17th IFAC Conference on Technology, Culture and International

17th IFAC Conference on Technology, Culture and International

Stability
17th IFAC Conference on Technology, Culture and International
Stability
17th IFAC26-28,
October Conference on Technology,
2016. Durrës, Culture and
Albania Available International
Stability online at www.sciencedirect.com
October 26-28, 2016. Durrës, Albania
Stability
October 26-28, 2016. Durrës, Albania
October 26-28, 2016. Durrës, Albania
ScienceDirect
IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-29 (2016) 320–324
Public
Public Space,
Space, public
public interest
interest and
and Challenges
Challenges of
of Urban
Urban Transformation
Transformation
Public
Public Space, public interest and Challenges of Urban Transformation
Space, public interest and Challenges of Urban Transformation
Binak Beqaj
Binak
Binak Beqaj
Beqaj
Binak Beqaj
e-mail: bbeqaj@ubt-uni.net
e-mail: bbeqaj@ubt-uni.net
e-mail: bbeqaj@ubt-uni.net
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
e-mail: bbeqaj@ubt-uni.net
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract-It’s more than evident that urban growth and spatial, social transformations through it, were followed with non-
Abstract-It’s more more thanthan evident
evident that
that urban
urban growth
growth and spatial, social transformations
and spatial, transformations through through it, it, were
were followed
followed with with non-
non-
adequate
Abstract-It’s dynamics of urban planning as process and as result ofsocial
that some parts of urban areas have been more degraded than
adequate
Abstract-It’s more of
dynamics than evident
urban that urban
planning as growth
process and and
as spatial,
result ofsocial
that transformations
some parts of through
urban areas it,have
were followed
been more with non-than
degraded
adequate dynamics
sustainably developed, of urban planning
especially someasofprocess
public and as result
spaces of that
in urban some
areas. Those parts of urban areas were
transformations have as been moreof
a result degraded
differentthan
adequate dynamics
sustainably developed, of urban planning
especially someasof ofprocess
public and as result
spaces of that
in urban
urban some
areas. Those parts of urban areas were
transformations have as been moreof degraded
differentthan
sustainably
urban developed,
challenges, especially
especially: some public spaces in areas. Those transformations were as aa result
result of different
sustainably
urban developed,
challenges, especially some of public spaces in urban areas. Those transformations were as a result of different
especially:
urban challenges, especially:and research based on determinative factors for good management of urban growth,
Lack of evaluation
urban challenges, especially:and research based on determinative factors for good management of urban growth,
Lack of evaluation
evaluation
 Lack of institutional and research(different
efficiency based on institutional
determinative factorsforforimplementation
levels), good management of urban growth,
of development policies,
 Lack of evaluationinstitutional and research(different
efficiency based on institutional
determinative factorsforforimplementation
levels), good management of urban growth,
of development policies,
 Lack of institutional
policy instrumentsefficiency and (different
mechanisms institutional levels),
towards integrated forurban
implementation
planning, of development policies,
 Lack of institutional
policy efficiency
instruments and (different
mechanisms institutional
towards levels), forurban
integrated implementation
planning, of development policies,
 Lack of institutional
policy instruments and mechanisms
coordination, vertical and towards integrated
horizontal urban planning,
relationships, during planning process
 Lack of institutional
policy instruments and mechanisms
coordination, vertical and towards
and integrated
horizontal urban planning,
relationships, during planning
planning processprocess
 Lack of institutional coordination, vertical horizontal relationships, during
Focus  of Lack of institutional
this paper is based oncoordination,
question: How vertical
urbanand horizontal relationships,
transformation using innovative during andplanning process methods, can affect
interdisciplinary
Focus of
Focus of this
this paper
paper is based on on question:
question: How How urbanurban transformation
transformation usingusing innovative
innovative and and interdisciplinary
interdisciplinary methods, methods, can can affect
affect
public urban spacesisinbased relation with public policy? (Study cases from Prishtina and Skopje).
Focus
public of
urbanthis spaces
paper isinbased on with
relation question:
public How urban(Study
policy? transformation
cases from using innovative
Prishtina and and interdisciplinary methods, can affect
Skopje).
public urban spaces in relation with public policy? (Study cases from Prishtina and Skopje).
© 2016,urban
public IFACspaces(International
in relationFederation
with public of Automatic
policy? (StudyControl)cases
Hosting
from byPrishtina
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
and Skopje).
Keywords: growth, space, urban, public, planning, policy, institutional, interest, challenges, competitive, transformation
Keywords: growth, space, urban, public, planning, policy, institutional, interest,
Keywords: growth, space, urban, public, planning, policy, institutional, interest, challenges, competitive, challenges, competitive, transformation
transformation
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: growth, space, urban, public, planning, policy, institutional, interest, challenges, competitive, transformation
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Skopje (Macedonia), respectively some of their public urban
Skopje (Macedonia),
Skopje (Macedonia), respectively some some of theirtheir public
public urban
urban
spaces in relation withrespectively
their territoriality,ofvisible and non-
Skopje
spaces
spaces in (Macedonia),
in relation
relation with respectively
their some
territoriality, of their
visible public
and urban
non-
1. INTRODUCTION visible borders andwith their territoriality,
interconnectivity. For visible
evaluation and are
non-
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION spaces
visible in relation
borders andwith their territoriality,
interconnectivity. For visible
evaluation and are
non-
visible
considered:borders and interconnectivity. For evaluation are
As can1. beINTRODUCTION
seen from literature review the mining and the visible
considered:borders and interconnectivity. For evaluation are
As can
can bebe seen
seen from
from literature
literature review
review the mining mining and the the  Road’s and paths through them
considered:
As
role of public urban spaces in the city the is complex,and “These  Road’s and
considered: and paths through
through them
As
rolecan be seenurban
of public
public fromspaces
literature review
in the
the city the mining and
is complex,
complex, the
“These  Road’s
Boulevard’spaths and squares them
role of
dynamic spaces urban
are an spaces in
essential city is
counterfort to the “These
more  Road’s
Boulevard’s and paths
and through them
squares
role of public
dynamic spaces urban
are an spaces
an in thecounterfort
essential city is complex,
counterfort the “These
to the more  Greenery
Boulevard’s andand squares
recreation
dynamic
settled spaces
places andareroutinesessential
of work and hometolife, more  Greenery

Boulevard’s
Greenery andand
and
squares
recreation
recreation
dynamic spaces
settled places
places and are an essential
and routines of of work counterfort
work and and home to
home life, the
life, more
settled
providing channelsroutines
for movement, the nodes of Because thoseGreenery and recreation
categories are considered as dominant public
settled
providingplaces and routines
channels of work the
for movement,
movement, andnodes
home of life, Because those those categories
categories are are considered
considered as as dominant public public
providing
communication, channels andfor the common ground the nodes for of
play and Because
spaces in the city, they are interrelated withdominant
each other based
providing
communication, channels and for
the movement,
common the nodes
ground for of
play and Because
spaces in those
the categories
city, they are are considered
interrelated as
with dominant
each other public
based
communication,
recreation” (Stephenand theCarr, common ground for
1993, “Public playpp
space” and3). spaces
on in thefunctional
different city, they andare interrelated
organizational withlevels
eachof other
the based
city
communication,
recreation” (Stephen
(Stephenand theCarr, common ground for
1993, “Public
“Public playpp
space” and3). spaces
on in thefunctional
different city, they andare interrelated
organizational withlevels
eachof other
the based
city
recreation”
Considering, cities asCarr,urban1993,
areas, especially space”
theirpp 3).
public on
lifedifferent
and are functional
target of and
public organizational
policy under levels of
transformation the city
recreation”
Considering,(Stephencities asasCarr,
urban1993,
areas,“Public
especially space”
theirpp 3).
public on
lifedifferent
and are functional
target of and organizational
public policy under levels of the city
transformation
Considering,
spaces are places cities urban
of: funning, areas,
loving,especially
working, their public
reading life and too.
process are target of public policy under transformation
Considering,
spaces are
spaces are places citiesof:asfunning,
places urban areas,
funning, loving,especially
working, their public
reading life and too.
process are target of public policy under transformation
too.
trading, debating, of: argumenting, loving,
policyworking,
doing; inreadinggeneral process
spaces
trading, are places of:
debating, funning, loving,
argumenting, policy working,
doing; in reading
general process too.
trading,
city and debating,
its public argumenting,
spaces are places policywheredoing; arein general to
supposed
trading,
and debating,
city and public argumenting,
its public spaces are policy
are places wheredoing; arein general to
supposed
city
be its
fulfilled: emotional,spaces socialplaces where
and physical are
needs supposed
for bothto 2. STATE OF THE ART
city
be and its public
fulfilled: emotional,spaces are places
social and where are
physical needs supposed bothto
for both 2. STATE
STATE OF OF THETHE ART ART
be fulfilled:
residents andemotional,
visitors there. socialAtandwhatphysical
level are needs for
fulfilled 2.
be fulfilled:
residents and emotional,
visitors social
there. At and
whatphysical
level needs
are for both
fulfilled The 2.
meaningSTATE of OF
urban THE
area ART
is structured by functionality of
residents
those needs, anditvisitors
depends there.
whatAt arewhat
publiclevel are fulfilled
institutional
residents
those needs, anditvisitors
depends there.
what At
are what
publiclevel are fulfilled
institutional The meaning
The meaning of of urban
urban area
area is is structured
structured by by functionality
functionality of of
those needs,
policies it depends
and which what are public
the development visioninstitutional
for urban buildings and sites “Buildings are constructed and sites are
those needs,
policies and it depends
which the what are
development publicvisioninstitutional
for urban The meaning
buildings and of urban
sites area is structured
“Buildings are by functionality
constructed and sites of
are
policies and
planning which the
especially development
related to management vision for urbangrowth
of rapid buildings and
developed sites that
in ways “Buildings are constructed
are sensitively to both the andhistorical
sites are
policies
planningand which the
especially development
related to management
managementvision for urbangrowth
of rapid
rapid buildings
developedand sites that
in ways
ways “Buildings are constructed
are sensitively
sensitively to both
both the andhistorical
the sites are
planning
of the cities especially
and theirrelated to
consequences to the city of growth developed
and in
contemporary that are
context” (James A. LaGro to historical
Jr, “Site
planning
of the citiesespecially
and theirrelated to management
consequences to the of rapid growth
city developed
and in ways context”
contemporary that are sensitively
(James A. to bothJr,
LaGro the“Site
historical
of the cities and their consequences to the city
functionalization. and contemporary
Analysis: Informingcontext” (James A. LaGro
Context-Sensitive Jr, “Site Site
and Sustainable
of the cities and their consequences to the city
functionalization. and contemporary
Analysis: Informingcontext” (James A. LaGro
Context-Sensitive Jr, “Site Site
and Sustainable
Sustainable
functionalization.
The urban society in general, especially institutions dealing Analysis:
Planning Informing
and Design”, Context-Sensitive
pp 216). This paper, and is based onSite
functionalization.
The urban
urban society
society in general,
general, especially
especially institutions
institutions dealing Analysis:
Planning Informing
and
Planning literature Design”,
and Design”, Context-Sensitive
pp 216).
ppfor
216). This and
paper,
This paper, Sustainable
is based on
is based onSite
The
with planning and in development; have their concernsdealing systemic review general overview related to
The
with urban
planning society
and in general, especially
development; have their institutions
their concernsdealing Planning
systemic and Design”,
literature review pp 216).
for This
general paper,
overview is based
related onto
with planning
regarding urban and development;
rapid growth which have is happeningconcerns in systemic
public spaces literature reviewcities
and happy for general
“We alloverview
translate related
our ownto
with planning
regarding urban and development;
rapid growth haveistheir
which concerns
happening in systemic
public literature
spaces and reviewcities
happy for general
“We alloverview
translate related
our own to
regarding urban
continuity (in time rapid
andgrowth
space) which is happening
especially in developing in public
ideas ofspaces
happinessand happy citiesIt“We
into form. all translate
happens when you ourlandscape
own
regarding
continuity urban
(in timerapid
and growth
space) which is happening
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ideas of ofspaces
happinessand happy citiesIt“We
into form.
form. all translate
happens when you ourlandscape
you own
continuity (in time andalso
countries considering space)
“ A especially
multiplicity in of
developing
divergent ideas
your happiness
garden or choseintowhere toIt happens
live” when
(Charles M. landscape
continuity
countries (in time andalso
considering space)
“ A especially
multiplicity in of
developing
divergent ideas
your of happiness
garden or choseintowhere
form.toItlive”happens whenM.
(Charles you landscape
countries considering
meanings attached to public,also “ Apublic
multiplicity
space and of divergent
the public your garden or chose
“Transforming our liveswhere to live”
through (Charles
urban design”,M. pp 18),
countries
meanings considering
attached to also “ Apublic
to public,
public, multiplicity
space and of divergent
and the public
public your garden or chose
“Transforming our liveswhere
lives to live”
through (Charles
urban design”,M. pp 18),
meanings
sphere” ( Sethaattached L, Neil S, “The public space
politics of public the space” “Transforming
study cases andour research through
of publicurban opinion relatedpp
design”, to18),
the
meanings
sphere” ( attached
Setha L, to public,
Neil S, “Thepublic space
politics of and
public thespace”
public “Transforming
study
study cases and our lives
research through
of public urban
opinion design”,
related pp
to18),
the
sphere”
pp3). , as( good
Sethatreated
L, Neilthematics
S, “The politics
for countriesof public space”
in transition urban cases and research
developments of publicand
in Prishtina opinion
Skopjerelated to
and spatial the
sphere”
pp3). , as ( Setha
good L, Neil
treated S, “The
thematics politics
for of
countries publicin space”
transition study
urban cases and research
developments in of publicand
Prishtina opinion
Skopje related
and to the
spatial
pp3). , as
treated from good treated thematics
developed countries,for countries
while in most in cases
transition urban developments
transformations of somein Prishtina
public spacesand Skopje and spatial and
their functionality
pp3).
treated, as
from good treated thematics
developed countries,for countries
while in most
most in cases
transition urban developments
transformations of somein Prishtina
some public spacesand Skopje
spaces and spatial and
their functionality
functionality
treated
countries from developed
under development countries, while
are experienced in cases
without transformations
their integration of with other public
parts. their and
treated
countries from developed
under development countries, while in most
are experienced
experienced cases
without transformations
their integration of some
with otherpublic
parts. spaces their functionality and
countries
adequate under
urban development
planning are
and without adequatewithout institutional their integration with other parts.
countries
adequate under planning
urban development and are experienced
without adequate without
institutional their integration with other parts.
adequate
mechanisms urbanforplanning
this process and too.
without
As itadequate
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from Their rationale modelling, planning and design and their
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As adequate
it can be institutional
seen from Their rationale
Their rationale modelling,
modelling, planning
planning and and design and and their
their
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selected studyforcasesthis city
process too. As it(Kosova)
of Prishtina can be seen and from
city of massive use by citizens, depends mostly design
from the quality of
mechanisms
selected study forcases
this city
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of too. As it(Kosova)
Prishtina can be seen and from
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use by
use by modelling,
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depends
depends and
mostly
mostly design
from
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the their
quality
thespaces
quality of of
selected study cases city of Prishtina (Kosova) and city of public policy and approach towards public urban
selected study cases city of Prishtina (Kosova) and city of massive
public use by
policy andcitizens,
approach depends
towards mostly
public from
urbanthespaces
quality of
public policy and approach towards public urban spaces
public policy and approach towards public urban spaces
Copyright
2405-8963 ©© 2016,
2016 IFAC 320Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control)
Copyright © 2016 IFAC 320
Copyright
Peer review©under
2016 responsibility
IFAC 320Control.
of International Federation of Automatic
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10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.11.087 320
 2017 IFAC TECIS
October 26-28, 2016. Durrës, Albania Binak Beqaj et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-29 (2016) 320–324 321

“Institutional, group and network, exogenous, rational actor,
ideas based” (Peter John, “Analyzing public policy”, pp12)
indicators related to their quality. Evaluating the development
and transformative process for public spaces of both cities
Prishtina and Skopje, are identified some strengths as below:
 Lack of using multiply political instruments for
developing those urban spaces with the aim that
those will complete each other in transformation
process
 Lack of continual improvements, based on
development dynamics
 Lack of institutional coordination “up-down”
 Lack of specific development urban programs for
specific urban spatial issues
 Lack of adequate inclusiveness of involved partners
in the process
faculty of Architecture), related to the question about where
do they spent they daily time (more than five hours during
the day) using public spaces of the city, results are presented
in Fig.1 and they show that: “Roads & paths” mostly are
frequented by young and medium age of citizens, “Squares
and boulevards” partially are used by elders, while “Greenery
and recreation” are used dominantly by young people,
children’s and elders. Resuming the survey about this
question, can be concluded that “Squares and boulevards” are
the most frequented urban public spaces in use by all
categories of citizens except children’s. From those analyses
is understandable permanent focus on the urban planning
issue that because of fact that different public spaces are
places where different daily activities by different age
categories of citizens are going on, those should be integrated
with each other too

In the same time answers to those strengths for societies in

transition (like Kosova and Macedonia) are also challenges
urban development too. Coming back to the question: How
urban transformation using innovative and interdisciplinary
methods, can affect public urban spaces in relation with
public policy? The proper approach to this can be considered:
use of international development experiences from this field,
improving institutional structures and expertize and treatment
of specific spatial and social circumstances in the field.

3. RESEARCH
Treating this problematic issues of Public Space and
Challenges of Urban Transformation, the evaluation and
research was based on considering the mixture of typologies
on urban planning “Synoptic, progressive, transactive,
advocative, radical” (Binak Beqaj “Zhvillimi urban,
planifikimi dhe dizajni”, pp104) and on spatial analyses of
city central area for Prishtina and Skopje, considering their
functional use from different community categories as
contribution on spatial and social transformation of selected
urban areas. The research was developed interviewing
different groups of citizens about their daily use of urban
public spaces and about distribution of their main activities
using those public spaces and then evaluating statistical data
through comparative research methodology, related to: Fig.1. Time using different public spaces by different age
 Peoples concentration in public spaces on daily groups of citizens in Prishtina and Skopje (source: survey
bases done in April 2015)
 The structure of people using public spaces
 The variety and intensity of contacts between people 3.2. Intensity and types of contacts
there
 Multiple activities and quality of public spaces-their
practical usefulness Intensity and types of contacts between citizens using public
urban spaces in selected two cities are presented in Fig.2.
First of all are identified three main types of contacts between
3.1. The research concept citizens:
 Passive (ad- hock)
The research concept and research findings are based on  Of work (business)
considering cities as “Most complex artefacts” (Robert C,  Familiar
“The Dictionary of Urbanism”, pp 15), they are interesting
to be used by citizens. Through, survey done involving As it can be seen from Fig.2 most intensive type of contact is
different categories of citizens( interviewing 300 citizens of “familiar contacts” and this associated with close friendship
different categories in each city, using specific questionnaire too. It might be that this is as reflection of traditional local
forms, developed by three students groups involved from culture of citizens for using public spaces as places for mass
2017 IFAC TECIS
322
October 26-28, 2016. Durrës, Albania Binak Beqaj et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-29 (2016) 320–324
communication between each other. From this part of survey
can be concluded that public spaces should be well
modulated in spatial and multifunctional sense.
Fig.2. Types of contacts between citizens and types of main
activities for using public urban spaces, Prishtina and Skopje
based on their quality (adopted from: Jan Gehl, “Life
between buildings using public space”, pp11)
3.3. The literature review
From the literature review, regarding thematic issue, is
evident that quality of urban public spaces is closely related
to the framework of activities which can be developed there.
As presented in Fig.3 can be summarized that as much public
spaces are qualitatively organized that much they can be
multy-functional dedicated spaces, for “Optional” and
“Social” activities there, while for “Necessary” activities that
precondition doesn’t matter to much. From analyses can be
concluded that quality of design and urban planning for
public spaces can be based on three main factors in relation
with citizens:
 Usefulness
 Inclusiveness
 Access and equity
3.4. Distribution of citizen’s activities
Distribution of citizen’s activities on daily bases for using
public urban spaces, as presented in Fig.4 can be seen that in
the morning are dominant “Necessary activities” in which
are supposed to be involved mainly medium age of people, in
the afternoon there is a mixture of “Optional activities” and
“Social activities” in which are supposed to be involved
diverse age groups of people while in the evening are
dominant “social activities”, in which are supposed to be
involved mainly medium age and elders.
Considering results presented on Fig.4, is evident that in all
daily- time period of activities are dominant “Social
activities”. Based on this can be summarized that
development urban policies should carefully fulfill needs of
different groups of citizens offering diversity of use of public
urban spaces in city center through multifunctional approach.
Fig.4. Distribution of citizen’s activities on daily bases for
using public urban spaces in Prishtina and Skopje (source:
survey done in April 2015)
The aim of the study (research) was that through this paper to
argument as much as possible that competitiveness on urban
development for the cities (especially through its urban
public spaces), in countries under development should be
developed using as well harmonized of local specifics with
international good experiences as direct contribution to the
quality of citizens urban life.
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Public spaces are essential part of the image of the city as
“Apparent, legible, or visible” (Kevin L, “The Image of the
 2017 IFAC TECIS
October 26-28, 2016. Durrës, Albania Binak Beqaj et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-29 (2016) 320–324 323
City”, pp 10,). As it can be seen in both cities Prishtina and
Skopje, because of fast development urban dynamics, urban
planning as instrument of spatial regulation, is becoming
insufficient on adequate treating and defending of public
interest in the city especially related to public spaces as most
diverse and frequented urban areas; as result of mass capital
flow and investments followed by non-articulated plural
interests of focus groups, not using integrated development
approach and not using good experiences and profile
expertize.
Based on this situation, public urban spaces in the city center
and public life there are becoming poor, without
inclusiveness and pluralism of activities there, while it is well
known that those are some of parameters as measurement of
successful planning and development of public urban spaces!
For better harmonizing of public policies related to public
urban spaces, firstly is needed determination of development
framework:
 Involving central –local institutions
 Involving different community groups of interests
 Developing as process of multiply activities with
clear input/outputs
 Rationalizing development concept for optimal
spatial use
 Planning concept innovation based
The research interest of this paper, is closely related to the
use of innovative design methods therefore is recommended
the structure of urban design based on “ Spatial,
morphological, contextual, visual, perceptual, social,
functional, sustainable” approach and interdisciplinary
planning concept for developing public urban spaces for
better organizing (proofing functional and aesthetic
conditions), sufficient and inclusive their use by different
groups of citizens in different frame times during the day, so
they can offer qualitative and progressive environment,
especially if there are to be considered answers for below
listed questions in relation with public spaces development
and quality standards:
 How much achieved quality can be compared with
the past?
 How much achieved quality can me compared with
the surrounding?
 How much achieved quality fulfill community
needs?
 How much achieved quality fulfills professional
standards?
 How long achieved quality can survive?
 How much achieved quality can be compared with
planned?
 If achieved quality urban life is in line with optimal
quality model?
As mentioned above, can be concluded that a good public
urban spaces in the city are heart of city life because
community there can develop functional and ritual, daily or
periodical activities and they should be well integrated with
other urban parts.
To be achieved this there are recommendations that good
management for transformation and development of public
urban spaces (this process involves different factors:
politician’s, public administrators, professional developers-
planners, designers…) should follow some measures:
 Systemic development and evaluation of public
policies
 Systemic improvement of political instruments
 Measures for growth management
 Always implementing standardization and
regulations
 Measured planning efficiency and institutional
coordination between horizontal and vertical
organizational levels
 Inclusiveness in the urban planning process and
design
Public life in the city, mainly is developing as integral part of
public space, because of that the meaning of mixed-use
development (Frederick Steiner & Kent Butler „Planning
and urban design standards“pp 423), of the space should be:
supportive, democratic and meaningful for community. So,
the following question should be raised, if human
citizenships culture is developing through the public spaces
or there is something more!
Having the answer on urban challenges, the innovative
oriented development urban process for dealing with
development of public urban spaces should go through the
complex concept: historical studies (transformation), social
studies (community needs) and scientific studies (research
and standardization), so that public urban space should be
related as much as possible to the human scale.
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University Press
Setha M. Low, Neil Smith, (2006) “The politics of public
space”, pp 3, Routledge
Peter John, (2012) “Analyzing public policy”, pp 12,
Routledge
Binak Beqaj, (2015) “Urban Development, planning and
design”, pp 104, UBT
Jan Gehl, (2011) “Life between buildings using public
space”, pp 11, Island Press
Jan Gehl, (2010) “Cities for people”, pp 6, Island Press
Charles Montgomery, (2013) “Transforming our lives
through urban design”, pp 18, Dubleday Canada
Binak Beqaj, (2007), “Urban Management”,pp 129 , UBT
Frederick Steiner, Kent Butler (2006) „Planning and Urban
Design Standards“, pp 423, Willey Graphic Standards
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Robert Cowan, (2005), “The Dictionary of Urbanism”, pp

15, Streetwiae press

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James A. LaGro, Jr. (2013), “Site Analysis: Informing

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