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a. Cutaneous
stimulation
(Massage) The use of
noninvasive
b.Thermal pain relief
Therapy(ice measures can
pack) increase the
release of
c. Distraction endorphins and
enhance the
therapeutic
effects of pain
relief
medications.
(Fundamentals
of Nursing by
d. Relaxation Kozier, Erb,
techniques Berman,
( deep Snyder, p.
breathing ) 1164)
Promotes
comfort
e. Guided because it
Imagery produces
f. Music muscle
Therapy relaxation
EFFICIENCY:
DEPENDENT The interventions
3.1 Check the were done
medical order for effectively without
drug, dose, and any waste of time
frequency of the and resources
medication
prescribed. APPROPRIATENESS
Follow-up The interventions
assessment is were appropriate to
essential to improve the client’s
determine the condition?
effectiveness of
3.2 Administer the pain relief ACCEPTABILITY
prescribed measures used The interventions
medication anti- and the need were acceptable to
inflammatory for any the client’s values,
medication to the change. . beliefs, customs.
client. (Maternal and
Child Nursing:
Care of the
Childbearing
and
Childrearing
family, by
Pillitteri, p. 558)
Ensures
that the nurse
has the right
3.3 Evaluate the drug, right
effectiveness of route, right
the medication at dosage, right
regular, frequent client and right
intervals after frequency.
each (Fundamentals
administration of Nursing by
and especially Kozier, Erb,
after the initial Berman,
doses, also Snyder, p.
observing for any 1164)
signs and
symptoms of One type of
untoward effects arthritis pain
(e.g. respiratory relievers are
depression, NSAIDs --
nausea and nonsteroidal
vomiting, dry anti-
mouth and inflammatory
constipation) drugs. These
are drugs that
reduce
inflammation
and relieve
pain.
Inflammation is
the body's
response to
irritation or
injury, and is
characterized
by redness,
warmth,
swelling, and
pain.
Each
patient’s
response to the
pain experience
is unique, and
various dosages
and
combinations of
medications
may need to be
tried.(Nursing
Care Plan for
DRGs, p. 375)