A PAST REVISITED  Propaganda Movement

 Two groups:
X. REVOLUTION AND NATIONHOOD
 Filibusteros
 National consciousness began to take  “Filipinos” banished to the
form only as articulators projected Marianas during the Cavite
grievances and aspirations of the people Mutiny of 1872
 Articulators were the ilustrados  Congregated in Barcelona
 Belonged to the classes that and Madrid
arose as a result of the  Students in Spain
developing economy  Augmented by refugees who
 Able to take advantage of the left to escape persecution
educational opportunities offered  Graciano Lopez Jaena
at the time  Fray Botod
 Consciousness was the product of  Botod: full-belied
objective reality (Hiligaynon)
 Articulation helped mobilize forces  Vices and abuses of
that would effect changes Spanish priests
 First Filipinos were the Españoles-  Circulated only in
Filipinos (creoles) manuscript form
 Spaniards born in the PH  Came to the attention
 Term “Filipino” had a racial and of the Spaniards,
elitist connotation leave PH
 18 and 19th century, Chinese
th  Marcelo H. del Pilar
mestizos and urbanized natives  Reputation as a
were soon called Filipinos propagandist already
 Drive for individual economic expansion established
found sanction in the Enlightenment and  Wrote propaganda
French Revolution pamphlets in Tagalog
 Aggravated the feeling of oppression  Parodies of Our
caused by colonial policies Father, Hail Mary,
 Grievances of masses and self- Apostle’s Creed, Ten
interest of the principalia Commandments,
 Ingredients in the development of a catechism
new consciousness and interests  Jose Rizal
distinct from that of Spain  Emerged as a highly
 Ilustrados infused “Filipino” with respected leader
national meaning through their  Prestige greatly
propaganda work enhanced by the
 Nationhood found expression in publication of Noli Me
agitation for reforms Tangere in 1887
 Principal propaganda efforts exerted  Incisive study of the
in Spain “mother country” Philippines

  Banned in the
Philippines
 Counteract the friar-supported
newspaper, La Politica de España
en Filipinas
 Refute anti-Filipino writers such as
Wenceslao E. Retana, Pablo Feced,
Vicente Barrantes
 Early demands for reforms aired by
creoles in El Eco Filipino
 Fortnightly magazine based in Spain
 Banned after 1872
 Juan Atayde founded Circulo Hispano
Filipino in 1882 in Madrid
 Died immediately due to lack of
funds and trust in Atayde
 Miguel Morayta formed Asociacion
Hispano-Filipino
 Inaugurated on January 12, 1889 in
Madrid
 Passage of Maura Law
 Compulsory teaching of Spanish
 Campaigned actively for Philippine
representation in the Cortes
 Failed to gain support of Rizal and
Luna
 Felt that Spaniards and creoles
were too moderate or unwilling
to take risks
 Early attempts to publish a propaganda
organ were failures
 Lack of funds, petty jealousies,
personal ambitions, lack of unity
 Revista del Circulo Hispano Filipino
 died after second issue
 España en Filipinas
 La Solidaridad
 Purely Filipino
 Established in Barcelona on
December 13, 1888
 Rivaled Morayta’s Madrid group
 President: Galicano Apacible
 Rizal’s cousin
 Could not hold wrangling
reformists together
 Took the prestige of Rizal
and political wisdom of del
Pilar
 VP: Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Alternated between collaboration
and indifference
 Severed all ties with the
propaganda movement when a
promised pension from the
Manila supporters did not
materialize
 Attacked former colleagues
 Devoted himself to his ambition
of being elected to the Cortes
 Tresurer: Mariano Ponce
 Honorary President: Jose Rizal
 Stopped contributing after two
years due to a feud with del Pilar
 Two months later, Antonio
Luna also quit
 February 1889: Publication
 Became the principal organ of
the Propaganda movement
 February 15, 1889-
November 15, 1895
 First editor was Jaena
 Succeeded by del Pilar
 Political propaganda paper with
liberal, reformist orientation
dedicated to fighting reaction in
all forms
 Directed strongest invectives at
friars as enemies of
enlightenment and liberal reform
 Objectives:
 Fight all forms of reaction
 Impede all retrogression
 Hail and accept all liberal ideas
 Defend all progress
  Demands:
 Freedom of the press, speech,
and of assembly
 Equality before the law
 Participation in the affairs of the
government
 Promotion of education
 Stop abuses of the Guardia Civil
 End arbitray deportation of
citizens
 La Solidaridad and Asociacion Hispano-
Filipino aims:
 Representation in the cortes
 Abolition of censorship of the press
 Propagandist’s goal was assimilation
 Movement for reforms
 Philippine representation in the
cortes
 Preoccupation with education
 PH as a province of Spain
 Masonry
 Integral part of the reform
movement
 Anti-Friar
 Masonic lodges in PH helped
fund propaganda work
 Influence of the propagandists may be
regarded as minimal
 Propagandists wrote accurate
reflection of reality
 Feeling of empathy developed
 Heightened the ferment of the
people
 Continuity between revolution
and reformism
 Liga Filipina
 Organized by Rizal on July 1892
when he returned to the PH
 Sought to involve the people directly
in the reform movement
 Andres Bonifacio was one of the
founders
 Cause of Rizal’s arrest on July 6,
1982 – four days after organization
of the liga
 Liga became inactive until
Domingo Franco and Andres
Bonifacio reorganized
 Apolinario Mabini became
secretary of the Supreme
Council
 Organization declared
support for La Solidaridad
 Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved
the society a few months later
 Reformists leaders found out that
most of the popular councils which
Bonifacio had organized were no
longer willing to send funds
 Convinced that peaceful
agitation for reforms was futile
 Liga split into two groups:
 Cuerpo de Compromisarios
 Pledged to continue
supporting La Solidaridad
 Katipunan
 Led by Bonifacio
 Organized by Bonifacio on
the very day that Rizal was
deported to Dapitan
 Goal was transformed from
assimilation to separation
 Reformism of the ilustrados gave
way to the revolution of the masses
 Ilustrados were both reformist and
revolutionary
 Ambivalent classes, confused sila ih
 Grievances impelled them to
relate to the people, pero since
they were regarded as the social
superiors, they also related to
the ruling power
  The higher the economic status, the
the stronger tendency na reformists
sila
 Evident sa split ng Liga
 Richer ones formed the
Cuerpo de Compromisarios
 Less rich formed the
Katipunan
 Focus of the revolutionary movement
was in the eight Tagalog provinces
 The first provinces that rose in revolt
were those in friar estates
 Earliest projects of Spain was setting up
a tobacco monopoly
 Workers recognized their solidarity,
constituted base of support for
Katipunan
 Successful development of cash
crops intensified exploitation and
suffering
 Isabelo de los Reyes described the
exploitative practices of the friars
 Unreasonable rent fees
 Irrational friars
 Resentments peaked toward the end of
19th century
 Economic depression
 Grievances of all classes flowed
together to form one common stream of
national protest
 Katipunan gained a wider mass
base
 First election of the Katipunan
 President: Deodato Arellano
 Secretary of the of the Liga
 Katipunan formed at his house
 Comptroller: Andres Bonifacio
 Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa
 worked actively under Bonifacio
in the Liga
 Secretary: Teodoro Plata
 Nephew of Gregoria de Jesus
 Treasurer: Valentin Diaz
 Statutes of Katipunan
 Del Pilar first saw the futility of fighting
for reforms
 The Katipunan organ was Kalayaan
 Carried del Pilar’s name as EIC to
throw off authorities
 Emilio Jacinto was actual EIC
 First issue appeared early 1896
 Contained a column by Jacinto
enjoining the people to strive for
“solidarity and independence”
 Penned by del Pilar
 Contained a patriotic poem by
Bonifacio
 Contained an article by Dr. Pio
Valenzuela on friar and civil
guard abuses
 Ended before second issue was
even released
 Government raid on the site of
Katipunan printing press
 Katipunan’s approach was racial and
anti-colonial
 Kartilla written by Emilio Jacinto
 Primer for the Katipunan
 Handled propaganda aspect of the
Katipunan
 The Duties of the Sons of the People
 Rules of conduct ng Katipunan
 The Katipunan ideology was a cry for
independence and a demand for
democracy
 The Revolution became a people’s war
under elite leadership
XI. REVOLUTION AND COMPROMISE
 Banishment of Rizal symbolized the
passage of leadership from the
assimilationists to separatists
 Bonifacio, Jacinto, other leaders
scouted the mountains of San Mateo
and Montalban for a possible base and
hide-out
 Cry of Montalban
 Revolution to achieve separation
 Definition of the means and
end
 Maraming na-initiate into the
Katipunan
 “Sons of the People”
 “Long Live Philippine
Independence” inscribed in
one of the cave
 The revolution began with no arms other
than spears, bolos, and a few shotguns
 Katipunan quickly spread to Luzon,
Panay, and Mindanao
 Katipunan tried to enlist aid of Don
Francisco Roxas
 Threatened to denounce Katipunan
 Antonio Luna was unreceptive at first
 Bonifacio and Jacinto manufactured
fictitious documents implicating a list of
rich Filipinos as heavy contributors to
the Katipunan
 Francisco Roxas executed
 Luna Imprisoned
 Spanish authorities became convinced
of the existence of the Katipunan on
August 19, 1896
 Teodoro Patiño of the Diario de
Manila betrayed the Katipunan to
Father Mariano Gil
 The former also revealed names of
his co-workers who were
Katipuneros
 Katipunan fled to Balintawak
 Bonifacio summoned Katipunan
leaders to a mass meeting in
Pugadlawin in the yard of a son of
Melchora Aquino (Mother of the
Katipunan)
 August 23, 1896: Katipuneros
tore their cedulas “Long live the
Philippines!”
 First real encounter between Spanish
forces and Katipunan occurred in
San Juan del Monte
 Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked
powder magazine
 Spaniards retreated, counter-
attacked, Bonifacio forced to
retreat to Balara
 Governor-General Ramon Blanco
proclaimed the existence of a state of
war (CaLaMBaBuTNEP)
 authorized Batallon de Leales
Voluntarios de Manila
 Believed that this would
suppress the budding rebellion
 Fort Santiago became
packed with suspects,
tortured
 Reign of terror only swelled the
forces of the Revolution
 September 4, 1896 four members of the
Katipunan executed at Luneta
 September 12, 1896 “Los Trece
Martires de Cavite”
 Rizal was completely innocent of the
charge of rebellion
 His execution on December 30,
1896 was a “stupid and vengeful” act
 Asked to join the Katipunan, refused
 Repudiated the Revolution until the
very end
 Nueva Ecija, two thousand
revolucionarios under Mariano Llanera
attacked the Spanish garrison
 Held the town for three days, but
were forced out after fresh Spanish
troops arrived
 Hermosa, Bataan: people killed the
parish priest
 Katipunan had two rival councils in
Cavite
 Magdiwang
 Led by Mariano Alvarez
 Magdalo
 President: Baldomero
Aguinaldo
 Nom-de-guerre chosen by
Aguinaldo in honor of St. Mary
Magdalene
 Shows that Emilio was
actually leading it, not
Baldomero
 Cavite was the most successful area
for the Revolution
 Aguinaldo won a signal victory in Imus
on September 5, 1986
 Hero of the Caviteños
 Issued two decrees on October 31,
1986
 Aim of the Revolution is
independence
 Filipinos should follow the
example of civilized European
and American nations
 March under the flag of the
revolution “Liberty, Equality,
and Fraternity”
 Magdalo made no mention of the
Katipunan in its documents
 Established a provisional
Government
 Asked Filipinos to take up arms
and recognize the new
“Government of the Revolution”
 Clear disregard of the
Katipunan
 Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido Tirona,
and Edilberto Evangelista met
Bonifacio at Zapote
 Expressed disgust at Bonifacio’s
attitude of “superiority”
 Aguinaldo said that Bonifacio
acted “as if he were a king”
 Baldomero Aguinaldo and Daniel
Tirona accompanied by Vicente
Fernandez
 Fernandez yung talkshit na hindi
naka-attack sa Spanish
 Bonifacio realized na he had no
control over the Magdalo faction
 People were unaware of the hatred
within Katipunan
 Noveleta to Bonifacio: “Long live the
ruler of the Philippines”
 Bonifacio was like nah fam,
“Long live Philippine Liberty”
 Magdalo faction salty af
 Anonymous letters suddenly
appeared accusing Bonifacio
of being a mason, atheist,
illiterate
 Bonifacio suspected
Daniel Tirona, almost
shot him but cockblocked
by women oops
 Imus Assembly of December 31
 Settle shit between Magdalo and
Magdiwang
 Baldomero Aguinaldo asked the
assembly to decide whether
Katipunan should continue or be
replaced by a Revolutionary
Government
 Magdalo leaders prepared,
submitted a constitution by
Edilberto Evangelista
  Nothing was actually resolved, it just
deepened the rivalry between
Bonifacio and Aguinaldo
 Aguinaldo threatened Bonifacio
to elect Evangelista as president
of the Revolutionary government
because he was “most
educated”
 Paciano Rizal and Josephine
Bracken arrived, dun dun duuunnnn
 March 22, 1987: Tejeros Convention
 Defeat of the revolution of the
masses
 Seizure of leadership by
provincial elite from the masses
 Elect officers for the Revolutionary
Government, discard Katipunan
 President: Emilio Aguinaldo
 Birthday gift yay
 Took oath a day after the
Tejeros Convention
 VP: Mariano Trias
 Captain General: Artemio
Ricarte
 Only one not born in Cavite
 Director of War: Emiliano
Riego de Dios
 Director of the Interior: Andres
Bonifacio  Pascual Alvarez
 Evidence na he was already
maneuvered out of power,
sad
 Daniel Tirona protested, di
raw siya Caviteño and
uneducated, he did not
deserve the position
 Bitter af, annulled everything
that has been approved
since everybody still
recognized him as the
Supremo
 Director of State: Jacinto
Lumberas
 Director of Finance:
Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Director of Commerce:
Mariano Alvarez
 Director of Justice: Severino
de las Alas
 Bonifacio refused to acknowledge
this government (Naic Military
Agreement)
 Reasserted his leadership of the
Revolution
 Appointed General Pio del Pilar
as commander-in-chief of the
revolutionary forces
 Emilio Jacinto as general of the
North
 Magdiwangs abandoned Bonifacio
 Artemio Ricarte
 Pio del Pilar
 Severino de las Alas
 Made false charges that the
friars bribed Bonifacio to
establish the Katipunan and that
they were planning to surrender
 Aguinaldo’s leadership could only be
stabilized by Bonifacio’s death
 Aguinaldo ordered Col. Agapito
Bonzon to arrest Bonifacio and his
brothers
 Charged with sedition and
treason
 Trial was a farce from beginning
to end
 Guilty verdict was sure to
happen
 Sentenced to execution
 Carried out by Major
Lazaro Makapagal on
May 10
 Aguinaldo’s triumph at Tejeros was
short-lived
 March 25, three days after the
convention, Imus fell to the
Spaniards
 Towns around it submitted to
Spanish occupation
 Aguinaldo retreated to Naic
 Retreat ulit on May 3
 By May 17, the whole of Cavite was
in Spanish hands once again
 Aguinaldo fled to Talisay to join
Malvar
 Spanish troops attacked,
leave Batangas
 Captured June 10 on
Mount Puray near
Montalban
 Still won a victory on
June 14, moved
headquarters to Biak-
na-Bato in San
Miguel, Bulacan
 Malabar manifesto
 Called on the “brave sons of the
Philippines” to shift to guerilla
warfare
 Advocated extension of the
revolutionary movement to other
provinces
 Balik to reform, clear abandonment
of the goals of the Katipunan
 War must be prolonged wtf
 Spaniards alternately used a policy of
attraction and repression
 After the fall of Imus, Polavieja issued
an amnesty proclamation which the
majority of the population ignored
 Primo de Rivera revived this
amnesty offer
 Two attempts at mediation had been
made prior to the Tejeros Convention
 Father Pio Pi
 Spanish journalist Rafael Comenge
 Paterno offered his services as mediator
in Biak-na-Bato
 No mention of specific reforms, just
that rebels should rely on the good
intentions of Primo de Rivera
 Aguinaldo ordered the release of Puray
prisoners two days after negotiations,
assured Rivera of his “high esteem and
great respect”
 Aguinaldo was selling the PH???
 Once funds have been secured (3M
pesos), he promised to surrender all
arms
 Back to reforms
 Negotiations went on from August to
December
 People were being pushed to fight
 Preparations for Biak-na-Bato
Republic going on
 Logical outcome of the
ilustrados’ seizure of power at
Tejeros
 Made a mockery of the Pugad
Lawin
 May constitution signed on
November 1, 1987
 Constitution was a copy of
the Cuban constitution of
Jimaguayu
 writing of a constitution
was an exercise in futility,
considering na Aguinaldo
was already willing to
surrender early August
 Constitution gave right to
dissolve autonomous
regional governments such
as those of Central Luzon
and Batangas
 Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on  August 2, Cebu revolutionaries marched
December 27 to Manila commanded by Leon Quilat
 El Imparcial reported him saying  “Viva la Independencia”
“Vivas” for Spain and “The  Took the capital on April 3
Philippines, always Spanish”  Revolutionary activity began in
 Aguinaldo requested for Biak-na-Bato to Panay on March 1898
be a barrio of San Miguel, “Barrio de  Aguinaldo arrived on McCulloch, an
Primo de Rivera” or “Barrio of the American ship, in Cavite on May 19,
Peace” 1898
 Bitches started fighting for the spoils  Rebellion was already going on
 Illegal  Aguinaldo surrendered, but the
 While the exiles were busying people did not
themselves with petty quarrels, people  May 21: letter to Filipinos speaking
continued supporting the Revolution of the promise to Dewey that Filos
 February 1898: revolutionaries cut will carry out modern war
railway lines to Dagupan to prevent  Advised people to respect
arrival of Spanish reinforcements foreigners and their properties
 March 1898: telegraph line between  “We shall not secure our liberty
Manila and Bolinao besieged or else our own soil will be
 Bulacan revolted under the delivered over to other hands”
leadership of Isidoro Torres
 Established two insurgent camps
near Malolos
 General Francisco Makabulos
Soliman renewed operations in
Central Luzon
 March 25: Isabelo Abaya seized
Candon
 Feliciano Jhocson was most influential
around Manila, several conspiracies
credited to him
 opposed Biak-na-Bato, refused to go
to exile
 Sangguniang Hukuman by Emilio
Jacinto and Constitution of the
general executive committee of
Central Luzon proved that recent
events were not mere banditry, but was
actually the revolution
 February 1898 Francisco Llamas
organized a revolutionary committee in
Cebu
XII. THE SECOND COUP 1898 upon Wildman and
Ambrosio Rianzares
 Cuban revolution against Spanish Bautista’s advice
tyranny gave US the opportunity to  When Aguinaldo arrived, four major
impose its rule both on Cuba and PH forces:


trying to gain control of

Blowing up of US warship Maine in  Spanish colonialism
Havana whipped up enough public  We’re losing, go with conciliatory

the masses
resentment against Spain moves
 February 25, 1898: Theodore  American imperialism
Roosevelt cabled Commodore
 Wait, build up military strength
George Dewey to Hong Kong
 Filipino ilustrados
 Spanish-American war erupted
 Strengthen claim to leadership
within a month
 Filipino masses
 Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
 Continued to believe in and fight
destroyed on May 1st
for the Katipunan
 Felipe Agoncillo suggest to American
 Aguinaldo instructed Teodoro Sandico
consul-general of Hong Kong
on August 10, 1898 na oks lang if
Rounseville Wildman that a Filipino-
protection or annexation
American alliance be concluded in the
 Fil-Am hostilities broke out only on
event of a war between Spain and the
February 4, 1899
US
 American patrol shot a Filipino
 Arm Filos, pay if narecognize na
soldier on the bridge at San Juan
Revolutionary Government by the
 Governor Augustin inaugurated a
US
policy of attraction aimed principally at
 Collateral is two provinces and
the ilustrados
customshouse
 issued two decrees:
 Nothing came of this negotiation
 Filipino Volunteer Militia
 Edward P. Wood sought Aguinaldo
 Artemio Ricarte
upon Dewey’s orders to ask him to
return to PH to resume war against the  Baldomero Aguinaldo
Spaniards  Mariano Trias
 Aguinaldo contacted again sa  Licerio Geronimo
Singapore by Consul E. Spencer  Enrique Flores
Pratt  Felipe Buencamino
 US could not possibly covet PH  Augustin’s emissary to
since it just guaranteed Cuba’s Aguinaldo
independence  Offered Aguinaldo with
 Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on the rank of Brigadier-
April 26 General in the Spanish
 Wildman advised Aguinaldo to army if he would declare
set up a dictatorial government loyalty to Spain and fight
for the duration of the war Americans
 Dictatorial government  rejected
proclaimed on May 24,  Pio del Pilar
  Consultative Assembly
 First meeting on May 28
 President: Pedro Paterno
 May 31, appeal to the
people to stand by Spain
 Adjourned on June 13
without accomplishing
anything
 Proclamation of Philippine
Independence on June 12, 1898
 Philippine flag first officially raised
and Philippine National Anthem first
publicly played in Kawit
 Declaration prepared by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista
 Patterned after American
Declaration of Independence
 Put the US in the special position
of protector
 Mabini regarded this as premature
and inadequate
 June 23, 1898: Dictatorial government
changed to Revolutionary
 “struggle for the independence of the
PH until she is recognized by the
free nations of the earth”
 Aguinaldo announced the demise of the
Biak-na-Bato republic, leaving all
positions dependent on his personal
appointment
 By July 15, he was appointing his
first cabinet ministers
 American troops, all under the general
command of Gen. Wesley E. Merritt
arrived in three waves
 Philippine forces had been laying siege
in Manila since May 31
 Aguinaldo thrice demanded the
surrender of the Spaniards, ignored
 Mock battle between Spain and
US staged, Manila surrendered
to US troops on August 13
 August 14, Merritt announced the
establishment of the Military
Government
 Aguinaldo’s second coup paved the way
for the take-over of the Manila elite
 General Manuel Tinio’s army liberated
Ilocos provinces from Spain
 General Miguel Malvar liberated
Tayabas
 Spanish forces in Santa Cruz, Laguna
surrendered to General Paciano Rizal
 By September, Cagayan Valley and
Batanes were cleared of Spaniards
 After the surrender of Manila, Spanish
government was transferred from
Manila to Iloilo
 General Diego de los Rios set up a
Council of Reforms
 Met the same fate as the
Consultative Assembly
 Comite Conspirador
 Organized by the Iloilo elite in
May 1898
 Associated itself with the
Aguinaldo government
 Revolutionary Government of
Visayas
 Santa Barbara, Iloilo on
November 17, 1898
 President: Aniceto Lacson
 Secretary of War: Juan
Araneta
 Hacienderos in Negros remained
outwardly loyal to the Spaniards until
1898
 Juan Araneta chief of the
Southern zone
 Aniceto Lacson chief of the
Northern zone
 December 10, 1898: Treaty of Paris
 Spain ceded PH to the US
 People’s victory
 Put an end to Spanish rule
without any help from foreign
power
 Malolos Government was the
symbol of unity and defeat
 Ratified on February 6, 1899
 Felipe Calderon prepared the draft of
the constitution after the Malolos
congress was convoked
 Drew heavily from the constitutions
of France, Belgium, and several
South American republics
 Included a provision for the union of
church and state
 January 23, 1899: First Philippine
Republic was inaugurated
 Aguinaldo’s first two decrees pardoned
Spanish prisoners and gave Spaniards
the right to engage business with the
PH
 December 21, 1898: President
McKinley issued his “Benevolent
Assimilation” Proclamation
 Instructed US forces to extend
sovereignty over PH by force
 April 4: Schurman Comission
 Supremacy of the US will be
enforced throughout every part of
PH
 Remaining members of the Malolos
government unanimously decided to
accept the Schurman offer
 Requested Aguinaldo to dissolve
the Mabini cabinet
 Aguinaldo captured in Palanan on
March 23, 1901
 Pro-American scouts dressed in
rayadillo uniforms