MAT1503/203/2/2017

Tutorial letter 203/2/2017

LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT1503

Semester 2

Department of Mathematical Sciences

This tutorial letter contains solutions for assignment 03.

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university
Define tomorrow. of south africa
 SEMESTER 2

ASSIGNMENT 03
Fixed closing date: 11 September 2017
Unique Assignment: 789872

QUESTION 1
x−6 y−4
(a) Note that t = = =z−2
5 3
∴ 3x − 18 = 5y − 20
⇒ 3x − 5y = −2 .......................................................... (1)
Also x − 6 = 5z − 10
∴ x − 5z = −4 .......................................................... (2)
Next y − 4 = 3z − 6
∴ y − 3z = −2 .......................................................... (3)

Adding (1) and (2) gives

4x − 5y − 5z = −6..........................................................(*)

Adding (2) and (3) gives

x + y − 8z = −6..........................................................(**)

So the system is

4x − 5y − 5z = −6
x + y − 8z = −6 [check]

(b) The augumented matrix of this system is

   
1 4 1 | 0 1 4 1 | 0
 4 13 7 | 0  →  0 −3 3 | 0  R2 − 4R1 → R2
7 22 3 | 1 0 −6 −4 | 1 R3 − 7R1 → R3
 
1 4 1 | 0
→  0 −3 2 | 0 
0 0 −10 | 1 R3 − 2R2 → R3
∴ The solution is
1
−10z = 1, giving z = − 10
−3y + 3z = 0
∴ 3z = 3y
∴z=y
1
i.e y = − 10

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 MAT1503/203/2/2017

x + 4y + z
= 0
1
⇒ x + 4 − 10 =0
5 1
∴ x = 10 = 2

The solution is therefore (x, y, z) = 12 , − 10

1 1


, − 10

(c) Using back substitution one gets

x4 =0
x3 + 2x4 = 2 ⇒ x3 = 2
x2 + 3x3 + 7x4 =5
⇒ x2 + 3 · 2 + 0 =5
∴ x2 = 5 − 6 =1
x1 + 2x2 − x3 + x4 = −3
⇒ x1 + 2 (1) − 2 + 0 =3
∴ x1 =3

The solutions is (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (3, 1, 2, 0)

(d) The augmented matrix of the system is

 
3 11 19 | −2
 7 23 39 | 10 
−4 −3 −2 | 6
 
3 11 19 | −2
→  0 −8 16 | 44  2R2 − 7R1 → R2
0 35 70 | 10 3R3 + 4R1 → R3
 
3 11 19 | −2
−11  R2 × − 14 R2


 0 2 4 |
1
0 7 14 | 2 R → R3
3 3
 
3 11 19 | −2
→  0 2 4 | −11 
0 0 0 | 81 2R3 − R2 → R3

11 19 −2
 
1 3 3
| 3
−11 1
→  0 1 2 | 2
 R
3 1
− R1 → R1
1
0 0 0 | 81 R
2 2
− R2 → R2

QUESTION 2

(a) 2x + y = c
3y + z = c

3
 x + 4z = c
The augemented matric is
 
2 1 0 | c
 0 3 1 | c 
1 0 0 | c
 
1 0 4 | c
→  0 3 1 | c  R1 ↔ R3 → R1
2 1 0 | c R3 ↔ R1 → R3
 
1 0 4 | c
 0 3 1 | c 
0 1 −8 | c R3 − 2R1 → R3
 
1 0 4 | c
→  0 1 −8 | −c  R2 ↔ R3 → R2
0 3 1 | c R3 ↔ R2 → R3
 
1 0 4 | c
→  0 1 −8 | −c 
0 0 25 | 4c R3 − 3R2 → R3

∴ 25z = 4c
25
∴ c= z
4
to make c a positive integer z must be a positive multiple of 4. The smallest value is z = 4
This makes 25 the smallest value of c. Row 2 gives y − 8z = −c whence c = 8z − y.
To make c a positive integer here
y
8z > y. So z >
8
Thus y must be a multiple of 8. That is the only control of y on c.
Similarly x + 4z = c only dictates that x > −4z and that x must be an integer.
The smallest value of c is 25.
(b) The coefficient determinant of the sustem is
 
 1 2 3 
 
 1 k 4 
 
 1 2 (k + 2) 
     
 k 4  − 2 1 4
    1 k 
= 1   + 3 
2 k+2   1 k+2   1 2 

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 MAT1503/203/2/2017

= k (k + 2) − 8 − 2 (k + 2 − 4) + 3 (2 − k)
= k 2 + 2k − 8 − 2k + 4 + 6 − 3k
= k 2 − 3k + 2

(i) The system will have a unique solution if

k 2 − 2k + 2 =
6 0
⇒ (k − 1) (k − 2) =6 0
⇒ k 6= 1 and k 6= 2

(ii) When k = 1 the coefficient determant is

 
 1 2 3 
 
 1 1 4  and
 
 1 2 3 

the augmented matrix is

  
1 2 3 
 4
 1 1 4  6 

1 2 (k + 2)  6
  
1 2 3  4
→  1 1 4  6 
0 0 0  2 R3 − R1 → R3

This is inconsistent. So there are no solutions.

When k = 2 the augmented matrix is
  
1 2 3 
 4
 1 1 4  6 

1 2 4  6
  
1 2 3 
 4
 1 1 4  6 

0 0 0  0

So solutions exist.
(iii) When k = 2, thee are infinitely many solution.
     
a b c
→
−
(c) (i) A e = d   →
−
Ae2= e , Ae3= f 
  →
− 
g h i
by matrix multiplication.

5
 (ii) Be1 = →
−
v 1, B→
−
e 2, = →
−
v 2, B→
−
e 3, = →
−
v 3, B→
−
e i , 1 ≤ i ≤ 3. There was a typo here.

QUESTION 3
u = (0, 3, 0) , v = (1, 0, 4) and w = (2, 4, 0)
(a)
2v − 2u = 2 (1, 0, 4) − 2 (0, 3, 0)
= (2, 0, 8) − (0, 6, 0)
= (2, −6, 8)

(b)
||2u + 3v − w|| = ||(0, 6, 0) + (3, 0, 12) − (2, 4, 0)||
= ||(1, 2, 12)||
√
= 12 + 22 + 122
√
= 149

(c) This is
||−3u − (w − 4v)|| = ||−3u − w + 4v||
= ||(v1 − 3, 0) − (2, 4, 0) + (4, 0, 16)||
q
= ||(2, −7, 16)|| = 22 + (−7)2 + 162
√ √
= 4 + 49 + 256 == 53 + 256
√
= 309 units.

(d)
(v · w) v
Projv w =
||v||2

v·w = (1, 0, 4) · (2, 4, 0)

= 1, 2 + 0, 4 + 4, 0
=√2 √
||v|| = 12 + 02 + 42 = 17

2
Projv w = (1, 0, 4)
17
(e) Area = ||v × w||
 
 i j k 
 
v × w =  j 0 4 
 2 4 0 

= i (−16) − j (−8) + k (4)

= (−16, 8, 4)

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 MAT1503/203/2/2017

q
∴ ||v × w|| = (−16)2 + 82 + 42
√
= 256 + 64 + 16
√
= 336 square units

(f) The normal is v × w = (−16, 8, 4)

A point on the plane is (0, 3, 0). Let (x, y, z) be an arbitrary point on the plane. Then
(x − 0, y − 3, z − 0) is a vector on the plane. Hence

(−16, 8, 4) · (x, y − 3, z) = 0
⇒ −16x + 8y − 24 + 4z = 0
⇒ −16x + 8y + 4z − 24 = 0

This is the required equation.

QUESTION 4
√ √
(a) z1 = 2 + i 3, z2 = 2 − i 3.
√ √
3 3
(i) tan z1 = . So if z1 = r (cos θ + i sin θ) then θ − arctan ,
2 2
r √ 3
r = 22 + 3 = |z1 |
√
= 7
" √ ! √ !#
√ 3 3
∴ z1 = 7 cos arctan + i sin arctan
2 2
√
3
(ii) tan z2 = −
√ 2
|z2 | = 7
" √ ! √ !#
√ 3 3
∴ z2 = 7 cos arctan − + i sin arctan 1 −
2 2
(iii)
" ( √ ! √ !) ( √ √ !)#
√ 3 3 3 3
z1 · z2 = 7 cos arctan + arctan − + i sin arctan + arctan −
2 2 2 2

= 7 [cos 0 + i sin 0]

=7
  √
|z1 |
(iv)  zz21  = = √7 =1
 
|z2 | 7

7
 (b) Let z be a 4th root of 8 so that z 4 = 8. Suppose z = r [cos θ + i sin θ] is the polar form of z.
Now 8 = 8 + 0i.
Let

8 = ρ [cos φ + i sin φ] . Then

8 0
ρ = 8, cos φ = = 1, sin φ = = 0
8 8

Thus ρ = π and 8 = 8 [cos π + i sin π]

Now
z4 = r4 [cos 4θ + i sin 4θ]
= 8 [cos π + i sin π]

Thus
1
r4 = 8 and r = 8 4
cos 4θ = and sin 4θ = sin π

So 4θ = π + 2kπ, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
π + 2kπ
Thus θ = .
4
 
1 π + 2kπ π + 2k
This gives zk = z (k) = 8 4 cos + i sin
4 4