Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Geometrical interpretation of
Radial and Oblique Return Methods
PLASTICITY 2000:
“The Eighth International Symposium on Plasticity
and its Current Applications”
Session FA I-1: Computational Plasticity and Viscoplasticity
Whistler, CANADA
July 17-21, 2000
R. M. Brannon
Computational Physics and Mechanics Department, 9232
Sandia National Laboratories*
P.O. Box 5800, MS 0820
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-0820
Sponsors: ARL, DOE
3 3 3
r•s
˜ ˜
means ∑ ri si R:S
˜ ˜
means ∑ ∑ Rij Sij
i=1 i=1j=1
Orthogonal Oblique
projection projection
x x
˜ ˜
b
n ˜
˜ a
p ˜ p
˜ ˜
Plane perpendicular to n Plane perpendicular to b
˜
˜
a(b • x)
p = x – n(n • x) p = x – -----------------------
˜ ˜ ˜-
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ a•b
˜ ˜
Note: b defines the target plane; a defines projection direction.
˜ ˜
A( B: X )
Analog for 9D tensor space: P ( X ) = X – ---------------------
˜ ˜ ˜
˜ ˜ A :B
˜ ˜
Projections are linear. . . P ( α 1 X 1 + α 2 X 2 ) = α 1 P ( X 1 ) + α 2 P ( X 2 )
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
x
˜ If there is a β such that
x = y + βa , then P ( x )=P ( y ) .
y ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
˜
Important: converse is true too!
a
˜
P ( x )=P ( y )
˜ ˜
Known:
B , gradient of yield function ( B ij = ∂f ⁄ ∂σ ij ).
˜
ε˙ , total strain rate.
˜
E , fourth-order elastic tangent stiffness tensor.
˜˜
M , direction of the plastic strain rate.
˜
Unknown:
σ˙ , rate of stress
˜
ε˙ e , elastic part of the strain rate
˜
ε˙ p , plastic part of the strain rate.
˜
λ̇ , magnitude of the plastic part of the strain rate.
Solution:
Note ε˙ e = ε˙ – ε˙ p = ε˙ – λ̇M , so σ˙ = E : ( ε˙ – λ̇M ) . For convenience,
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜˜ ˜ ˜
define σ˙ trial = E :ε˙ and A = E :M . Then σ˙ = σ˙ trial – λ̇ A
˜ ˜˜ ˜
˜˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
Enforce last equation to get B : [ σ˙ trial – λ̇ A ] = 0 . Solve for λ̇ and back
˜ ˜ ˜
B : σ˙ trial
substitute to get solution for stress rate: σ˙ = σ˙ trial – -----------------
˜ ˜ - A .
˜ ˜ B :A ˜
˜ ˜
A( B: X )
σ˙ = P ( σ˙ trial ) where P ( X ) = X – ---------------------
˜ ˜ ˜
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ A :B
˜ ˜
A = E :M
˜ ˜˜ ˜˜
B
˜ ε˙ p =λ̇M
˜ ˜
yield σ˙ trial ∆t
surface ˜
σ˙ ∆t e
σ σ˙ ∆t
p
˜
˜
˜
2˙ p ˙ p 2
γp ≡ ∫ --- ε ′: ε ′ dt =
3˜ ˜
---
3 ∫ ε˙ p ′ dt
˜
S˙
2 2
∆γ p ≡ --- ε˙ ′ – ε˙ e ′ ∆t , or, for isotropic, ∆γ p ≡ --- ε˙ ′ – -------
˜ - ∆t .
3 ˜ ˜ 3 ˜ 2G
Some authors (e.g. Fung, 1965, Lubliner 1990) wrongly claim that
an acceptable alternative Tresca yield function is
BAD
F ( σ ) = [ ( σ 1 – σ 2 ) 2 – 4k 2 ] [ ( σ 2 – σ 3 ) 2 – 4k 2 ] [ ( σ 3 – σ 1 ) 2 – 4k 2 ] . (2)
˜
This is intoxicating because it can be written with invariants as
WORSE
F ( σ ) = 4J 23 – 27J 32 – 36k 2 J 22 + 96k 4 J 2 – 64k 6 (3)
˜
σ 1 ⁄ 2k
where T 1o = T 11 , ξ o = e 1 e 1 , T 2o = T 21 , ξ o = e 2 e 1 , etc.
˜1
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜2 ˜ ˜
where
1
T ( ij ) ≡ --- ( T ij + T ji ) and T [ ij ] ≡ 1--- ( T ij – T ji )
2 2
If the tensor is symmetric, the last three terms are all zero. If the
tensor is skew-symmetric, then the first six terms are all zero and the
last three terms are the components of the axial vector.
T = T ( 11 ) e 1 e 1 + T ( 22 ) e 2 e 2 + T ( 33 ) e 3 e 3
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
+ T ( 23 ) ( e 2 e 3 + e 3 e 2 ) + T ( 31 ) ( e 3 e 1 + e 1 e 3 ) + T ( 12 ) ( e 1 e 2 + e 2 e 1 )
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
+ T [ 32 ] ( e 3 e 2 – e 2 e 3 ) + T [ 13 ] ( e 1 e 3 – e 3 e 1 ) + T [ 21 ] ( e 2 e 1 – e 1 e 2 )
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
Traditional Voigt:
T 1v =T ( 11 ) , T 2v =T ( 22 ) , T 3v =T ( 33 ) , T 4v =T ( 23 ) , T 5v =T ( 31 ) , ...
ξ v =e 1 e 1 , ξ v =e 2 e 2 , ξ v =e 3 e 3 , ξ v = ( e 2 e 3 + e 3 e 2 ) , ξ v = ( e 3 e 1 + e 1 e 3 ) , ...
˜1 ˜ ˜ ˜2 ˜ ˜ ˜3 ˜ ˜ ˜4 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜5 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
9
Then T =
˜ ∑ v ξv .
TK
˜K
K =1
ξv
Mandel basis: ξ m ≡ ------------ ˜K -.
˜K ξv
˜K
T 1m =T ( 11 ), T 2m =T ( 22 ), T 3m =T ( 33 ), T 4m = 2T ( 23 ) , T 5m = 2T ( 31 ) , ...
( e2 e3 + e3 e2 ) ( e3 e1 + e1 e3 )
ξ m =e 1 e 1 , ξ m =e 2 e 2 , ξ m =e 3 e 3 , ξ = -----------------------------------
m ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ , ξ = -----------------------------------
m ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ , ...
˜1 ˜ ˜
˜ ˜2 ˜ ˜
˜ ˜3 ˜ ˜
˜ ˜
˜ 4 2 ˜
˜ 5 2
9 9
Then T =
˜ ∑ mξm ,
TK
˜K
ξ m :ξ m = δ KJ ,
˜K ˜J
and R:S =
˜ ˜ ∑ m Sm
RK K
K =1 K =1
With this orthonormal Mandel basis, the tensor inner product takes a
form that is a direct analog of the ordinary 3D vector inner product
formula that applies when the basis is orthonormal.
ξ1 = e1 e1 , ξ2 = e2 e2 , ξ3 = e3 e3
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
1 1 1
ξ 4 = ------- ( e 2 e 3 + e 3 e 2 ) , ξ 5 = ------- ( e 3 e 1 + e 1 e 3 ) , ξ 6 = ------- ( e 1 e 2 + e 2 e 1 )
˜ 2 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ 2 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ 2 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
1 1 1
ξ 7 = ------- ( e 3 e 2 – e 2 e 3 ) , ξ 8 = ------- ( e 1 e 3 – e 3 e 1 ) , ξ 9 = ------- ( e 2 e 1 – e 1 e 2 )
˜ 2 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ 2 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ 2 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
Stress: σ
˜
1 1
Mean stress: p = --- trσ = --- I :σ (positive in tension)
3 ˜ 3˜ ˜
Stress deviator: S = σ – pI
˜ ˜ ˜
S S S
ˆ
Unit tensor in the direction of S : S ≡ --------- = -------------- = ---˜-
˜ ˜
˜ ˜ S S:S τ
˜ ˜ ˜
Then σ = τSˆ + pI .
˜ ˜ ˜
∂f dτ ∂f dp ∂f ˆ ∂f 1
-------- = ------ ------- + ------ ------- = ------ ( S
Gradient of yield: B = dF ) + ------ --- I
˜ dσ ∂τ dσ ∂p dσ ∂τ ˜ ∂p 3 ˜
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
Let σ t = τ t Sˆ + p t I denote a trial (t) elastic stress.
˜ ˜ ˜
σ t – σ n = βB , or ˆ + ( p t – p n )I = β ∂f
( τ t – τ n )S
∂f 1
------ ( Sˆ ) + ------ --- I
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ∂τ ˜ ∂p 3 ˜
τt – τn ∂f ⁄ ∂τ τ
Therefore ------------------
pt – pn
- = 3 ∂f
---------------- .
⁄ ∂p
trial stress
( p t, τ t )
p or p̂
17 – 2 – 2 λ1 = 9 v 1 = 1--3- { 1, 2, 2 }
˜ 1
[ A ] = – 2 14 – 4 , which has eigenpairs λ 2 = 18 v 2 = ------5- { – 2, 0, 1 }
˜ ˜
– 2 – 4 14 λ 3 = 18 1
v 3 = ---------- { – 2, 5, – 4 }
˜ 3 5
In spectral form, A = λ 1 v 1 v 1 + λ 2 v 2 v 2 + λ 3 v 3 v 3
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
= 9v 1 v 1 + 18 ( v 2 v 2 + v 3 v 3 )
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
P P unique!
˜1 ˜2
x
9 0 0 100 000 P •x ˜
A = 0 18 0 , P = 0 0 0 , and P 2 = 0 1 0 ˜1 ˜
˜ ˜1 ˜ P •x
0 0 18 000 001 ˜2 ˜
E0 E2 E3 0 0 0 Y 11 Y 11
E2 E0 E3 0 0 0 Y 22 Y 22
E3 E3 E1 0 0 0 Y 33 Y 33
= λ ,
0 0 0 E4 0 0 2Y 23 2Y 23 where
0 0 0 0 E5 0 2Y 31 2Y 31 E 1 = E 3333 , E 2 = E 1122 , E 3 = E 1133 ,
0 0 0 0 0 E5 2Y 23 2Y 23 E 4 = 2E 2323 , E 5 = 2E 1212 , E o = E 2 + E 5