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VENTURI METER
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BASIC TERMS
• Velocity of fluid which passes through a
Flow Rate(v) given area per second (m/s).

Volumetric Flow • Volume of the fluid travelled through

a cross sectional area per second
Rate(Q) (m3/s).

• Shape of path of the fluid.

Conduit

• point in a fluid stream where the

Vena Contracta diameter of the stream is the least,
and fluid velocity is at its maximum.
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Turbulent Flow Fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations,

discontinues.
Laminar Flow No disturbances in the flow, continues.
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DEFINITION & MAIN PARTS

Venturimeter device used for

measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing
through a pipe.

It consist of three parts,

•Converging part
•Throat
•Diverging part
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
Venturi meter works under the principle of Bernoulli's
equation and Continuity equation.
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•Bernaulli’s Equation PV = a constant

•Continuity Equation ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2

Where, P Pressure
V Velocity
ρ1 Density of converging fluid
ρ2 Density of throat fluid
A1 Pipe area
A2 Throat area
V1 Velocity of converging fluid
V2 Velocity of throat
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TYPES OF VENTURIMETER

•Horizontal venturimeter
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•Inclined venturimeter •Vertical venturimeter

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SOME ASSUMPTIONS TAKEN

Incompressible fluids

Frictionless inner surfaces

Steady and irrotational flow

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EXPRESSION FOR RATE OF FLOW

•B(m2,ρ2,p2,v2)

•A(m1,ρ1,p1,v1)

Z2
Z1

Datum
At pt:-A At pt:-B

P.E = g.z1 P.E = g.z2

V.E = ½ v12 V.E = ½ v22

Pre.E = P1/ρ Pre.E = P2/ρ

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Energy equation (horizontal arrangement)

g(Z1-Z2)+1/2(V12+V22)=(P2-P1)/ρ
If Z1=Z2
½(v12-v22)= (P2-P1)/ρ ----- (1)
As per law at continuity

A1V1=A2V2 (since density is constant)

V1=(A2/A1)V2 & V2=(A1/A2)V1

Sub V1 value in (1)

½[(A2/A1)*V22-V22]=∆P/ρ

V22=(A12/A22-A12) * 2∆P/ρ
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Q2=A2.V2= A1.A2 * √2∆P/ρ

(√A22-A12)

Q α √2∆P

Theoretical-- Q2=M.√(2∆Pg)/ω

Original-- Q2=CdE M√(2∆P)/ρ

M- velocity approach factor

Q-over all volumetric flow rate
Cd-coefficient of discharge
E- thermal expansion factor
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Q2 in terms of specific weight

Q2=Cd . E . M . A2 √2g{hm[(wm/w )-1]-(Zx-Zy)}

Q2 in terms of specific gravity

Q2=Cd.E.M.A2√2g {hm(sg-1)-(Zx-Zy)}
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VENTURI METER V/S FLOW

When a venturimeter is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid whose

flow rate is to be measured, a pressure drop occurs between the
entrance and throat of the venturimeter. This pressure drop is
measured using a differential pressure sensor and when
calibrated this pressure drop becomes a measure of flow rate.
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CONSTRUCTION
The entry of the venture is cylindrical in shape to match the size of
the pipe through which fluid flows. This enables the venture to be
fitted to the pipe.
After the entry, there is a converging conical section with an
included angle of 19’ to 23’.
Following the converging section, there is a cylindrical section
with minimum area called as the throat.
After the throat, there is a diverging conical section with an
included angle of 5’ to 15’.
Openings are provided at the entry and throat of the venturi meter
for attaching a differential pressure sensor.
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MANOMETER
The differential pressure sensor used here is
Manometer.
Manometer is a device to measure pressure.
A common simple manometer consists of a U shaped
tube of glass filled with some liquid.
Manometers measure a pressure difference by
balancing the weight of a fluid column between the two
pressures of interest. Large pressure differences are
measured with heavy fluids, such as mercury (high
density).
Small pressure differences, such as those experienced in
experimental wind tunnels or venturi flowmeters are
measured by lighter fluids such as water .
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OPERATION

The fluid whose flow rate is to be measured enters the entry

section of the venturi meter with a pressure P1.

As the fluid flows into the converging section, its pressure

keeps on reducing and attains a minimum value P2 when it
enters the throat. That is, in the throat, the fluid pressure P2
will be minimum.
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The Manometer attached between the entry and throat section of

the venturi meter records the pressure difference(P1-P2) which
becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid through the
pipe when calibrated.

The diverging section has been provided to enable the fluid to

regain its pressure and hence its kinetic energy. Lesser the angle
of the diverging section, greater is the recovery.
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converging throat diverging

• P1 • P ses
• p2
• High • P1-p2
• Less
angle angle
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SAMPLE PROBLEM

A horizontal venturimeter with 15 cm inlet . 7.5 cm throat is used for

measurement of flow of water .The differential pressure between inlet
and throat is 17.5 cm, when measured using U-TUBE manometer. Make
the calculations for the water flow rate where Cd for venturi is 0.97.
Specific gravity =13.6.

Sol: Q2= Cd . E . M . A2 √2g{ hm [(ρm/ρ )-1]}

M=A1/√A12-A22

A1=π*d2/4=π*152/4=176.71 , A2=π*d2/4=π*7.52/4=44.178

M= 1.03

Q2=0.97
* 1* 1.03* 44.178√2*9.8*17.5(13.6-1)
=0.02901 m3/sec
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PRESSURE IN PIPELINE
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APPLICATIONS

• used where high pressure recovery is

1 required.

• measuring flow rates of water, gases,

2 suspended solids, slurries and dirty liquids.

• measure high flow rates in pipes having

3 diameters in a few meters.
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ADVANTAGES

• Less chances of getting clogged with

1 sediments.

• Coefficient of discharge is high.

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• Its behaviour can be predicted

3 perfectly.

• Can be installed vertically,

4 horizontally or inclinded.
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DISADVANTAGES

• Highly expensive
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• Occupies considerable space

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• Cannot be altered for measuring

3 pressure beyond a maximum velocity
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THANK YOU