Cognitive Radio PDF

SOFTWARE DEFINED
COGNITIVE RADIO
USING MATLAB
INDEX
ABSTRACT…….………………………………………………………………....................................5
Chapter 1 -SOFTWARE-DEFINED RADIO
1.1 Introduction to Software-Defined Radio………………………………………………6

1.2 A brief history of SDR ………………………………………………………………………….7
1.3 Role of SDR ………………………..……………………………………………………………….7
1.3.1 Problems faced by Wireless Communication Industry
SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

1.3.2 How SDR solves the problems
1.4 Features of SDR……………………………………………………...............................9
Chapter 2 –COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGY
2.1 A vision of Cognitive Radio…………………………………………………………..……10

2.2 History Leading to Cognitive Radio……………………………………………………10
2.3 Information on Cognitive Radio…………………………………………………………11
2.4 Cognitive Radio Network Paradigms………………………………………………….13
2.4.1 Underlay Paradigm
2.4.2 Overlay Paradigm
2.4.3 Interweave Paradigm
Chapter 3- IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Algorithm…………………………………….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…15
3.2 Related Theory…………….………………………….…….…….…….…….…….….…….16
3.2.1 About MATLAB & Simulink
3.2.2 DSB-SC AM Modulation
3.2.3 Power Spectral Density
1
Chapter 4- SIMULATION
4.1 Simulink Model …………………………………………………………….…..…….19

4.1.1 Block Details
4.1.2 Block Properties
4.2 Matlab Code……………………………………………………….…….……..……..26
4.3 Results and Graphs ……………………………………………….…….….….…..28
4.4 Interpretation of Results ………………………………………………..…….…33
Chapter 5 – FUTURE SCOPE OF COGNITIVE RADIO…………………………….…….34

REFERENCES…..…………………………………………………………………………………….……35
2
ABSTRACT
This report contains basic information on Cognitive Radio and Software

Defined Radio. Software Defined Radio is an emerging technique in this
domain that promises easy portability and adaptability of new
techniques on the same hardware. Cognitive Radio technique utilizes
this Software Defined Radio to intelligently and efficiently utilize the
available frequency spectrum knowing about the side information of
other users sharing the same spectrum.

The report talks about the Cognitive Radio technique and goes into
details of its Software implementation (on Simulink and MATLAB) using
Spectrum Sensing and the practicality of cognitive radio in our present
scenario of communication and its actual hardware implementation on
Software Defined Radio.
3
Chapter 1
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
1.1 Introduction to Software-Defined Radio

With the exponential growth in the ways and means by which people need to
communicate - data communications, voice communications, video
communications, broadcast messaging, command and control communications,
emergency response communications, etc. - modifying radio devices easily and cost-
effectively has become business critical. Software defined radio (SDR) technology
brings the flexibility, cost efficiency and power to drive communications forward,
with wide-reaching benefits realized by service providers and product developers

through to end users.
Simply put Software Defined Radio is defined as:

"Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are software defined"
Software-Defined Radio (SDR) refers to the technology wherein software modules

running on a generic hardware platform consisting of DSPs and general purpose
microprocessors are used to implement radio functions such as generation of
transmitted signal (modulation) at transmitter and tuning/detection of received
radio signal (demodulation) at receiver.
SDR technology can be used to implement military, commercial and civilian radio
applications. A wide range of radio applications like Bluetooth, WLAN, GPS, Radar,
WCDMA, GPRS, etc. can be implemented using SDR technology.
Traditional hardware based radio devices limit cross-functionality and can only be
modified through physical intervention. This results in higher production costs and
minimal flexibility in supporting multiple waveform standards. By contrast, software
defined radio technology provides an efficient and comparatively inexpensive
solution to this problem, using software upgrades. SDR defines a collection of
hardware and software technologies where some or all of the radio’s operating
functions are implemented through modifiable software or firmware operating on
programmable processing technologies.
4
1.2 A Brief History of SDR
An SDR is a radio in which the properties of carrier frequency, signal bandwidth,

modulation, and network access are defined by software. Today’s modern SDR also
implements any necessary cryptography; forward error correction (FEC) coding; and
source coding of voice, video, or data in software as well.
The roots of SDR design go back to 1987, when Air Force Rome Labs (AFRL) funded
the development of a programmable modem as an evolutionary step beyond the
architecture of the integrated communications, navigation, and identification
architecture (ICNIA).
Today’s SDR, in contrast, is a general-purpose device in which the same radio tuner
and processors are used to implement many waveforms at many frequencies. The

advantage of this approach is that the equipment is more versatile and cost
effective.
1.3 Role of SDR
1.3.1 Problems faced by Wireless Communication Industry

 Commercial Wireless network standards are continuously evolving from 2G
to 2.5G/3G and then to 4G. The difference in networks of each generation
being significantly in link-layer protocol standards cause problems to
subscribers, wireless network operators and equipment vendors.
 Subscribers are forced to buy new handsets whenever a new generation of

network standards is deployed. Wireless network operators face problems
during migration of the network from one generation to next due to
presence of large number of subscribers using legacy handsets that may be
incompatible with newer generation network. The network operators also
need to incur high equipment costs when migrating from one generation to
next. Equipment vendors face problems in rolling out newer generation
equipment due to short time-to-market requirements.
 The air interface and link-layer protocols differ across various geographies
(for e.g. European wireless networks are predominantly GSM/TDMA based 5
while in USA the wireless networks are predominantly IS95/CDMA based).
This problem has inhibited the deployment of global roaming facilities
causing great inconvenience to subscribers who travel frequently from one
continent to another. Handset vendors face problems in building viable
multi-mode handsets due to high cost and bulky nature of such handsets.
 Wireless network operators face deployment issues while rolling-out new

services/features to realize new revenue-streams since this may require
large-scale customizations on subscribers’ handsets.
1.3.2 How SDR solves the problems
 For equipment manufacturers SDR enables a family of products to be

implemented using common platform architecture, allowing new products to

be more quickly introduced into the market.
 Software can be reused across the products, reducing development costs

dramatically.
 For Wireless Network Operators SDR enables new features and capabilities
to be added to existing infrastructure without requiring major new capital
expenditures.
 Remote software downloads, through which capacity can be increased,

capability upgrades can be activated and new revenue generating features
can be inserted.
 For subscribers SDR technology reduces costs by enabling them to

communicate with whomever they need, whenever they need to and in
whatever manner is appropriate.
SDR technology has some drawbacks like higher power consumption, higher
processing power (MIPS) requirement and higher initial costs. SDR technology may
not be suitable for all kinds of radio equipment due to these factors. Hence these
factors should be carefully considered before using SDR technology in place of
complete hardware solution. For e.g., SDR technology may not be appropriate in
pagers while it may offer great benefits when used to implement base-stations.
6
1.4 Features of SDR technology
Reconfigurability: The SDR provides flexibility in system design. Reconfigurability

provides essential mechanisms to terminals and network segments to adapt
dynamically, transparently and securely to the most appropriate radio access
technology via selecting pre-installed software components or via software
downloading and installation. The wireless network infrastructure can reconfigure
itself to subscriber's handset type or the subscriber's handset can reconfigure itself
to network type.
Ubiquitous Connectivity: SDR helps in realizing global roaming facility. If the

terminal is incompatible with the network technology in a particular region, an
appropriate software module needs to be installed onto the handset resulting in

seamless network access across various geographies.
Interoperability: SDR facilitates implementation of open architecture radio systems.

End-users can seamlessly use innovative third-party applications on their handsets
as in a PC system. This enhances the appeal and utility of the handsets.
7
Chapter 2
COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGIES
2.1 A vision of Cognitive Radio

The long term vision of cognitive radio technology is one in which handsets would
automatically make use of underutilized spectrum across a broad frequency range,
allowing the high bandwidth requirements of the future. If a radio were smart, it
could learn services available in locally accessible wireless computer networks, and
could interact with those networks in their preferred protocols, to have no
confusion in finding the right wireless network for a video download or a printout.
Additionally, it could use the frequencies and choose waveforms that minimize and
avoid interference with existing radio communication systems. It might be like
having a friend in everything that’s important to your daily life.
2.2 History Leading to Cognitive Radio
The sophistication possible in a software-defined radio (SDR) has now reached the
level where each radio can conceivably perform beneficial tasks that help the user,
help the network, and help minimize spectral congestion.
The development of digital signal processing (DSP) techniques arose due to the
efforts of such leaders as Alan Oppenheim, Lawrence Rabiner, Ronald Schaefer, Ben
Gold, Thomas Parks, James McClellen, James Flanagan, Fred Harris, and James
Kaiser. These pioneers recognized the potential for digital filtering and DSP, and
prepared the seminal textbooks, innovative papers, and breakthrough signal
processing techniques to teach an entire industry how to convert analog signal
processes to digital processes.
Meanwhile, the semiconductor industry, continuing to follow Moore’s law, evolved

to the point where analog functions implemented with large discrete components
were replaced with digital functions implemented in silicon, and consequently were
more producible, less expensive, more reliable, smaller, and of lower power.
8 During this same period, researchers all over the globe explored various techniques
to achieve machine learning and related methods for improved machine behavior.
Among these were analog threshold logic, which lead to fuzzy logic and neural
networks, a field founded by Frank Rosenblatt. In networking, DARPA and industrial
developers at Xerox, BBN Technologies, IBM, ATT, and Cisco each developed
computer-networking techniques, which evolved into the standard Ethernet and
Internet we all benefit from today. The researchers are exploring wireless networks
that range from access directly via a radio access point to more advanced techniques
in which intermediate radio nodes serve as repeaters to forward data packets
toward their eventual destination in an ad hoc network topology. Cognitive radios
are nearly always applications that sit on top of an SDR, which in turn is
implemented largely from digital signal processors and general-purpose processors
(GPPs) built in silicon.

2.3 Information on Cognitive Radio
What is Cognitive Radio? There are many definitions of CR and definitions are still
being developed both in academia and through standards bodies such as defined in
as :
A cognitive radio is a wireless communication system that intelligently utilizes any

available side information about the –
a) Activity,
b) Channel conditions,
c) Codebooks,
d) Messages of other nodes with which it shares the spectrum.
CR implies intelligent signal processing (ISP) at the physical layer of a wireless

system, i.e. the layer that performs functions such as communications resource
management, access to the communications medium, etc. Usually, it is accompanied
by ISP at higher layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. If ISP is not
implemented at these higher layers then a CR will be restricted in what it can do.
Because a communication exchange uses all seven OSI layers, ideally all seven layers
need to be flexible if the CR’s intelligence is to be fully exploited. Without
optimization of all the layers, spectrum efficiency gains may not be optimized.
9
Fig 1. The 7 layers of OSI Model
The idea of cognitive radio was born because of spectrum shortage. These devices
utilize advanced radio and signal-processing technology along with novel spectrum-
allocation policies to support new wireless users operating in the existing crowded
spectrum without degrading the performance of entrenched users. A cognitive radio
must collect and process information about coexisting users within its spectrum,
which requires advanced sensing and signal-processing capabilities. The larger
barrier is the requirement for significant changes in the way wireless spectrum is
currently allocated to enable cognitive techniques.
Licensed frequency bands today are the radio and television bands, cellular and
satellite bands, and air traffic control bands. The main advantage of the licensing
approach is that the licensee completely controls its assigned spectrum, and can
thus unilaterally manage interference between its users and hence their quality of
service (QoS).
In addition to the licensed spectrum, in recent years spectrum has been set aside in
specific frequency bands that can be used without a license by radios following a
specific set of etiquette rules, such as a maximum power per hertz or a shared
channel access mechanism. The purpose of these unlicensed bands is to encourage
innovation without the high cost to entry associated with purchasing licensed
spectrum through auctions. The unlicensed bands have proven a great vehicle for
innovation, and the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band currently hosts systems such as
Bluetooth, 802.11b/g/n Wifi, and cordless phones. Unfortunately, the unlicensed
bands can be killed by their own success, since the more devices that occupy these
10 bands, the more interference they cause to each other.
Spectrum allocation is not just limited to licensed and unlicensed paradigms. The
licensed or unlicensed bands may accommodate many additional wireless devices if
these devices can exploit advanced technology to only minimally disrupt the
communications of coexisting non-cognitive devices. Cognitive radio originated in
the form of various solutions to this problem that allow cognitive communication
with minimal impact on non-cognitive users.
2.4 Cognitive Radio Network Paradigms

Based on the type of available network side information along with the regulatory
constraints, cognitive radio systems seek to underlay, overlay, or interweave their
signals with those of existing users without significantly impacting their

communication. The underlay paradigm allows cognitive users to operate if the
interference caused to non cognitive users is below a given threshold. In overlay
systems, the cognitive radios use sophisticated signal processing and coding to
maintain or improve the communication of non cognitive radios while also obtaining
some additional bandwidth for their own communication. In interweave systems;
the cognitive radios opportunistically exploit spectral holes to communicate without
disrupting other transmissions.
2.4.1 Underlay Paradigm

The underlay paradigm encompasses techniques that allow secondary
communications assuming that they have knowledge of the interference caused by
its transmitter to the receivers of the primary users. Specifically, the underlay
paradigm mandates that concurrent primary and secondary transmissions may occur
as long as the aggregated interference generated by the secondary users is below
some acceptable threshold. In the underlay paradigm, the secondary user enters the
primary spectrum only when its activity will not cause considerable interference or
capacity penalty to the primary user. Measure of interference requires knowledge
about multiuser CQI. Measurement challenges for underlay paradigm are:
 Measuring interference at NC receiver

 Measuring direction of NC node for beam steering
 Both easy if NC receiver also transmits, else hard.
Underlay typically coexists with licensed users. Licensed users paid for their 11
spectrum so they don’t want underlay, Insist on very stringent interference
constraints which severely limits underlay capabilities and applications. That is the
main challenge for underlay policy.
2.4.2 Overlay Paradigm
The overlay paradigm allows the coexistence of simultaneous primary and secondary
communications in the same frequency channel as long as the secondary users
somehow aid the primary users, for example, by means of advanced coding or
cooperative techniques. In particular, in a cooperative scenario the secondary users
may decide to assign part of their power to their own secondary communications
and the remaining power to relay the primary users transmission. The enabling
premise for overlay systems is that the cognitive transmitter has knowledge of the
noncognitive users’ codebooks and its messages as well. A noncognitive user
message might be obtained by decoding the message at the cognitive receiver.

On the one hand, the information can be used to completely cancel the interference
due to the noncognitive signals at the cognitive receiver by sophisticated
techniques, like dirty paper coding (DPC). On the other hand, the cognitive users can
utilize this knowledge and assign part of their power for their own communication
and the remainder of the power to assist (relay) the noncognitive transmissions. By
careful choice of the power split, the increase in the noncognitive user’s signal-to-
noise power ratio (SNR) due to the assistance from cognitive relaying can be exactly
offset by the decrease in the noncognitive user’s SNR due to the interference caused
by the remainder of the cognitive user’s transmit power used for its own
communication.
2.3.3 Interweave Paradigm

The interweave paradigm was the original motivation for cognitive radio and is
based on the idea of opportunistic communications. The interweave paradigm,
where a secondary user can opportunistically enter temporary spectrum holes and
white spaces existing in both licensed and unlicensed radio spectrum. Fast and
reliable spectrum sensing techniques are the key to the success of interweave
cognitive radios.
12
Chapter 3
IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Algorithm
 In the Project, our primary aim was to simulate a working cognitive radio for
which we were required to produce a variable source generator to replicate
real life usage of the frequency channels.
 After completion of the source generator, the signal in channel, if there, have
to be modulated so as for making it suitable for transmission and defining

the frequencies that will be used by it during transmission.
 All the different modulated carrier signals will then multiplexed to give a
continuous spectrum.
 To detect an empty channel, we have used the power spectral density of all
the signals which will provide us the power being transmitted at a particular
frequency channel at the moment.
 Threshold values will be set for determining whether the channel is empty or
not.
 Once the sensing part is over, another user will be introduced acting as
secondary user and will attain the particular frequency for which the PSD is
below the threshold, Thus achieving functionality of cognitive radio.
13
3.2 Related Theory
3.2.1 About MATLAB & SIMULINK
3.2.1.1 MATLAB
MATLAB® is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment

for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and numerical
computation. Using MATLAB, you can solve technical computing problems faster
than with traditional programming languages, such as C, C++, and Fortran.
You can use MATLAB in a wide range of applications, including signal and image
processing, communications, control design, test and measurement, financial
modeling and analysis, and computational biology. Add-on toolboxes (collections of

special-purpose MATLAB functions) extend the MATLAB environment to solve
particular classes of problems in these application areas.
MATLAB provides a number of features for documenting and sharing your work. You
can integrate your MATLAB code with other languages and applications, and
distribute your MATLAB algorithms and applications.
Key Features
 High-level language for technical computing
 Development environment for managing code, files, and data
 Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving
 Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering,
optimization, and numerical integration
 2-D and 3-D graphics functions for visualizing data
 Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces
 Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and
languages, such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, COM, and Microsoft Excel
14
3.2.1.2 SIMULINK
Simulink® is an environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for
dynamic and embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment
and a customizable set of block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement,
and test a variety of time-varying systems, including communications, controls,
signal processing, video processing, and image processing.
Simulink is integrated with MATLAB®, providing immediate access to an extensive

range of tools that let you develop algorithms, analyze and visualize simulations,
create batch processing scripts, customize the modeling environment, and define
signal, parameter, and test data.
Key Features
 Extensive and expandable libraries of predefined blocks

 Interactive graphical editor for assembling and managing intuitive block diagrams
 Ability to manage complex designs by segmenting models into hierarchies of design
components
 Model Explorer to navigate, create, configure, and search all signals, parameters,
properties, and generated code associated with your model
 Application programming interfaces (APIs) that let you connect with other
simulation programs and incorporate hand-written code
 MATLAB Function blocks for bringing MATLAB algorithms into Simulink and
embedded system implementations
 Simulation modes (Normal, Accelerator, and Rapid Accelerator) for running
simulations interpretively or at compiled C-code speeds using fixed- or variable-step
solvers
 Graphical debugger and profiler to examine simulation results and then diagnose
performance and unexpected behavior in your design
 Full access to MATLAB for analyzing and visualizing results, customizing the modeling
environment, and defining signal, parameter, and test data
 Model analysis and diagnostics tools to ensure model consistency and identify
modeling errors
15
3.2.2 DSB-SC AM Modulation
Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC):
Transmission in which frequencies produced by amplitude modulation are
symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier frequency and the carrier level is
reduced to the lowest practical level, ideally completely suppressed.
In the double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) modulation, unlike
AM, the wave carrier is not transmitted; thus, a great percentage of power that is
dedicated to it is distributed between the sideband, which implies an increase of the
cover in DSB-SC, compared to AM, for the same power used.
This is used for RDS (Radio Data System) because it is difficult to decouple.
3.2.3 Power Spectral Density

The power spectral density (PSD) is a positive real function of a frequency variable
associated with a stationary stochastic process, or a deterministic function of time,
which has dimensions of power per hertz (Hz), or energy per hertz. It is often called
simply the spectrum of the signal. Intuitively, the spectral density measures the
frequency content of a stochastic process and helps identify periodicities.
16
Chapter 4
SIMULATION
4.1 Simulink Model

Fig 2. Primary user model in simulink
17
4.1.1 Block Details
Spectrum Scope
The Spectrum Scope block computes and displays the periodogram of the input. The
input can be a sample-based or frame-based vector or a frame-based matrix.
Multiplexer
The Mux block combines its inputs into a single vector output. An input can be a
scalar or vector signal. All inputs should be of the same data type and numeric type.
The elements of the vector output signal take their order from the top to bottom, or
left to right, input port signals.
Sine Wave Block
The Sine Wave block provides a sinusoid. The block can operate in either time-based
or sample-based mode. In Time-Based Mode the output of the Sine Wave block is
determined by
Y=Amplitude*sin(frequency*time+phase)+bias
Time-based mode has two sub modes: continuous mode or discrete mode.
The value of the Sample time parameter determines whether the block operates in
continuous mode or discrete mode:
• 0 (the default) causes the block to operate in continuous mode.

• >0 causes the block to operate in discrete mode.
Bernoulli Binary generator
The Bernoulli Binary Generator block generates random binary numbers using a
Bernoulli distribution. The Bernoulli distribution with parameter p produces zero
with probability p and one with probability 1-p. The Bernoulli distribution has mean
18 value 1-p and variance p(1-p). The Probability of a zero parameter specifies p, and
can be any real number between zero and one.
Scope
The Scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The Scope block
can have multiple axes (one per port); all axes have a common time range with
independent y-axes. The Scope allows you to adjust the amount of time and the
range of input values displayed. You can move and resize the Scope window and you
can modify the Scope's parameter values during the simulation. When you start a
simulation, Simulink does not open Scope windows, although it does write data to
connected Scopes. As a result, if you open a Scope after a simulation, the Scope's
input signal or signals will be displayed. If the signal is continuous, the Scope
produces a point-to-point plot. If the signal is discrete, the Scope produces a stair-
step plot.

DSBSC AM Modulator Passband block
The DSBSC AM Modulator Passband block modulates using double-sideband

suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation. The output is a passband representation
of the modulated signal. Both the input and output signals are real sample-based
scalar signals. If the input is u(t) as a function of time t, then the output is where fc is
the Carrier frequency parameter and ? is the Initial phase parameter. Typically, an
appropriate Carrier frequency value is much higher than the highest frequency of
the input signal. By the Nyquist sampling theorem, the reciprocal of the model's
sample time (defined by the model's signal source) must exceed twice the Carrier
frequency parameter. This block works only with real inputs of type double. This
block is not suited to be placed inside a triggered subsystem.
19
4.1.2 Block Properties
Block Type Count Block Names
Scope 10 Scope, Scope1, Scope2, Scope3, Scope4, Scope5,

Scope6, Scope7, Scope8, Scope9
Sin 5 Sine Wave, Sine Wave1, Sine Wave2, Sine Wave3,

Sine Wave4
Product 5 Product, Product1, Product2, Product3, Product4
DSBSC AM 5 DSBSC AM Modulator Passband, DSBSC AM

Modulator Passband Modulator Passband1, DSBSC AM Modulator

Passband2, DSBSC AM Modulator Passband3,
DSBSC AM Modulator Passband4
Bernoulli Binary 5 Bernoulli Binary Generator, Bernoulli Binary

Generator Generator1, Bernoulli Binary Generator2, Bernoulli
Binary Generator3, Bernoulli Binary Generator4
ToWorkspace 1 To Workspace
Spectrum Scope 1 Spectrum Scope
Mux 1 Mux
Table 1. Block type count
20
Name P Seed Ts Frame Samp Orient Out
Based Per Data
Frame Type
Bernoulli 0.5 61 100 Off 1 Off double

Binary
Generator1

Binary
Generator2

Binary
Generator3

Binary
Generator4

Binary
Generator5
Table 2. Bernoulli Binary Generator Block Properties
Name Inputs Display Option
Mux 5 bar
Table 3. Mux Block Properties

21
Name Fc Ph
DSBSC AM Modulator Passband1 12000 45
Table 4. DSBSC AM Modulator Passband Block Properties

Name Sin Time Source Ampl Bias Frequency Phase Sampl Offset Sampl
Type es e Time
Sine Time Use simulation 5 0 4340 0 20 0 2

Wave 1 based time

Wave 2 based time

Wave 3 based time

Wave 4 based time

Wave 5 based time
Table 5. Sin Block Properties
22
Scope Domain Use Buffer FFT Num Wintype Rs Beta Winsamp
Properties Buffer Size length Avg Spec Spec Spec Spec
Scope Scope Scope Scope
On Frequency On 128 1024 5 Hamming 50 5 Periodic
Table 6. Spectrum Scope Block Properties

Name Variable Max Data Decimation Save Format Fixpt As Fi
Name Points
To Workspace In Inf 1 Array Off
Table 7. To Workspace Block Properties
23
4.2 MATLAB Code
Fs=12000;
x1=in(:,1);
x2=in(:,2);
x3=in(:,3);
x4=in(:,4);
x5=in(:,5);
y=x1+x2+x3+x4+x5;
Pxx = periodogram(y);
Hpsd = dspdata.psd(Pxx,'Fs',Fs);
plot(Hpsd)
figure
plot(Pxx);
xlabel('Frequency (KHz)')
ylabel('Power/Frequency (dB/KHz)')
title('Power Spectral Density via Periodogram')
check1 = Pxx(53);
check2 = Pxx(105);
check6 = Pxx(150);
check3 = Pxx(187);
check4 = Pxx(223);
check5 = Pxx(239);
if(check1 < 80)

disp('Assigned to channel 1 as user was not present.');
y1 = ammod(x1,1000,Fs);
y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y1;
elseif (check2 < 80)

y2 = ammod(x2,2000,Fs);
y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y2;
elseif(check3 < 80)

y4 = ammod(x4,4000,Fs);
y= x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5+ 2*y4;
elseif(check4 < 80)

24 disp('Assigned to channel 5 as user was not present.');
y5 = ammod(x5,5000,Fs);
y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y5;
elseif(check5 < 80)
y6 = ammod(x1,6000,Fs);
y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y6;
elseif (check6 < 80)

y3 = ammod(x1,3000,12000);
y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y3;
else
disp('All user slots in use. Try again later,');
tp=1;
end
figure

Pxx = periodogram(y);
Hpsd = dspdata.psd(Pxx,'Fs',Fs);
plot(Hpsd);
figure
plot(Pxx);
xlabel('Frequency (KHz)')
ylabel('Power/Frequency (dB/KHz)')
title('Power Spectral Density via Periodogram')
25
4.3 Results And Graphs
Plot 1. Primary User 1
26
27

28
Plot 6. Multiplexed Signal In Time Domain

Plot 7. Multiplexed Signal in Frequency Domain
29
Plot 8. Power Spectral Density

Plot 9. Power Spectral Density Via Periodogram
30
Plot 10. Power Spectral Density With Secondary User
Plot 11. Power Spectral Density With Secondary User via Periodogram
4.4 Interpretation of Results
We’ve simulated the basics of a cognitive radio systems enabling dynamic spectrum
access at run time. Our approach was to take the decisions on the basis of power
spectral density of the channel which can be used cognitively to find out the
available gaps those can be assigned to new incoming users thus improving the
overall channel’s throughput. The project is still incomplete and needs a lot of
modifications which will be decided with the instructors. Overall the whole project
was a success though it took quite a lot of time and research in finding out some
generic algorithm for simulating the cognitive radio systems, but in the end we’d to
come around with our own idea and implementing it in Simulink and MATLAB. The
results are quite accurate and we’re still working on improving the code for more
presentable results.
31
Chapter 5
FUTURE SCOPE OF COGNITIVE RADIO
Cognitive radio technology is a smarter, faster, and more efficient way to transmit
information to and from fixed, mobile, other wireless communication devices.
Cognitive radio builds upon software-defined radio technology. A cognitive radio
system is 'aware' of its operating environment and automatically adjusts itself to
maintain desired communications it’s like having a trained operator inside the radio
making constant adjustments for maximum performance. Operating frequency,
power output, antenna orientation/beam width, modulation, and transmitter

bandwidth are just a few of the operating parameters that can automatically be
adjusted on the fly in a cognitive radio system
The phenomenal success of the unlicensed band in accommodating a range of

wireless devices and services has led the FCC to consider opening further bands for
unlicensed use. In contrast, the licensed bands are underutilized due to static
frequency allocation. Realizing that CR technology has the potential to exploit the
inefficiently utilized licensed bands without causing interference to incumbent users;
the FCC released the Notice of Proposed Rule Making to allow unlicensed radios to
operate in the TV broadcast bands. The IEEE 802.22 working group formed in
November/2004 is equipped with the task of defining the air interface standard for
Wireless Regional Area Networks based on CR sensing for the operation of
unlicensed devices in the spectrum allocated to TV service.
While CR devices are built with components that have been well-established in the
telecommunications and computer science disciplines, the existing approaches to
provide robustness and effective security for a network of CR devices are
inadequate. Due to the particular characteristics of the CR systems, new types of
attack are possible and some of the well-known types increase in complexity.
Therefore, new ideas are needed to make CR networks secure and robust against
specific attacks, especially against those that are inherent to the CR functionality.
There is, therefore, the need for comprehensive and energy efficient mechanisms to
32 discourage, identify and mitigate the attacks at all phases of the cognitive cycle, in
order to obtain CR systems that are trustworthy, efficient and dependable.
REFERENCES
[1] Allen B.MacKenzie , Peter Athanas , R. Michael Buehrer , Steven W.

Ellingson ,Michael Hsiao , Cameron Patterson and Claudio R. C. M. da Silva,
“Cognitive Radio and Networking Research at Virginia Tech”, Proceedingd of IEEE
| Vol. 97, No. 4, April 2009, pp 660 - 688
[2] S. Kaneko, T. Ueda, S. Nomura, K. Sugiyama, K. Takeuchi, and S. Nomoto,

“The possibility of the prediction of radio resource availability in cognitive radio”,
Proc. IEICE General Conference, Nagoya| B-17-33, Japan, Mar., 2007

[3] Burke, M.; Lally, B.T.; Kerans, A.J., “Virtual Occupancy in Cognitive Radio”|
2011 , pp 328 – 336
[4] A.Venkata Reddy, E.Rama Krishna and , P.Mahipal Reddy, “Sensor Networks
for Cognitive Radio: Theory and System Design” | Volume: 3 , 2011 , pp 229 –
233
[5] Na Yi, YiMa, and Rahim Tafazolli, “Underlay Cognitive Radio with Full or
Partial Channel Quality Information” C.C.S.R., University of Surrey, Guildford GU2
7XH, UK, Research Article | June 2010
[6] Theodore S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications Principles and Practice” ,

2nd EDITION, 1996
[7] Bruce A. Fette, “Cognitive Radio Technology”, 1st EDITION,2006
[8] Kamilo Feher ,”Wireless Digital Communication: Modulation and Spread

Spectrum Application” , 2nd Edition
33

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SOFTWARE DEFINED

Chapter 1 -SOFTWARE-DEFINED RADIO

1.1 Introduction to Software-Defined Radio………………………………………………6

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

Chapter 2 –COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGY

2.1 A vision of Cognitive Radio…………………………………………………………..……10

4.1 Simulink Model …………………………………………………………….…..…….19

Chapter 5 – FUTURE SCOPE OF COGNITIVE RADIO…………………………….…….34

This report contains basic information on Cognitive Radio and Software

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

1.1 Introduction to Software-Defined Radio

with wide-reaching benefits realized by service providers and product developers

Simply put Software Defined Radio is defined as:

Software-Defined Radio (SDR) refers to the technology wherein software modules

An SDR is a radio in which the properties of carrier frequency, signal bandwidth,

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

1.3 Role of SDR

1.3.1 Problems faced by Wireless Communication Industry

 Subscribers are forced to buy new handsets whenever a new generation of

 Wireless network operators face deployment issues while rolling-out new

1.3.2 How SDR solves the problems

 For equipment manufacturers SDR enables a family of products to be

implemented using common platform architecture, allowing new products to

 Software can be reused across the products, reducing development costs

 Remote software downloads, through which capacity can be increased,

 For subscribers SDR technology reduces costs by enabling them to

Reconfigurability: The SDR provides flexibility in system design. Reconfigurability

Ubiquitous Connectivity: SDR helps in realizing global roaming facility. If the

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

Interoperability: SDR facilitates implementation of open architecture radio systems.

COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 A vision of Cognitive Radio

2.2 History Leading to Cognitive Radio

Meanwhile, the semiconductor industry, continuing to follow Moore’s law, evolved

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

A cognitive radio is a wireless communication system that intelligently utilizes any

CR implies intelligent signal processing (ISP) at the physical layer of a wireless

2.4 Cognitive Radio Network Paradigms

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

2.4.1 Underlay Paradigm

 Measuring interference at NC receiver

2.4.2 Overlay Paradigm

message might be obtained by decoding the message at the cognitive receiver.

2.3.3 Interweave Paradigm

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

3.2.1 About MATLAB & SIMULINK

MATLAB® is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment

modeling and analysis, and computational biology. Add-on toolboxes (collections of

Simulink is integrated with MATLAB®, providing immediate access to an extensive

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

3.2.3 Power Spectral Density

4.1 Simulink Model

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

left to right, input port signals.

Sine Wave Block

• 0 (the default) causes the block to operate in continuous mode.

Bernoulli Binary generator

SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

The DSBSC AM Modulator Passband block modulates using double-sideband

Block Type Count Block Names

Scope 10 Scope, Scope1, Scope2, Scope3, Scope4, Scope5,

Sin 5 Sine Wave, Sine Wave1, Sine Wave2, Sine Wave3,