CIVIL TRAINING FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS

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PRACTICAL GUIDELINE FOR INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL PLASTERING WORK
guru

November 24, 2016

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

Comments

1. INTRODUCTION
Plastering provides a finished surface that is firm and smooth. The plaster acts a sound &
thermal insulting layer. To an extent it also serves as a fire protecting layer. Plaster is a layer of cement-
sand mortar, applied over the masonry work. Plastering enhances the appearance of the building can
be briefly summed up as below

 To protect the surfaces from atmospheric influences.

 To cover the defective workmanship in masonry
 To cover up unsound& porous material.
 To provide a suitable base for colour wash/paint
In this chapter we will study the materials required for plastering tools required for plastering, types of
plaster etc. we will also discuss internal and external plaster regarding the details of preparation and
the procedure of the work, precautions for the scaffolding for internal and external plaster, defects in
plaster work and remedies special tips for precautionary measures to avoid cracks in the plaster and
methods of measurements for plaster work are also discussed in the chapter. Stress is laid on the
quality of workmanship and the checks at different stages.

2. MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR PLASTERING

 Cement
 sand
 water
 admixtures (if any)
 sanla (neeru)
 3. TOOLS REQUIRED FOR PLASTERING
Following is the list of tools, generally required for plastering workmanship

 Mortar pans
 Spade
 Chisel hammer
 Trowel
 V.C water level tube
 Wooden float
 Metal float
 Batten for making groves
 Aluminum hollow box section of 1.8m (6’0”) length
 Right angle, small& big
 Measuring tape
 S corners
 Nylon string
 Plumb bob
 Scaffolding material like bamboos, planks, Kathya, M.S chairs, wedges etc
 Chicken mesh, Plumbing nails, cutter wire nails G.I washers etc
 Drilling machine
 Measuring boxes for measuring sand
 Screens for sieving sand
 Sand sieving machine
 Sand washing machine
 Measuring jar
 Wire brush
 Sponge for sand face plaster
 Metal tray for mixing mortar
 I buckets with capacity marking
 Screens for sieving sand

4. TYPES OF PLASTER
The plaster can be classified on the basis of ingredients used and the proportion of binding
materials.

5. TYPES OF FINISHES
Classification based on ingredients used

 cement plaster
 lime plaster
 mud plaster
Classification based on proportion of binding material (cement/ lime: sand)

The above being volumetric proportion

Classification based on types of finishes

 Smooth cast finish

 Scrapped finish
 Textured finish

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 Pebble finish
 Rough cast finish
 Machine applied finish
Types of plaster widely used for building construction

 Sanla (neeru)finish plaster for internal surfaces in cement mortor

 Sand face plaster for external surfaces in cement mortor
Proportion to be used

A rough guide line for cement and sand mix proportion is as follows,

 For internal ceilings =1:4

 For internal walls =1:6
 For external walls 1st coat =1:5
 For external walls 2nd coat =1:5

6. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN FOR

SCAFFOLDING OF EXTERNAL PLASTER
Use good quality material

bamboos kathya & wooden planks should not be old & weak so as to avoid probable accidents

erect the base of bamboos on a hard & firm ground with a minimum anchorage of 45cm(1’6”) in ground

kathya shoud be wet while tying for better tightness

see that the scaffolding is in plumb & not inclined

ensure that every junction of the scaffolding is well tied

holes on masonry for bamboo support should be made at striking level as for as possible to avoid
leakage in wall from holes

scaffolding erection should be carried out with the help of skilled workman so that the structure poses
the required stability

ensure that the planks laid for making platform on scaffolding are strong enough to take the mason
load. In case two mason are required to work at one place then put double plank instead of a single
one

all planks rested on the scaffolding must be tied with wet kathya

locate the holes/openings for taking mortar ghamelas from room to out side at a strinking level

ensure that the strinking level week after it erection

scaffolding should be removed step by step from top to bottom as the work finishes

keep 90cm (3’0”) distance between the scaffolding and wall to be plastered for sufficient working space
for the mason.

Ptroper wedges in the masonry hole for tighteness of bamboo shoulkd be provided

while removing the scaffolding ensure that the no-one is workingunder that particular area as to avoid
accidents.

7. EXSTERNAL PLASTER
Depending upon factors like the desired performance of the building degree of maintenance
cot etc.,the external walls of the buildingare finished with suitable materials there are various forms of

3
 external finishes e.g sand faced,pebble dased rough cast smooth cast etc., following are the
preparation of external

7.1. PREPARATION OF EXTERNAL PLASTER

 Ensure that masonry work is complete in all aspects.

 Make scaffolding in advance where plaster is to be done
 Fill the external side gaps in masonry & joints of the beam & wall which was not possible earlier
without scaffolding. This could be done with rich cement mortar 1:3 & finish the surface by roughening
with wires the process should be begin minimum to be plastering for gaining enough strength.
 Keep the thickness of the plaster to minimum is to be done with a sharp chisel is to be done with the
sharp chisel &hammer
 Make holes on the walls column & beam with the drilling machine for fixing chicken mesh to all joints
of masonry & R.C.C work
 Cut the chicken mesh in minimum 20cm (8”) to 23cm (9”) width by cutter.
 Choose the chicken mesh of 12mm holes & 24 gauge for external plaster fix the chicken mesh on
joint of R.C.C members & wire nails on masonry work.
 Half the width of the chicken mesh will be on the masonry wall & half will be on the R.C.C member
 Chicken mesh should be tight enough in both the directions, vertical & horizontal.
 Spacing of nails should not be less than 9” to avoid buckling & loosening of chicken mesh, which
may then come out of the plaster
 Remove all wooden pieces, papers, kathya etc. and other unwanted material from the R.C.C &
masonry surfaces.
 Wet the surfaces a day before plastering.
 Check all the chujjas for smooth opening of outer windows
 Check all the windows, door frames etc. for the plumb, line and level, in case of any defects,
rectification is to be done before plastering
 Check the top levels of the parapet walls before plastering
 Check the entire elevation feat the architectural drawings.
 Take level dots(thiyya) before starting the external plaster
 Clean the R.c.c surface with a wire brush is affected by green algae.
 Put line dori from top slab to bottom level for all corners of the walls
 Wash the sand before use, if the silt content is more than 7%
7.2.PROCEDURE OF EXTERNAL PLASTERING WORK

 Before starting external plastering, ensure that all points are complete as per the preparations of
external plaster.
 Dump sand with measuring boxes however required after considering the bulkage of sand if any. for
quality results this should be done on a platform of G.I sheets
 take sand proportion 1:5 for 1st coat
 mix the depo of sand & cement pour sufficient water to get the required consistency of mortar
 do not mix more than 3 bags depo at a time(according to number of mason)so as to avoid initial set
of mortar before use
 the mixed mortar should be used with in half an hour
 do not pour excess water as it causes the cement slurry to flow
 keep the area where the mortar is to be mixed clean.
 After the preparotry measures start plastering
 apply plaster top the same face level & finish the same with the help of float and trowel
 ensure that no uneven surface is observed check the surface with the line dori on respective thiyyas
 roughen the surface with wires for better bonding to second coat
 if a second coat is proposed simultaneously then there is no need to roughen the surface apply the
second coat directly.

4
 After a second coat,remove the scaffoldingstep by step & fill the holes with mortar and wet brick
pieces.this is a dangerous portion & can create leakages these holes are to be treated with almost
care.
 Simulataneously clean all the surface of the adjacent wall,windows R.C.C grills etc
 sills of windows to be finished with I.P.S ghotai in sloping form from out side
 ensure that all chhajas projection should be finished with I.P.S smooth finish
 ensure concrete coping on the parapet wall to be finished with I.P.S ghoti and line dori checks the
top should be sloping inside for minimum12mm slope top plaster of parapet should be done in one
stage.
 If a second coat plaster is proposed,then the second coat will be of 6 to 8mm thickness & shall be
applied on the third day or with in five days from the first coat.the second coat should be finished with
sponge for uniform structure and finish.a minimum of two days curing is required for the first coat.
 The gap between the first coat and second coat should not be exceed 5 days.
 Avoid using bulged portion of R.C.C beam columns is subject to permission from the R.C.C designer
it is preferred to applying thick plaster to the entire surface.
 Cut the plaster of the parapet wall from inside at 40cm 16” from slab level for provision of water
proofing
 curing of plaster shall be carried out free minimum of 15 days.
 Curing should be done from top-floor for dead walls and from individual flioor to other wall where
opening& chajjas are provided.
 Curing for bottom of chajjas should be done from bottom side
 write dates on the finishedplaster surface to find out the total curing period
 note the surface plaster in staircase,balgonies,parking will be of a fine texture.
 Band from all four sides of M.S windows in w.c & bath should be provided in plaster 75mm (3”) wide
&25mm (1”) projecting outside this will be allow more space for making panipatti to top jam of window.
 Vertical expansion joints shold be plastered with vertical band(patta) 25mm (1”) wide & 12mm (1/2”)
thick from either side expansion joints ensure that no cement paste as filled in the expansion joints
should be cleaned throughly after the plaster work this groove will be filled with rubberized expansion
material later on.
 Any projected band(patta) of parapet wall should be cut in slope.this will help to keep the rain water
away from wall.
 Avoid making holes in dead wall for taking ghamela if required do ir at the striking finishing the same
using chicken mesh on joints.
7.3. DETAILS OF SAND-FACED PLASTER

 The sand faced plaster shall be carried as per specification ans as shown in the drawing
 the sand face plaster shall be in two coats simulataneously or second coat after 3 days
 the first coat of thickness 13 to 15 mm in C.M 1:4 baking coat is applied
 the first coat shall be roughened and shall be kept bamp for atleast two days.
 The first coat shall be sufficiently cured for three days coat
 the second coat shall be finished smooth to texture even surface uniform in line amd plumb
 the cjhicken mesh ofg 12mm x 12 mm(1/2” x1/2”) of 24 guage shall be provided with a width of atleast
23cm 9” on either sides of the joints,for junction between two different material
 drip mould of width 35mm and 5mm thickness shall be provided to all chajjas.
 The top of all chajjas shall be fininshed with plaster in 1:3 using water proofing compound.the height
of such plaster shall be at least 150mm above the chajjas
 window sills shall be given I.P.S smooth finish and outward slope to drain water smoothly
 window sill band(patta),if any shall be of 40mm width and projected for atleast 5mm thickness beyond
the wall plaster shall be finish using extra cement-sand
 curing of plaster shall be carried out of atleast for 15 days and minimum 4 times a day.
7.4. CHECKLIST FOR EXTERNAL PLASTERING

 Use measuring boxes according to the mix proportion.

5
 Smoothness of concrete surface should be by hacking with thatcha.
 Throughly water the surface to be plastered one day in advance
 check the vertically & stabillity of the scaffoldind provided
 practice the dots or screed before plastering to ensure a minimum specified thickness.
 Fill the cement snd mortar between the junction of bottom of the beam to the last layer of the masonry
well in advance before plastering
 fix the chicken mesh of minimum 23cm (9”) in width on either side of the junction of different surface
 keep 3 to 4 days gap between the 1stcoat and 2nd coat for double coat plasterINGfinish scaffolding
holes properly and immediately
 vertically of window/opening jamp as well as horizontally of its bottom aills and top to be checked
during plastering workmanshipfor parapet wall leave the plaster (16”) two blocksof 20cm (8”) at
bottom from terrace side of water proofing purposes
 clean the terrace after plastering workmanshipcure the plaster for 15 days minimum12mmplaster
should be checked for its thickness line,level and plumb

8. INTERNAL PLASTERING
8.1. PREPARATION OF INTERNAL PLASTER

 Ensure that all masonry work is completed in all respects

 All windows door frames to be checked for line, level plumb position sizes, if not correct then rectify
the same.
 See that hold fast of windows and door frames are corrected properly
 Nailing of column strip to the column should be proper with full depth of nail. The nail should not be
bent. Use drill machines only for holes.
 Ensure that proper margin from all four sides of the window is provided (minimum 25mm (1”) from all
four sides
 Ensure that all changes in masonry as per extra amenities are done & checked
 Chicken mesh should be fixed to all vertical and horizontal joints of R.C.C and masonry wall
 Chicken mesh should be equally fixed in width on masonry and R.C.C portion
 Chicken mesh should be else it will come out of the plastering holes and joints in masonry wall and
R.C.C beam should be filled with rich mortar before fixing the chicken mesh
 Chip off all unwanted portion in R.C.C and masonry before starting plastering work.
 See that sufficient curing to all masonry lintel lofts and repairing work is done
 Check the levels and thickness of loft
 In case of covered wiring check weather electric, tv & telephone conducting work is finished as per
the requirements, i.e is broad level, first floor level, distance of broad point from the wall
 Finishing of concrete conduits to be done after chicken mesh fixing, if more than 2 pipes are running
simultaneously
 The entire walls & ceilings surface should be saturated with water before plastering.
 Mark the level sanla finishing in w.c /bath on the door frame with a chalk or red pencil
 Done with a sand of screening machine with the sand washing machine of manually, before
screening
 Take level dots of plaster in all rooms at top & bottom levels of all walls & ensure that the maximum
thickness should not exceed 20mm (3/4”)
 Ensure that all holes in the external scaffolding are finished with proper rich concrete& mortar
 Check weather tacha to ceiling beams, columns, lintel loft is sufficient or not it should not be less
than 50nos.notches per square foot
 Ensure that the door frame is projecting by 12mm (1/2”) outside the wall & R.C.C lintel above, so that
after plastering wall surface will be flush to door frame.
8.2. PROCEDURE OF INTERNAL PLASTERING WORK

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 Arrange M.S chairs,wooden planks,kathya for scaffolding and check it for stability & suitability for
easy movements
 Dump yhe required sand measure with measuring boxes as per the proportion of mix and considering
the bulksge of sand,if any
 Use c.m 1:4 proportion for ceiling
 Use c.m 1:6 proportion for wall.
 Mix the incredients in proportion & use the required quantity of water. Dot add extra water and do not
allow the cement slurry to wash out
 Mix only 2-3 bags depos at a time & used mixed depots wiyh in half an hour
 Cut the cement bags with the hack-saw blade & not with a phavada
 Apply sanla to all the walls after 2 hours except where tiles in dado are to be fixed
 Leave and cut the plaster correctly 23cm (9”) from floor level for skirting fixing
 Neatly finish all the corners of windows,doors,columns etc,with pure cement-sand
 Clean windows,fan hooks,door frames etc after plastering
 Check the dado as per extra aminiuties
 Clen the entire room area especially w.c bath area
 Do not leave any unfinished patches on the ceiling/walls
 Check all the corners of window jams,door frames etc., finish them properly
 Finish of sanla should be very smoothnessdo not allow extra thickness of sanla as it leads to surface
cracking
 Do not alliow bamboo scaffolding for inside plaster ensure maximum plaster thickness should does
not exceed
 On the second day smooth finishing should be done with the mason trowel,before starting the day
workmanship see t I.P.S smooth finish
 The loft top should be finished in level & not in slope.
8.3. CHECKLIST FOR INTERNAL PLASTERING

NAME OF THE ORGANISATION

ITEMS TO BE LOCATION MARK

SR.NO
CHECKED RIGHT/WRONG

BEFORE
1 2 3 4 5
PLASTERING

Service lines like

1 electrical and
plumbing

Sufficient hacking
2
to all R.C.C WORK

7
 Leakage
3 checking(toilets/w.c
passages)

Heights and
locations of
electrical
4
points.switch
boards,tv and
telephone points.

Vertically of all door

5
& window frames

Holdfast fixing of
6 door frames in
concrete

Cleaning of all r.c.c

7 and masonry
surfaces

Khadi maal at beam

8 bottom,column &
masonry joints

9 Chicken mesh fixing

Watering of surface
10 a daybefore
plastering

8
 11 thiyya/level dots

Depo measured by
12
farma

Silt content sand

13
(permissible limit)

Arrangements of
14
M.Sair

Extra amenities if
15
any

Covering of
16 electrical boxes by
dummy plates

Soaking of sanla(if
17
not instant)

AFTER PLASTERING

Fan hook at its

1
position

Line level right

2 angles to plastered
area

9
 Sanla
3 application after 2
hours

Second day smooth

4
trowelling

Sills,column beam
5
edges in plumb

Cleaning of
6
plastered surface

Curing for minimum

7
10 days

9” cutting of plaster
8 in level for skirting
fixing.

No sanla
application for
9
glazed/ceramic
depo

Edges to be made
10
in neat cement.

Cleaning of
11 windows/door
frame

Floor cleaning to
12
expose slab top.

10
 Finishing ghabadi
13 work immediately if
any

Provision of
14
window sill fixing

I.P.S and checks

15
marking on loft

 Thickness of loft should be the same all over the flat.

 Check the diagonals,right angles of all window jams
 width of jams should be the same,from all four sides
 do not carry out the plastering of bottom 30cm(1’0”) portion in w.c& bath from slab level.as water-
proofing needs to be done in that portion later on.
 As no skirting is to be provided below& to the sides of the kitchen otta & balgony,plaster all the four
walls upto 25mm(3”) from the bottom slab level
8.4. CHECKLIST FOR INTERNAL PLASTER

TYPICAL DEFECTS IN PLASTER AND REMEDIES FOR THE SAME

SR.N REMEDIES/CARE TO BE
DEFECTS OBSERVED REASON
O TAKEN

The lime/sanla should

Swelling of small This is due to be properly slacked
patches in faulty before use.slaked lime
1
plastering(blistering slacking of should be left for some
) lime/sanla work to cool before
use.

(a) (a) proper mixing of

movement of mortor
Cracks on plastered backround
2 (b) control on mix proportion
surface of mortar
(b) shrinkage
movement of © avoid excess trowelling
plastering mixes

11
 © excessive (d) suitable control over
troweling variations in tempreature
subsequent to plastering.
(d) varying
thermal
expansion

(a) the
adhesion/key
of the plaster
to the (a)to ensure proper
backround is key by racking out
not perfect points and roughening
(b)excessive
of backroung material
moisture in on base coat
3 Falling of plaster backround
© fresh surface should be
(c)rapid drying kept wet and cool for at least
of successive 15 days
coats
(d)surface should be kept
(d) absorption of semi wet as per exact
water from requirements
mortar which is
turn looses the
strength of
mortar

(a) only washed sand

to be used
(a)presence
(b)burnt bricks and clean
stalactite(whitish of salt water(free from salt) to be
crystaline lime,cement used
4
substances on sand ,bricks (c)small proportion of alum
plastered surface. water used in and salt soap to be added in
mix
plastering
(d) damp proof coat should
be provided

Cracks on plstered (a) backround

5 surface with in few (A) preparation of
surface not
days surface should be
being

12
 properly done properly
prepared. prepared.
(b)movements in (b) backing surface should be
the backing semi dry before plastering
either on account
on thermal © keep plaster cool which is
expansion or due directly exposed to sun heat
to shrikage during its young age by the
caused by the help of wet gunny bags or by
drying of the shrinkage water over it.
backing material. (d) during preparation of
© movement in a surface be done in
plaster itself on accordance with level dots
account of the before platering
expansion(in (e) improve the
case of gypsum workmanship by training
plaster) or programmes
shrinkage of
plaster coat(in
case of lime sand
plaster)during
drying
(d)excessive
shrinkage of
plaster due to
application of
mortar in thick
coats
(e) poor
workmanship
and methods of
application of the
plaster

Long term cracks on These cracks (a) chicken mesh is

plaster observed appear due applied on junction
after long period. to the after carefully seling
different co- the joint by rich
(a) crack at junction of
6 masonry & beam/column efficients of mortar& khadi mall is
(b) cracks due to expansion of applied at junction
excessive in sand- two different (b) if the salt content in sand
FACED(c) cracking in
materials viz.. is more than 7%.wash the
the form of closed net. sand before use
r.cc &

13
 masonry also © correctly mix the
incredients & consider
poor joint bulkage of sand
filling at
junction
leads to
cracking
(b) these cracks
appear due to
movement of
excessive silt
after repeated dry
& wet conditions
(c)this is due to
excessive cement
content in
plastering mortor

This is due to Closely

bond failure s.notches/sft(500nos)
Peeling off,celling between & cleaning the ceiling
7
plaster ceilling for making it free from
concrete & oily substances will
coat of plater sort out the problem.

These appear
Tight fixing of chicken
on surface
mesh & cutting the
when plaster
excess projection of
is applied on
8 Rust stains the mesh which are
chicken mesh
coming out of plater
which is
will sort out the
loosely
problem
placed.

This is due to Keep minimum

9 softness excessive thickness of plaster &
dampness at wash the sand
certain points

14
 which make
its softness
and its made
undue
thickness of
finishing
coat,presenc
e of deliquest
salts&
excessive
suction of the
under coat

Improve the quality of

Poor
Uneven surface of workmanship n& train
10 workmanship
plaster the mason for good
of the work
work

(a) bad
quality of
sanla may Carry out all the
lead to quality checks on sanla
Peeling off top
plastering of before using it
finish layer of
the top layer
11 internal immediately apply the neeru
if neeru finishing on the basecoat before
plaster(sanla/neeru setting of mortar
is done after
finish) setting of base
keep minimum thickness of
coat
top layer.
excessive
thickness of top
finished layer

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO AVOID CRACKS IN PLASTERING

 Cracking of plaster in a phenomenon observed in most buildings if enough precautions are taken the
plaster cracks can be minimized. Following are the precautions to be minimized the plaster cracks.
please note that the precautionary measure to be taken from the masonry stage of the workmanship
 At the time of masonry apply a thin layer of rough-cement and plaster at the junction cracks is likely
to develop due to different co-efficient of expansion of two materials. application of thin cement-sand
layer reduces the chances cracks developing

15
  Do not erect more than 1.0m of masonry work at a time for 10cm,and 15cm thick masonry walls
provide R.C.C band at every 1.0m height this will reduces the settlement of masonry of cracking at
the top level, at junction of beam & masonry
 Treat masonry & floor beam help of khadimaal packing of 20mm (3/4”) metal tightly with rich cement
mortar on the junction of R.C.C beam column and masonry and chicken mesh because here
formation of crack is definite as the co-efficient of expansion of two materials is different
 Do not plaster the concrete block masonry up-to 60 days, as the shrinkage of the block masonry wall
normally continues up-to 60days.if full shrinkage period is given to the masonry & then plaster is
carried out, chances of cracks due to shrinkage of masonry get minimized
 Properly fill and cure all the holes gaps, chiseled portion of masonry, conduits etc. with cement sand
mortar 1:5
 For constant cement proportion & controlled mortar quality use drops measured with farms
 Do not allow the use of stale mortar as its initial setting time is covered leading and cracking of fresh
plaster do not allow excessive thickness of plaster in a single coat as use of dry cement becomes
unavoidable in such circumstance leading to cracking of the plastering
 Do not allow plastering on oily surfaces as poor bonding to plaster may cause cracks or peeling of
the plastering always plaster the ceiling first in cement-sand mortar& then plaster the walls. His
reduces the possibility of using stale mortar when the ceiling plaster is first
 Sieve the sand as explained in the masonry plastering chapter too course or too fine sand leads to
crack in plastering quality of the sanla should be checked before applying it to be plastered surface
cracking & peeling of the top layer, leading ugly patches
 Neeru paste is prepared from slacked lime. it should be used within 15 days and should be always
be kept moist. neeru finish gives more whiteness than sanla finish.
 Provide lintels on windows, exceeding sufficient distances at both the sides to avoid diagonal cracks
below lintels at the window corner due to stress concentration.
Updated: November 24, 2016 — 12:52 am
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To learn more and get OneNote, visit www.onenote.com.

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