FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE GEOLOGY
COURSE CODE ECG 103
LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1
CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

GEOLOGICAL MAP 3 – INTRODUCTION TO TRUE & APPARENT DIP

TITLE
AND THICKNESS OF BED

PREAMBLE 1.1 Introduction

Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and
ways & means are guided and given to the students. However the
answers to the assignment are left to the students to solve using the
group creativity and innovativeness. The activity is hoping to slowly
introduce and inculcates independent learning amongst students and
prepare them for a much harder task of open-ended laboratory
activities.

In this partially open laboratory activity students are required to

produce the rock strata profile complete with the dip and strike.

1.2 Objectives
The objective of the test are:
i. To plot the cross section profile to determine the rock strata by
referring to the geological map given.
ii. To draw the dip and strike of the rock strata
iii. To calculate the vertical and true thickness of the rock strata

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1. Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the laboratory activity.
2. Produce the rock strata profile complete with the dip and strike.
3. Perform effectively as a team in carrying out the task and produce
the relevant technical report.

©FKA, UiTM SEPT 2017 – JAN 2018

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY MANUAL

1.4 Theoretical Background

Dip & Strike
Dip is the angle between a horizontal plane and an inclined plane. Dip
is always measured perpendicular to strike. Dip angles range from 0°
for a horizontal bed to 90° for a vertical bed. Strike is the compass
direction of line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane and it
usually expressed relative to the north.

Figure 7.1: Strike and dip direction of rock strata

On Map 3, the contour 1100 m for the geological boundary D-E coincides
with the 1000 m structure contour for boundary C-D. Thus, along this strike
direction, the top of bed D is 100 m higher than its bed. This is the
thickness of the bed that would be penetrated by a borehole drilled at point
X.

Vertical thickness (VT) and True thickness (T)

Vertical thickness of inclined bed is greater than the True thickness, since
the True thickness is measured perpendicular to the geological boundaries.
The angle α in between T and VT is equal to the angle of dip.

Cosine α =
Thus, T = VT cosine α

This mean the T of a bed is equal to the VT multiplied by cosine of the angle
of dip.

Figure 7.2: Section showing the relationship between the vertical thickness
(VT) and true thickness (T) of a dipping bed

©FKA, UiTM SEPT 2017 – JAN 2018

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY MANUAL

A geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological

features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols to
indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Bedding planes and
structural features such as faults, folds, foliations, and lineation are shown
with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give these features'
three-dimensional orientations. Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to
PROBLEM
illustrate the surface of a selected stratum illustrating the subsurface
STATEMENT
topographic trends of the strata.
As a group you are given a geological map to analyse and interpret the
strike and dip and also the true vertical thickness of rock strata.
The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and
subsequently analyze the data and present it in a proper technical format.

3.1 Apparatus:
i. Geological map 3 (Appendix 6a)
ii. Graph paper
iii. Colour pencil
iv. Ruler
v. Pencil

3.2 Procedure:
1. Colour all the outcrop based on the shading code given
(Appendix 6a & 4b).
2. Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales
accordingly to the scale of the geological map on a piece of
graph paper. The vertical scale is normally exaggerated to
improve visibility of the profile.
3. Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says Y -
Z.
WAYS & MEANS 4. On the geological map, draw the strike line and mark the points
of intersection accordingly between the lines with the contours
respective to its heights. Name the intersection line.
5. Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the
heights of the contours.
6. Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation.
7. Fold the geological map 3 to form the Y – Z cross section.
Locate the X mark which the borehole position.
8. Draw the borehole cross section on the profile of ground
elevation. Determine the vertical thickness and true thickness of
each rock bed.

3.3 Data Acquisition

i. Cross-section profile
ii. Borehole cross-section
iii. Vertical thickness of each rock bed
iv. Angle of dip
RESULTS
4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion
The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
highlighting the apparatus used, the procedures undertaken for the test,
data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-
out output to achieve the objectives.

©FKA, UiTM SEPT 2017 – JAN 2018

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY MANUAL

By referring to Geological Map 3 – Appendix 6 (a)

i. Plot the outcrop of each rock - type on the cross-section profile

Figure 4.2 : Plotting format for X-section

ii. Colour the rock profile by referring to Appendix 4 (b) for key to
shading the rock profile.

iii. Conclude the results by analysing the relation between contour line
and section profile. Show the strike and dip angle.

The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

©FKA, UiTM SEPT 2017 – JAN 2018

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY MANUAL

Appendix 7: Geological Map 3

Date
Time Approved
by
Group

©FKA, UiTM SEPT 2017 – JAN 2018