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Virus travels via air in droplets when an infected person cough, sneeze, or talk
Virus invades the epithelial cell of the upper respiratory tract.
Entry:
Influenza virus enters the cell through a receptor-mediated endocytosis, the sialic acid
substances on the plasma membrane function as an entry receptor.
Following endocytosis, the virus molecules are situated inside the endosome, and since
the latter has acidic pH, it induces the fusion between the two membranes.
In the endosome, through M2 ion channel, the protons are imported inside the viral
envelope
the nucleocapsids make up of vRNA, NP, and RdRp inside the envelope are discharged
to the cytoplasm and then enter the nucleus via nuclear pore
Transcription
The RdRp of the influenza needs a primer for the transcription initiation and via cap-
snatching mechanism; the endonuclease activity of PA splits a capped RNA fragment
from the 5’ end of cellular mRNAs, which is utilized as a primer for viral mRNA.
Shuttering occurs as it copied repeatedly the short runs of U residues at the 5’ end of
vRNA to make the tail and through template-dependent manner viral mRNA at the 3’ end
is joined. Viral transcription is stopped after polyadenylation.
Viral mRNAs resultant is transported to cytoplasm and used as mRNA for the viral
protein synthesis.
Replication:
Viral genome replication and viral mRNA synthesis take place upon the entry of vRNPs
into the nucleus.
Nucleocapsid protein modulates the process of mRNA and cRNA sythesized using the
negative-sense RNA as template.
Synthesizing vRNA is done by using a cRNA template and the budding vRNA is
enclosed by the NP which forms the vRNP
Transported to cytoplasm are the viral mRNAs and afterward serve as mRNA for the
viral protein synthesis.
Through secretary pathway HA and NA envelope proteins are translated in relation to
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Nuclear export
Through nuclear pore, budding vRNPs are penetrated to the cytoplasm, where viral
genome replication takes place.
M1 protein and NEP assists the nuclear export of vRNPs by binding M1 to vRNP, and
via the interaction of NEP to M1 it indirectly links to vRNP.
Budding vRNPs in the nucleus are exported out of the cytoplasm via Crm-1- dependent
mechanism or protein export pathway.
Cytoplasmic transport is a process where vRNAs are involved with the microtubule and
move toward the cell surface in a microtubule dependent way.
Nucleocapsid is moved in the other path to the entry by the microtubule-driven transport.
After the arrival near the plasma membrane, a set of vRNPs clustered together and then
engages with HA and NA that is already integrated in the plasma membrane
During the assembly and budding process, M1 plays an essential part since an
engagement between M1 and envelope glycoproteins induces a bud formation.
M1 proteins employ the vRNPs, and the neuraminidase activity of NA splits the HA in
the budding virions connected to the plasma membrane via sialic acid.