Because of the growing importance of water in the health,

Sour ce is becoming increasingly central to the success of integrated

utional, industria

uses more

ombined.

Groundwater occurs in unconsolidated and consol idated bedrock

geologic formations

, silts and clay),

Bedrock formations

Water is

tored and trave s in joints, tissues and fractures i

the rock, referred to as secondary porosity

As a rule, groundwater travels very slow through it's geologic matrix,

often on the order of a few inches or feet per day

agricultural and environmental sectos . The elopment of groundwater

Unconsolidated formations

Are made up of porous media (grave

groundwater is stored and travels in the pore spaces between the
particles.

Wells installed in a confined or artesian aquifer will show water

levels that are higher than the actual aquifer elevation and
equi valent to the piezome tric surface.

Ground vater development

Tural development programs.
Groundwater is a princi source of supply for many villages,

- in confined (artesian) systems, the permeable aquifer is sandwiched

between two relatively impermeable layers ( clay or bedrock) called
the upper and lower confining units

and cities serving domestic,

agricultural users. The irrigation of c crops worldwide u

groundwater (708 or greater) than all other applications comb

Aquifers

- Occur in semi-confined and confined condition

Ground water development

Because of the growing importance of water in the health,
agricultural and environmental sectors. The development of groundwater
source is becoming increasingly central to the success of integrated
rural development programs.
Groundwater is a principal source of supply for many villages, towns
and cities serving domestic, commercial, institutional, industrial and
agricultural users. The irrigation of crops worldwide uses more
groundwater (70 % or greater than all other applications combined.
Groundwater occurs in unconsolidated and consolidated bedrock
geologic formations
Unconsolidated formations
Are made up of porous media (gravel, sand, silts and clay), the
groundwater is stored and travels in the pore spaces between the
particles.
Bedrock formations
Water is stored and travels in joints, tissues and fractures in
the rock, referred to as secondary porosity
As a rule, groundwater travels very slow through it ' s geologic matrix,
often on the order of a few inches or feet per day
Aquifers
- Occur in semi - confined and confined condition
- in confined (artesian) systems, the permeable aquifer is sandwiched
between two relatively impermeable layers (clay or bedrock) called
the upper and lower confining units
- Wells installed in a confined or artesian aquifer will show water
levels that are higher than the actual aquifer elevation and
equivalent to the piezometric surface.
Groundwater development projects take advantage of water as it moves
through an aquifer,
Water that is removed by humans at one place in the acifer may be
replaced by rain that falls in another region
The aquifer is " charged ". As groundwater is replenished which
serves as a kind of natural pipeline from one area to another.
The basic criterior for a safe and sustainable groundwater project is
that the water being abstracted does not exceed the acuiter recharge
Thus comparison is usually made or an annual basic and takes into
account the quantity of recharge during years of normal precipitation
During years of drought, the water supply may sely to some le
on the amount of water in storage that will decrease over time, once
the aquifer is replenished again in years of normal
precipitation. or above - nomme
If over an extended period of time, the amount of water being pumped
out is greater than the quantity of recharge, then the water level of
the aquifer will decline and wells will eventually go dry.
The unsound condition of aquifer depletion, aptly called
" mining of groundwater ", has been a growing problem in many parts of
the world.
As with any natural resource, groundwater has to developed with
caution and managed with care, with respect for it ' s vulnerability and
awareness of it ' s limitations.
Uses of groundwater
1. Water for domestic uses to improved health
Promiting health is a primary goal of water development projects and
this goal should be a major driving factor in all water supply
projects.
It is well accepted that the domestic water use of water
contributes to the improved health of household and communities
2. Water for productive uses to strengthen livelihoods
The productive use of water in agriculture, small industries and
Local construction contributes to strengthening the livelihoods of
program beneficiaries.
1. Water for environmental protection to sustain natural resTV
DAVO lopment Programu should contribute to the sustainable U39
of water resources in the watershed,
4. Water for emergencies and disasters to protect lives and
11 velihoode.
Programs should contribute to the stabilization and restoration
of the health and livelihoods of communities that are unable to cops
with natural or man - made disasters a octing them.
droundwater development
is designed to satisfy a certain demand for water or to asses the
groundwater resources of a watershed
Therefore comprises the following highly interrelated phase:
surveying
• construction of abstraction systems
design, construction, operation and optimization of monitoring
networks
* mathematical modeling
Surveying
in the initial stage of any groundwater exploitation system and
primary deals with the identification of the perspective zones. Broad
use is made at this stage of geological, geomorphological,
geophysical and special hydrological methods. Exploration boreholes
are drilled and pumping and permeability tests are developed in order
to obtain numeric indices of groundwater potential. Chemical analysis
of water and sometimes, of rocks and sediments is also performed in
order to clarify the process governing water composition and quality.
Construotion of abstraction systeme
where aquifer potential and water quality allows exploitation is
veually the second alage. Wells, trenches and springs are then
adequately built or adapted. Wells are built with the diameter,
depth casing and filters derived from the results of the surveying
phase, Wells and trenches are tested again to define efficiency. In
some cases protection perimeters could be required, and computations
are performed for their proper design. A maintenance program for the
abstraction system is identified at this stage.
Design, construction, operation and optimization of monitoring
networks
is the final stage of a groundwater development program but it
does not necessarily or exclusively have to follow the preceding
phase. in effect, when regional studies are performed or when
controls of groundwater regime and quality are required, groundwater
monitoring networks are designed, constructed and operated to prevent
pollution, groundwater level depletion, undesirable side effects of
groundwater exploitation or to control the effectiveness of
mitigation or rehabilitation measures.
Mathematical modeling
is required to manage groundwater resources. Therefore the
construction of a mathematical model is commonly a phase of
groundwater development linked with the design, operation and
optimization of the monitoring network. This stage is not always
necessary, although it can be used in other stages, in order to save
time and money, such as in surveying, or in the reorientation of
surveying, in well data processing, in geochemical hydrodynamics
assessments, etc
Key elements that could be considered as direct or indirect indices of
groundwater productivity:
Geologic
• Geomorphologic
climate
Hydrologic
historic
There are also indices for groundwater quality
Socio - economic level of development
Main economic activities
Medical history of the community