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Eugene Francois Vidoque – a former

FUNDAMENTALS OF convict who became the head of Surete,

which was recognized at that time as
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
France’s premier detective agency. He is
credited for his effective use of criminals
PART 1…
to catch criminals. Vidoque’s
unorthodox approach later became a
INTRODUCTION model for John Wilkes Booth who
infamously stated that “it takes a thief
Criminal investigation in its modern to catch a thief”.
form is a rather recent development. In
the past, crimes are solved not by Henry & John Fielding – Henry Fielding
scientific methods of inquiry but rather was a travelling magistrate of England
through crude and discredited means who established the world’s first
such as witchcraft, torture and other uniformed police force in Bow Street, a
similar methods. road notorious for thievery. Also known
as “runners” or “thief-takers”, they
th
Early 19 Century Criminologists saw conduct patrol and respond to reported
the need to develop a scientific means of incidents. When Henry died, he was
identifying criminals because the replaced by his blind brother John as
criminological theories are useless head of the Bow Street Runners. This
unless we send the right persons to jail eventually became a model for the
or prisons. For instance, the classical London Metropolitan Police
theory of deterrence and positivist (Scotland Yard) of Sir Robert Peel.
theory of rehabilitation cannot be
applied to an innocent person since no Dr. Hans Gross – father of
amount of punishment or treatment can Criminalistics, he published a book
deter or treat an innocent person. Thus, entitled “Modern Criminal Investigation”
Dr. Hans Gross, Edmund Locard and which pave the way for Edmund Locard
August Vollmer undertook to establish to incorporate modern science to police
the earliest crime laboratory in the works.
world to advance the art and science of
investigation. Interestingly, a series of Edmund Locard – French criminologist,
books published by Sir Arthur Conan he established the world’s first crime
Doyle features a fictional character laboratory in Lyon, France. He
named Sherlock Holmes as a detective expounded Dr. Gross’ theory by stating
who used crude scientific methods in that “when two object come into contact
investigating crimes long before the with one another, they leave traces of
world has seen its first crime each other behind” (there is always
laboratories. Contemporary authorities something left behind at the crime
in criminal - 1 - scene). This became known as Locard’s
investigation agrees that this also helped Exchange Principle upon which modern
in fasttracking the evolution of criminal forensic science owes its theoretical
investigation. foundation.

Sir Llewelleyn William Atcherly – Chief

EARLY CONTRIBUTORS
Constable of West Riding, Yorshire. He

FOR REVIEW ONLY

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pioneered the recording of M.O. (modus

operandi) files as investigative aids

FOR REVIEW ONLY

 -2-
that can be used to identify criminals based on the private protection business known as the
tools they use, the manner of commission, the time WellsFargo & Co.
of the crime, and other pertinent data.
August Vollmer – He served as an Army Sergeant
Thomas Byrnes – he discovered that Modus in the Philippines during the Spanish-American
Operandi do not remain the same and it changes war and became an Army Policemen who oversaw
as the career progression of the criminal changes. the integration of former Guardia Civil into the new
He instituted the Bulmerry Morning Street Parade Insular Constabulary. His experience in the
– a practice where captured criminals are paraded Philippine convinced him of the need to
in front of the police force in order to facilitate easy professionalize policing and shield it from politics.
identification in case they commit crimes in the He reluctantly accepted the position of Marshal of
future. This is the origin of the Police Line-Up. Berkeley California when a posse was
commissioned in order to respond to a train
Alphonse Bertillon – father of Personal derailing incident and it was then that his
Identification who framed Anthropometry (the innovative approach to policing began to be
individualization of a person based on body recognized. Following the lead of European
measurements). This supplemented the practice of development in Criminal Investigation, he
descriptive words accompanying a sketch in order established the first crime laboratory in the United
to identify criminals (also known as Portrait Parle – States in order to support his efforts to
French for “word picture” or “talking pictures”). professionalize policing (Wadman & Allison, 2004,
With the advent of photography, drawings became cited in Intro. to Theory, Practice & Career Devt. in
out of fashion. Nevertheless, the practice of Public & Private Invst., Gunter & Hertig, 2005).
accumulating Rogues Gallery became imbedded in
policing around the world. John Edgar Hoover – director of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, his efforts to centralize
Jonathan Wild – conceived a business of recovering information on fugitives, criminal activity,
th
stolen properties for a fee in England in the 17 organized crime, fingerprints, etc., led to the
Century (theif-takers). Arguably the world’s first further development of criminal investigation.
private detective, he took advantage of a system of
bounty and rewards set up by the British INVESTIGATION
Parliamentary Reward System.
The word “investigation” came from the latin word
Alan Pinkerton – he was a pioneer in non- “vestigare”, which means “to track or to trace”.
government policing and private detective works in
the US. The company he established bore his name
Investigation is not unique to law enforcement. As
(Pinkertons) and have a logo of an eye with the
inscription “we never sleep” which the American a matter of fact, other professions routinely
public came to know as “private eye”. Among the conduct investigation on their fields of
famous cases they solved involved Harry
specialization. Thus, a doctor must first diagnose
“Sundance Kid” Longbaugh of the Butch Cassidy
outlaw gang. He is also credited for hiring the first the disease before he can recommend the cure. He
female involved in investigative works, Mrs. Kate must investigate. Likewise, an engineer cannot
Warne. The Pinkertons are rivaled only by another
calculate the concrete unless he measures the floor
area of the structure he is building. He must
investigate.
 -3-
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: prevent the closure of the case. This usually
happens when unethical investigative practices are
When applied to law enforcement, it is safe to state that
resorted to, thereby requiring re-investigation in
crimes cannot be solved on its own unless the police
order to prevent a miscarriage of justice. These
conducts criminal investigation. Criminal investigation
unethical investigative practices may include:
is “the systematic, step-by-step process of determining
i. Torture
whether or not a crime has been committed, and if so, ii. Planting of evidence
who committed it”. iii. Instigation
iv. Frame-up – where an innocent person is
Since it involves a step-by-step process, it helps to made to appear responsible for a crime
know the different stages involved in the committed by another
development of a full blown criminal investigation, v. White wash or “cover up” – where officials
these are: deny the existence of a crime

1. Detection – is the fact of discovery. It is the

chance event which triggers the operation of our NOTE:

criminal justice system. This occurs when a Criminal Investigation, in whatever stage, is
possible crime is observed by the police or are primarily REPRESSIVE. Meaning, it comes into
reported to its attention. action only when a crime occurs. Crime prevention
is the first line of defense, when it fails, criminal
2. Preliminary Investigation – the early of initial
investigation (the second line of defense) begins.
stage of the investigation immediately after the
Criminal investigation therefore is reactive, rather
occurrence of the crime. This is usually done by
than proactive.
first responders or patrol officers who take the
following primary responsibilities on site: However, if you are asked: Can criminal
i. Deal with emergencies first: investigation be possibly considered PREVENTIVE?
- Neutralize all threats
- Render aid to the injured ii. Cordon The answer is YES. By conducting thorough
investigation, the police can prevent the same
the crime scene
criminal from committing future crimes. In this very
iii. Record all information and disseminate to
limited sense, criminal investigation may be
available patrol units for possible hot pursuit
considered preventive.
iv. Wait for detectives
v. Make initial/spot report

3. Follow-up Investigation – after the initial

investigation, a more thorough investigation is
made by the detectives or investigators in order to
tie up the loose ends of the initial investigation or
further build up a stronger case.

4. Re-investigation – in some cases, a

reinvestigation is resorted to whenever fatal errors
are committed in the earlier investigations which

-4-
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE FLOW OF ask
probing questions. He must do all of this while
INVESTIGATION: being able to retain information.
On top of this, he must prepare his report in a
well arranged case
folder.
The investigator also has the initial responsibility to recommend what offense to charge. He therefore must
have a thorough understanding of the penal laws of the land. He is also expected to be well versed on the
procedures for filing of complaint, application for Search Warrant, testimony in court, making of affidavits,
etc. In addition, he must be able to identify the evidentiary value of materials and information he comes
across in the course of his investigation. All of these require more than an average intellectual capability.

II. EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL – investigators often encounter cases which reveal the worst of human
nature: father raping their own daughters, children killing their own parents, neighbors stealing from their
own community, rapists who ravage and kill their own victims. Investigators who lack emotional and
psychological maturity will find themselves personally affected by the cases they
are handling. If things get too personal for an

investigator, he loses his neutrality and objectivity

by becoming too involved in the case.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD INVESTIGATOR

An emotionally immature policeman may be

Not all police officers are fit for detective or susceptible to manipulation. Remember, not all
investigative works. A good candidate for complainants are victims. For instance: A
investigative assignment must possess adequate complained that she was raped by B. Human
Intellectual, Emotional and Physical characteristics nature naturally feels sympathy for A, the
(Bennet & Hess, Criminal Investigation, 1995 complainant. But the investigator must not be Edition). swayed
so easily. He must be suspicious of the

possibility that A is lying and was motivated by

I. INTELLECTUAL CHARACTERISTICS –
revenge, hatred or spite against B. Thus, a good
investigators must be able to sort out facts from investigator must have the diligence and
fictions in dealing with various kinds
of professionalism to independently gather
facts. This
information. He must learn how to use inductive doctrine is strictly followed by the NBI.
and deductive reasoning, use a logical process of

elimination, be familiar with the common

III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS – the least
knowledge and motivations of men, and be able important but nevertheless desirable characteristic
-6-
suspect himself or a hostile/uncooperative witness
– the conversation is rather confrontational and is
called INTERROGATION. With respect
suspect, interrogation is valid only if made in
compliance with MIRANDA RIGHTS.
Planning the interview
The interviewer must have a general knowledge of
the crime before he could start asking intelligent
questions and illicit useful information from the
interviewee. He must first gather the general data
and start from there. These data involves the basic
5W and 1H of criminal investigation:
1. What?
2. Where?
3. When?
4. Who? 5. Why? 6. How?
Thus, assuming that a homicide was reported and
you are the criminal investigator. On site you must
establish the following facts:
1. What is the nature of the case?
2. Where was it committed?
3. When did it happen?
4. Who are the persons involved?
5. Why did it happen?
6. How was it committed?
If after the above preliminary inquiries you have
gathered that the crime involved death reportedly
committed in Basak, Lapulapu City, on Auguts 1,
2013 at 10:00PM resulting to the death of one Mr.
Juan dela Cruz who bore a single gunshot wound
in the head from a .45 pistol, a bullet & a spent
shell from .45 was recovered from the scene and
sent to the laboratory, at the time
commission, it initially appears that no one saw
the actual shooting.
You must frame your questions from the above
KNOWN facts. Your purpose in interviewing is to
reveal UNKNOWN facts – facts that needs to be
developed further.
to the
Suppose you came across a tanod who responded
to the scene first, you may ask him the following
questions based on the above known facts:
1. You were one of the first tanods who
responded to the alarm first? Ans. Yes
2. What’s your name? Ans. Pedro dela Calzada
3. How did you came to know of the killing?
Who reported it to you and where do he
lives? Ans. We received a phone call from
Mario Ortiz regarding a shooting incident
which he saw happen in front of his house.
He lives just across the street where the
body of the victim was found.
4. When you arrived, what was the situation
on site? Ans. People were panicking and
pointed towards Marigondon where the
suspect fled on board a Yellow Honda XRM.
5. Did anybody saw the plate number of the
motorcycle? Ans. No sir.
6. The vitim Mr. Juan dela Cruz, is he known
to you? Does he have known enemies? Ans.
Yes sir, I know the victim. He has no known
enemy in our barangay but he had an
altercation with a certain Jack Tattoo from
Marigondon because of a woman.
7. Who is this woman? Ans. The girlfriend of
the victim sir, her name is Angel from
Tacloban.
Based on the following questions as framed by the
investigator, several unknown facts were revealed:
first, there was an eyewitness named Mario Ortiz;
secondly, victim had an earlier altercation with a
certain Jack Tatoo from Marigondon because of
possible love triangle with Angel from Tacloban;
of the third, the shooter rode a Yellow Honda XRM
motorcycle; fourth, the suspect fled towards
Marigondon; and finally, what if ballistic tests
shows that the .45 pistol used belonged to a
certain Jack Tattoo? Would you consider this
coincidence important? You now have several leads
-7-
(information that can further advance the where the body was found are secondary crime
investigation). You must follow these leads until scenes.
the identity of the accused is established beyond
reasonable doubt. Otherwise, you will face a blank What if instead of dumping B’s body in the Smokey
wall. Mountain, A made it appear as if B committed
suicide inside the car and falsified a suicide letter?
(For interrogation, see discussions below in pages That is called Pseudo (False) Crime Scene.
11, 12 & 13)
Please take note that all crime scenes must be
Note: Ideal investigators are naturally inquisitive processed, whether primary, secondary or pseudo.
and suspicious (without showing it to the subject). However, it must be stressed that importance must
As the he becomes more seasoned, framing be given to locating the primary crime scene.
questions that elicits the most information from
the source becomes almost automatic by
experience. That is why investigation is considered Processing the Crime Scene:
both a SCIENCE and an ART.
Crime scene operatives must first conduct a
thorough walk-through around the outermost
B. Places – places as a source of information boundaries of the crime scene. He must make an
generally refers to the SCENE OF THE CRIME initial determination of the entry point, exit point
(locus criminis). It is important for the and contact points, determine the size of the scene
investigators to locate the true crime scene and extent of evidence distribution, and plan the
because it contains the highest concentration of appropriate search pattern to use for that
physical evidence and possible witnesses of its particular crime scene.
commission.
Entry point is that part of the scene where the
Crime scenes may be: suspect gained access inside a room, house or a
1. Primary Crime Scene – the place where the building. Exit point, on the other hand, refers to
crime was committed that part of the scene where he left, took flight or

2. Secondary Crime Scene – the place where the escaped. Contact points are those part of the crime

crime was continued scene where the suspects’ body, clothing’s or tools
have disturbed, touched, made contact with, or
3. Pseudo Crime Scene – a crime scene staged to
stepped into. Contact points may contain the
mislead, cover-up, or conceal what really
suspects DNA, fingerprints, shoeprints, etc.
happened

The investigator must be cautious in approaching

For example:
crimes scene for the following reasons:
A shot B in Room 69 of Manila Hotel. Afterwards, A
placed the body of B inside the baggage 1. Unidentified suspects who may be armed

compartment of a blue Toyota Vios and dumped and dangerous may still be lurking around

the body in Smokey Mountain where it was later and could present a serious threat or harm

found. to policemen and bystanders;

2. Families of the victim whose emotions
remain high may view the investigators with
Room 69 of Manila Hotel is the primary crime scene. The
Toyota Vios and the Smokey Mountain
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

contempt and hostility which could possibly However, the basic search pattern’s remains the
result to violence and altercations; same. As the investigator becomes seasoned by
3. Evidence found at the crime scene may be experience, selecting the most appropriate search
fragile and susceptible to destruction or pattern becomes almost automatic by mere
cross-contamination before they can be INTUITION or GUT-FEEL (kutob). That is another
properly identified, photographed, packed reason why investigation is considered both a
and recorded, resulting to needless SCIENCE and an ART.
destruction of vital evidence;
4. Crime scenes may contain chemicals, Different Search Patters:
Search Procedure Advantage Dis-
viruses, or bacterial pathogens that may be
Pattern advantage
harmful to humans, thus investigators
must have access to protective clothings, Lane or 1. In 1. Takes a 1. Less
Strip case of short time thorough.
surgical masks, gloves, CBRN suits, and the to complete
likes; multiple 2. Vital
searchers, evidence
5. Un-exploded bombs or ordnance may be
each may be
found in the crime scene which may be
searchers overlooked
triggered when inadvertently disturbed;
align in in the
6. Difficult terrains may present natural or
straight search.
man-made hazards to field investigators
paths and
such as landslides, flooding, collapse of
combs the
building, electrocution, etc.
scene by
making

Selecting the most appropriate search pattern: a

single pass

The search pattern to be employed depends on on their

many factors, such as: lanes.

1. The crime committed and the type of 2. In

evidence that can be found (explosives, case of
flammables, biohazards, or susceptible to single
rapid deterioration) searcher, he

2. The nature of the terrain (is it indoor or makes a

outdoor? Is it plain field or mountainous? Is single pass
it bare or thick with vegetation? Etc.) on each

3. The size of the area to be searched parallel

4. The number of personnel available lines in an

opposite
5. The tools and equipment’s of the search
direction
teams
until all the
6. The weather conditions
lanes are
covered
Note: No two crime scenes are alike. Each crime
scenes are unique, thus different crime scenes
demands different search plans to be employed
according to the circumstances of each location. -
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

Double 1. Same as 1. More 1. Takes

Strip lane or strip twice as
thorough
method but 2. Evidence much time
the searcher to complete
missed
makes a during the than a

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-
ss first pass single strip. 2. Radii, search searchers to distance
he may be Evidence found Pie, or begins focus on an
from each
important
in seen during on the second Spoke or ends area as the search points
the second pass may in a search moves from the
pass nearer
actually be left focal outside is
to the
t behind by the point by center greater
h searchers in the radiating than the
first outward center
pass or resulting to
(crosscontaminat towards
i on). gaps where
the important
center of evidence
the
may be
1. Useful 1. Not crime
overlooked
in tight suitable for scene.
medium and 2. If it
and
large crime
in cramped scenes begins

spaces. from the

y 2. Allows outside

searchers to and

concen- ends in

wis trate the

around inside, it

nd a focal is called

he point where Inner

evidence is Wheel. If

most likely it begins

he to be found from the

(such as
the body of inside
the victim). and ends
in the
outside
it is
it
called
he
Outer
ds
Wheel.
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

it Zone, 1. The 1. Suitable 1. Extensive

Sector, crime for large use of
or scene crime scenes resources and
Quad- is such as those manpower
rant
divided found in 2. More
difficult to
into aircrash,
document.
several exposions,
zones arson, and
or the likes.
sectors 2. Suitable
and for
assigned multistorey
to buildings,
different each floors
search are
teams considered
who will as one
conduct
1. Allows 1. The a
separate
search
for
their area
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zone or 3. Crime scene sketch showing the location of
sector important items and measurements of
distance
Documenting the Crime Scene 4. Evidence log

Crime scene documentation refers to the recording 1. Photographing the crime scene
of all available information surrounding a crime
scene and all activities which occurred therein. Photographing the crime scene requires shots to be
This is done by: taken from the following distances:
1. Photography i. Long range – showing the scene with a
2. Video and voice recording (First allowed in prominent landmark at the background to
the United States and other foreign indicate its general location. Long range
countries. With the advent of CCTV photographs must be taken in four (4)
cameras, Philippine courts now allow the different ANGLES: front, right side, back
introduction of videos as evidence. The voice and left side if the photographers moves in
recording mentioned here refers to the voice a clockwise fashion; or front, left side, back
recording made by the investigator in order and right side if the photographer moves in
to aid his memory, in case writing is not a counterclockwise fashion.
possible)
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

ii. Medium range – shots highlighting a spot

appearing in the long range shot. This may
also be taken in order to show the positions
of several evidence relative to one another
(group picture)
The sketch must also contain measurements.
Measurements may be made by:
i. Straight Baseline method
Things include the following:
1. Trace evidence – minute evidence found at
the crime scene which places the suspect

- ii. Diagonal Baseline method

iii. Close up – shots indicating one specific
iii. Triangulation method
evidence with ruler or measuring device
iv. Cross-projection method
placed alongside the evidence

Lastly, the sketch must bear the identity of its

2. Crime Scene Sketches and Measurements
maker and signed by him. Otherwise, it is
considered hearsay.
Sketches may be:
i. Rough – taken at the field
C. Things – the last but certainly not the least
ii. Finished – based on the rough sketch but
source of information are things. Things are any
finalized in the office
tangible objects found at the crime scene or in
possession of the suspect. These are objects of
Sketches must describe the general floor plan of
evidentiary value. The investigative classification of
the room or the layout of the field, if outdoor. The
evidence is more technical and is somewhat
position of items found in the crime scene must be
different from the classification of evidence under
shown as accuratly as possible. Each evidence
the Rules of Court. Nevertheless, they are related to
must be identified by letters “A to Z” and described
one another.
in a LEGEND appearing below the sketch. The
bearings must also appear on the sketch,
indicating where is North, South, East or West.
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

on scene such as fingerprints, shoe - 11 -

imprints, cigarette butts, spermatozoa 4. Firearms Identification (Forensic Ballistics);

(Criminal Investigation, Hess & Orthman). 5. Questioned Documents & Handwriting

Trace evidence may include evidence which Examinations;
indicates the whereabouts and movements 6. Polygraph Examinations; and
of the suspect, such as hotel guest lists, 7. Police Photography
plane tickets, ATM withdrawals, and the
likes (Swanson, Chamelin & Territo) Note: Recent developments in forensic science were
intentionally not included because strictly
2. Associative evidence – evidence found in the speaking, these are just additional developments of
suspect which places him at the crime scene, such the above main forensic branches. For example,
as bite marks, tools, & blood stained shirts. There Forensic Odontology (study of dental or teeth
are also special types of associative evidence structure) and Forensic Entomology (study of
called: carrion insects found in a decomposing body) are
a. Souvenir – part of the crime scene just a branch of Legal Medicine. Likewise,
which the suspect intentionally took Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA examination are
as a remembrance, such as the part of Legal Medicine, Forensic Chemistry &
underwear of a rape victim Personal Identification.

b. Trophy – part of the body of the

victim which the suspect III. INTERROGATION

intentionally took as a memento,

such as the pubic hairs of the rape Unlike in interview where the purpose is to reveal

victim unknown facts, the purpose of interrogation is to

confront the suspect with the evidence already
3. Evidence with class characteristics
obtained from all sources (PERSONS, PLACES 7
4. Evidence with individual characteristics
THINGS) in order to encourage the suspect to
5. Fruits of the crime
confess.
6. Tools used in the commission of the crime

Here, the investigator already have a clear picture

II. INSTRUMENTATION
of what really happened. All that is left is to
confront the suspect about his findings.
Instrumentation refers to the use of forensic tools
in order to advance the goals of investigation. Also
Before starting the interrogation, however, he must
called CRIMINALISTICS, this is where investigation
remember the requirements of Miranda Rights and
becomes strictly scientific.
other pertinent laws such as RA (Rights of a Person
Arrested, Detained or Under Custodial
We will not discuss each branches of Criminalistics
Interrogation) and RA 9745 (Anti-torture Act).
here but you will find it in another set of handouts
where the details are best discussed. However, it
Miranda v. Arizona (Miranda Doctrine)
helps to run through them since instrumentation
is one of the three (3) I’s of Criminal Investigation.
Facts of the case: A white woman reported to the
These are: Arizona police that she was raped. The suspect
1. Legal Medicine; was described by the victim as Mexican. The police
rounded up several suspects who fit the
2. Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology; description and one of them was Ernesto Miranda,
3. Personal Identification;
CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

- 12 -
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS
a truck driver of Mexican descent who does not
speak English and doesn’t know how to read or
write because he did not even finished grade
school. When presented in a police-lineup, the
woman “positively identified” Miranda as the
culprit. During extensive interrogation, Miranda
was made to sign a paper without the assistance
of counsel which turned out to be a confession
written in fluent English. On the basis of the
signed confession, however, he was convicted by
the trial court.
Issue: Whether or not the conviction is proper.
Ruling of the US Supreme Court: The conviction
is erroneous and violates the Due Process clause
of the American Constitution. Every person
accused of a crime has the right to be informed
his right to remain silent; that what he says or do
may be used against him in a court of law; he
has the right to counsel, preferably of his own
choice; and if he cannot afford, one will be
provided to him for free. An accused who is not
properly appraised of these rights can lawfully
contest the validity of any signed confession or
statements, which, by virtue of the coercive
pressure exerted by veteran interrogators, he is
too intimidated or powerless to resist.
Exceptions to the Miranda Rights:
1. When the accused freely and voluntarily
waived this right;
2. Volunteered information – when the accused,
without waiving this right and without the
police initiating the questioning, nevertheless
volunteered information which contributed to
his conviction;
3. When the conviction is partly based on
available evidence other than the
confession of the accused; and
4. Inevitable discovery rule – when the
information furnished by the accused is of
such nature that the police would have
discovered it anyway, even in the absence
Techniqueof the confession, the accused could still
be convicted.
1.
use/Approaches in Interrogation
Bad cop/good cop technique – a.k.a. Mutt
& Jeff, Hot & Cold. In this approach, one
cop plays tough and intimidating while the
2. other plays soft and accommodating. The
objective of the bad cough is to lead the
suspect to cooperate with the good cop.
Sympathetic approach – best used for
sensitive suspects who commit crimes
because of fits of jealousy or emotions.
The questioning here usually starts with “I
understand how you felt”, “If I were on
3.
your situation, I would probably do the
same thing”.
Reflective Interview Technique (Mirror
technique) – in this approach, the
investigator presents a psychological
mirror to the suspect and reverse the
situation by making him understand the
feelings of the victim. The questioning
here are usually framed in this manner:
“How would you feel if it was your own
child that was killed?”, “The victims’ body
4.
is yet to be found, don’t youn think the
victim deserves a proper Christian
burial?”, etc.
Cognitive interview technique – in this
approach, the interrogator carefully
examines the body-language of the
suspect in relation to his answers in order
5.
for the investigator to determine whether
or not the suspect is lying, evasive or
deceptive. Intellectual approach - in this
method of interrogation, the questioning is
characterized with frankness and matter-
offact accusations. The suspect is
confronted with hard, undisputed facts
and encouraged to weight the advantages
of cooperating rather than not-
cooperating.
- 13 -
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

6. Mixed approach – the combination of any or all of Applies to cooperative Applies to suspects and the
above techniques. witnesses hostile witnesses

Example of intellectual approach:

INVESTIGATION OF CERTAIN TYPES

In our previous imaginary case in our discussion
in interview (page 4 & 5), suppose you came face to
face with Jack Tattoo and initiate the following
intellectual approach:
1. I am PO1 Devil from Cebu, are you Jack
Tattoo? Ans. Yes I am. Why do you ask?
2. You have the right to remain silent, etc. etc.
OF CRIMES (SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION)
Investigating crimes is a joint responsibility of every
police officers, whether assigned on desk, patrol or
investigation. Ordinarily, the combined efforts of
these officers are sufficient to solve “COMMON”
crimes such as theft, physical injuries or malicious

3. Jack, I have information that on the night of mischief – matters that are usually covered during

August 1, 2013, you went to Basak and basic police training and are thus considered

shot Juan dela Cruz. I also had information within the capability of each policeman to solve.

that several days before the shooting, you

quarreled with the victim because of Angel However, there are crimes categorized as

from Tacloban. The victim died from a .45 “SPECIAL” because the complex nature of the

Cal. Pistol registered in your name. offense require additional qualifications and highly

Witnesses saw the culprit ride a yellow specialized training – matters that are encountered

Honda XRM towards your barangay in only in advanced schooling.

Marigondon. I conducted a background

check at LTO and found you owned a yellow As understood in INTERNATIONAL context, the

Honda XRM motorcycle. If I were you, I following are areas of Special Crime Investigation:

would voluntarily surrender and admit the 1. Cold case investigation

crime so you can avail of mitigating 2. Post-blast investigation

circumstances under the law. Even if you 3. Air-crash investigation

hire the best lawyer you could find, I 4. Maritime disasters

guarantee you will be convicted. 5. Transnational crimes investigation:

- Terrorism

Distinctions between Interview & Interrogations: - Organized crime

Interview Interrogation - Human Trafficking
Friendly & Cooperative Hostile & - Money laundering
Confrontational - Computer crimes

Purpose is to gather Purpose is to obtain 6. Environmental crimes

unknown facts and/or confession
verify known facts
In the Philippine setting, the following are

Does not require Miranda warning is considered by the PNP as Special Crime

Miranda warning required if subject is the Investigation:

accused. If subject is a 1. Homicide

hostile witness 2. Robbery

(uncooperative), no 3. Rape
Miranda required. 4. Kidnapping
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
napping
mb threats and explosions
al recruitment
orist activities
pic on Special Crimes Investigation in
e Settings will be covered in another
Prof. Negro).
RATION
everything we discussed above, the
ow shifts to case preparation, which
ned as “the gathering of all records of
an orderly, chronological and logical
to the filing of the complaint”.
consist of the following:
vits of complainant and witnesses
vit of arresting officers (in case of entrapment 1.
rantless arrests)
or spot report
ss reports
laboratory examination results
g or Final report which contains the
mendations of the LEAD investigator
ment by the Chief
are the official record of the actions
ous police personnel in relation to an
ce or crime.
or Spot report – made immediately after
Usually, within 24 hours. Usually made
cers or first responders. In some cases,
police BLOTTER made by desk officers
e a spot report;
s reports – contains a brief of actions
e initial investigation. Usually,
ITS PENAL LAWS
- 14 -
criminal cases involves several progress reports
which the lead investigator collates alongside the
initial report and other documents; and
3. Final or Closing report – contains a summary of
all the findings, reports, documents and affidavits
and well as the recommendations of the lead
investigator. Unlike progress reports, there can
only be one final report.
Characteristics of a good report:
The quality of your work as an investigator is judged
by the quality of your report. Ideally, a police report
must be like a bikini – brief enough to make it
interesting, yet broad enough to cover the most
interesting parts. Thus, the following characteristics
are desirable in a report:
Keyword: FACTUAL
Factual & Objective – the report must be
based on facts and must be free of conjectures,
speculations or opinions;
2. Accurate – the information contained in the
report must be precise;
3. Concise & Complete – Concise means the
report must be as short as possible, direct to the
point and not circuitous. Complete means the
report must contain all the essential elements of
information (5W’s & 1H);
4. Timely – the report must be submitted on
time, otherwise, it becomes stale and useless; 5.
Unadulterated – the report must not be
embellished. Statements made by the witnesses
must be recorded in “full” without adding or
subtracting from what the witness said, even if the
investigator believes that the statement made by
the witness is wrong. Your job is to record it, not to
edit it;
6. Analytical – the report must develop one
unified theme culled from all the different sources
of information;
7. Legible – the report must be made in such a
manner that others can read and understand its
 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

content, especially in case of handwritten reports. Criminalistics. He authored the first treatise on
This is important, as handling officers may be Scientific Criminal Investigation.
assigned in different jurisdiction, retires, or may - 15 -
become unavailable, so that other officers who a) Dr. Mathieu Orfilla
assume the investigation must be able to continue b) Dr. Rafael Genard Y Mas
the work of the previous investigator. c) Dr. Henry Faulds
d) Dr. Hanz Gross
e) Dr. Cesare Lombroso

PART 2… Q. The world’s first crime laboratory was

established by Edmond Locard in:
SELF EVALUATION QUESTIONS: a) London, England
b) Los Angeles, California
Q. A fictional character created by Sir Arthur c) Buenos Aires, Argentina
Conan Doyle that employed scientific means of d) Lyons, France
criminal investigation even before the worlds’ first e) Manila, Philippines
scientific crime laboratory was established.
a) Eugene Francois Vidocq Q. The first complete crime laboratory was
b) Sgt. Popay established in the United States by:
c) Insp. Alvarez a) Orlando W Wilson
d) Sherlock Holmes b) John Edgar Hoover
e) None of the above c) Paul Lleland Kirk
d) Alan Pinkerton
Q. A former convicted thief who became a e) August Vollmer
prominent official of Brigata de la Surete, a French
detective agency. Q. _____________ means the observed violation of a
a) Eugene Francois Vidoque law, which triggers the operation of the criminal
b) Sgt. Popay justice system.
c) Insp. Alvarez a) Investigation
d) Sherlock Holmes b) Detection
e) None of the above c) Observation
d) Commission
Q. A detective of the London Metropolitan Police e) Omission
who was dismissed following his successful
infiltration of anarchists because he instigated use Q. Investigation came from this Latin word which
of violence by the group. means “to track or trace”.
a) Eugene Francois Vidoque a) Viagra
b) Sgt. Popay b) Vestigare
c) Insp. Alvarez c) Stigmata
d) Sherlock Holmes d) Turbare
e) None of the above e) Interregnum

Q. Austrian magistrate recognized as the father of

 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – POWER OF THE STATE TO TRY AND PUNISH A PERSON FOR A VIOLATION OF
ITS PENAL LAWS

Q. To follow step-by-step by patient inquiry or a) Criminal Investigation

observation; to search into, examine and inquire b) Inquest
with care and accuracy.

c) Investigation
d) Locus Criminis
e) Crime Scene Search
Q. The process of discovering, collecting, preparing,
identifying and presenting evidence to prove the
truth of a detected violation of penal law.
a) Criminal Investigation
b) Inquest
c) Investigation
d) Locus Criminis
e) Crime Scene Search
Q. Refers to the detailed attempt to re-live, re-enact
or re-visit what really happened over a particular
setting. This involves the “putting together” of all
pieces of the puzzle so that a more complete
picture of an event is clearly seen as well as the
circumstances surrounding its commission.
a) Crime scene reconstruction
b) Crime scene investigation
c) Crime scene analysis
d) Crime scene search
e) Crime scene interpretation
Q. One of the following is not a goal of criminal
investigation.
a) To appease the public
b) To recover stolen property
c) To arrest the suspect
d) To obtain evidence legally
e) To determine if a crime has been committed
Q. Effective investigators are emotionally well
balanced, detached, inquisitive, suspecting,
discerning, humble, self-disciplined and
perseverant.
a) Intellectual characteristics
b) Psychological characteristics
c) Physical characteristics
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
- 16 -
Q. Ability to retain information, apply technical
knowledge, logical, open-minded and objective.
a) Intellectual characteristics
b) Psychological characteristics
c) Physical characteristics
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Q. An ideal investigator must have the ability to
endure the rigors of investigative works such as
working for long hours, exposure to elements,
inadequate rest, conducting search on difficult
environments, etc.
a) Intellectual characteristics
b) Psychological characteristics
c) Physical characteristics
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Q. Knows how to manufacture evidence and
forcefully extract information from any person.
a) Intellectual characteristics
b) Psychological characteristics
c) Physical characteristics
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Q. The three tools available to the investigator.
a) Information, Instrumentation, Intelligence
b) Interview, Instrumentation, Intelligence
c) Information, Instrumentation, Interrogation
d) Interview, Instrumentation, Interrogation
e) Information, Instrumentation, Interview
Q. Which of the following has little or no use to the
investigator?
a) Camera
b) Notebook and Pen
c) Tape measure
d) Surveillance
e) None of these
Q. The focal point or place where evidence of
criminal activities are concentrated.
- 17 -
a) Crime scene a) Strip
b) Office room b) Double strip
c) Household c) Wheel or pie
d) Street corner d) Spiral
e) Church e) Grid or zone

Q. The exact place where a crime principally took Q. Search pattern most suitable for processing
place, regardless if it was continued elsewhere. large areas with different terrains or multi-storey
a) Inner perimeter buildings.
b) Outer perimeter a) Strip
c) Primary crime scene b) Double strip
d) Secondary crime scene c) Wheel or pie
e) Police Interns Office d) Spiral
e) Grid or zone
Q. Place subsequent to the commission of the main
offense where the effects, proceeds of the crime or Q. This search is more thorough than a single strip
corpus dilicti was continued, transferred or but it takes longer to complete and some evidence
disposed of. found during the second pass may actually be left
a) Inner perimeter behind during the first search.
b) Outer perimeter a) Strip
c) Primary crime scene b) Double strip
d) Secondary crime scene c) Wheel or pie
e) Police Interns Office d) Spiral
e) Grid or zone
Q. Identify which among the following qualifies as
the most urgent task of the first responders. Q. In a traffic accident, where will you begin your
a) neutralize any threat search? (Oct., 2011)
b) cordon the scene a) Faulty driver
c) render aid to the injured b) Street
d) identify witnesses c) Point of impact
e) locate important objects d) Disengagement
e) Passenger
Q. After all threats have been dealt with, the most
important task is: Q. In a fire investigation, which among the
a) neutralize any threat following burn indicators will you focus your
b) cordon the scene search in? (Oct., 2011)
c) render aid to the injured a) Origin of fire
d) identify witnesses b) Alligatoring
e) locate important objects c) Witnesses
d) Spalling
Q. This type of search focuses on a focal point e) Fire direction
where most of the crucial evidence are
concentrated and spreads outward on a circular
pattern. Q. Which among the following crime scenes require
a search warrant?

- 18 -
a) Hot scene e) Any of the above
b) Warm scene
c) Cold scene Q. Objects imbedded on walls and ceilings are best
d) All of these illustrated and measured using:
e) None of these a) Straight baseline method
b) Diagonal baseline method
Q. The requirements for issuance of a valid Search c) Triangulation method
warrant does not include: d) Cross-projection method
a) Probable cause e) Any of the above
b) Personally examined by the fiscal in the form of
searching questions & answers Q. Presents the general view of a place where a
c) Based on personal knowledge of complainant or crime took place, indicating its location by
any witnesses including dominant features of the surroundings
d) In connection with one particular offense such as tall buildings, monuments, bridges or
e) Particularly describing the place to be searched or parks.
the persons or things to be seized a) Long-range photograph
b) Mid-range photograph
Q. A search warrant issued by Judge Paredes to c) Close-range photograph
CIDG on February 10, 2011 is valid up to? d) Macrophotography
a) February 20, 2011 e) Microphotography
b) February 21, 2011
c) February 22, 2011 Q. The taking of photographs up-close, usually
d) February 23, 2011 with a ruler or measuring device, to indicate exact
e) Valid until revoked size.
a) Long-range photograph
Q. Part of field notes that graphically record the b) Mid-range photograph
scene and the important evidence within it by c) Close-range photograph
describing each objects or documents, indicating d) Macrophotography
the relative position of one object from another, e) Microphotography
including their distances and measurements.
a) Rough sketch Q. Investigation that is carried out long after the
b) Final sketch crime was committed but before the expiration of
c) Photographs the statutory period for extinction.
d) Videos a) Hot case investigation
e) Audios b) Warm case investigation
c) Cold case investigation
Q. Outdoor crime scenes with at least two d) Investigation in aid of legislation
landmark points of coordinates can be better e) Kangaroo court investigation
drawn by measuring the distance of objects from
the landmark and its angles. Q. Investigative technique of employing covert ways
a) Straight baseline method and means in order to catch a criminal in the act.
b) Diagonal baseline method a) White-wash
c) Triangulation method b) Frame up
d) Cross-projection method c) Entrapment
- 19 -
d) Instigation a) Modus operandi
e) All of these b) Associative evidence
c) Trace evidence
Q. Unethical investigative practice wherein a crime d) Trophy
committed by another is made to appear to have e) Souvenir
been committed by an innocent person.
a) White-wash Q. When several sexual assaults are committed on
b) Frame-up different occasions at different places by an
c) Entrapment unknown person exhibiting a single modus
d) Instigation operandi.
e) All of these a) Serial rapist
b) Mass rapist
Q. Unprofessional investigative practice wherein a c) Genocide
crime actually committed is concealed, whitewashed d) Continuing crime
or hidden by officially denying that a violation of the e) Assassin
law was committed.
a) Cover-up Q. When more than four persons are feloniously
b) Frame-up and intentionally killed on a single place and time.
c) Entrapment a) Serial killing
d) Instigation b) Mass murder
e) All of these c) Genocide
d) Multiple offense
Q. Any object, thing, document, information or e) Assassin
clue that points to the identity of the perpetrator:
a) Lead Q. The deliberate, systematic and sustained
b) Tip elimination, obliteration or destruction of an entire
c) Intuition tribe, religious or ethnic group, with a view of
d) Personal identification permanently removing them from the face of the
e) Sketch Earth.
a) Serial killing
Q. The uncanny ability of a seasoned investigator b) Mass murder
to identify leads, recognize evidence and locate c) Genocide
witnesses. This can only be developed through d) Continuing offense
experience and is usually cited as the reason why e) Assassin
investigation is also an art.
a) Lead Q. ___________ is a professional paid to liquidate a
b) Tip specific target. This term has its roots on the word
c) Intuition “hashish” which is given as a reward to hired
d) Personal identification killers in the Middle East during the medieval
e) Sketch periods.
a) Serial killing
Q. Man is essentially a creature of habit. This b) Mass murder
means that a successful criminal will commit c) Multiple crime
future crimes in a more or less identical manner.
d) Continuing offense
- 20 -
e) Assasin withdrawal slips, etc. that leaves a clue to the
movement and location of a known suspect.
Q. When two objects come into contact with one a) Modus operandi
another, they will leave traces of each other. There b) Associative evidence
is a cross-transference or mutual-exchange of c) Tracing evidence
information resulting to “trace” and “associative” d) Trophy
evidence. e) Souvenir
a) Bogart’s principle of criminalistics
b) Locard’s exchange principle Q. Part of the victim that is kept by the offender as
c) Goddard’s ballistic principle a memento such as pubic hairs, ears, fingers, etc.
d) Salazar’s fingering principle a) Modus operandi
e) Gross’ principle of forensics b) Associative evidence
c) Trace evidence
Q. Evidence found on the crime scene that places d) Trophy
the suspect in the scene such as fingerprints, hairs e) Souvenir
or fibers.
a) Modus operandi Q. A thing, object or anything that is taken from
b) Associative evidence the scene by the criminal as a remembrance, such
c) Tracing evidence as photographs, keys, stickers, bras, panties, etc.
d) Trophy a) Modus operandi
e) Souvenir b) Associative evidence
c) Trace evidence
Q. Articles or matters found at the scene which aid d) Trophy
in the establishment of the identity of the e) Souvenir
perpetrator.
a) Modus operandi Q. Simply means continuity of possession. It
b) Associative evidence implies that the evidence presented in court are
c) Tracing evidence the same evidence taken from the crime scene and
d) Trophy any changes that may occur from the time the
e) Souvenir evidence is recovered up to the time it is presented
can be sufficiently explained.
Q. Evidence found on the person of the suspect a) chain of command
that places him at the scene of the crime such as b) chain of custody
bite-marks, defensive wounds, fruits of the crime, c) evidence tracking
etc. d) tracing evidence
a) Modus operandi e) preservation of evidence
b) Associative evidence
c) Tracing evidence Q. _____________ also refers to the number of
d) Trophy persons who handled the evidence between the
e) Souvenir discovery of the offense up to the disposition of the
case in court.
Q. Evidence such as plane tickets, hotel check-in a) chain of command
details, restaurant bills, phone call records, ATM
b) chain of custody
c) evidence tracking
- 21 -
d) tracing evidence Q. According to Swanson, Chamelin & Territo, the
e) preservation of evidence greatest problem with mistaken identity is
____________.
Q. A moving force which impels a person to act: a) Miscarriage of justice
a) Modus operandi b) Wasted police time
b) Motive c) Bad publicity
c) Intent d) Ineffective policing
d) Desire e) None of these
e) Opportunity
Q. This requires strict compliance of legal
Q. _________________ is the casual, cooperative and requirements. In this situation, the person subject
friendly inquiry involving a person who may have to questioning is either a suspect or a hostile
information regarding the commission of a specific witness.
crime under investigation. a) Interview
a) Interview b) Interrogation
b) Interrogation c) Torture
c) Torture d) Polygraph
d) Polygraph e) Confession
e) Confession
Q. Why is it important to distinguish between an
Q. A person who furnishes information based on interview and an interrogation?
personal knowledge during interview is a source of a) Numerous legal requirements apply in
what type of evidence? interrogations but not in interviews
a) Object evidence b) There is no difference
b) Documentary evidence c) Interviews are intended to elicit confessions
c) Testimonial evidence d) Interrogations result in convictions
d) Hearsay evidence e) I don’t care
e) Confession
Q. The purpose of Interrogation are the following,
Q. If you are a police investigator, which among the except:
following individuals should you consider best for a) To test information already obtained
interview? b) To secure a confession
a) One who was present at the crime scene, but c) To confront the suspect with the truth
inattentive d) To exclude the guilty
b) One who was present and attentive at the crime e) None of these
scene
c) One who was present at the crime scene, but had Q. One of the following is not a scientific approach
been intoxicated. to interrogation:
d) One who was attentive to what was happening a) Sympathetic approach
e) One who is willing to be manipulated by the b) Cognitive interview technique
police c) Logical approach
d) Water boarding
e) Reflective interview technique

- 22 -
Q. In this form of tactical interrogation, two police c) Judicial admission
investigators form a tandem; one of them is d) Extrajudicial confession
friendly towards the suspect while the other is e) Admission
hostile.
a) Mutt and Jeff Q. Field notes must be an exact and correct
b) Hot and Cold representation of facts obtained in the course of
c) Good-cop, Bad-cop the investigation.
d) All of these a) Complete
e) None of these b) Accurate
c) Timely
Q. The right of a person suspected to have d) Unadulterated
committed an offense to be informed of his right to e) Legible
remain silent and be assisted by counsel preferably
of his own choice. Q. Note and record all available information,
a) Right to bail particularly the basic 5 W’s and 1 H of report
b) Right to presumption of innocence writing.
c) Miranda right a) Completeness
d) Right to confront witnesses b) Accuracy
e) Freedom from unreasonable search or seizure c) Timeliness
d) Faithfulness
Q. The warnings in Miranda v. Arizona does not e) Legibility
include the suspects’ right to:
a) Confess to the crime voluntarily in the presence of Q. As a general rule, a person may only be arrested
counsel with a warrant. Which among the following
b) Be warned that anything he says or do may be used instances permits the arrest of a suspect even in
against him in a court of law the absence of judicial warrant?
c) Have a competent counsel de parte or ex officio a) Hot pursuit
d) Be informed of his right to remain silent b) Inflagrante delicto
e) None of the above c) Fugitives from justice
d) All of these
Q. An acknowledgment of fact, falling short of an e) None of these
acknowledgment of guilt, made by the suspect in
the course of an investigation. Q. The general investigative sequence in case
a) Judicial confession warrantless arrests are no longer proper is:
b) Extrajudicial admission 1. Proceed to the area where a reported offense
c) Judicial admission allegedly took place
d) Extrajudicial confession 2. Make a preliminary determination if a crime
e) Admission has been committed
3. Deal with any emergencies first
Q. An acknowledgment of all the material facts of a 4. Process the scene, take photographs, record
particular crime, including the guilt, made by the all activities
suspect in the course of trial. 5. Release the scene
a) Judicial confession 6. Identify & Interview witnesses
b) Extrajudicial admission 7. Interrogate suspects & uncooperative
witnesses
- 23 -
8. Submit the case folder containing your findings a) Police line-up
to the prosecutor b) Rouges gallery
9. Wait for the issuance of the warrant of arrest c) Order of battle report
a) Steps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 is correct d) Personal status report
b) Steps 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7, 8 & 9 is correct e) Crime album
c) Steps 1, 3, 2, 6, 7, 4, 5, 8 & 9 is correct
d) Any steps could be followed Q. The current practice of presenting a “Rogue’s
Gallery” to the victim for identification purposes
Q. According to Bennet & Hess, the most has its origins in:
successful investigations are systematic, thorough a) Mulberry street morning parade
and takes time. This helps ensure an airtight case b) Sketching
that does not result to waste of time, money and c) Medieval firing squad
effort. On the other hand, “instantaneous” d) Portrait parle
investigations are haphazard, unprofessional and e) Inquisition
results to wrongful prosecution of innocent
persons. Q. Police line-up can be traced back to:
a) Agree a) Mulberry street morning parade
b) Disagree b) Sketch
c) Partly agree c) Medieval firing squad
d) Partly disagree d) Portrait parle
e) None of these e) Inquisition

Q. The process of documenting in a systematic and Q. A valid positive identification in a police line-up
logical manner all evidence collected during the requires:
investigation and submit it before the public a) More than two suspects
prosecutor for evaluation. b) Not suggestive as to guilt
a) case preparation c) Not suggestive as to identity
b) order maintenance d) All of these
c) crime prevention e) a & c only
d) public service
e) journalism Q. Doctrinal rule which states that evidence
illegally obtained in the course of the police
Q. A pictorial collection of past offenders known to investigation cannot be admitted during trial.
the police & presented to an eye-witness for a) Fruit of the poisonous tree
examination. They are usually indexed, catalogued b) Irrelevant evidence
and recorded according to sex, type of crimes, c) Immaterial evidence
modus operandi and place of commission. d) Inadmissible evidence
a) Police line-up e) Hearsay evidence
b) Rouges gallery
c) Order of battle report Q. The world’s first conviction using DNA evidence
d) Personal status report was obtained in England through:
e) Crime album a) William West & Will West case
b) Colin Pitchfork case
Q. Mug shots are also known as: c) Terry v. Ohio case
- 24
- d) Frank Daubert case
e) In Re: Gault case
Q. The case that proved that Dactyloscopy is a far
superior tool for identification and individualization
than Anthopometry:
a) William West & Will West case
b) Colin Pitchfork case
c) Terry v. Ohio case
d) Frank Daubert case
e) In Re: Gault case

REFERENCES:

1. Criminal Investigation, By: Swanson, Chamelin &

Territo, McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. 2004

2. Criminal Investigation, By: Hess &

Orthman, Cengage Learning, 2010
Philippine Edition

3. Criminal Investigation, By: JDempsey, Cengage

Learning, 2nd Ed.

4. Criminalistics, an Introduction to Forensic Science,

By: RSaferstein, Prentice Hall, 9th Ed.

5. Techniques of Crime Scene Investigations, By:

Fisher & Fisher, CRC Press, 7th Ed.

6. FBI Handbook of Crime Scene Forensics, Federal

Bureau of Investigations, Skyhorse
Publishing, 2008

7. Intro. to Theory, Practice & Career Devt. in Public &

Private Invst., Gunter & Hertig,
2005
CMT Target Trainings & Seminars, Inc.
2nd Flr., Melgo Bldg., Sanciangko St., Pahina Central, Cebu City
(032) 515-0400