse parallel and series converter configurations
V. Control strategies
The control system is the heart of state state-of-the-art STATCOM projects in collaboration with many
STATCOM controller for dynamic control of reactive utilities/ organisations.
power in electrical system. Based on the operational
requirements, type of applications, system References
configuration and loss optimisation, essential control 1. Padiyar K R. FACTS Controllers in Power
parameters are controlled to obtain desired Transmission and Distribution. Anshan:
performance and many control methodologies in Tunbridge Wells; 2009.
STATCOM power circuits have been presented in 2. Hingorani N G, Gyugyi L. Understanding
[13]. In a square-wave
wave mode of operation, phase angle FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC
control (a) across the leakage reactance (L) is the Transmission Systems. Institute of Electrical and
main controlling parameter. This control is employed Electronics
nics Engineers: New York; 1999.
in a two-level
level converter structure, where DC voltage
(Vdc) is dynamically adjusted to above or equal tto or 3. Rodriguez J, Lai J-S, S, Peng F Z. Multilevel
below the system voltage for reactive power control. inverters: a survey of topologies, controls, and
In a three-level configuration, the dead--angle or zero- applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
swell period (b) is controlled to vary the converter AC Electronics 2002; 49(4):724–738.
49(4):724
output voltage by maintaining Vdc constant. The 4. Song B M, Gurol S, Jeong C Y, Yoo D W, Lai J
control system for STATCOM operated wit with PWM S. A soft-switching
switching high-voltage
high active power
mode employs control of α and m (modulation index) filter with flying capacitors for urban maglev
to change the converter AC voltages keeping Vdc system applications, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS
IEEE
constant. Annu. Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2001; 1461–1469.
1461
VI. Conclusions 5. Song B M, Lai J S. A multilevel soft-switching
soft
STATCOM is the state-of-the-art art dynamic shunt inverter with inductor coupling. IEEE
IE
compensator in FACTS family, which is widely used Transactions on Industry Applications 2001;
to control system dynamics under stressed condition. 37:628–636.
The self-commutating
commutating VSC built upon controllable 6. Yuan X, Orgimeister G. ARCPI resonant snubber
solid-state
state devices (viz. GTO, IGBT, IGCT and so on) for the neutral point-clamped
clamped (NPC) inverter.
with operation under FFS or PWM switching IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2000;
principle is the backbone of this compensator. Many 36:586–595.
commendable features of STATCOM viz. four
quadrant operation in P–Q Q plane (in support of proper 7. Yuan X, Barbi I. Zero voltage switching for three
energy source), high speed of response (sub(sub-cycle), level capacitor clamping inverter. IEEE
versatile controllingg and operational characteristics, Transactions on Power Electronics 1999; 14:771–
14:771
optimum voltage platform and so on, have been 781.
reported in research publications. STATCOM being a 8. Yuan X. A transformer assisted zero-voltage
zero
versatile reactive power compensator has taken the switching scheme for the neutral-point-clamped
neutral
place of the line commutating SVC, a relatively slow
slow- (NPC) inverter, in Proc. IEEE APEC’99, 1999;
acting dynamic shunt controller. The EPRI in USA, 1259–1265.
who is a pioneer to conduct research and evolve high
9. Dijkhuizen F R, Duarte J L, van Gorningen WDH.
power rating STATCOMs employing GTO GTO-VSCs as
Multilevel converter with auxiliary resonant
its backbone, has developed a number of existing