Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRACT
Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is an architecture, challenges, opportunities as well as
emerging technique for various underwater various applications
ons in UWSN.
applications such as marine climate observation,
pollution tracking, disaster prevention, underwater Keyword: UWSN, sensor nodes, application of
surveillance etc. And, eachh of these applications UWSN, Acoustic signals.
require Sensor Nodes (SNs) to effectively provide
accurate sensed data. A node must know its own 1. INTRODUCTION
location before sending data to its neighbour. The SNs are mostly battery-powered.
powered. When deplѹed
depl
need for location arises because the number of nodes under the water, SNs can hardly be replaced or
is very large and it is not possible
sible for the base station recharged in this harsh environment, and ambient
to find the nodes’ positions, so the individual node is energy harvesting combined with super-capacitors
super is
required to send location information along with the promising to be applied in UWSNs in the future [1].
observed data to provide exact location to the user, Therefore, energy efficiency
ficiency is fundamental when
which means the node must localize itself. However, designing routing protocols for gathering sensory data
due to the complex ex environment, it is very and routing these data to the sink node. It is worth
challenging to transmit the collected data to the base mentioning that most SNs drifts along with water
station on the surface quickly and effectively. An dynamics, which makes that the task of localising SNs
energy efficient
ficient routing protocol plays a vital role in is very expensive and error-prone
prone [2-4].
[2 This means
data transmission. However, due to the speci specific that packets routing in an end-to-end
end manner may not
characteristics of UWSNs,
SNs, such as dynamic structure, be energy efficient
ficient when the network topology may
narrow bandwidth, rapid energy consumption, and change frequently and dramatically. In this paper, we
high latency, it is difficult
ficult to build routing protocols will study architecture, challenges, opportunities as
for UWSNs. In this article, we focus on surveying well
ell as various applications in UWSN.