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Transition
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T R A N S I T I O N W Under Review
V.S. NAIPAUL,
POSTCOLONIAL MANDARIN
Rob Nixon
With the passing of each decade, Naipaul it is, paradoxically, equally important to
has invested more and more of his energy recognize his impassioned efforts during
in travel writing, producing less and less the late i980s to terminate his travels. His
fiction. During the ten years that followed writing during the early part of the decade
the appearance of his first novel, The Mys- (Among the Believers and the Grenadian es-
tic Masseur (I957), he published nine titles, say, "An Island Betrayed") was cast in
seven of them novels or collections of Naipaul's standard, brittle categories-
short stories. Between i968 and I975, his mimicry, barbarism, world civilization,
industry was split equally between fiction parasitism, and simple societies. But the
and nonfiction, generating two books of split title of Finding the Center: Two Nar-
each. But in the fifteen years since Guerillas
ratives indicated a threshold text: the long
(I975), he has produced only one full novel
travel essay on the Ivory Coast was vin-
(A Bend in the River, I979), while his travel tage, predictable Naipaulia, while the
and autobiographical writings have grown book's other half, "A Prologue to an Au-
ever more prolific. In addition to The tobiography," pulled in a contrary direc-
Enigma of Arrival (I987), a hybrid work of tion, anticipating the new developments
autobiography and fiction, the period that would ensue in The Enigma of Arrival,
since I975 has seen seven works of non- A Turn in the South, and India: A Million
Discussed in fiction: India: A Wounded Civilization Mutinies Now.
this essay
Each
(I977), The Return of Eva Peron (i980), A of his three latest books marks an
India: A Million Congo Diary (i980), Among the Believers attempt to make his peace with one of the
Mutinies Now, (i98i), Finding the Center (I984), A Turn in three cultures that have contributed most
V. S. Naipaul,
New York: Viking
the South (i989), and India: A Million Mu- to his identity-England, Trinidad, and
tinies Now (i990). India. In the process, each includes an el-
A Turn in the South,
While it is crucial to observe Naipaul's ement of muted self-criticism. The Enigma
V. S. Naipaul, New
York: Knopf increasing commitment to travel writing,
of Arrival, as the title intimates, is suffused
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since. His newfound conciliatory mood
toward Trinidad does not prevent him,
however, from reanimating his bigotries
toward the black cultures of the New
World.
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when, in quick succession during the late raphy forecast by that prologue. The book
i980s, he finally swung round to face these mulls over journeying as metaphor and
two societies, the decision marked a major event. Naipaul revisits and reconceives his
departure. Enigma and A Turn in the South I950 passage to England while musing, in
abut postcolonial travel writing somewhat addition, on the unstable sensation of hav-
tangentially: the British book because it is ing "arrived" as a writer, of possessing a
a lightly fictionalized autobiography in career to survey. As, in close succession,
which arrival serves more as metaphor his brother, his sister, and Indira Gandhi
than event, the American book because it
admits only ambiguous continuities with
No other British writer of
Naipaul's postcolonial preoccupations.
But significantly, these experiments with Caribbean or South Asian
a change in locale (from Third World to
ancestry would have
First) have produced sharp shifts in temper
and focus. Naipaul admits a less curbed
chosen a tucked-away
range of emotions, breaking away from Wiltshire perspective
his customary disdain and irritability into
from which to reflect on
tolerance, empathy, tearfulness, deferen-
tial curiosity, even naked delight. the themes of
The new tack really began with Finding immigration and
the Center, the I984 volume that fell into
postcolonial decay
two parts: "Prologue to an Autobiogra-
phy" and the travel essay on the Ivory
Coast. The latter piece, as well as his es- (whom he deeply esteemed) all pass away,
pecially cynical article on Grenada (which the writing becomes shadowed by an
surfaced that year in Harpers and the Lon- alertness to death as the terminal arrival.
don Sunday Times) displayed Naipaul in his Above all, Enigma depicts a homecoming
familiar, hatchet-jobbing self. But "Pro- of sorts to the Wilshire estate of Walden-
logue to an Autobiography" introduced a shaw, where Naipaul takes up residence.
different impulse. It returned him, in In composing The Enigma of Arrival,
memory, to the Trinidad from which he Naipaul invents postcolonial pastoral.
had retreated with the intent of becoming There is decidedly no other British writer
a writer, after having watched his father's of Caribbean or South Asian ancestry who
creative talents get dashed by that unsup- would have chosen a tucked-away Wilt-
portive environment. In pursuit of his shire perspective from which to reflect on
own literary origins, Naipaul embarks on the themes of immigration and postcolo-
a quest for Bogart, the man who once in- nial decay. It is a place where Naipaul
spired his first callow, literary sentence. stands alone as an oddity, and the result is
Despite being marketed as fiction, The a self-engrossed, deeply solitary, almost
Enigma of Arrival, which appeared three evacuated though powerful work. Having
years later, comes closer to the autobiog- deferred confronting, in autobiographical
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terms, his own presence in England, the estates - the colonial plantation that was
version of England Naipaul ultimately his grandparents' destiny and the English
faces is a garden county suffused by an am- manorial grounds long sustained by the
bience of Constable, Ruskin, Goldsmith, wealth drawn from such foreign proper-
Gray's Elegy, and Hardy; of chalk downs, ties. He detects a hint of historical justice
brookside strolls, footbridges, bridle that the waning of Waldenshaw should
paths, Stonehenge, and delicate beds of pe- satisfy his enduring fascination with "a
onies. Naipaul stations himself in a cottage sense of glory dead, " a fascination instilled
on the fringe of an estate from where he in him by empire in the first place. The
observes, with a half-respectful, half- effect is profoundly ambivalent. By insert-
erotic voyeurism, the withering of his aris- ing himself into a diorama of faded gran-
tocratic landlord's hold on his property deur, Naipaul is able to disturb a certain
and health alike. notion of Englishness while warming his
Enigma stages Naipaul's transforma- hands over the embers of the "real" En-
tion into an English writer, in the old and gland he inhabited in childhood fantasy,
new senses of the phrase. He elects himself the England that never was but nonethe-
to the great pastoral tradition of English less existed, as we have seen, as a lifelong
literature, but his postcolonial presence rebuke to Trinidad and the Third World
there ensures that he both continues and for all they could never be.
disrupts the lineage. A temperamental fas- In mulling over the construction of
cination with decay Naipaul's authorial identity, Enigma, more
generously than any of his previous work,
had been given me as a child in Trinidadpartly accommodates self-criticism. And the sty-
by ourfamily circumstances: the half-ruined or listic amplitude that pervades Naipaul's
broken-down houses we lived in, our many work begins to be matched by a munifi-
moves, our general uncertainty. Possibly, too, cence of spirit. Yet contradictions remain,
this mode offeeling went deeper and was an for this self-interrogation repeats a late ro-
ancestral inheritance, something that came with mantic ideology of the isolated, self-made
the history that had made me; not only India, author who dwells apart from the corrupt-
with its ideas of a world outside men's control, ing ideologies of the world. To achieve
but also the colonial plantations or estates of that elevated solitude-to survey his own
Trinidad, to which my impoverished Indian presence in that pastoral scene-requires
ancestors had been transported in the last that he compose his isolation, not least
century-estates of which this Wiltshire estate, through the textual extinction of his wife,
where I now lived, had been the apotheosis. Patricia, whose sustaining companionship
Fifty years ago there would have been no room in the manorial cottage is held from view.
for me on the estate; even now my presence was Her acknowledged presence would have
a little unlikely. jeopardized the uninterrupted "I" who is
wedded to the Wiltshire landscape and,
Naipaul savors the irony of his liminal, through it, gains entry into the lineage of
postcolonial presence between the two romantic English pastoral.
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Naipaul's focus on the crumbling of a ancholy on the England of Roman con-
select England allows him to rein in his querors and Camelot. Ruin, in its unpop-
anger. (Although even here a viciousness ulated, bucolic English mode, becomes a
may break loose to reveal the pleasure he ruminative, poetic affair where in the
gains from the vicarious class fantasy of Third World it made him irascible and ac-
admission to the gentry. On certain em- cusatory.
ployees of the manor: "They were ser-
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tardy injudgment. This approach rewards gious fundamentalism and racial tension
him richly. Had he adopted his customary becomes indulgent to a degree quite unlike
intrusive, spiky manner, a man called his attitude to related phenomena in, say,
Campbell would never have waxed lyrical Trinidad, Pakistan, and Malaysia. This
about redneck culture, revealing to discrepancy becomes especially stark in his
Naipaul (at a distance) a style of life that writing about southern evangelists and
would emerge as the obsession and chief racists, of both the genteel and redneck va-
delight of the trip. Nor would Naipaul rieties.
have come around to admiring civil rights Among these fundamentalists, Naipaul
leader Hosea Williams, after initially dis- exercises remarkable self-government,
missing him as a glib performer on the coming to accept southern Christianity as
protest circuit. And through steady listen- a necessary irrational compensation for the
ing and restrained questioning he draws on anguish and fractured order of the past.
poet Jim Applewhite's considerable in- His preferred tone is generous and reflec-
sight into tobacco-curing, the wellsprings tive rather than snappish, pusillanimous,
of his art, and what Naipaul calls -in a and unforgiving. The contrast with his
perfect phrase - "the religion of the past. " earlier Indian and Islamic writings - where
Naipaul's newfound tolerance and his he condemns all forms of religion as sti-
almost reverential curiosity give A Turn in fling, sentimentally seduced by the past,
the South a novelistic edge. He clears suf- irrational, and antiquated-could scarcely
ficient space for his white characters to ex- be more pointed. Naipaul's lopsided sec-
pand in rather than populating his narra- ularism calls to mind the furor, stirred up
tive with ciphers of the particular national by the Rushdie affair, over the British de-
or cultural essence he is committed to in- crees that define blasphemy as an offense,
dicting. For the kind of characterization not against religion, but against Chris-
absent from the southern book, one has tianity.
only to turn back to his meeting with A Turn in the South is the only one of
Sadeq, which, on the first page, sets the Naipaul's travel books to be principally
tone for Among the Believers. Sadeq gets ex-
about white culture. It is also the only one
peditiously dismissed as simpleminded of which any reviewer could say, as did
and sneering only to be replaced by a slew Thomas D'Evelyn in the Christian Science
of figures (Pakistani, Indonesian, Malay- Monitor, that "Naipaul tries so hard not to
sian, and Iranian) embodying Islamic re- offend that it's hard not to be offended."
sentment. Yet that statement is only selectively ac-
The Naipaul ofA Turn ofthe South finds curate as Naipaul's newfound tact retains
himself once more an atheist among the a racial slant. As Arnold Rampersad first
believers. Indeed, some of his finest in- observed in an acute essay on A Turn in the
sights reveal the versatility of religion in South, the book betrays an imbalance in
the South and the improbable alliances it the distribution of Naipaul's sympathies
sustains. But his stance toward both reli- and attention to the point of bigotry.
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Transfixed by country-and-western mu- his life. By the end one feels that it was a
sic's inventiveness, he remains silent about voyage he had always half-knowingly
blues andjazz. White writers get a full bill- sought while unable to anticipate its shape
ing as artists, black writers are scaled down or location. Especially in the final third of
to representatives of racial frenzy or de- the book, a sustained meditation on the pa-
spair. In encounters with southern church- thos of redneck culture, the elegiac tone of
folk and political leaders, too, Naipaul The Enigma of Arrival returns. Again, the
manages to uncover the noble pathos of a normally disputatious Naipaul is reduced
vanishing past amidst white southern to whispered devotion by his immersion
in a beleaguered culture of white, agrarian
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sity that has Naipaul and the Southern cor, in The Middle Passage and The Loss of
poet, James Applewhite, bonding in an al- El Dorado.
most sacramental moment. As Apple- Applewhite, in a memoir about his en-
white cradles memories of his rich yet de- counter with Naipaul, speaks of their
pleted past, Naipaul enters a condition of shared desire to cherish
quasi-religious transport and recovers,
rapturously, a childhood rendered dor- the illusion of being co-originators of a narrative
mant by denial. that solaced both our hurtsfrom early ignorance
In Applewhite's phrase, the South is apt and cultural dispossession, creating out of the
to "cherish the unreasonable, the unrea- harsh sun and weedlike leaf and sight of its har-
soning." Yet these irrational strains in the vesting a culture-story with both a before and an
culture-religious fervor, overzealous after, antecedent and consciousness: a story out
community loyalties, and ritual attach- of an ignorance and a folly which explained.
ments to myths of the past-are exactly
what Naipaul finds most moving about One may read in Applewhite's words
the South, even when they manifest them- more than simply a recollection of a mo-
selves in a hidebound disciple of Jesse ment of high union. For they convey
Helms. He finds, stirring in himself, a spe- something larger about the shift in
cial affinity for an ethos that melds fierce Naipaul's perspective begun by "Prologue
frontier individualism with fidelity to a to an Autobiography" and carried forward
close-knit community. Above all, he iden- by The Enigma of Arrival, A Turn in the
tifies with the South's obsessive toying South, and India: A Million Mutinies. His
with history. This version of the South determined disowning of a past that had
helps him salvage affecting memories injured him resulted in a lifelong sensation
from his own Trinidadian childhood, a of severance, which he dubiously por-
past he once so forcibly rejected. Time and trayed as "homelessness." It is only in
again, as he stumbles on an unimagined these later works that he finds the forms
bridge between the southern and the West of forgiveness-both literary and
Indian past, serendipity breaks through emotional-that would allow him to re-
and his reflections acquire an edge of self- integrate the perpetual present of elected
affirmation. abandonment into unbroken narrative.
A Turn in the South should ultimately be This restitution of the past lies at the very
read, not just as Naipaul's solitary exper- heart of his late middle-aged inquiry into
iment in First World travel writing, but as the enigma of arrival.
the consummation of his New World ven- One feels gratified to see Naipaul's
tures. As such it can be recognized- writing recover a generosity not seen since
despite the new tone-as the final volume A House for Mr. Biswas. He seems, once
of his slave society trilogy, a book that more, capable of an emotion that borders,
strikes a truce with the Trinidadian past heat times, on something like hope. Several
had written off, with such bewildered ran- factors lie behind this altered mood: his
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growing awareness of death, his reac- Naipaul remarks how, in writing up his
quaintance with family grief, his return American travels, he had to adjust his ap-
(and that is surely part of age) with fresh proach to the genre because the United
passion to the painful tensions of his States is "not open to casual inspection,
youth. All of these seem to me crucial, yet unlike Africa." That vague "Africa," he
on their own insufficient, explanations. It intimates, has the transparency of a simple
remains too grim an irony that this new society. Yet his altered approach to travel
self should first emerge from under its car-
ought to be seen less as a response to the
apace when England and the United States differences between an opaque complex
society and a transparent "simple" one
Had he inspected the than as a consequence of a different kind of
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Civilization. But that would have defeated ulous man.... He is a man whose life,
the redemptive dimension best suggested when I contemplate it, makes me cry; I am
by the chapter titles-"The Truce with Ir- moved to tears."
rationality," "The Religion of the Past," The Indian edition of A Million Mutinies
"Sanctities." Yet in India: A Wounded Civ- Now carries, on the back cover, a delight-
ilization, his stance toward any show of de- fully uncharacteristic photo of the newly
votion to the past was scoured of fascina- animated Naipaul in action. It departs rad-
tion and indulgence. His admonition to ically from the standard dustjacket shot of
India was categorical: "the past has to be him gazing at the camera year after year,
seen as dead, or the past will kill."
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of course, first moved beyond such terms white to be spoken for, in A Million Mu-
in The Enigma of Arrival and A Turn in the tinies Now, even when women's experi-
South, but as those departures had coin- ence is the subject Naipaul's interlocutors
cided with his arrival as a literary voyager are unremittingly male. They also emerge
on British and American soil, they con- as mostly urban, middle aged, and middle
firmed rather than erased one's sense of his class.
resolute prejudices. Nonetheless, the scores of life stories,
The change in tenor is inseparable from all told in the first person, make for such
a change in form. One can perhaps best an utterly different effect from what one
depict A Million Mutinies Now as a halfway
house between oral history and travel
In the realm of the
writing. Long swathes of the book, par-
ticularly during the first half, have the tex- senses, his ear has
ture of a work like Blood of Spain, Ronald dethroned his imperious
Fraser's oral history of the Spanish Civil
eye
War. The analogy is partial, but conveys
the sense of a roving, literary-minded pro-
fessional listener, someone restrained in has come to expect from Naipaul. How
his interference and whose restraint be- unlike his method in Among the Believers,
comes a measure of his enthusiastic invest- where his slash-and-burn orientalism laid
ment. interviews waste in advance. And how un-
In an interview, Naipaul explains the like An Area of Darkness where, as Naipaul
lure of this altered approach: himself intimates in the closing moments
of A Million Mutinies, he was, fresh off the
The idea of letting people talk in the book on
boat from England, too nervy, too intro-
the South was really quite new to me. And so
verted to intuit what questions to ask. In-
in this book I thought it was better to let India
deed, although he still defends An Area of
be defined by the experience of the people,
Darkness as belonging to its moment, we
rather than writing one's personal reaction to
can read A Million Mutinies Now as a com-
one's feeling about being an Indian and going
pensatory sequel twenty-seven years de-
back-as in the first book [An Area of
ferred.
Darkness]-or trying to be analytical, as in
Naipaul's oft-reiterated claim that he
the second book [India: A Wounded Civi-
looks and sees where others blindly obsess
lization].
has, over the course of his oeuvre, accrued
Even the most generous interviewing is the force of a controlling metaphor. Now
never disinterested, and Naipaul's remark finally, in the realm of the senses, his ear
that he holds "no views, no philosophy- has dethroned his imperious eye. Nai-
just a bundle of reactions," is as silly as it paul's decision to give the locals more air
ever was. Just as in A Turn in the South, time is a gesture of great formal cunning.
black southerners were more apt than For the centrifugal scattering of voices
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voices stages his overriding concern with A million mutinies supported by twenty kinds
the dispersion of India, the dismembering of group excess, sectarian excess, religious ex-
of the nation's body politic under pressure cess, regional excess; beginnings of self-
from a myriad mutinies. awareness, a central will, a central intellect, a
Like the term "Mau Mau" in Kenya, national idea. The Indian Union as greater
"mutiny" in India is a colonial word that than the sum of its parts.
implies a colonial vantage point. Naipaul
This is probably a minority view, al-
polemically dismisses the I857 uprising as
though not a unique one. Amitav Ghosh,
warranting the alternative appellation,
for instance, has recently seen some glim-
"First War of Indian Independence"; he
merings of possibility in the emergence of
finds it too aggrandizing. Instead, he stays
new Indian coalitions and new concep-
with "mutiny" and finds in that histori-
tions of identity. Amidst the spiralling vi-
cally charged word the presiding trope for
olence, he argues that
his book.
In tracking a myriad mutineers across
What is really at issue is the question offinding
India, Naipaul may ultimately overtax the
a political structure in which diverse groups of
term: it covers everything from regional
people can voice theirgrievances through dem-
secessionist movements to religious and
ocratic means. It seems to me that India is indeed
caste chauvinisms-ex-Naxalite, Dalit,
lurching in fits and starts towardfinding such a
Shiv Sena, Dravidians Aryan, Muslim,
structure. . . In many ways, the turmoil is a
and Sikh-to middle-class individuals
sign of the astonishing energy that India has
(stockbrokers, film makers) tinkering
generated over the last couple of decades.
with the edges of caste rituals in order, say,
to make a commuter life in Bombay more But there remains a distinctively auto-
manageable. Naipaul's perception of all biographical dimension to Naipaul's po-
these as mutinies becomes crucial for the litical conclusions. The book could not
book's central paradox: India has entered have been written at any other point in his
a state of regenerative disintegration. As career. It is as if, in projecting mutiny as
Naipaul remarks: "strange irony-the a prelude to healing, he envisages Indian
mutinies were not to be wished away. history as mirroring and thereby ratifying
They were part of the beginning of a new his personal passage from a sensibility of
way for many millions, part of India's ruin toward late restoration. Amidst his
growth, part of its restoration." An even swirling interviewees, many of them be-
stranger irony: Naipaul has been charged wildered or panicked, the lasting image of
-surely for the first time-with gratu- Naipaul is of a man becalmed in the eye of
itous, irresponsible, wilful optimism. a storm. Newly whole, in the sense of hav-
So once more, Naipaul stirs contro- ing made peace with the places of his past,
versy, though of an unfamiliar kind. In the he no longer cultivates and wields against
book's most contentious formulation, he others his wounded sense of having
writes of inherited-to invoke a keenly subconti-
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nental word-a partitioned life. Where tive circle less as a community responsive
once he would have clasped Rashid, a Luck- to needs than as a noose, strangling the
now Muslim, with the dead hand of cyn- possibilities for solitude. And so prior to
icism, now he responds with an empathy the recent emergence of his understated,
reminiscent of the intense fellow feeling he forgiving (if still intermittently bigoted)
achieved with Jim Applewhite. Nowhere self, his standard impulse was to demon-
more so than when Rashid laments: strate that in Third World societies, to en-
gage in political resistance or cultural self-
I also know that I can never be a complete per- assertion was to become implicated in
son now. I can't ignore partition. It's a part of pointless, compromised, misguided, ig-
me. Ifeel rudderless.... The creation and ex- noble endeavors. Naipaul thus ended
istence of Pakistan has damaged a part of my up-at times openly, at times by default-
psyche. I simply cannot pretend it doesn't exist. sanctioning the status quo. Such trade-
marked Naipaul phrases as the "congruent
Despite its startling freshness, India: A
corruptions of colonizer and colonized,"
Million Mutinies is far from being a tabula
"the negative colonial politics of protest, "
rasa. The book bears the traces of many of
and his skepticism about the "healing
Naipaul's lasting themes, such as his vision
power" of "political and racial assertion"
of extended family life as an analog for the
convey, in capsule form, his tenacious
corruption of collective political endeavor.
preference for inertia over resistance.
Listening to Kala, a woman of Tamil brah-
In an interview, Naipaul once came to
min origins, articulate her experience of
reflect self-critically on this personal and
familiar confinement, Naipaul is suddenly
political predilection, characterizing him-
thrust back on his own memories:
self as "unable to take decisive action on
The clan that gave protection and identity, and behalf of anything: it is very hard to be
saved people from the void, was itself a little against. I am aware that I have probably
state, and it could be a hard place, full of pol- been rather feeble and non-involved." Yet
itics, full of hatreds and changing alliances and strictly speaking, only the latter part of the
moral denunciations. It was the kind offamily statement is accurate, for he has long
found it easy to be against againstness-in
life I had known for much of my childhood: an
early introduction to the ways of the world, and Eugene Goodheart's words, "if Naipaul
to the nature of cruelty. It had given me, as I moralizes against anything, it is against re-
suspected it had given Kala, a tastefor the other sentment." Goodheart's phrasing is pre-
kind of life, the solitary or less crowded life, cisely Naipaulian in reducing political ac-
where one had space around oneself tion to an expression of temperament. The
image of Naipaul lecturing against "re-
Naipaul has stressed this analogy so fre- sentment" is also in accord with his loath-
quently over his forty-year career for it to ing for "causes." Yet collective action re-
be central to any account of his suspicion quires binding causes, requires what
of joint endeavors organized for political Naipaul would call obsessions and what
change. He invariably perceives a collec- others might call commitments. Without
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causes to galvanize them, without griev- the effects of imperialism, he tends to find
ances, the struggles for decolonization imperial ideas more compelling than those
could never have been launched nor could which have braced anti-colonial and anti-
formal independence (however inadequate imperial struggles. His affection for the
the achievements) have been attained. In- high style of that "sense of glory lost" only
deed, the colonizers frequently dismissed sharpens this tendency. His position is fur-
such struggles as irruptions of "native ther complicated in that his criticisms of
resentment"-the ingratitude of the dis- the effects of imperialism are readily meta-
empowered. morphosed into anger at those who bear
In The Enigma of Arrival, Naipaul sur- the scars of that legacy. What, for instance,
veys the trajectory of his career and con- is one to make of his remark that "my
cludes that "to see the possibility, the cer- sympathy for the defeated, the futile, the
tainty, of ruin, even at the moment of abject, the idle and the parasitic gets less
and less as I grow older"? The cluster of
cum of optimism-long rendered him an survival, they will persist in acting, with
incompetent observer of regeneration and the conviction that, while the rift may
resistance. His attitude to imperialism has, never be closed, it may, however, be prof-
moreover, been contradictory: disliking itably narrowed.
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