Chapter-1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is

stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion. The term "blood bank"
typically refers to a division of a hospital where the storage of blood product
occurs and where proper testing is performed (to reduce the risk of transfusion
related adverse events). However, it sometimes refers to a collection center, and
indeed some hospitals also perform collection.

Blood bank: A place where blood is collected from donors, typed, separated into
components, stored, and prepared for transfusion to recipients. A blood bank may
be a separate free-standing facility or part of a larger laboratory in a hospital.

Separation of blood: Typically, each donated unit of blood (whole blood) is

separated into multiple components, such as red blood cells, plasma and platelets.
Each component is generally transfused to a different individual, each with
different needs.

An increasingly common blood bank procedure is apheresis, or the process of

removing a specific component of the blood, such as platelets, and returning the
remaining components, such as red blood cells and plasma, to the donor. This
process allows more of one particular part of the blood to be collected than could
be separated from a unit of whole blood. Apheresis is also performed to collect
plasma (the liquid part of the blood) and granulocytes (white blood cells).

Who receives blood: Accident victims, people undergoing surgery and patients
receiving treatment for leukemia, cancer or other diseases, such as sickle cell
disease and thalassemia, all utilize blood. Over 20 million units of blood
components are transfused every year in the US.

Giving blood to yourself: Patients scheduled for surgery may be eligible to donate
blood for themselves, a process known as autologous blood donation. In the weeks
before non-emergency surgery, an autologous donor may be able to donate blood
that will be stored until the surgical procedure.

Typing and testing blood: After blood is drawn, it is tested for the ABO blood
group type and the Rh type (positive or negative), as well as for any unexpected
red blood cell antibodies that may cause problems in the recipient. Screening tests
are also performed for evidence of donor infection with hepatitis viruses B and C,
human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic viruses
(HTLV) I and II and syphilis.

Storage of blood: Each unit of whole blood is normally separated into several
components. Red blood cells may be stored under refrigeration for a maximum of
42 days, or they may be frozen for up to 10 years. Red cells carry oxygen and are
used to treat anemia. Platelets are important in the control of bleeding and are
generally used in patients with leukemia and other forms of cancer. Platelets are
stored at room temperature and may be kept for a maximum of five days. Fresh
frozen plasma, used to control bleeding due to low levels of some clotting factors,
is usually kept in the frozen state for up to one year. Cryoprecipitate AHF, which
contains only a few specific clotting factors, is made from fresh frozen plasma and
may be stored frozen for up to one year. Granulocytes are sometimes used to fight
infections, although their efficacy is not well-established. They must be transfused
within 24 hours of donation.

Other blood products: Other products derived from blood include albumin,
immune globulin, specific immune globulins and clotting factor concentrates.
These blood products are commonly made by commercial manufacturers.

American Association of Blood Banks (AABB): The AABB is a key

international association of blood banks, including hospital and community blood
centers, transfusion and transplantation services and individuals involved in
transfusion and transplantation medicine. The AABB establishes the standards of
care for patients and donors in all aspects of blood banking; transfusion medicine;
hematopoietic, cellular and gene therapies; and tissue transplantation. More than
2000 community and hospital blood banks, hospital transfusion services and
laboratories and over 8000 individuals from the US and 80 countries outside the
US make up the AABB.

1.2 Problem Definition

 Due to the lack of communication between the blood donors and the blood
recipients, most of the patients in need of blood do not get blood on time and
hence lose their lives.
 In an emergency, the required blood samples are not present in blood banks.

 It is sometimes impossible to get the blood in an emergency and contacting

people, blood banks and hospitals is just waste of time and life.

1.3 Proposed solution

 1. Assume you are designing a real-life system, that will be used by real users.
2. The application should contain 2 types of users: Hospitals and Receivers
3. Pages to be developed-

 ‘Registration’ pages - Different registration pages for hospitals & receivers.

Capture receiver’s blood group during registration.
 ‘Login’ pages - Single/different login pages for hospitals & receivers.
Hospital ‘Add blood info’ page - A hospital, once logged in, should be able
to add details of available blood samples (along with type) to their bank.
Access to this page should be restricted only to hospitals.
 ‘Available blood samples’ page - There should be a page that displays all the
available blood samples along with which hospital has them and a ‘Request
Sample’ button. This page should be accessible to everyone, irrespective of
whether the user is logged in or not. Expected functionality on click of the
'Request Sample' button-
** Only receivers should be able to request for blood samples by clicking
the ‘Request Sample’ button. Make sure that only those receivers who are
eligible for the blood sample are allowed to click the button. ** If the user is
not logged in, then he/she should be redirected to the login page. ** If a user
is logged in as a hospital, then the user should not be allowed to request for a
blood sample.
 Hospital ‘View requests’ page - Hospitals should be able to see the list of all
the receivers who have requested for particular blood group from its blood
bank.

Chapter-2 Literature Survey

 2.1 Introduction
The software system is an online blood bank system that helps in managing various
blood bank operations effectively. The project consists of a central repository
containing various blood deposits available along with associated details. These
details include blood type, storage area and date of storage. These details help in
maintaining and monitoring the blood deposits. The project is an online system that
allows to check weather required blood deposits of a particular group are available
in the blood bank. Moreover, the system also has added features such as patient name
and contacts, blood booking and even need for certain blood group is posted on the
website to find available donors for a blood emergency. This online system is
developed on PHP platform and supported by an MySQL database to store blood
and user specific details.

Assume you are designing a real-life system, that will be used by real users. The
application should contain 2 types of users: Hospitals and Receivers. Pages to be
developed-

 ‘Registration’ pages - Different registration pages for hospitals & receivers.

Capture receiver’s blood group during registration.
 ‘Login’ pages - Single/different login pages for hospitals & receivers.
Hospital ‘Add blood info’ page - A hospital, once logged in, should be able
to add details of available blood samples (along with type) to their bank.
Access to this page should be restricted only to hospitals.
 ‘Available blood samples’ page - There should be a page that displays all the
available blood samples along with which hospital has them and a ‘Request
Sample’ button. This page should be accessible to everyone, irrespective of
whether the user is logged in or not. Expected functionality on click of the
'Request Sample' button-
** Only receivers should be able to request for blood samples by clicking
the ‘Request Sample’ button. Make sure that only those receivers who are
eligible for the blood sample are allowed to click the button. ** If the user is
not logged in, then he/she should be redirected to the login page. ** If a user
is logged in as a hospital, then the user should not be allowed to request for a
blood sample.
 Hospital ‘View requests’ page - Hospitals should be able to see the list of all
the receivers who have requested for particular blood group from its blood
bank.

2.2 Need of Project

  User view all Blood bank information is location wise.

 Patient easily request for blood near Blood bank location.

 In this system also supported inquiry form for user.

 Hospitals can update their available blood samples.

Chapter-3 Analysis
3.1 Use Case Model
In software and systems engineering, a use case is a list of actions or event steps,
typically defining the interactions between a role (known in the Unified Modeling
Language as an actor) and a system, to achieve a goal. The actor can be a human or
other external system. In systems engineering, use cases are used at a higher level
than within software engineering, often representing missions or stakeholder goals.
The detailed requirements may then be captured in the Systems Modeling
Language (SysML) or as contractual statements.
Use case analysis is an important and valuable requirement analysis technique that
has been widely used in modern software engineering since its formal introduction
by Ivar Jacobson in 1992. Use case driven development is a key characteristic of
many process models and frameworks such as ICONIX, the Unified Process (UP),
the IBM Rational Unified Process (RUP), and the Oracle Unified Method (OUM).
With its inherent iterative, incremental and evolutionary nature, use case also fits
well for agile development.
3.2 Use Case Description
4. External Interface Requirements
4.1 User Interfaces
 4.2 Hardware Interfaces

Operating System Microsoft Windows 7, 8.1, 10

Processor Quad-core Intel or AMD, 2.5 GHz
or faster
Memory 4 GB RAM or more
Video Card/ DirectX Version DirectX 11 compatible graphics
card
 4.3 Software Interfaces

In Blood Bank System we have used

 PHP
 HTML
 CSS
 JavaScript
 MySQL
 Bootstrap

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed primarily for web development but also used as
a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the
PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Development Team. PHP originally
stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor.
HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages). HTML stands for Hyper
Text Markup Language. A markup language is a set of markup tags. HTML documents are
described by HTML tags. Each HTML tag describes different document content.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a
document written in a markup language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web
pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to
any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering
in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone
technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web
applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for creating

network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with Java. JavaScript is very
easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It is open and cross-platform.

MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL database management system. MySQL
is one of the best RDBMS being used for developing web-based software applications.

Bootstrap is a free and open-source front-end library for designing websites and web applications.
It contains HTML- and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation
and other interface components, as well as optional JavaScript extensions. Unlike many web
frameworks, it concerns itself with front-end development only.

Tool and Software Tool:

 Notepad++
 EasyPHP DevServer VC9
Notepad++
Notepad++ is a text editor and source code editor for use with Microsoft Windows. It
supports tabbed editing, which allows working with multiple open files in a single window. The
project's name comes from the C increment operator.
Notepad++ is distributed as free software. At first the project was hosted on SourceForge.net,
from where it has been downloaded over 28 million times, and twice won the SourceForge
Community Choice Award for Best Developer Tool.

EasyPHP
EasyPHP was the first WAMP package to be released (1999). This is
a web development platform , allowing to run PHP scripts locally (without connecting to an
external server) . EasyPHP is not a software, but an environment consisting of two servers
(an Apache web server and a MySQL database server ), a script interpreter ( PHP ), and
a phpMyAdmin SQL administration . It has an administration interface to manage aliases (virtual
folders available under Apache), and start / stop servers. Therefore, Install in one go all the
necessary to the local development of the PHP . By default, the Apache server creates a virtual
domain name (local) 127.0.0.1 or localhost . For example, when you choose "Local Web" from
the EasyPHP menu, the browser opens on this URL and displays the index.php page of this site,
which corresponds to the contents of the www EasyPHP folder .
EasyPHP can be used as a portable application , ie launched on a USB key.

Major Function

 Automatic detection of the installation directory according to the rights of the user
 Automatic detection of available ports
 Component management: several versions of PHP (or several times the same) can be
installed
 Ability to switch from one version of PHP to another in one click
 PHP configuration manager (max execution time, error reporting, upload max filesize ...)
 MySQL Configuration Manager (storage engine: InnoDB / MyISAM ...)
 Apache Configuration Manager (timezone, available ports ...)
 Alias Manager (add / remove)
 Virtual Hosts Manager (add / remove / enable / disable)

4.4 Communications Interfaces

The following communication interfaces which need by the user to communicate the projects
are:
 An Apache Server for PHP and Databases.
 A Web Browser for running the web scripts.
 5. Design
5.1 Technology Selection

In Search Engine we have used

 PHP
 HTML
 CSS
 JavaScript
 MySQL
 Bootstrap

PHP:
PHP is a server-side scripting language designed primarily for web development but also used as
a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the
PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Development Team. PHP originally
stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor.
PHP code may be embedded into HTML or HTML5 markup, or it can be used in combination
with various web template systems, web content management systems and web frameworks.
PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server
or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web server software combines the
results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, including
images, with the generated web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line
interface (CLI) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications.
The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under
the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on
almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.
The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014, leaving
the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard. Since 2014 work has gone on to create a
formal PHP specification.
The main features of PHP are:

1. In PHP there is no need to specify a data type for variable declaration. Rather, it can be
determined at the time of execution depends on the value of the variable. So that, PHP is
called as loosely typed language.
2. PHP provides cross-platform compatibility, unlike some other server-side scripting
language.
3. PHP has set of predefined variables called superglobals which will start by _. Some of the
examples are, $_GET, $_POST, $_COOKIE, $_SESSION, $_SERVER and etc. So, any
variable except superglobals, that start with _ will cause an error.
4. PHP programming structure includes variable variables; that is, the name of the variable
can be changedd dynamically.
5. This language contains access monitoring capability to create logs as the summary of
recent accesses.
 6. And then, it includes several magic methods that begin with __ character which will be
defined and called at appropriate instance. For example, __clone() will be called, when
the clone keyword is used.
7. Predefined error reporting constants are available to generate a warning or error notice.
For example, when E_STRICT is enabled, a warning about deprecated methods will be
generated.
8. PHP supports extended regular expression that leads extensive pattern matching with
remarkable speed.
9. And then, properties like, nowdocs and heredocs are used to delimit some block of
context which should not be sent for parsing.
10. Since PHP is a single inheritance language, the parent class methods can be derived from
only one directly inherited subclass. But, the implementation of traits concept, reduce the
gap over this limitation and allow to reuse required method in several classes.

HTML:
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web
pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript it forms a triad of
cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web. Web browsers receive HTML documents from
a webserver or from local storage and render them into multimedia web pages. HTML describes
the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the
document.
HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and
other objects, such as interactive forms, may be embedded into the rendered page. It provides a
means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings,
paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written
using angle brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> introduce content into the page
directly. Others such as <p>...</p> surround and provide information about document text and
may include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to
interpret the content of the page.
HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript which affect the
behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards,
has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.
HTML documents imply a structure of nested HTML elements. These are indicated in the
document by HTML tags, enclosed in angle brackets thus: <p>
In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a "start
tag" <p> and "end tag" </p> . The text content of the element, if any, is placed between these tags.
Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags
and text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element.
The start tag may also include attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as
identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to the
presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the <img> used to embed images, the
reference to the image resource.
Some elements, such as the line break <br> , do not permit any embedded content, either text or
further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to a start tag) and do not use an end tag.
Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly used paragraph element <p> ,
are optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from
the context and the structural rules defined by the

HTML standard. These rules are complex and not widely understood by most HTML coders.
The general form of an HTML element is
therefore: <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">''content''</tag> . Some HTML
elements are defined as empty elements and take the
form <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2"> . Empty elements may enclose no content,
for instance, the <br> tag or the inline <img> tag. The name of an HTML element is the name
used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and that in
empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default
values are used in each case.

CSS:
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a
document written in a markup language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web
pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to
any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering
in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone
technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web
applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of presentation and content, including aspects
such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide
more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple
HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and
reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content.
Separation of formatting and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in
different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-
based browser or screen reader), and on Braille-based tactile devices. It can also display the web
page differently depending on the screen size or viewing device. Readers can also specify a
different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer, to override the one the
author specified.
Changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied quickly
and easily, by editing a few lines in the CSS file they use, rather than by changing markup in the
documents.
The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more
than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities
(or weights) are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.
The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet
media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998).
The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents.

JavaScript:
JavaScript often abbreviated as "JS", is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, and interpreted run-
time language. It has been standardized in the ECMAScript language
specification. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies
of World Wide Web content production; the majority of websites employ it, and all modern Web
browsers support it without the need for plug-ins. JavaScript is prototype-based with first-class
functions, making it a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented,[9] imperative,
and functional programming styles. It has an API for working with text, arrays, dates and regular
expressions, but does not include any I/O, such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities,
relying for these upon objects made available by the host environment in which it is embedded.
Although there are strong outward similarities between JavaScript and Java, including language
name, syntax, and respective standard libraries, the two are distinct languages and differ greatly in
their design. JavaScript was influenced by programming languages such as Self and Scheme.
JavaScript is also used in environments that are not Web-based, such as PDF documents, site-
specific browsers, and desktop widgets. Newer and faster JavaScript virtual machines (VMs) and
platforms built upon them have also increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side Web
applications. On the client side, developers have traditionally implemented JavaScript as
an interpreted language, but more recent browsers perform just-in-time compilation. Programmers
also use JavaScript in video-game development and in desktop and mobile applications.
As of May 2017 94.5% of 10 million most popular web pages used JavaScript.[52] The most
common use of JavaScript is to add client-side behavior to HTML pages, also known as Dynamic
HTML (DHTML). Scripts are embedded in or included from HTML pages and interact with
the Document Object Model (DOM) of the page. Some simple examples of this usage are:

 Loading new page content or submitting data to the server via Ajax without reloading the page
(for example, a social network might allow the user to post status updates without leaving the
page).
 Animation of page elements, fading them in and out, resizing them, moving them, etc.
 Interactive content, for example games, and playing audio and video.
 Validating input values of a Web form to make sure that they are acceptable before being
submitted to the server.
 Transmitting information about the user's reading habits and browsing activities to various
websites. Web pages frequently do this for Web analytics, ad tracking, personalization or
other purposes.

Because JavaScript code can run locally in a user's browser (rather than on a remote server), the
browser can respond to user actions quickly, making an
application more responsive. Furthermore, JavaScript code can detect user actions that HTML
alone cannot, such as individual keystrokes. Applications such as Gmail take advantage of this:
much of the user-interface logic is written in JavaScript, and JavaScript dispatches requests for
information (such as the content of an e-mail message) to the server. The wider trend of Ajax
programming similarly exploits this strength.
A JavaScript engine (also known as JavaScript interpreter or JavaScript implementation) is
an interpreter that interprets JavaScript source code and executes the script accordingly. The first
JavaScript engine was created by Brendan Eich at Netscape, for the Netscape Navigator Web
browser. The engine, code-named SpiderMonkey, is implemented in C. It has since been updated
(in JavaScript 1.5) to conform to ECMAScript 3. The Rhino engine, created primarily by Norris
Boyd (formerly at Netscape, now at Google) is a JavaScript implementation in Java. Rhino, like
SpiderMonkey, is ECMAScript 3 compliant.
A Web browser is by far the most common host environment for JavaScript. Web browsers
typically create "host objects" to represent the DOM in JavaScript. The Web server is another
common host environment. A JavaScript Web server would typically expose host objects
representing HTTP request and response objects, which a JavaScript program could then
interrogate and manipulate to dynamically generate Web pages.
Because JavaScript is the only language that the most popular browsers share support for, it has
become a target language for many frameworks in other languages, even though JavaScript was
never intended to be such a language. Despite the performance limitations inherent to its dynamic
nature, the increasing speed of JavaScript engines has made the language a surprisingly feasible
compilation target.

MySQL:
MySQL ("My S-Q-L",) is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). Its
name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder Michael Widenius' daughter, and "SQL",
the abbreviation for Structured Query Language. The MySQL development project has made
its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a
variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm,
the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.[9] For proprietary use,
several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality.
MySQL is a central component of the LAMP open-source web application software stack (and
other "AMP" stacks). LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python".
Applications that use the MySQL database
include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, and Drupal. MySQL is also used
in many high-profile, large-scale websites, including Google (though not for
searches), Facebook,[12][13][14] Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube.

Bootstrap:
Bootstrap is a free and open-source front-end library for designing websites and web applications.
It contains HTML- and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation
and other interface components, as well as optional JavaScript extensions. Unlike many web
frameworks, it concerns itself with front-end development only.

5.2 Class Diagram Design

5.3 Database Design
Chapter – 6 Conclusion & Future Scope
Conclusion
To get the best search engine visibility, web designers should follow the Five Basic Rules of Web
Design, which state that a web site should be:

 Easy to read

 Easy to navigate

 Easy to find

 Consistent in layout and design

 Quick to download

Limitation

 Big Database is required.

 Search engines cannot complete online forms (for example a login) easily, and as a result
content contained behind them may remain hidden.
 Any errors in a website’s crawling directories (robots.txt) may lead to the search engine
being completely blocked.
 Websites that use a CMS (Content Management System) quite often create multiple
versions of the same page, this causes a major problem for search engines as they look for
completely original content.
 Engines match keywords exactly, so if text is not written in terms which people search for,
the engine cannot match it. Example, writing about “food cooling units” when people search
for “refrigerators”.

Future Search

 The searches defined by Boolean operators are literal searches -- the engine
looks for the words or phrases exactly as they are entered. This can be a
problem when the entered words have multiple meanings. "Bed," for example,
can be a place to sleep, a place where flowers are planted, the storage space
of a truck or a place where fish lay their eggs. If you're interested in only one
of these meanings, you might not want to see pages featuring all of the others.
You can build a literal search that tries to eliminate unwanted meanings, but
it's nice if the search engine itself can help out.
 One of the areas of search engine research is concept-based searching. Some
of this research involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the
words or phrases you search for, in order to find other pages you might be
interested in. Obviously, the information stored about each page is greater for
a concept-based search engine, and far more processing is required for each
search. Still, many groups are working to improve both results and
performance of this type of search engine. Others have moved on to another
area of research, called natural-language queries.

The idea behind natural-language queries is that you can type a question in
the same way you would ask it to a human sitting beside you -- no need to
keep track of Boolean operators or complex query structures. The most
popular natural language query site today is AskJeeves.com, which parses the
query for keywords that it then applies to the index of sites it has built. It only
works with simple queries; but competition is heavy to develop a natural-
language query engine that can accept a query of great complexity.