Frequency response in filters passes low, passes

high and passes all

David Leal Ruiz, Adrian Perez Sanchez, Jesus Manuel Rosales Castillo, Gustavo Villafañet Ferrusca
Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica.
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.
Puebla, México.
Mailing address:72000.

Abstract. In this report, we present the results in frequency

that we obtained both theoretically and in practice. We
elaborated 4 different circuits to show how the transfer
function is related to the frequency response.

Keyword: pass low, pass high, pass everything, transfer function

I. INTRODUCTION

The transfer function of a system is defined as the Laplace

transformation of the output variable and the Laplace
transformation of the input variable, assuming zero degrees
exist. It is a description of the input of the system
behavior.The transfer function is used to know the
frequency response of a circuit. Simplifying the equation
obtained, we can plot the magnitude and phase with respect
to the frequency. obtained, we can plot the magnitude and
phase with respect to the frequency.
The transfer function to the frequency. The transfer
function H (w) can be expressed in terms of its polynomial Analysis
numerator N (w) and polynomial denominator D (w) as H To calculate the values of resistors and capacitors, we
(w) ) = N (w) / D (w) proposed a cut signal and used the transfer function. The
The roots of the denominator are called the poles of the following analysis was necessary to know the main
transfer function. The roots of the child numerator are electrical components of this circuit.
called the zeros of the transfer function. G(s)=Vout/Vin

Vout ⁄SC
=V (2)
in R+1⁄SC
1⁄
SC SC

RC+1⁄ SC = SC(SCR+1) (3)

1
G(s)=
SRC+1

Results
II. EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
First circuit
This circuit is a low pass filter and we use the
oscilloscope to test the relationship between Vin and
Vout. In the results we note the gain of the circuit and
compare it with the results of the simulation.
 Second circuit
This circuit is an active low-pass and it is like the
previous circuit. The difference between fist circuit and the
second one is the gain obtained due to the resistance values
and their phase change.
The relation between the output voltage and the input
voltage (Vout / Vin) represented a gain in decibels that we
compared with the data obtained .

Frequency
Vout is Channel 1
Vin is Channel 2
1kHz

Frequency 1kHz. First circuit

10kHz

Frequency 10kHz. First circuit

Analysis
100kHz
Vout=C2 ||R2 (5)
R2⁄
SC = R 2 (6)
R2+1⁄SC SCR2+1

R2
Vout SCR2+1 (7)
=
Vin R1

R2 1
R1+(SCR2+1)
=AC[ ] (8)
SCR2+1
Frequency 100kHz. First circuit
Results
 Third circuit
The use of cursors in the bode plots was used to know The all pass is show in this part and we use two channels
the relation of the input voltage with the frequency . to obtain the change of phase with respect to the frequency
introduced.
RESULTS OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES IN THE FIRST
CIRCUIT
100kHz

. Frequency 100kHz. Second circuit

Third circuit. Schematic

Frequency
Vout is Channel 1
Vin is Channel 2
1 kHz

Frequency 1kHz. Second circuit

20kHz

Analysis
𝑇3 = 𝑇𝑇2−𝑇𝑇1 (9)
𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇1 = 2
(10)
1⁄ 1

Frequency 10kHz. Second circuit 𝑇

𝑇2 =
𝑇𝑇
= 𝑇𝑇𝑇+1 𝑇1 (11)
𝑇1+1⁄𝑇𝑇
1 𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇3 = 𝑇1 − (12)
𝑇𝑇𝑇+1 2

𝑇3 1 𝑇𝑇𝑇−1
=− (13)
𝑇1 2 𝑇𝑇𝑇+1
 Fourth circuit
pass high passive

This is the second of the passive filters, the only

change it presents is the connection of the output,
which instead of being taken from the capacitor, is
taken from the resistance which causes us instead of
letting "pass" the low frequency pass the high
frequencies.
. Frequency Third circuit

29.88kHz

Frequency 29.88kHz. Third circuit

55.92kHz

Frequency 55.92kHz. Third circuit

157kz

Results

Frequency 157kHz. Third circuit

 Five circuit high passes active
It allows the passage of signals whose frequencies are
included above a cutoff frequency fc and blocks all
those that are between 0 and said cutoff frequency.

Frequency 10kHz. Four circuit

Frequency 100kHz. Four circuit

Result
III. CONCLUSIONS
In this practice we were able to observe the differences
between the types of common filters, which specify the
theoretical knowledge previously studied. We were able to
verify the cutoff frequency with the electrical components
proposed in the transfer function and the Bode diagrams.
The results obtained both theoretically and with the
oscilloscope coincide with the SPICE simulation.

III. REFERENCES
[1] M.N. Charles K. Alexander, “Fundamentals of Electric Circuits”,3rd
ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006, ch.14, sec. 4 Bode Plots, pp.
629-634.