Unit-5

Dept.
Aerospace 25-Oct-18
A EROSPACE POWER PLANT

• Types of power plants
• Piston engine brief idea
• Concept of Propeller, classifications and Operating Principle
INTRODUCTION TO SPACE SCIENCE • working principle of
• jet engines
AND TECHNOLOGY •
•
Turbo fan
turboprop turbo shaft
AEROSPACE POWER PLANT • Ram jet
• pulse jet
ASE428
• comparative merits
• Principle of operation of rocket
• classification of rocket and typical applications
• Exploration into space
25-Oct-18 Dr JVM lal / Aeros pace 1 25-Oct-18 Dr JVM lal / Aeros pace 2
Engine
HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 1

Dept.Aerospace 25-Oct-18
Basic on engine concepts SI vs. CI Engines

• CI – Combustion ignition engine • Fuel must be injected into the
cy linder at the desired time of
• diesel engine • SI engines draw fuel and air into the combustion in CI engines.
cy linder. • no throttling in CI engines.
• SI- Spark ignition engine
• Air intake is throttled to the SI • Compression ratios must be high
• Petrol engines engine enough to cause auto‐ignition
• IC- internal combustion engines • Upper compression ratio in SI • compressed to pressure about 4
engines is limited by the auto ignition Mpa and temperature about 800 K.
• Piston engines , jet engines temperature • CI combustion is quick and
• Flame front in SI engines smooth uncontrolled at the beginning
• EC- external combustion engine and controlled. • The valve tim ing in both CI and SI
• steam engine are sim ilar.
Spark and Compression Ignition Basic components of piston engine :

• Diesel-cycle and four-stroke gasoline engines • Cylinder head
• Share the same basic principles • Cylinder
• Gasoline engine: spark ignition (S.I.) engine • Piston
• Diesel, compression ignition engines: do not use a spark to ignite fuel • Piston rings
• Diesel engines • Crank shaft
• Compression ratio: comparison between volume of cylinder and combustion • Cam shaft
chamber • Valve
• Can run at very lean air-fuel mixtures at idle
• Have high particulate emissions

C ylinder block C ylinder head

• Cylinder is the main body of IC • The top end of cylinder is closed
engine. by means of removable cylinder
• Cylinder is a part in which the intake head
of fuel, compression and burning • Valves holes will be located
take place • Inlet exhaust ports
• Guide the piston
Piston Piston rings

• A piston is fitted to each cylinder
• A piston must be a fairly loose fit in
• Face to receive gas pressure / the cylinder so it can move freely
temperature inside the cylinder.
• Transmit the thrust to the connecting • To provide a good sealing fit and
rod. less friction resistance between the
• It is the prime mover in the engine piston and cylinder,
• pistons are equipped with piston
rings.
• These rings are fitted in grooves
which have been cut in the piston

C onnecting rod C rankshaft

• Connecting rod connects the piston to • The crankshaft of an internal combustion
crankshaft engine receives the efforts or thrust supplied
by
• It converts the reciprocating motion of
the piston into rotary motion of • piston to the connecting rod and converts the
crankshaft. reciprocating motion of piston into rotary
• Big end is connected to the crankshaft • motion of crankshaft. The crankshaft mounts
in bearing so it can rotate freely.
• the small end is connected to the
piston by use of piston pin.
C rankcase valves
• To control the inlet and exhaust of internal com bustion
engine,
• contains the crankshaft and crankshaft • The number of valves depends on the number of
bearing is called crankcase. cy linders.
• It serves as the part lubricating • Two valves are used for each cy linder one for inlet of
system. air-fuel mixture inside the cy linder and other for
exhaust of combustion gases.
• it is called as oil sump • The valves are fitted in the port at the cy linder head by
use of strong spring.
• This spring keep them closed. Both valves usually open
inwards.

Push rod and cam Engine Classifications

• Piston engines all have the same basic parts
• Differences in design
• Engine classifications
• Cylinder arrangement
• Cooling system
• Valve location and cam location
• Combustion
• Power type
• Ignition system
• Number of strokes per cycle
Cylinder Arrangement Engine Cooling

• Automobile engines • Cooling systems
• Have three or more cylinders • Air cooling: air is circulated over cooling fins cast into the outside of cylinders
and cylinder heads
• Cylinders are arranged in several ways
• Liquid cooling: has cavities in the block and head castings called water jackets
• In-line: all cylinders arranged in one row
• Water pump pumps coolant through the system
• “V” arrangement: cylinders are cast in two rows (i.e., cylinder banks) • Coolant mixture is designed to prevent rust and electrolysis: 50% water and 50% anti-
• Opposed to each other: suited for smaller underhood areas freeze

• Suction
Four stroke engine • Compression
• Power (combustion )
• Exhaust
TDC top dead center

BDC bottom dead center

In line engine
Opposite cylinder V type

Firing Order
• Ignition interval
• Interval between power strokes
• Within two turns of the crankshaft, all cylinders fire once
• Firing order: order in which the cylinders fire
• Companion cylinders
• Pairs of cylinders in engines with an even number of cylinders

2 Stroke Engine
• It's called a two-stoke engine because there is a compression stroke and
then a combustion stroke.
• In a four-stroke engine, there are separate intake, compression,
combustion and exhaust strokes.
• Note:
• Mix special two-stroke oil in with the gasoline
• Mix oil in with the fuel to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod and
cylinder walls
• Note: If you forget to mix in the oil, the engine isn't going to last very
long!
Advantage
• Two-stro ke engines do not have valves, which simplifies their
construction and lowers their weight.
• Two-stro ke engines fire o nce every revolution, wh ile four-stro ke engines
fire once every other revolution. Th is g ives tw o-stro ke engines a
significant power boost.
• Two-stro ke engines can work in any orientation, A standard four-stroke
engine may have problems with oil flow unless it is upright
• These advantages make two-stroke engines lighter, simpler and less expensive to
manufacture.
• Two-st roke engines also have the potential to pack about twice the power into the
same space because there are twice as many power strokes per revolution

D isadvantages Intake
• Two-stroke engines don't last nearly as long as four-stroke engines.
• As the piston finally bottoms out, the intake port is uncovered. The
• Two-stroke oil is expensive, You would burn about a 3.7 litres of oil every
1600km if y ou used a two-stroke engine in a car. piston's movement has pressurized the mixture in the crankcase, so it
rushes into the cylinder, displacing the remaining exhaust gases and
filling the cylinder with a fresh charge of fuel
• Two-stroke engines are not fuel efficient, so y ou would get fewer miles per
gallon. • Note that in many two-stroke engines that use a cross-flow design, the
piston is shaped so that the incoming fuel mixture doesn't simply flow
• Two-stroke engines produce a lot of pollution right over the top of the piston and out the exhaust port.
1) from the combustion of the oil.
2) Each time a new charge of air/fuel is loaded into the combustion chamber, part of
it leaks out through the exhaust port.
Exhaust Compression Stroke

• Fuel and air in the cylinder have been compressed, and when the • Now the momentum in the crankshaft starts driving the piston
spark plug fires the mixture ignites. The resulting explosion back toward the spark plug for the compression stroke. As the
drives the piston downward. Note that as the piston moves air/fuel mixture in the piston is compressed, a vacuum is created
downward, it is compressing the air/fuel mixture in the crankcase. in the crankcase. This vacuum opens the reed valve and sucks
air/fuel/oil in from the carburetor.
As the piston approaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust
port is uncovered. The pressure in the cylinder drives most of • Reed valves are a type of check valve which restrict the flow of
fluids to a single direction, opening and closing under changing
the exhaust gases out of cylinder, as shown here: pressure on each face

Calorific value of fuel valve timing diagram

• The calorific value of a fuel is the quantity of heat produced by its
combustion – at constant pressure and under “ normal” (standard)
• In a piston engine, the valve
conditions (i.e. to 0oC and under a pressure of 1.013 bar). timing is the precise
• Timing of the opening and closing
The calorific value of diesel fuel is roughly 45.5 MJ/kg of the valves.
slightly lower than petrol which is 45.8 MJ/kg. • In an internal combustion engine
However, diesel fuel is denser than petrol and contains about 15% more those are usually poppet valves
energy by volume (roughly 36.9 MJ/litre compared to 33.7 MJ/litre • In a steam engine they are usually
slide valves or piston valves

Port Timing Diagram for Two Stroke Petrol Engine Port timing diagram for a 2stroke petrol engine
• In the case of two stroke cycle engines
the inlet and exhaust valves are not
IE
present .
• Instead , the slots are cut on the cylinder
itself at different elevation and they are
called ports.
• There are three ports are present in the
two stroke cycle engine .
• 1. Inlet port
• 2. Transfer port
• 3. Exhaust port
Port timing diagram for 2 stroke diesel engine
• The Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion engine using an

eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion. All
parts rotate consistently in one direction, as opposed to the common
reciprocating piston engine, which has pistons violently changing
direction.

Principle • The process of preparing a flammable fuel-air

The carburetor mixture outside engine cylinder in SI engine is
known as carburetion.
• Has two swiveling valves above
and below the venturi.
• Important factors which affect the process of
• At the top, there's a valve called the carburetion are given below;
choke that regulates how much air • time available for the mixture preparation i.e.
can flow in. atomization, mixing and the vaporization
• If the choke is closed, less air flows • Temperature of the incoming air
down through the pipe and the • quality of the fuel supply
venturi sucks in more fuel, so the • design of combustion chamber and induction
engine gets a fuel-rich mixture system
• Simple Carburetor:
• P rovide air-fuel mixture for all operating conditions
• Carburetor depression is pressure differential in the float chamber and
venture throat which causes discharge of fuel into the air stream
• Flow is controlled by small hole of fuel passage
• P ressure at the throat at the fully open throttle condition lies between 4
and 5 cm of Hg and seldom exceeds 8 cm Hg
• Drawback of simple carburetor is that it provides too rich and too lean
mixture due to vacuum created at the throat is too high and too small
which is undesirable.

Simple jet engine • Intake

• Compressor
• Combustion chamber
• Turbine
• nozzle


Pulse jet engine

• Inlet diffuser , valve grid loaded
with spring , Combustion
chamber, spark plug, nozzle
• When certain pressure drop exits
across the valve grid it open
• P ressurized air get ignited
• Expands jet through nozzle
• Firing the combustor is
intermittent (irregular )
• well suited for low speed
• Cheap engine

Turbo jet engine Turbo prop engine

Disadvantage
Advantage
• Lower frontal area – less drag • P ropulsive efficiency is less at Advantage Disadvantage
• Suitable for long distance , higher lower speed • P ropulsive efficiency is high • P rofile drag – propeller
altitude and speeds • TSFC is high at low speeds • The TSFC based on thrust is low • Reduction gear arrangement is
• Can operate at static condition has • Not economical for short range • High acceleration – shorter run required
compressor • Long run way required for lower way • If the speed increases the
• Reheat can be possible acceleration • Thrust reversal is possible by efficiency decreases drastically
• Diffuser supports the compressor • Sudden decrease in speed is varying speed • High frontal area
difficult to achieve • Engine design is complicated
Pulse jet engine

Ram jet engine
Advantage Disadvantage Disadvantage
Advantage
• P ay load capacity is very high • A starting device is required • High pay load capacity • Limited speed
• Suitable for propelling • Altitude limitation is there • Simple construction • Limited altitude
supersonic missiles • TSFC is high • Less profile drag • Noise will be - high intermittent
• Less frontal area – less drag • Nozzle erosion will be more • Mechanical efficiency is high combustion
• High mechanical efficiency ( less • Nozzle erosion
moving parts )
• High temperature and pressure
can be employed

USE OF PROPELLER for THRUST PRODUCTION • At any RPM, different section of the
propeller are at different angles of
attack.
• The cross section of propeller blade
is an airfoil. • To remedy this, the airfoil sections are
varied along the propeller.
• As the propeller rotates through the
air, it generates lift, • So the propeller is practically twisted
along its length, with the root at higher
• which becomes thrust as the it is angle of attack.
directed forwards rather than
vertically upwards as in aircraft
wing
• the pitch of the propeller blades can be

varied in flight.
• the airfoils are changed along the
length (thinner ones are near tip). • propeller that is set pa rallel to the ai rflow.
This is done usually in order to reduce drag
in case of engine failure.
• During normal operation, the blades will not
be in feathered position
• In airc ra ft, propeller pitch is changed with
speed,
• with fine pitch at low speeds and strong
accele ration (like take off) and a coarse pitch
for high speed (cruise).
• In most aircraft, the propeller pitch settings
are adjusted automatically by a governor
according to requirements.

Types of propeller
• Fixed pitch: The propeller is made in one piece.
Only one pitch setting is possible and is usually
two blades propeller and is often made of wood
or metal. Number of blade concept
• Wooden Propellers : Wooden propellers were used
almost exclusively on personal and business aircraft • A 2-blade propeller produces • Thrust production as well as power
prior to World War II
• Metal Propellers : During 1940 , solid steel
two pressure pulses per consumption are linked to the
propellers were made for military use. revolution, where a 3-blade blade's area.
• Ground adjustable pitch: The pitch setting can propeller will produce three • We should understand that if we add
be adjusted only with tools on the ground smaller pulses per revolution (for blades we'll probably need to reduce
before the engine is running. the same amount of total thrust) the blade's area in order to keep thrust
which is inherently smoother and and power in the same range.
therefore quieter.
Types of propeller
• Two-position : A propeller which can have its pitch changed from one position
to one other angle by the pilot while in flight.
• Controllable pitch: The pilot can change the pitch of the propeller in flight or
while operating the engine by m ean of a pitch changing mechanism thatmay be
operated by hydraulically.
• Constant speed : The constant speed propeller utilizes a hy draulically or
electrically operated pitch changing mechanism which is controlled by governor
• Full Feathering : A constant speed propeller which has the ability to turn edge to
the wind and thereby elim inate drag and windmilling in the event of engine
failure
• Reversing : A constant speed propeller which has the ability to assume a
negative blade angle and produce a reversing thrust
• Beta Control : A propeller which allows the manual repositioning of the
propeller blade angle beyond the normal low pitch stop

• Rocket Propulsion
FORCES ACTING ON A PROPELLER : basic forces act on the blades of an aircraft propeller in motion. Comparison • Vehicle carries own fuel and oxidizer, propellant to generate
thrust:
Thrust bending force Thrust loads on the • Air-Breathing Systems
blades, in reaction to the force pushing the air • Can operate outside of the Earth’s atmosphere
• Also called duct propulsion. • Launch vehicles, upper stages, Earth orbiting satellites and
backwards, act to bend the blades forward
• Vehicle carries own fuel , Use surrounding air (an interplanetary spacecraft
Centri fugal and aerodynamic twisting forc es oxidizer) for thrust generation • No altitude limitation
In the propeller it acts to twist the blades to a • Thrust increases slightly with altitude
• Gas turbine engines on aircraft
fine pitch. The aerodynamic centre of pressure
• Altitude limitation • Rate of climb increases with altitude
is therefore usually arranged to be slightly
• Thrust decreases with altitude • Engine has no ram drag ; constant thrust with speed
forward of its mechanical centreline
• Flight speed not limited can be greater than jet velocity
Centri fugal force The force felt by the blades • Rate of climb decreases with altitude
• Low efficiency except at extremely high flight speed for small
acting to pull them away from the hub when • Engine ram drag increases with flight speed duration
turning. • Flight speed always less than jet velocity
Torque bending force : Ai r resistance acting • Reasonable efficiency and flight duration
against the blades, combined with inertial
effec ts causes propeller blades to bend away
from the direction of rotation.
What is propulsion ?
• Based on application
• Act of changing the motion of a body. C lassification : Space , military, weather , booster
• Propulsion mechanism provide a forc e that moves bodies that are initially at
rest, changes a velocity, or overcome reta rding force when a body is
propelled through a medium.
1. Chemical rocket engines • Based on stages
2. Nuclear rocket engine Single , multi stage
3. Electrical rocket engine
• Based on range
4. Solar rocket engine
short range small
Chemical long range larger
1. Liquid propellant rocket engine
2. Solid propellant rocket engine
3. Hybrid propellant rocket engine
Newton's Third Law “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF ROCKET

A History of Rocketry
• A rocket is like a chamber enclosing a gas under
• China (300 B.C.)
Dr . Goddar d pressure.
goddar d.littleto
• Earliest recorded use of rockets npublicschools
• A small opening at one end of the chamber allows
.net
• Black powder
the gas to escape
• Russia (early 1900’s)
• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky • provides a thrust that propels the rocket in the
• Orbital mechanics, rocket equation opposite direction.
• United States (1920’s)
• Robert Goddard • A good example of this is a balloon. Air inside a
• First liquid fueled rocket (1926) balloon is compressed by the balloon's rubber wall.
• Germany (1940’s) • When the nozzle is released, air escapes through it
• Wernher von Braun
• V-2
and the balloon is propelled in the opposite direction.
• Hermann Oberth
Dr . von Br aun
Pr of. Tsiolkovsky
Newton's Law
Rocket engines
• The only known way to meet space-flight velocity requirem ents is through
the use of the rocket in one of its several forms.
• Rocket thrust is the reaction force produced by expelling particles at high
velocity from a nozzle opening.
• These expelled particles may be solid, liquid, gaseous, or even bundles of
radiant energy.
• Because of this fundamental fact, a prime criterion for rating rocket
performance is specific impulse, which provides an index of the efficiency
with which a rocket uses its supply of propellant or working fluid for thrust
production.
• For gaseous working fluids, specific impulse can be increased by (1)
attaining higher temperatures in the combustion chamber and (2) increasing
the proportion of lighter gases, preferably hydrogen, in the exhaust.

Rocket Propulsion Liquid propellant rocket engine

Principle: • Construction
• It consists of combustion chamber and an expanding nozzle. • Liquid oxygen and liquid fuel is stored in different tank separately
• Pre heater is used to heat the fuel and oxidizer
• Nozzle is used to increase the velocity & decreases the pressure of the gases
• The fuel and oxidant, when ignited cause the combustion to proceed at a very fast
rate. • Working
• Oxidizer and fuel are pumped separately in to a combustion chamber through
the control valve
• The exhaust gases produce the required propulsive forces.
• Since oxidizer and fuel stored at very low temperature they are pre heated with
suitable pre heaters
• In other words propellant gases, that are generated in the CC are expanded in a • Then injected in to the combustion chamber & combustion take place
nozzle to a supersonic velocity. The high velocity gases going out of nozzle produce • The combustion gas allowed to expand through nozzle
the thrust and propel the rocket • The nozzle , pressure energy is converted in to KE , gas coming out of the unit
with very high velocity
• Thrust produced at opposite direction and propels the rocket
• Advantage
• Can be reused after recovery
• Combustion is controlled very easily by control valve
• Speed regulation is possible by varying the mixture
• High specific impulse
• More economical for long range operation
• Accidents can be rectified at any stage
• Disadvantages
• Construction is complicated than solid rockets
• Handling problem if the fuel is poisonous or corrosive
• Size and weight of engine is more
• High vibration
• Fuel can exist in liquid form only at low temperature so proper insulation
needed

Properties of liquid propellant

Propellant feed system
• Propellant should have high CV
• Its density should be high • High pressure
• It should have low value of vapor pressure and viscosity
• Should have high specific heat and thermal conductivity
1. Gas pressure feed system
• Low Molecular weight
• No corrosive & nor reactive wit engine components 2. Turbo pump feed system
• Should not poisonous
• Easily ignitable
• Cheap and easily available
Gas pressure feed system Turbo pump feed system

• Inert gas at high pressure
• Single turbine and dual
• Gas is chosen based on chemical
• Reduction gear
properties, density, pressure and
• Gas generator
weight
• Nitrogen, helium and air • 1.5 to 5% of propellants
• No moving parts • Solid propellant can also be
• Pressurization of tank
used
• Weight penalty
• Positive displacement and
• Pressure can be generated within
centrifugal pump can be used
propellants using gas
• Exothermic reaction with propellant

Oxidizers Fuels
• Liquid oxygen- LOX • Liquid hydrogen
• Cryogenic propellant ( 90K) • Cryogenic propellant (20K)
• Used with a large no. of rocket fuels • Well insulated storage tanks
• Hydrogen peroxide • Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
• With catalyst decomposing into steam and oxygen
• Monopropellant • Hydrazine
• Higher freezing point (274.7K)
• Nitrogen tetroxide
• (294.4K) • UDMH
• Nitric acid • Derivative of hydrazine
• RFNA, WFNA • Freezing point-216K
• The propellant grain is firmly cemented

C l asses of chemical rocket propulsion devices
SOLID-PROPELLANT ROCKET to the inside of the metal or plastic case B. Solid propellant rocket engine:
• This hole, called the perforation, may be
shaped in various ways, as star, gear, or • The propellant to be burned is contained within
other more unusual outlines the combustion chamber or case.
• The perforation shape and dimension
affects the burning rate or number of • The solid propellant charges are called the grain
pounds o f gas generated per second and, and it contains all the chemical elements for
thereby, the thrust of the engine. complete burning.
• After being ignited by a pyrotechnic

device, which is usually triggered by an • Once ignited, it usually burns smoothly at
predetermined rate on all the exposed internal
electrical impulse surfaces of grain.
• The propellant grain burns on the entire
inside surface of the perforation. • The resulting hot gases flows through supersonic
nozzle, thereby imparting thrust to the vehicle.
• The hot combustion gases pass down the
grain and are ejected through the nozzle
to produce thrust.

Thermal Insulation Propellant Grain

• Two main categories
• Design involves:
• Analysis of combustion chamber environment • Double Base: A homogeneous propellant grain, usually
• Stagnation temperature
nitrocellulose dissolved in nitroglycerin. Both ingredients are
• Stagnation pressure explosive and act as a combined fuel, oxidizer and binder
• Propellant gases (material compatibility)
• Selection of insulation material

• Composite: A heterogeneous propellant grain with oxidizer
crystals and powdered fuel held together in a matrix of
• Material thickness determination for various areas of the synthetic rubber binder.
motor case
Conventional Composite Fuels

• Aluminum (Al)
• Fuel • Molecular Weight: 26.98 kg/kmol
5-22% Powdered Aluminum • Density: 2700 kg/m3
• Most commonly used
• Oxidizer
65-70% Ammonium Perchlorate (NH4 ClO4 or AP) • Magnesium (Mg)
• Molecular Weight: 24.32 kg/kmol
• Binder: • Density: 1750 kg/m3
• Clean burning (green)
8-14% Hydroxyl- Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB)
• Beryllium (Be)
• Molecular Weight: 9.01 kg/kmol
• Density: 2300 kg/m3
• Most energetic, but extremely toxic exhaust products

Oxidizers Binders
• Ammonium P erchlorate (AP) • Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB)
• Most commonly used • Most commonly used
• Cl combining with H can form HCl
• Toxic
• P olybutadiene Acrylonitrile (PBAN)
• Depletion of ozone
• Ammonium Nitrate (AN) • Nitrocellulose

• Next most commonly used • Double base agent
• Less expensive than AP
• Less energetic
• No hazardous exhaust products
Hybrid rocket
• Beryllium hydride – fluorine Hybrid Motors
• Lithium hydride – chlorine trifluoride • Combination liquid-solid propellant
• Lithium hydride-nitrogen tetroxide • Solid fuel
• Hydrocarbon – nitrogen tetroxide Oxidizer Tank • Liquid oxidizer
• Hypergolic propellants
 Ignition system not required • Multi-start capability
 Easy to fire Ox Co n tro l Valv e • Terminate flow of oxidizer
 Reaction can be started and
stopped easily
• Fuels consist of rubber or plastic base,
Solid and are inert.
Propellant
• Oxidizers include LO2 , hydrogen

• Hypergolic means get ignited as soon peroxide (H2 O2 ) and nitrous oxide
as oxidizer and fuel come in contact No zzle (NO2 )

CRYOGENICS
Ad vantages of hybrid propellant rockets
• T he word ‘cryogenics’ is derived from Gree k, meaning
“production of freezing cold”.
• Easy thrust control
• No chemical deterioration • cryoge nics is the study of the production and behaviou r of
• Lighter than liquid propellant type materials at very low temperatures (below −150 °C).
• Greater choice in fuel grain selection compared to solid propellant

• In cryogenics absolute temperatu re scales Kelvin (SI units) or
• Less destructive Rankin scale are used
 Oxygen liquefies at -183C(90K)
 Hydrogen liquefies at -253C(20K)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 High Energy per unit mass:
Propellants like oxygen and hydrogen in liquid form give very
high amounts of energy per unit mass due to which the amount
 difficult to store for longer periods
of fuel to be carried aboard the rockets decreases.
 High density requires larger tanks
 Clean Fuels  Highly reactive gases
Hydrogen and oxygen are extremely clean fuels. When they  Leakage problems
combine, they give out only water. T his water is thrown out of  Boil off rate
the nozzle in form of very hot vapour. T hus the rocket is nothing  Zero gravity conditions
but a high burning steam engine
 Economical
Use of oxygen and hydrogen as fuels is very economical, as liquid
oxygen costs less than gasoline.

Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)

Specific Impulse (I or Isp) • SLV-3 was India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle.
• Specific impulse of a rocket engine is the thrust per unit weight flow rate
• It was an all solid, four stage vehicle w eighing 17 tonnes with a h eight
of the propellant. It is best measure of overall performance of rocket motor.
of 22m and capable of placing 40 kg class payloads in Low Earth Orbit.
Isp= F/(wp per sec) • The first experimental flight of SLV-3, in August 1979, was only
The unit of Is p is seconds partially successful.
• SLV-3 was successfully launched on July 18, 1980 from Sriharikota

Range (SHAR), when Rohini satellite, RS-1, was placed in orbit.
• Apart from the July 1980 launch, there were two more launches held
in May 1981 and April 1983, orbiting Rohini satellites carrying remote
sensing sensors.
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

• PSLV, is an expendable launch system Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
• It is the third generation launch vehicle of India. • GS LV has b een us ed in ten launch es to date,
since its first launch in 2001 through to its most
recent launch on May 5, 2017 of the GSAT 9.
• It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid
stages.
• GS LV uses major components that are already
• After its first successful launch in October 1994, PSLV emerged as proven in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
the reliable and versatile workhorse launch vehicle of India. (PSLV) launchers.
• During 1994-2017 period, the vehicle has launched 48 Indian

satellites and 209 satellites for customers from abroad.
• Besides, the vehicle successfully launched two spacecraft –

Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013 –
that later travelled to Moon and Mars respectively

Lift off Wt. : 418 t Payload fairing

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Overall length
Vehicle dia.
: 49 m
: 2.8 m Satellite
GTO P/L : 2 T Payload adaptor
• The first devel opment fl ight of GSLV Mk.I (GSLV-D1) was launched Equipment bay
on 18 April 2001.
GS2, Liquid stage (L37.5)
• The flight carrying GSAT-1 failed to reach the correct orbit.
Vented Inter stage GS3, Cryo stage (C12)
• Attempts to save GSAT-1 by u sing it s own prop uls ion system to
maneuver it into the correct orb it were un successful as it ran o ut of Inter stage
fuel several thousand kilometres below geosynchronous orbit.
Inter stage
• The GSLV became operationa l after a second developmen t fl ight, Solid motor (S139)
which successfully placed GSAT-2 in 2003.
Liquid strap on, (L40), 4 Nos.
25-Oct-18 Dr JVM lal / Aeros pace 113 25-Oct-18 An exploded view

Dr JVM lal / Aeros pace of a vehicle 114
g eosynchronous orbit
• Geostationary Earth orbit (often referred
geosy nchronous equatorial orbit) (GEO)
• Is a circular geosy nchronous orbit 35,786
kilometers (22,236 mi) above the Earth's
equator
While the geostationary orbit lies on the
• A geosy nchronous orbit is an orbit around same plane as the equator, the
Earth of a satellite with an orbital period
that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, geosynchronous satellites has a different
which takes one sidereal day following inclination. This is the key diff erence
the direction of the Earth's rotation between the two types of orbits

• Advantages and disadvantages

of geostationary orbit satellites.
• Long path length, and hence losses

when compared to LEO, or MEO.
Satellites more costly to install in GEO
in view of greater altitude.
• Geostationary satellite orbits can only

be above the equator and therefore polar
regions cannot be covered.

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Dept.

A EROSPACE POWER PLANT

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 1

Basic on engine concepts SI vs. CI Engines

Spark and Compression Ignition Basic components of piston engine :

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 2

C ylinder block C ylinder head

Piston Piston rings

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 3

C onnecting rod C rankshaft

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 4

Push rod and cam Engine Classifications

Cylinder Arrangement Engine Cooling

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 5

TDC top dead center

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 6

Opposite cylinder V type

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 7

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 8

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 9

Exhaust Compression Stroke

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 10

Calorific value of fuel valve timing diagram

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 11

Port timing diagram for 2 stroke diesel engine

• The Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion engine using an

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 12

Principle • The process of preparing a flammable fuel-air

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 13

Simple jet engine • Intake

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 14

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 15

Pulse jet engine

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 16

Turbo jet engine Turbo prop engine

Pulse jet engine

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 17

• the pitch of the propeller blades can be

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 18

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 19

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 20

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF ROCKET

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 21

Rocket Propulsion Liquid propellant rocket engine

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 22

Properties of liquid propellant

Gas pressure feed system Turbo pump feed system

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 23

• The propellant grain is firmly cemented

• After being ignited by a pyrotechnic

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 24

Thermal Insulation Propellant Grain

• Selection of insulation material

Conventional Composite Fuels

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 25

• Ammonium Nitrate (AN) • Nitrocellulose

• Oxidizers include LO2 , hydrogen

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 26

• Greater choice in fuel grain selection compared to solid propellant

 Oxygen liquefies at -183C(90K)

 Hydrogen liquefies at -253C(20K)

HOD / Aerospace /Dr JVM LAL 27

Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)