Assignment No.

Ahmad Mustafa
P08-047
Section: A
Engr. Eco

Fast nuces
Question 1
__________________
long term planning
Hide links within definitions

Definition
Exercise aimed at formulating a long-term plan, to meet
future needs estimated usually by extrapolation of present or known
needs. It begins with the current status and charts out a path to the
projected status, and generally includes short-term(operational
or tactical plans) for achieving interim goals.

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/long-term-planning.html#ixzz3q4chhUZj

short term plan

Definition
In general, a plan with a planning horizon of five years or less. Also
called short range plan.
IN our academic study short term plan is less than 1year.

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/short-term-plan.html#ixzz3q4cPBSTJ

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/short-term-plan.html

long term plan

Definition
In general, a plan with a planning horizon of five years or more. Also called long
range plan.
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/long-term-plan.html#ixzz3q4cCiMhi
In our academic discussion long term plan is usually between 5
to 7 years
Question 2
Topic:Merits and Demerits of Centeralization and Decentralization
(De)Centralization
 According to Louis Allen, “Centralization is the systematic and
consistent reservation of authority at central points within an
organization.”
 “Decentralization applies to the systematic delegation of authority
in an organization.”
 According to Henry Fayol ”Every thing that goes to increase the
importance of subordinate’s role is decentralization, every thing
which goes to reduce it is centralization”.

Merits of Centralization
For personal leadership
For integration of efforts
To handle emergencies
Scarcity of managerial manpower
For easy communication and control
To reduce wastage of efforts

Merits Of Decentralization
To reduce work burden of top management
To facilitate growth and diversification
Sometimes, subordinates or lower levels may have more expertise
Stimulus for motivation and also helps develop lower level personnel
Promotes development of general mangers
Demerits of Centralization
Not suitable
for large organizations
for them who produce multiple products
Operating in different geographical location
Increase burden on the top executive
Neglect of human element

Demerits of Decentralization
Not followed properly – inadequate planning and control – create chaos
Increase cost – facilities, training
Require qualified manager – otherwise fail
Require high degree of self-motivation and self-control
May affect external forces – national labor unions, tax policies
Question 3
Topic:What are the leadership styles
Definition:
Leadership style is the manner & approach of providing direction, implementing
plans, & motivating people.

Leadership style in traditional leader ship theory = how you relate to subbordinates.

Leadership Styles:
AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
BUREAUCRATIC LEADERSHIP
CHRISMATIC LEADERSHIP
DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERSHIP
PEOPLE-ORIENTED LEADERSHIP
SERVANT LEADERSHIP
TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP
TASK ORIENTED LEADERSHIP
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Question 4
Topic:Why people join groups

WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS ?

Security
By joining a group, individuals can reduce the insecurity of “standing
alone.” People feel stronger, have fewer self-doubts, and are more
resistant to threats when they are part of a group.
Status
Inclusion in a group that is viewed as important by others provides
recognition and status for its members.
Self-Esteem
Groups can provide people with feelings of self-worth. That is, in
addition to conveying status to those outside the group, membership
can also give increased feelings of worth to the group members
themselves.
Power
What cannot be achieved individually often becomes possible
through group action. There is power in numbers.
Goal Achievement
There are times when it takes more than one person to accomplish a
particular task; there is a need to pool talents, knowledge, or power in
order to complete a job.