ANALYSIS OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM
WITH BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
S Zahid Nabi Dar
Department of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Srinagar, J&K, India
Email: zahidnabi21@gmail.com
. Abstract— The present work describes the implementation of
genetically tuned method for the enhancement and better
performance characteristics of compact sized battery energy
storage system (BESS) in respect to load frequency control (LFC)
applications. In contrast to the traditional control schemes this
scheme proposes utilizing genetic algorithm (GA) for the
automatically updating proportional and integral gains through
controller. The tracking of reference power to actual power is
also presented.
Keywords—: Battery energy storage system (BESS), load
frequency control (LFC), area control error (ACE), genetic
algorithm (GA).
I. INTRODUCTION
For competent working of a power system, the necessary
requirement is to maintain an almost constant frequency. High
magnetizing currents get developed in the system by major
drops in frequency. Active power balance of the system
represents the frequency and stability of the system. Since
frequency being an essential feature right through the network,
the change in active power at a particular zone is resonated all
over the network via a variation in frequency. Since a number
of generators feed power to the network, few measures are to
be taken to allot variations in demand with respect to
generators. The speed governor at every generation zone
supplies the primary speed control, whereas supplementary
control emanating from a principal control point exalts
generation. Primarily controlling of generation and frequency
is generally ascribed as load frequency control (LFC)[1].
Energy storage is utmost demanding and complicated
issue of the industry either it be an electrical utility or for
electrical industries. The modern and happening applications
are reflected in the fields of electric hybrid vehicles, electric
industries, portable electronics and storage systems used in
electric renewable sources. The persistent demand for
profitable energy storage has resulted in the evolution of
advanced technologies that provide reliability, more
production, less economic burden, faster response .Energy
storage can manage the deviations in supply and match the
always growing need for electricity.
Mairaj-ud-Din Mufti
Department of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Srinagar, J&K, India
Email: muftimd@yahoo.com
In case of short duration needs BESS can provide stability via
controlling frequency, while for longer duration demands it has
the capability to offer energy management or function as
reserves .It can also be used to exalt primary generation by
supplying energy during off peak periods. For properly
utilizing BESS in the power system the application of
simultaneous control is needed, wherein the fundamental
(inner) control loop targets at interchanging the requisite power
between the BESS and the network for enhanced dynamic
power system operation. Analyzing the response of the
suggested scheme, a two area power system is considered [2].
The schematic diagram is represented in Fig. 1. and the
specifications for the power conversion system (PCS) ,that is
utilized in integrating the BESS with an electrical utility
system are presented in Fig. 2. At one point the line side
converter manages a consistent voltage at the dc links, and on
another point, integration of the BESS with the dc bus needs a
fast bidirectional interface. We have considered technology
comprising of two combined buck – boost dc to dc converter
based upon the insulated gate bipolar transistor
Tie-line
Area-1 Area-2
L B L B
G G
Fig.1. Schematic of the interconnected power system with battery
Y   /Y
12-PULSE
BRIDGE
CONVERTER
BATTERY
POWER PT/CT
TR.
CONTROL
SCHEME
Fig.2. Fundamental configuration of BESS in power system.
 II. BESS FOR MULTI AREA POWER SYSTEM The dc current entering the battery can be estimated from
Investigations for the effect of genetically tuned BESS in the resultant circuit analysis according to the following
the LFC are shown in our studies and the technique for equations
utilizing the small sized BESS is proposed [3]. As linearized
models are utilized to investigate load frequency control. We V f

derive an incremental model for BESS functioning at charging Δsignal VS 0

 COS  6
X C0
mode as well as discharging mode. We propose to make use of + +
0
I BES

a two area interconnected power system for the case of

6
computer based simulation studies [4]. The basic scheme of an 
X C 0

equivalent battery energy system is portrayed in Fig. 3. It Vt ED ΔVCO ΔI BAT

consists an equivalent battery containing a network of
6 6 + - + 1
 
RBSRBAT
parallel/series combination of cells, which are connected to 12 -
VBAT +
pulse cascaded bridge circuit via a y/delta-y transformer, and a ΔV B1 +
control scheme. The battery voltage range lies in between 1755 R B1
ΔPBAT +
1  SR B 1C B 1
and 2925 volts [5]. The desired no load rated dc voltage of the +

converter is mathematically represented by below given  V BOC
equations: R BP
sin 1  SR BP C BP
√ (1)
Wherein, Vt represents the line to neutral voltage (RMS) 0
I BAT
voltage. The final value of battery voltage is fetched from the
below given equations.

T s -R I T BATTERY
Fig 4. Schematic of the incremental BESS Model
√ t( s s )- O I T (2)
O T
Where the symbols used represent specific parameters of I T (3)
the battery as R T R S
Where
XCO – commutating reactance, IBAT – DC current passing R PI T
through the battery. O (4)
SR P P
R I
1- delay angle of firing for nverter , 2- delay angle of T
(5)
firing for converter 2 SR
Depending upon the circuit analysis of the given
The resultant circuit of BESS can be expressed as a converter, the consumed active power and reactive power by
converter integrated with an battery as shown in Fig 3. BESS are represented as per the below given equations.

P T I T t
( s s ) (6)
P BAT R B1
t (s sn )
ED V BAT Q I n (7)
vt R BS T T
6 6
C B1
COS α As per the converter circuit analysis there are essentially

6
R BAT + - two techniques for control.
Π
X C0 V B1 +
(1) P-Q modulation : (8)
R BP C BP -
I BAT P I s (9)
T T t

Q T I T t
sn (10)
CONVERTER BATTERY (2) P modulation : (11)

Fig. 3 Equivalent circuit of BESS P T tI T s =

In the above given Fig. 4 circuit V BOC represents the open Q T
(12)
circuit voltage of the battery, VB1 reflects the over voltage, Herein, is essentially the DC Voltage
RBAT depicts the connecting resistance RBS portrays internal without overlap .Normally, we require the incremental active
resistance , RB1 gives over voltage resistance, CB1 shows over power with reference to load frequency control applications ,
voltage capacitance , RBP is shown as self-discharge we select P modulation in our case .Linearization of equation 9
resistance , CBP is presented as battery capacitance. results in obtaining of the incremental power of the BESS:
 ΔP T O ΔI T I T Δ O (13) its rated energy, and prepare itself to face new disturbance and
control it[6-7]. Furthermore compact size of BESS puts limits
The ΔI T will be decrementing all trough as the BESS on control variable i.e.; power command and changing variable
goes through persistent charging mode with respect to which is either battery voltage or energy stored. This control
increase of battery voltage Δ O and Δ .Principally, the scheme is capable of dealing with all problem by generating a
fixed current functioning mode is very effective in case of feasible power command to BESS [8-9].The stored energy
BESS, the firing angle , has to be so adjusted such that within BESS is represented by below mentioned equations:
Δ O keeps the BESS in constant power mode for the LFC
.We divide Δ O into two parameters (a) Δ to atone the
power deviations used by ΔI S , and (b) Δ s to
acknowledge the system disturbance .We attain
(Δ
( )
ΔP T O ΔI T I T Δ Δ s ) =I T Δ Δ s
(14) (20)
n x
If we let
- ΔI T OS We have established that the tracking results of the
Δ (15)
I T reference power command almost replicates the actual power
command .So it can be concluded that an integrator can be
Thereafter utilization of the BESS with LFC is achieved via incorporated with a reference model in order to predict the
a damping signal Δ S changing variable like energy storage within BESS .This
K P notion is depicted through the block diagram shown in Fig. 5..
Δ S S n (16) It is vital to realize that the BESS power as described in the
ST P
reference model could also be attained by Fig. 5.
Here K P represents the gain in control loop and T P
IV. SIMULATION STUDIUES
describes the time constant for the measuring device. In
response of generating damping response the Δ signal BESSS is genetically trained by tuning the controllers for
generates the much needed feedback from the power system in the optimum value [10]. So that the reference power command
order to provide damping effect .By combining the ibid is tracking the actual power command. After tracking the
equations, we attain incremental scheme of BESS as system, it is introduced to load frequency controller of two area
presented in Fig .4. Also we can obtain the discharging mode power system. In our system it is observed there is reduction in
for battery operation. frequency deviation of the system that will help in future
loading of the system for more thermal limits. the higher and
In case of discharging mode, the ignit n n e β r the lower limits of charge discharge is neglected usually a lower
converter is utilized. Power absorbed by BESS is expressed as limit is put for the capacitor voltage, such as 30% of the
nominal rating [10] . The higher range of the BESS voltage is
ΔP S tI S OSβ, β - (17) restricted by the features like capacitor voltage rating,
= I S OI S (18) insulation depth of capacitor and size of the converter bridge.
Below given Fig. 5 illustrate the two area power system. The
The similar result is obtained. pi gains of the battery are tuned according to Fig.6. And the
frequency deviations of the two systems one with only LFC
ΔP S -I S Δ s (19) and another with BESS integrated to LFC Of system is
compared in Fig 7.
The incremental BESS model as shown can classify P act
charging mode or discharging mode based on the sign assigned P ref
BESS
Zero
to I S value, which depends on the position of starting current Signal Gain
order
generat
inside the BESS. or hold

Since for countering very large currents which could

imperil battery service life we incorporate dc breakers.
output
.Furthermore a limiter is also enforced over Δ s due to
O

III. BESS CONTROL Fig. 5. Tracking performance of BESS

BESS is installed in every zone of control within the V. RESULTS

interconnected power system for damping electro mechanical
oscillations and maintain a least value for frequency and tie
power deviations. BESS immediately reacts to the load
disturbance by instantly supplying or storing energy through
command signal generated by the controller. Once the
disturbance is dealt with, the BESS unit should come back to
The BESS was fed by a signal generator having amplitude
0.01 and frequency of 1hertz.The reference power command
was fed and the actual power command was tracked via setting
the PI controller gains using genetic tuning value of
proportional gain and integral gain was obtained as 0.1254 and
4.98745 respectively. From fig 6. It can be clearly seen that the
reference and actual command are perfectly overlapping in
case of the BESS. The red line being the reference power
command and blue line being the actual power. From Fig 7 and 0.005
fig 8 two cases are considered and frequency deviations in both
frequency deviation of area 1
these cases are compared .The first case is the load frequency
0 frequency deviation of area 2 with BESS

Frequenc y Dev iations in Hz

controller of the system without BESS and second case is the
LFC of a two area power system with incorporation of BESS.
It can be seen the frequency deviations in the two systems are -0.005
having a difference of .0034 although a minor one but with
constraints it will provide a boost to the power system. And
the syste tw re h’s ste y st te ster. -0.01
0.01
ACTUAL POWER

0.008 REFERENCE POWER

-0.015

0.006
-0.02
0.004

0.002 -0.025
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Power in per unit

0 Time
Fig 8. LFC with BESS
-0.002

APPENDIX A: SYSTEM DATA

-0.004
Power System
-0.006
K P1
 K P2
 120 Hz /( p .uMW )

T P 1  T P  20 S
-0.008

TT 1  TT  0 .3
-0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fig. 6. Ting performance of the
Time inBattery
seconds Energy Storage system 2

0.005
K i1
 K i2
 0 .2
Area 1 frequency devaiation
Area 2 frequency deviation
R 1  R 2  2 . 4 Hz /( p .u .MW ).
0
B 1  B 2  0 . 425 p .u .MW / radian

T 12  0 . 08674 p .u .MW / radian

-0.005

APPENDIX B
-0.01 BESS (10MW/40MWH)
Battery voltage = 1755-2925 V dc
-0.015 C BP  52597

C B1  1F
-0.02
R BAT  0 . 0167

-0.025
X CO
 0 . 0274
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time in seconds K BP
 100 KV / HZ (  ( f ( feedback )
Fig.7. LFC without BESS
K BP
 117 KV / Hz ( ACEfeedbac k )
VI. CONCLUSION
T BP  0 . 005 sec
The energy storage model used here was a combination of
series parallel resistances and capacitances, it has brought R BP
 10 K 
about small improvement in the frequency deviation hence
R B 1  0 . 001 
more power can be transferred but to make the system more
robust.it is desired the system hit the various constraints like R BS  0 . 013
the maximum and minimum value of battery charge and
discharge and the system to be optimal a more optimized and K P
 0 . 1254 ( proporitio nal  gain )
best strategy would be to adopt adaptive generalized predictive
K  4 . 98745 (int egral  gain )
control strategy. I
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