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mechanics and with the production of tools, machinery, and their products. the discipline
that applies engineering, physics, engineering mathematics, and materials science principles
The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient
and medieval societies. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287–212 BC) influenced
mechanics in the Western tradition and Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam
engine (Aeolipile). In China, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invented
a seismometer, and Ma Jun (200–265 AD) invented a chariot with differential gears. The medieval
an escapement mechanism into his astronomical clock tower two centuries before escapement
devices were found in medieval European clocks. He also invented the world's first known endless
During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th century), Muslim inventors made remarkable
contributions in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his
famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206 and presented many
mechanical designs. He is also considered to be the inventor of such mechanical devices which
now form the very basic of mechanisms, such as the crankshaft and camshaft.
During the 17th century, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering
occurred in England. Sir Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and
developed Calculus, the mathematical basis of physics. Newton was reluctant to publish his works
for years, but he was finally persuaded to do so by his colleagues, such as Sir Edmond Halley,
much to the benefit of all mankind. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is also credited with creating Calculus
During the early 19th century industrial revolution, machine tools were developed in
England, Germany, and Scotland. This allowed mechanical engineering to develop as a separate
field within engineering. They brought with them manufacturing machines and the engines to
power them. The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in
1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such
professional society Institution of Civil Engineers. On the European continent, Johann von
Zimmermann (1820–1901) founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz, Germany
in 1848.
In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880,
becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil
Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871). The first schools in the
United States to offer an engineering education were the United States Military Academy in 1817,
an institution now known as Norwich Universityin 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in
1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundati on in
unwanted noise
Richard Arkwright (1733–1792) – credited with inventing the spinning frame but most
William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong (1810–1900) – hydraulic power pioneer,
George Herman Babcock (1832–1893) – co-invented an improved safety water tube steam
Joseph Cyril Bamford (1916–2001) – founder of the JCB company, manufacturing heavy
Henry Bessemer (1813–1898) – best known as the creator of the Bessemer Process
John Blenkinsop (1783–1831) – steam locomotive pioneer, developed rack and pinion
railway system
Thomas Bouch (1822–1880) – railway engineer, helped develop the roll-on/roll-off train
ferry
Joseph Bramah (1748–1814) – hydraulic power pioneer and inventor of the hydraulic press
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1805–1859) – design contributions include the Great Western
William Brunton (1777–1851) – early steam power pioneer, inventor of the Brunton's
Mechanical Traveller
David Bushnell (1742–1824) – creator of the Turtle, credited as the first military submarine
Willis Carrier (1876–1950) – pioneered the design and manufacture of modern air
conditioning systems
George Cayley (1773–1857) – aerodynamics pioneer and founding member of the British
of double-helical gears
Joseph Clement (1779–1844) – best known as the maker of Babbage's difference engine
system
Peter Cooper (1791–1883) – designed and built the first American steam locomotive,
the Tom Thumb, and founded the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
Bryan Donkin (1768–1855) – associated with paper making and printing machinery, tinned
food, beam engines, gas valves and the Babbage difference engine; employed on civil
engineering projects such as the Thames Tunnel, Chatham Docks and Caledonian Canal;
member of Royal Society of Arts, Institution of Civil Engineers, and the Smeatonian Society
John Ericsson (1803–1889) – steam engine design, propeller design, iron clad warships
(USS Monitor)
Oliver Evans (1755–1819) – steam power pioneer and inventor, best known for his "Oruktor
Amphibolos"
Company
commercial steamboat
Emile Gagnan (1900–1979) – co-inventor (with Cousteau) of the diving regulator used in
SCUBA equipment
Blasco de Garay (1500–1552) – early steam power pioneer and developer of paddle
locomotives
Daniel Gooch (1816–1889) – first chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway
John Viret Gooch (1812–1900) – locomotive superintendent of the London and South
Western Railway
George B. Grant (1849-1917) - worked on improved calculators and gear industry pioneer
valve gear
Ravi Grover (1949–) – Indian nuclear scientist and mechanical engineer; widely given credit
Goldsworthy Gurney (1793–1875) – inventor and steam power pioneer, known for
William Hedley (1779–1843) – railway pioneer, built the first practical steam
Beulah Louise Henry (1887–1973) – nicknamed "Lady Edison", patents included a bobbin-
Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) – described many inventions including the aeolipile and
the windwheel
Jonathan Hornblower (1753–1815) – steam power pioneer, developed the first compound
steam engine
Elias Howe (1819–1867) – refined Hunt's ideas, was granted the first U.S. patent for a
the Mini
Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752–1834) – invented the Jacquard loom, forerunner of modern
György Jendrassik (1898–1954) – developed first working turboprop engine (the Jendrassik
Cs-1)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) – polymath who invented, among other things,
Andrew Meikle (1719–1811) – contributions include threshing machine and windmill sails
containers
William Murdoch (1754–1839) – associate of Watt, improved steam engine (sun and planet
Matthew Murray (1765–1826) – steam engine designer, built one of the first commercially
James Nasmyth (1808–1890) – inventor of the steam hammer and other important machine
tools
Thomas Newcomen (1664–1729) – inventor of the first practical steam engine for pumping
water
Nicolaus Otto (1832–1891) – developer of the first commercially viable four-stroke engine
Denis Papin (1647–1712) – inventor of the steam digester, forerunner of the steam engine
Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931) – steam and power engineer, inventor of
Agostino Ramelli (c. 1531–1600) – inventor of the bookwheel as well as various water-
John Ramsbottom (1814–1897) – inventor of the tamper-proof spring safety valve and
Thomas Savery (c. 1650–1715) – early steam engine patent holder, author of A Miner's
engine)
Sir William Stanier – Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish
Railway
Su Song (1020–1101) China – first to use an escapement mechanism (see Yi Xing below)
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) – Serbian electrical and mechanical engineer contributing to the
John Tregoning (1840s-1920s) – American mechanical engineer, who wrote the first books
on factory management
Wernher Von Braun (1912–1977); Mechanical Engineer. Space architect credited with
inventing the V-2 rocket for Nazi Germany and the Saturn V for the United States.
James Watt (1736–1819) – inventor of the Watt steam engine whose development helped
Samuel T. Wellman (1847–1919) – inventor and industrialist responsible for numerous steel
industry innovations
container
Zhang Heng – 1st century-2nd century China, inventor of first hydraulic-powered armillary
system is taken to be in its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium, as opposed to a non-
equilibrium state. The thermodynamic system is always enclosed by wallsthat separate it from
its surroundings; these constrain the system. A thermodynamic system is subject to external
interventions called thermodynamic operations; these alter the system's walls or its surroundings;
of thermodynamics. (This account mainly refers to the simplest kind of thermodynamic system;
GAS LAWS
BOYLE’S LAW - The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely related to pressure when the
temperature is constant.
CHARLES’ LAW - the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas, at constant pressure (Pa), is directly
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW - for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the pressure
exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
AVOGADRO’S LAW - the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number
COMBINED AND IDEAL GAS LAWS - or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyle's
Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between the pressure,
Activity –
Particle
Chemical potential kJ/mol
number
Density kg/m3
Enthalpy J
Internal energy J
Internal pressure Pa
Mass kg
Chemical
Particle number –
potential
Pressure Pa
Volume
Temperature K
Entropy
Thermal
K−1
expansion (volumetric)
Vapor quality[2] –
Volume m3
Pressure
Pressure units
v Pascal Bar
Technical Standard
Torr
Pounds per
t atmosphere atmosphere square inch
e (Pa) (bar) (at) (atm) (Torr) (lbf/in 2)
0.000 145 037
1 Pa ≡ 1 N/m2 10−5 1.0197×10 −5 9.8692×10−6 7.5006×10 −3
737 730
≡ 100 kPa
14.503 773 773
1 bar 105 ≡ 1.0197 0.98692 750.06
022
106 dyn/cm2
Conduction is the simplest heat transfer model in terms of being able to create a mathematical
explanation for what's happening. It is the movement of kinetic energy in materials from higher
temperature areas to lower temperature areas through a substance.[3] The molecules will simply
give their energy to adjacent molecules until an equilibrium is reached. Conduction models do not
Convection is heat transfer through fluid (like air or water) motion. The difference between
conduction and convection is the motion of a material carrier; convection is the movement of the
thermal energy by moving hot fluid (as opposed to making other material hot by wiggling atoms).
Usually this motion occurs as a result of differences in density. Warmer particles are less dense,
so particles with higher temperature will move to regions where the temperature is cooler and the
particles with lower temperature will move to areas of higher temperature. The fluid will remain in
does not necessarily require a medium to carry it. This form of energy transfer is facilitated through
a type of electromagnetic radiation.[6] All moving charged particles emit electromagnetic radiation.
This emitted wave will travel until it hits another particle. The particle that receives this radiation
will receive it as kinetic energy. Particles will receive and emit radiation even after everything is at
the same temperature, but it's not noticed due to the fact that the material is at equilibrium at this
point.
This type of heat transfer is particularly important in the setting the temperature of Earth.
Radiation, as heat transfer, is how the Earth gets energy from the sun. Radiation is also important
sublimation.[8] Water takes a fair amount of energy to change phase, so this process
acknowledges that water vapour has a fair amount of energy associated with it. This type of
energy transfer mechanism is often not listed among the different types of transfer mechanism as
KINDS OF ENERGY
Potential Energy = the energy that an object has as the result of its position or state. Some
Kinetic Energy = the energy that appears in the form of an object’s motion. KE = 1/2mv2. Some
Mechanical Energy = kinetic and potential energy (of lifting, bending, stretching or twisting)
Thermal Energy = the total energy of the particles that make up a mass. Thermal energy is
internal.
Heat = is a transfer of energy from one part of a substance to another, or from one object to
another, because of a difference in temperature. Heat is a form of energy associated with the
motion of atoms or molecules and is capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by
conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation. Heat is not
moving charged particles. Light sometimes behaves like particles, called photons, and at other
Chemical Energy = The potential energy held in the covalent bonds between atoms in
Nuclear Energy = energy that is released when the nuclei of atoms are split (fission) or fused
together (fusion).
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
*Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the concept of temperature.
*First law of thermodynamics: When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out
from a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of
energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind (machines that produce work with
the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual motion
machines of the second kind (machines that spontaneously convert thermal energy into
*Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the
temperature approaches absolute zero.[2] With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the
entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the natural