ABERDARE POWER CABLES

This booklet has been revised several times to meet the demands of an ever-
changing market, as well as specification changes as the result of improving
technology. It is not a treatise on electrical technology, but it is published to give
supplementary information to engineers, technicians and electricians involved in
cable selection and installation.

Aberdare hopes that users find it useful and invites any constructive (or corrective)
criticism.
 Medium Voltage XLPE Insulated, PVC Bedded, SWA, PVC
sheathed 6.35/11 kV Cables
5.1 Notes on XLPE insulation 32
1.0 How to Select a Cable 1 5.2 Derating factors for non-standard conditions 34
1.1 Load to be supplied ... 1
5.3 Short circuit ratings for XLPE insulated 6.35/11 kV cables 35
...................... 1
1.2 Permissible Voltage Drop . 5.4 Earth fault current 36
1.3 Prospective Fault Current . 4

1.4 Environmental Conditions of Installation' 7

8 6.0 Low Voltage PVC and XLPE insulated 600/1 OOOVPower Cables 37
1.4.1 Cables Laid Directinthe Ground .
1.4.2 CableslnstaliedinAir . 9 6.1 Notes on PVC and XLPE insulation 37
9 6.2 Cable cross section 37
1.4.3 Cables installed in Ducts
............... . ·····10 6.3 Derating factors for non-standard conditions 44
1.4.4 Composite Cable Routes
1.4.5 Intermittent Operation .... '''10 6.4 Short circuit ratings for PVC and XLPE insulated 600/1 OOOV
. 11
1.4.6 Solar Heating cables 46

2.0 Useful Electrical Formulae 12

2.1 VoltDrop . . . 12
. 13
2.2 Charging Current ..
2.3 Per Unit System 13
2.4 Load Growth . ..... 13
·13 9.0 Innovative products 52
2.5 Load Factor .
. 13 9.0 INTERDAC3 52
2.6 Capacitor Voltage Rise
.................... 14
2.7 LoadSharing'"
·14
2.8 Conductor Resistance
····15
2.9 Lead Resistance
2.10 Wire Armour Resistance 15

3.0 Transport, Handling and Installation of Electric Cables 16

3.1 Cables on Wooden Drums . 16
····17
3.2 Cable Transportation
3.3 CableStorage . .. 18
3.4 Mechanical Forces on Cables during Installation 18
3.5 Pulling Cables through Pipes or Ducts . . ·..··19
3.6 Preparation for Cable Laying . . ... 21

3.7 Backfilling and Reinstatement . 26

3.8 RepairstoPVCOversheaths . ..·26

Paper Insulated and Lead Covered 6.35/11 kV ~ables 27

4.1 Notes on impregnating compound .. ···27
4.2 Moistur~ in Paper cables ..... ··.. 27
4.3 Derating factors for non-standard conditions ·29
4.4 Short circuit ratings for PILC cables .... ·····30
······..·31
4.5 Earth fault ratings .
 full loacl runnmg cOII(li!rf)l) IS 5')" fhom no hard arId last lule as to the
vYllon selocllng 0 coble for youl oppllcatlon, a nurnber of wmaUles allowable volt drop under starllnfj conditions, DepcmJlnq on the type of load
I1Hll1ll0 attention. Tlwse are to 110star!(;d, there IS the possibility tMt tho torque rnay be comproflllsed
{<I) Size and typo olload to be SUI)pllod dumH;J ;;tarlinQ, If the motOi IS subjected to (lifflcult starling conditions A
{bi F'OiTnisSlble voltn\10 drop reasonal)le volt drop should be chosen In these cases,
{(J F'rospectlV() fault current
(;Ii CncUit proh1clion
I~ii ErwlfOmnental CCH1(Jltions01Installahon
(a) Multiplyinq the current by the Impedance of the length of cable Calculate
Load to be supplied
the percentage volt GlOp by reference 10 the phase to earHl voltnge.
In Older 10 solecllho appnlpnato cable, It ISnecessdry to know tho voltaqe and
th(~ load current In amps ThiS Infonnatlon will bo available either directly In (b) Mutllply the current by tho length of caUle. and then multiply Hw ((;sull by
amps or as kW Of kVA the v011drop per amp metre figure as given In table 62 or 6:3 on paqe
38 or page 39 on tl10 type of conductor
Hit: followinfj formulae apply.
kW x lOOO Previous example using method (a)
Starlinq current :1 )( runnl!lQ current

kVA 1000 ,161 Amps

xV 4113Amps

U"e this value of current fo determine Ihe cable size by reference to the Impedanc(! of 50m of 501'lnf c;\bIG 6 ;~i
pg 38
re IQ vant lat)les givnn In Seclion 4 (Paper Insulated), Seclion 5 (XLPE
nlsulatod medium voltaqo} Of Section 6 (PVC and XLPE insulaled low vollage)
!or C:opper or AlurnirmJln conductors
o 02359 ohms
A 2Jfll:Jhtly larger conduclor Sl/:O rnay 1)0 chosen 101 safety aspects, and to 483 x 002359
provido for Iho 111gherHian usual current which Inay b(l Hxponenced dunnfj 11,394 volts
~,jartin9 01 Hlectric motors,

SUPP'OtiO It required to supply a 3

IS 400 volt. 1OOkW motor connecled
111 ovm n distance of 50rn c1imct in ground. The motor load IS Using method (b)
kno'ivn tel IhIVe 'I loctor of 0,9 The full load lino cumml. L. can
l)8 caiculatod Slartmq current \161 ;"Imps
41)3 Arnps
Volt drop per amp por fTh)lro 0.817 mViA/m (Tablo 6.2) PO 38
Voll dmp 0.817 )( 10 x 483 x 50
19,73 'lolls
Wo now reler 10 tatlle 62 on pq 38 and nole that Ihe sinai lest coppor
c(jfl(juctor. PVC Insulated cable. Ihal can supply a curront of 161 amps In Ihe
ground. 15 a 50 rnm" rated area cable This caUle can carry 169 amps
continuously If installed under standard conditions

1.2 Permissible Voil.age Drop Note: II ollen happens runs of electnc cable lhat a tarqer conductor
tlwn that calcutated in 1 tequlred for volt drop reasons
Calculate lilt} hlfJhest current drawn by the load, by rnutllplylnq the cUfmnt as
caiculaleclln i.l by an appropnate lactm If a 8lm/Dolta motor slarter is used EXAMPLE OF CABLE SELECTION FOR MEDIUM VOLTAGE (11 kV)
on a I'!!otor, thiS I,JelOr IS3, II the motor IS sturted dlwcl on line, Ihen \JSOa factor
01 G. Whoro tho load IS reSl$lIve healrnq, IrqhHng or a hansfomlOr, 11is not We Wish 10 supply a 2MVA11 kV transfonner Irom on Eskom supply pOlnl
necessary to IrlCreas/;) Iho current as calculaled In 1 1, Calcuiate the volt drop which IS 3krn away We i,rF 10 use an undornround paper Hlsulated, copper
whfCIl Will be at the load tennrnals by reference 10 laUte 62 or 6,3 conductor cable The denf!~1of burial 01 the cable IS 125m Ground thennal
on p q JS or pg The maJomum 'loll drop allowed by 8ANS1 0142~ 1 duonq resistivity IS 2Km;W The.youl1d temperature IS 25C and there are no olher
cables In the IlOlich.
Short CirCUit level rnay be assurn\ld to be 250 MVA, and the oal1h fault level
100 MVA, and J! may Ue assumed !flat a fault will be cleared in half a second

Nearest standard size ISa 95 mrn) Copper conductor

Om alinq factor for Depth of Bunal at1 ,25 m is 0,9G This tHiS a current filling of 235 Amps under standard conditlr)lls.

Doratlnq factor for Soil Thermal Resistivity at 2 K. miW IS 0,84 Earth fault current lor half a second:
Derating factor for Ground Tomperature of 2tl'C IS 1,00. Lead area for a 95 :3 Core PILe cable IS approximately 200 tnm:'

105
0,8064

130 Amps
In many cases, the cab'·e conductor size is larger than rllctated by the full load
Table 4.2 on pg 28 shows that a 35 nun? Copper conductor cable would be current, and is chosen III order 10 survive the prospective short Circuit curren!.
capable of carrYlnq this load (130A), ThiS is confirmed by reference to the
Paper Insulated Cable brochure (Page 13). The use of large conductors can be aVOided by improving the speed of
protection, (fuses for example) ami In the case of earth faul! current, by the use
Tho cable size reqUIred is fhus 35 mrn" Copper conductor, 3 Core General of sensitive earth fault protection.
purpose belted cable. (Table 17 SANS 97)
1.3 Prospective Fault Current
Checking for volt drop
Electric cables are designed to operate below a certain maxirnum
lemperature, thiS ben19 dependent on lhe conductor malerial and the type and
the thickness of the insulntlOn.

Cable selection for a particular Installation must therefore be made on thlt

baSIS of not oxceedinothE,se temperature hITH!S.

Suppose the 400 volt dis:ribution board from which a cable IS fed has a fault
level of 5 MVA ThIS translates to a faull current of 7,22 kA. and the cable rnust
Volt drop IS seldom a problem at Medium Voltnge, even for 10I1[) nms of srnall be capable of passing t':i:; current without darnaoe untilltlO fault IScleared
conductor size as shown above.
C heckino for fault current The smallest ctlble tha! Gem safely handle thlS fault current for a 1 second fault,
IS a 70 111m"copper conductor cable, or a 95 rnrn? aluminlwn conductor cabin.
Pfospectivo symmetncal (Shol1 CirCUit) current Suppose now that the fault clearance time (Including any mechanical delays
on the tripping med1anisrn) is closer to 2 secon(js, then the srnatlest cable
would be a 95 rnmc cappo!! conductor(1 0,925'0v2= 7,725 kA for 2 seconds)
or a 150 mm2 alurnlnlwn conductor (11,400../2 = 8,061 kA for 2 seconds),
likeWise, a fault duration less than 1 second Will allow the use of smaller
conductors than were calculated tor the 1second ratmg

x K K is 115 A!mm? lor copper

....... ~~~·.~/"····t····· conductors, pnpHr insulated<
/lnDtilef Example From Table 6.2 on pg38thejrnpedanceof 18Smmicable "" 0,144b 1J /km
Con:; idOl the following diagram' Thus tht.; impedance of1 00 In 0,01445 n
Oi8grarnrnatically, the systern IS

The fault level at the siJb,dist board i$ then found by dividing the base MVA by
l1kV
the total pet unit impedance.
x Board
bOO kVA
2::0,05 p.JJ
lK\j
Sub
HinG X~/- x 0;" Board 5,J,!,?~...1OOQQQQ
;,/;3)(400

X Mwn LV
Oi" Board

PUSYSTEM
P u !,owce impedance

xbaseMVA
VI

Reference to pg 7, where 115A/rmn" forrvc / Copper cables, shows that

a 70 mm" copper cable can wjthstand a short circuif current of 8.05 kA for 1
Example 1 USII'It) a base of 100 MVAand the per W'lt method, the Impedance
01 the systern (It the sub,dlst boald can be deterrnine<1: second. This IS above the potential faulf level of the system Moreover, the
durallon of tho .fault or the tinm taken by the protective deVice to operate has to
be conSidered. The circuit supplying tho motor would very likely be protected
by a 200 amp fuse or a circllIt bleaker. Both these devices would operate well
wiU11n 1 second, the actual time being read fro In the curves showing short
Tt,Hlstorn10l: 100 x 005 circuil cunent i tripping time relationships s\Jpplied by the protective
eqUipment manufacturer Suppose the fault is cleared after 0,2 seconds, We
05
need to determine what short CirCUit current the cable can withstand fOI thiS
time.
 1.4,1
V'itmre K l1510rPVC Gopporcables 161TG)
K 250 'G)
143101 XL PE / Copper cables (flOC ....
f\ Tn lor PVG !Alurmnum (solid or stranded) cables (1OC IBOG)
K 92 lor XLPE! Alummum (solid or stranded) callies (90G 250G)
K 1/5 for PIL C , Copper cables /60'e)
1< !'lilor PILG! Aluminum (slranrled) cables (70C ~ 160'C)
and vvhcre A IS the conductor cross sectional area Hl mrn and tthe duration ot
the fault in seconds
Thib is well in (1XGCSSot ttH) syslorn potential fault Icvt11 and so It can be
concluded that a 70 111m"cable is suitable for thIS exarnplr\ Dunng Iho ponod
of shorl circuits, the forces acling upon IndiVidual cores of a 3 phase system
aru ot1orrnOUSnlOse are forcos of repulSion and attraction, and hence cause
the cores to move If Irvldequatoly wstrained In the case of 3 com arrnoured
cdbl!)s~ Hw fact that the cores are laid up, and the restrainlf1g effect of the
a'mour wires is such as to Hrmt tire corc rnovernenL Bursting strengths are,
however, still nnportant In the case of PILe cables where the effect of the
resultant voids loft In tho Insulation (even after small movement) may be
dell! f1lontal to the Ion\) term life of tile cable so affected
Elwiro nmental Conditions of Installation
nw data usoej for detern11f11nq the. cunent ratings given tn. thiS publication
arE! t:m.sHcj ()n calculations accortJlntl to IEC 287 Ra1rnos for multlcore
cables are for a 8111£Jlecable run. Where groups of cables run In a
comn1on the appropnate doralinq factors are given in the tables on
paqes2:9 .34 and 44 depending on the Iype of cable bQing useel.
Slfflrl,lrlv when Ihe installation conditions diller from standard, the dera1rng
lactu r~,In the aj)propriate sections must be used
A qualilalive assessment of the cmKlitions Imrnedli1tely surrounding the cable
;;hould be made. Factors such as the need for a fire retardant sheath,
ndclitl(mat mectlanlcal protection, ;;afeguards agclIflst chemical attack amj
CDlfosion should be conSidered in this category, These :nfluences affect
rntlln Iy trH1external linish otthe cable, the armounng and serving
Cables are sornelimes speclfred with a termte repellent sheath It is worH1
rnontloninn thaI no sheath will repel insects since sheath matorral has to be
;flqestmj by the termite to be talal Thus, the statement 'cable Wltt1 a ten1llW
repell<llit sheath' ISsomewhat erronoous.
In tl1e case of paper lead cables there are several alternatlvo sheath metals
nV31lHtlle. pure lead IS prone to fatigue when SUlljected to Vibration. Alloy E
:;;!,ealt1can be supplied whieh Will resist dcteriorahon Ulrough fatigue.
rho foregoinq notos am by no means an exhaustive lreatrnent of the points to
CO!l~'ldor WiIOn chOOSing a cable for a particufar application but are rather
£1Uideli nos to Hie salient POll1tSwhich need consideration
Cables Laid Direct in the Ground
The ratings 91ven are based on a £lfOWld thermal resls1rvlty (g) of 1,2 Km!VY
1he factor (£1)'vanes conSiderably Wllh dlffenng 9round conditions and has
a pronounced effect on a cable's current carrying capaclty,f heonlyswe
way to detennlne (q) IS to ITwasum It along the cable route. ThiS practice IS
normally reserved for $upertension cables. but there could bE! other
applications whore soil thermal reSistiVity is critical
Clay: Clay is a dense, corr,iPact matenaL greasy 10 the touch whenwet and
which has a low Thermal ResistiVity even In the fully dned,out cemdlhon
Most clays however, shrink'when dry in\) and can thus not tJe used as a
beddin£1 for the cable. They can be used as backfill and sI10uld be
consolidated by rollln£1 rather than tampif1q.
Sand: Sand is a crumbly malerial with particle gmins easily (jlstrngUished
ilnd 9ritty to the touch even when wet Partlde sizes lar90r than 2mrn are
known as gravel, Sea s,and or sand obtHined from a nver llE)d usually
consists of sphencal particles and has a very high Therrnal Resistivity when
dry. Seme quarried salids, and marHllade sands as used for making
concrete, have irregularly shaped particles of varyltlg size and can be
compacted to a high denSity, These can be used as a bedding matenal
espeCially when 510'\, Clay is added amJ Will have a satlsfactonly low
Thennal ReSistivity in the dnedout stalo. Sand/gravel mIxes should be used
with cate as sharp p£lJli(:lescandamage the callie serving.
Sand clay: Sand clay IS, as lIs name implies, a lruxtum of sand and clay. It IS
an ideal material for use as bedding and backfill and IS best compacted by
rollinq. 11rarely dries outto Idwer than G% mOisture content
Loam: Loam can vary in corour from roddlS11 brown to dark brown and may
contain quantities 01 or£1anlc matte! It crurnbles '11011,
even when dry, and
can be well compacted to achievo satisfactory values of Itlennal ReSistivity.
It IS very SUitable as a bedcl1nn rnatmial.
Chalk: CI1alk ISa soft whlto qr SJlCY porous matenal havln9 a lower Tllennal
ReslSllvlty when wet, but drying out 10 very high values and is unsuitable fOI
use as bedding or backfill in any area where drying out is likely,
Ouklip: Ouklip is decomposed rocky material, varyin9 In particle size and
having very low Thermal ReSIstiVity in the undisturbed state. It can be used
asa backfill material when ml,\cd with 10arn or clay but should not tJe used
as a cable boddln9,
Peal: Peat or humus IScomposed mainly of or9al11c matena! and ISblack or
dark brown In colour, It should not t}e used as bedding or backfill as dried~
out TtJorrnal ReSistivity v'dlLies of over 4 Kn1/W arc usually obtained It
should be rernoved and al1.ematlve material used for both bedding the
cables and tJ£Jckfiliing thetrof)ch.
 Make-up soil: This is a general ternl for the soil In any area, Hle level of Pilch fibre, PVC, earUlerWiarQ or cast iron pipes which are tile ITlore common
which has been raised artificially uSing imported fill which rnay consist of materials encountered. tt should be noted that sinnle core cables forrmng a
bfiCks, concrote, cinders, ash, slag. stonos, other refuse or any of the part of an a,c, system Silouid not be individually installed in cast lion pipes
matena! considered above, II any doubt eXists as to sUitability, It IS best due to the heavy losses Iflcu!red by eddy current Induction
H111l0vetJcompletely and a suitable material imported,
Generally the size of the duct (pipe) chosen should depend upon the ease of
Mine sand: Mine san(1 is thennally very satisfactory, but IS fllnhly corrosive pulling In. maul, tho cab ie, It should be borne in mind that a targer Cable
,lI1d ~jflOUld therefore not be used, may be reqUired In the future to cater for increased load qrowth. Common
pipe sizes used in South Afliea aretOOmrn and 150rmn internal dlarneters
When groups of cables aro run in pipes along the same route. they should
be derated according to !tl0 factors given in the relevant tables.
T"(PICAL VALUES OF THERMAL RESISTIVITY OF SUBSTANCES
ENCOUNTERED IN CABLE INSTALLATIONS 1.4,4 Composite Cable Routes
Material ThermalResistivity(9) K,m It frequently happens that a (,':able run ISmade partly In air, partly direct in the
ground and partly in ducts, The lalter conditions lead to the lowest ralmO
Sandy Soil 1,20 and It IS here that altenl!<Jn must be focused Very lillie heat travels
a~ 1~0 longitudinally along the cilbio, the main dissipation being vertically 1tlrough
the duCtw£11l and swrourHl:ng ground. Anyrating where the route is part
Chalky Soil 1,80
oround, pmi duct must ther!;jlore be treated With care,
, J
Concreto 0,90
Water lonned growKI 0.50 Where the length of ductlng does not exceed 5 mlJtres per 100m of route
Grovel 1.00 lennth, the cable rating may be assurned to be that for dlfect bUl'lal In the
nfOund

lhe tll(Hmal resistivity of a substance IS greatly influenced by the mOisture
content at a given lime, The hioher the quantity of retained moisture the
lower Will be 1t1Othermal resistivity, A 11eavily loaded cable Will dry out the
soH around the cable and cause an incremlH in (0), ThiS pmcoss IS
cumulative and damage could be done to the cable insulation through over
heallntl
lrnpunlies such as slag, ash and tho like increase the value of (g). as doos
Intenso vegetallon on the cable route, by drawing mOISture from the ground.
1.4.5 Intermittent Operation
Certain types of loads have an intermittent characteristic where the load IS
switched on and off before the callie has time to cool completely.
Dependlno upon the load cycle it may be possible to selcct a smaller cable
for lntennittent operalJon than would be the case if the load were
continuously applied, When a current In excess of Itle normal ruted current
IS apphod, the heating of the cable wJ!I be a conespondinnly quicker
opera1Jon than the coolinq

1.4.2 CableslnstalledlnAir Equivalent RMS current

Multicore cables should be Installed With a space 01 0,3 x overall diameter Current flowmg rlurmg ttJ penod (InCluding
and Single core cables with a space of > 0.5 x overall di,lIneter !H)tween penmJs of lero current),
thmnselves and the vertical wall or surface supporting thern as per IEC 287, [)umUon of "Iii period
Ifthey aie installt3d in direct contact with the wall then the current rating given Nun:fmf of periocts. (includes penods 01 zero
shQuld be reduced by 5~,;'as a rouqh nuide line prOVided there IS a sp,lce of
150rnm or six tUrles the overall diarneter of the cable whichever is the greater
between adjacent cables or cable nroups in the case 01 sinnle core cables.
If Ule installation faOs to comply wlIIl this requirement then Hw derating
lactors In the relevant sections should be applied.

Wlwro the ambient temperature along a route vanes. the highest value
siiouid be taken to selHclthe cablo Size, 1
N
1.4.3 Cables Installed in Ducts
TIH~ air within'a pipe or duct will incmase the thermal resistance of the heat
dlssipallon path, Consequently the current rating or a cable nm In a duct
L (t,,)
!plpe) IS lower than that for an eqUivalent cable in t!1Ooround or in free air.
rhe ratings oiver, can be applied to cables laid in conGfote, asbestos,
 Example:
SIJppOse a process cycle i!3as follows
VoltOrop
1bOAmpsforl flunute The voltage drop In a Single ph;;.se cHeUlI is by
50 An1!"; for 2 nllnufoc; Voltnqc drop 2 x I K(Rem; (h x
100 Amps for 3 nHnules
Line CUfnjfl[ an1f.)s
o Arnps fur 4 mlrHJtos
CirCUlI n'!jdslal1C€J oilmsWhaso
Circuit roUGlunCG oturls/phase
/)elvveen current amI voilage

n N

Ln
n N

Admiltance (HB rnhos

v,;fI()(e (onauclanCe (Sien/OIIS!
nms a continuous current of 76 amps flOWlrH] over the 10 mlnule cycle tane
;usceplanCG (Siemens)
would produce Uw samu huatln£) unoct as the individual cyclic cunerils, arid
tho Site of callie could be selected based on 76 amps,

1.4.6 Solar Heating

Wllerl cables are installed In direct sunllght an apprecIable healing due to
sotor absorption lakes place ThIS rw,ults In a significant reduction Hl the
el:1bl,$ current canYHlg capaCIty and for this reason it IS strongly
recommended that cables be protecter1 trom direct sunliphL The maximum
illf"iilSity of solar radiation rneasured in South Afnc,l vdries between 1000
a!l(j 1250 Wim" dependlflq upon IOCdtion

C;eol1wtric mean diamefer mrn

Conductor radiUS rnrn
:\elalrvc permltlivlty of dieloctne

Where t'L band c are the dlsf;ltlce In rnm between tl10 centres at the three
phases conductors
 Capacitance per phase
LirH~to line voltage

In the case of an underground cable with shaped conductors, C IS 1l1cmased

IlyS'};'
{ i {

Angie 01 load current

Angle ottransll1Issien line!
An!]!e ottriJ/JSII1lSSlan iffle 2

I~er unit impedance referred to a given base MVA

Base MVA
Full load MVA
1/ [p + ct (T TJ]
d. c. rosrstance at temperatura I C
Initial ,f c IHs/slance at temperature r. c
TempGralure GO' efficient 01 resistancG ot
conductor material

Lo (ft 190 ) MW
(/ c. res/stance
sklf! effect factor
proxlmilyellect factor

L I~nLji'ifLdlJaI..cons,lJrner$ ,_~.
CONDUCTOR +y+
Silnuitaneous M.D. recorded during the manit)
AREAmm~ 3 Core Single Core
Up to 185 1,027 1,019
240 1,041 f.027
300 1,068 1,048
400 1,11 !'l 1,087
3 phase capacitor kVAR
3"iJhilso"ialJlijevelkVA 500 1,175 1,136
630 1,208
800 1,315
1000 1,516
Wire Armour Resistance (al Tho cable drurn IS manufactured from Garflfully selected locally grown
185,03 wood with a low moisture contont (lypical no! more than 15%) (Fig,!) if
Resistance fIN they are required to be treated It shall be done In accordance wilh
SANS 05 with a Ciass C preservative or wllh chromate copper arsenate,
whom () wire rHamelor Saligna. which is a hardwood, does not reqwre lreatment.
N Number of wires

Aluminium
Annealed
28,03

2,703

23)( 10"

0,093 0,24
(b) Mwklng on drum flanges shouk] be clear, stencilled or burned Into the
1065 659 wood and should lrlcl\Jde the following information:

(i) Monulacturer's name or trade mark.

It can be shown that alummium has 18"" of the current. carrylf'1g capacity of
(ii) Haled voltage, area. number 01cores and speCification
an eqwvalonl size copper conduclor The current raling of a cable depends
(iii) Length olthe ill melres,
upon U10thermal diSSipation of the conductor IH losses, Usin£jlhe suffixes
(iV) Year of manufacfure,
'c' for copper and 'a' tor aluminium, equal conductor losses are satisfied
(v) Gross mass in kilograms.
by,
(vi) The Instruction "NOT TO BE LAtD FLAT",
(vii) Serial number or oUler identilication.
(Viii) On each flange an arrow \Nlth 1Ile words "ROLL THIS WAY"
(ix) SABS Mark (ifapplicatJle).

(C) Both ends at ll'1e cadh~s on ttle drurn should be sealed and the Inner ond
flxod to the flange 01 the cable drum to prevent loose coiling. The outer
end is fixed to tile f1a\lge as weH. for trlO same reason.

(e) In tile past. it was COmn10n practice to r()tate slored cable drums through
180' to re'distribute the rosin Impregnation oillhrough the dielectriC. Tho
use of MIND cables l'1asobviated lhis reason for rotating drums However.
it is still recommentJed. Ulat wooden cable drums that are stmed in the
open. irrespective of the type of cable contained. should be penodically
rotated to avoid the drurn limber rotting through flsing damp
 (V) If USinga that It is 01adequate size rolativ9 to tho
tm;kat hand,
(ol Preparation (Vi) Ensure that the fork·truck tyres lateral spaCing is conect
[i) Tho truck rnusl match the drum size, (vii) Take care thM tho protruding tyros do not damage other eqUipment
III Do not overload the Hucks ortlrurns '
iii) Gable ends inu~;tbe sealed, secured and protected (Viii)There ore two methods of rollinq drums frorn loading beds II Granes
IV) Use specml cable trailers for depot to Sito tram;portalion If possible aro notovwlable
;?)
Figure 3
Method 1:
H()l$ excavatr~d H1dXlmurn

sJope1 [0 '10 to njC01Vn

(bj Loading
(I) Check drums for correct cable and Size, senal number, mass and 3,3 Cable storage
possible dama£1e, (a) Indoors
(II) Select conoctlorklilt'cnme (I) Stack Hango to,flango amJpreferably not one on top of the othel
(ili) Seler;t r;onoctslingsand spindle nnd check slln£1condition (Ii) Stack so that drums are easily accessible
(rvi If a crano ISto be used, ensure that a spreader IS incorporated to (Iii) Observe fire prever,tlon rules,
prevent damaqe to drum tlnnges, (Iv) Cable eods musl t,e seal9d at alltllnes,
(VI If tho drum is to be rolled, ol)servo cmf(lct rolling dlrectron by (v) Despatch on "firSll'\ ·firsl our' basiS.
referllng to arrows on flnnges, (vi) nOlate Paper Insulated cable drums one complete revolulion per
(vi) Ensure Ihat the drum bolts are light annum,
\Vii) Enswe that truck surface ISclear 01obstructions, nails ote.
(viii) Do l1{)tdrop drums onto truck loading bed, (b) Outdoors
(I) Drurns Should a hEmJsurface at a slight angle and the aloa
(e) Securing sl10uldhave a syslem,
(I) Secure drums to the truck brld to prevent sliding and rollin!] uSing (iI) Drums should be on a "llIslln Illst our baSIS
ndequote steel chams arid chocks. (Iii) Cabl9 ends should at all trrnes,
(11) Always try tu pack cJnlrns flange· to-flange (iv) Stock flange,to·flange but if this ISnot possible limit ver11eolstaCking
(;il) Do not lay drum:; flat Flfdctreeto smaller drwnsonly,
[IV) Stop the vehicle dUllng transportation and cheCk that the lo;;:\(jIs
(V) Stack in suct1a way,that drums are easily accessible.
secure, (vi) Ohserve file protection rules,
(Vii) Cable racks nre ideal for storage but lake care not to oV9r1oad
(dl Oflloading
(Viii) Cables musl be Identifiable at all trroes
(I) Check lor to cabte drums. (IX) If drums af() 9xpectod to be stored for a long tllne they must be
spoclally treated or rnade of hard wood
(Il)Solect Gormetspindle lor the drum Sizeand mass and onsulB
(x) Rotale Paper insuLllpd cabie drurns one complote mVolutlon per
that sam(~am in qood order, €lI1surethot a spreader is used, ~I
annum,
[Iii) 00 not drop drums but lower !]ently onto linn and relatively level
surfaces
3.4 Mechanical Forces on Cables during Installation
(lvi Oft load drums rnsuch a way that they oro eosily accessible
Any cable has a maxirnum pu,1lingforce which should not be exe99tJeddunng
rnstallalion, The cable cons!wctlon irnposes the limitation on the pulling·in
force When a cable stockH1(JISused the maXlnU.JiI1 force can be related to
overall cable dlometer In mm as follows:·
I
 Sleel Wife Armoured Cables 094 d'x lO'kN ThiS Information can readily be used to determine ltm maximum length of
Sleel lape Armoured or Unannoured Cable (J39 {f'x10'kN cable thai can be pulled throUgh a given pipe Without exceeding the rnaximum
Control ar\(l Connnunication Cat)les 0 ..26 (j' xl 0' kN permissible pulling force Take for exarnple the 70 Inm" x 3 core cable
previously quoted, if tillS IS 11 low voltage cable With a rvc
sheath and it is
Attempts should be made to limit the pUlling force required to a rmnimum to desired 10 know the rnuXlrllum length of PVC pipe it can be pullcrj through
avoid stretching the outer layers of the cable This is particularly relevant then'
where control and communicalion cables are concerned since Instances are
known where the cores have fimslllJd 2·3 metres inSide HI€} sheath and
insufficient overlap at straight Joint positions has necessitated rEI·laying some
lengths. for PVC to PVClJ 035
Bulfaree J.1 x Reactive force
An increase in the pulling force is permissible when the cable is laid by means ~l x Cable weight
of a pulling eye attached to the conductors. As a rule of thumb, the follOWing ~1 x
force:> may be applierj to a conductor:·

Copper 4.9 x 10 kNlrnm'

AIUf1llnium 294 x 10 kN/mm

Then. for example the rnaxlmum force that should be applied Vii! a pulling eye
to a 70rnm? 3 core copper cable IS:
From the table the mass 0170 mm" x 3 Coro copper cable is 3,fi kg/m.
Thus the maximum length bfcable that can be pulled through a rvc
pIpe IS:

Genorally when cables are installed uSing wellorled rollers and jacks, the
following forces can be expected:,

straight routetS 20% of cai)le wmght If ltleHI am any bends in HIe route then these will create additional loading and
2 90 t>ends 20 40% 01 cable Weight reduce the theoretical length of cable that can be installed.

Cables laid in ooen trenches should be lelt slightly "snaked" so that any In certiun II1stances when long runs in pipes or ducts Hre encountered it may
longitUdinal expansion or contraciron can be ,)ccomrnodated. Similarly when be benefiCial to ~lrease the' cable Wllt1 petroleum jelly or some other non
cabins are installed in cleats or onhangers a slight sag between fixing points is Hggresslve compound to!aCilitate the pulling~In.
mCQrnmended.
Considerable damage can t'c) done to cable serving at the rnouttl of a pipe and
3,5 Pull i ng cab Ius through Pipes or Ducts precautions should be exarClsed at such pOints.. This point is achieVing more
importance with the present day trend towards impermeable anti corrosive
Whun a cable is pulledthmugh a pipe, friction between the cable serving and sheaths which have to wltilstand periodic pressure tests, Included mnong the
tllO pipe material increases the longitudinal force requirements. protective measures tM! can Ue adopted are the fitting of a rubber grommet to
HQpresentative values for the coefhclent of Inc!lon ( p ) between the more the mouth of the pipe and inserting a reasonable thickness of rag.
common cable servings and pipe rnaterials are given below:-
,
Table 1.1 When unarrnoured cable,; are pulled into pipes it will be beneficial to ensure
that there is no loreign malter present which could cause damage to the
Serving Material g sheath before pulling. Pushing a r1raw rod through the pipe will usually clear
any obstruction,
PVC Asbestos 0,65
PVC Metal (steel) 0.48
PVC Pitch Fibre 0,55
PVC PVC 0,35

BltuITlenlzed Asbestos 0,97

hessfan Metal (steel) 0,76
or Jute Pitch Fibre 0,86
 LV cablos are normally buried at 500 rmn. Soil thermal resls!lvlty
(!t)e ablhly of the soil to conduct or diSSipate Ileat) is standard at
1.2 KrnNV
Planning
Wflen planrlinq a cable route tbere are several factors to Ue cOlJSldered. (ii) !tIe actual 5011 tbenrla! resistivity alon\) the proposed route should be
among tt1ell1ostlrnportanl 01these are:
measured eithor rneans of an ERA needle probe or the SASS
ill Ground Thermal reSistiVIty(TR)tests neodle probe, but are outSide the scope of this papor, suffice It
Position bays to say tMt different soil compositions along the route will have
!II i} PrOVISionto indlcnto on the 'as kmf drawmgs, the serial or drum different rates of hoat dissipation and could result in "hOI spols'
number of the cable Installed
IIVJ ri18 use of mnss or pre Impregnated nondralnln£J Paper Insulated (III) 10 overcome thiS, boddH1\J and backfill SOils may hav," to uo
cables, XLPE and PVC (jlOlectncs has all but elirnitJatedthe need for "irnpor1ed".
special precautions when laying cables on steep slopes in shafts.
(d) Positioning of Joint Bays
.(t)j Drum Handling Ensure tllat there is suffiCientworking space, consider passing traffiCand
H Always use the best hOistingequipment available. otl18r obstructions, If ii, IS not pOSSibleto positron the joint bays at
(lI) 00 not drop drums of callie onto ltw qround as this not only standard cable length ,);st,mces, remember tllat the cable can be ordered
damages the drum but will damaqe tl1e cable as well (especially in specific lengtlls, Consicler drainage tor large bays ami try to construct
Paller Insulated cabie) the bays prior to cabfo pulling to prevent any damage to the cable at a
(ili) It I110s1important that a ITJillltnum of rolltl1fJof !tJe (jrums on the lalor stage.
ground be allowed and then onty II) the direction of ttle arrows
p arntedon the flan(jos. (e) Recording Cable Drum Serial Numbers on "As Laid" Drawings
\l\JJ "Alhen rolltnq a drum of cable. to chanqe dilOclion use ;> steel In tile unlikely event of a cable fartum in the future, quotin!iJ the cable
plates with grease I)otween thorn, and by standino one flan(je on drum serial number Will the cable manufacturer in nls quality
those plates the cable drum may then be swivelled in !tHJdomrod control, as this serial fllJruiJer IS rolated tQ the manufactunnq and UIW
direction material management in tile factory
POSition the drum pnor to cable,pullin(J so that the cable IS pulled
frorn tho top of (he drum. (fl Preparing for Cable Laying
IVI) Note that il dlurn of power cable can wCI(Jhup to 10 tons so rnake nJe following "VITAL ACTIONS" rnust be observed pnor to a cable pull.
sure thaI adeqiJate cable (hum Jacks are that tho spindle is
stronq 10 hold the drum and U1althe stand on firm
(.1roundand IIley hold tlw spindle hQrizontal. Cable rollers must De placed between 2 and 3 rn apart in Ihe trench
(depending on Slle of cable) (See fig, 4a on page 23),
(vlir Site the drum at the most convenient place for cable·pulling,
usually ilt the start of a reilSCJniltJlystraight section near the
commencement of the trench work
(VIII) Allow for drum braking.
(iii) Check that skid are secure and In pOSition,corner rollers are a
good alternalive 4b on page 23)
(c} GroundThermal Resistivity
(Iv) Ensure thaI eacl) member of Ihe pullinq gan\) knows exactly wllat he
(IJ ThiS often governs the rating ot a power cable buried directly, as
cloes !JW temperature of the soil. Losses for cables running ilt the is to do and that cornrnunication Sl\)nalsbetween members are clear.
!TlilXlilium lernpemtum at which UlOdielectric system can faithfully
operate for a rnaximum life of say, 2b years, alO considerable, (v) The trench floor must be clear of stones and other obstructions and
rnnging from 15 W!rn for normal distrrbulion cabfes. Cable tho cable bedding I.lmmctly (Hspersed
conductor tornporature and tile soil surrounding the cable n1uStbe
able to (jlsslfmte thIs heat cffeclivoly or !t)orrnal instability
(nmilway)"vlilmsull For example an XLPE Insulated 1t kV cable With
conductors runnlrllJ af 90"C could end up with a surface temperaturo
of aboul80C rosuiling In dryln\),out of the SOILDepth of bUlial plays
an impl..Jftantfaclor here and has been set at 800 mm. Most MV Cable
current ratings are calculated with ground temperatures at 25(; at
depHls 01burial of 800 rmn
 (XIV) Cable pulling stOCkings Should be examined and placed over the nose of
tho cable with care (see fig. 4c & d on pg 23) ,. The pulling rope or wile
must be attached to the stocking III such a way that the cable cap will not
be damaged dunnq tile pull. The use ot sWivels is recommended to
prevent tWisting of the stocking The use of stOCkings IS prefmable to
tYing a rope directly to Ih~,cable for pulling In.

(xvi) Bending radius of cabict> ,is recommended by the Inanufacturer should

not be exceederL They am

Bending radius 22
up to and Including and
11kV 33

Paper Insulated Cables

• Single Core 20)( d 25 x d
• Multicore 12 x (J 15 x d

PVC Insulated Cables 10QQ

('IIi C,\!)!e CO'lersU!e avwlalJle atconvnnient pOint!'" • Multi IJnd Single Core 16"50 sq rllm
• Armoured Multi &
(VII) Any objects thai rnay fall Into the trench and damage the cable during 70sq mm and
the pull and pnor to backfilling have been removecL
(viii) lithe ambl('nt temperature IS below we or has IJeen so lor the pasl 24 XLPE Insulated Cables
17 x d
hours, the cable on the drum will have to be covered with a tarpaulin and • Single Core 17 x d
• Mufticore 15 x d 15)( d
healed with sUitable Irunps or heaters for at least 24 hours under close
SlJprHVI$IOn, Ensure tha! suHicient ventilation exist:;, and pay the cable o!f
the drum slowly and carefully. The drum should be lagged with only illew
of the bottom la9s removed dunng the heatin9 process.
(xvii) One Inan should rernall~ at the drum and "brake" the drum In order fO
(ix) Place the (hurn at a convenient pOint pnor to the pull on stron9 jacks maintain the correct fenS)(Jn on the cable during the pull.
and on sound footing (as mentioned (mrlier) WIth the arrow on the (Jrum
IlfJnues POINTING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION to the rotation wl10n
Ihl1 callie ISbeing pulled
(x) Eleforc pulfin9, cut the inner end of the cable free, If a Winch is being used to the cable and unaVOidable sharp bends
are encountered, £1 block could be used to assist Ihe pulling
(xi) Hernovo the dnHl1 battens carefully and from the tlOt!om. tenSion at bend
Inspect the cablo onds for any Sign of loakage (especially Paper Insulated
cabins). If a leak IS suspected, it can be rlfovod by heating the cap until
Just 100 hot to touch and Insul£lting oil will exude out, U,fJcap Sl10uld then
1)1" lomoved and the extont of the damagfJ assessed, by means of the Gable Plltl~)d to a pOSition as noar
rhuloctnc test (See Seclion 4.2). Cables wifh extrUded dielectrics should sfl(HCh block as possH.llo. Thon cabin
tJe sealed and flOe from moisture. and bond detached from blod( anO
pOSltionOd around skid plales as
(XIII) The ciJ.blo rnusl be payfJd off from the IrJp ot tho drum but take care not 10 sl10wn
tiond It too sharply',
 (XX) Heavy leadsnoathed Paper Insulated cables In lengths may
need very large gangs of rnen if no winch is lighffir XLPE
insulated cables reqUire fewer men. Once Ule cables have been 1<1I(J. amI before commencu)g With backfilling carry
out a vlsualmspection of the installation 10ensure that:
(9) SealingofCabfeEnds
Once the cable pull is completed. Ihe nose· end of the cable IS carefully la) The cables are properly bedded
lifted olf the rollers and placed on tho bottom of the tmnch. leaving (b) Correct spacing between cables If there ISmore than one In the tronclL
enounh slack to termrnalO the cable and observing the minimum bending (c) Cable entrances at ducts me suitably protected against tile pOSSibility of
radius. Immedrately after cutting. the cable should be suitably sealed on vermin gaining entrance
both ends of the cui 10prevent the in£lress of mOisture. Examine the nose (d) Laying and pU'liing equipmentl'8s been removed
cap and make good <lny damane that may have occurred during pulling
(e) That there is no obvlow:i darnage to cable sheaths Up 10 90% of the
sorvlce failures exponnnced II) any cable system can be avoided II
(llj Bond Pulling appropnate action is taklO!l al tillS stage.
Those techl1lques are npplied when t1e<lvy catlles are to be laid or the
trench undergoes many changes of dneclion or very long lengths of
cable have to be laid. or a combination olthese.

As menl!oned above PVC: sheaths damaged 'during pullinn' should be

As In the previously mentioned methods of cable pullin9, the trench
WQUld have been prepared with cable rollers, corner rollers and skid
plates Snatch bloCKS would have been anchored to the sides of the
trench at bends and a Winch placed at the far end of the section, At the
noar end a mobile bond carrier is placed conveniently adjacent to ttlO
cable drum, onsunnq that its brakin9 systern IS H(Jequate and tMt It has
reWinding facilities. A steel rope, more than twice the tength of the cable
10be pulled, is wound onto the bond camer drum and its end fed over the
rollers amI through the snatch blocks and then secured to the drum of !Ilf)
winch
The cable end is manhandled onto the first rollers and hod to the stefll
rope (See fig. 6) at !lltervals of about 2 fllotres, Sfart the Winch and as the
nose 01 the cable amves at the snatch block untie it from me steml cable.
take it around the corrH)r roller and retle on the Strai9h\.
repaired taking every caro to do a workmanhke job.
(a) Superficial Damage
Generally the local area damaged should be removed, tho romaif1lng
sheath chamfered for 25 mm at the edges. A EPR self,amalgamating
tape is Ihen applied after cleaning the affected area thoroughly with a
suitable solvent (Le, Genklene). The PVC tape should be apprmdrnately
30 mm Wide and is appliod under tension with a 50% overlap continuing
up the chamfer until trle top is reached plus 4 layers extending 75 rnm
beyond the chamfer.
(b) Holes or Slits in the PVC Sheath
Chamfer the edges 01.Ihl1 damaged area for a distance of 30 mm and
abrade the area WIth Carborundum stnp for a further 20mnL

Once the nose has reached tho wlnel) end, and allOWing the necessary Clean the area with a ;sdlyent and apply a filling putty (B sealing tape)
slaCK, the c'3ble can be untied. the steel rope rewound onto the bond followed by a layer of EPR,self·amalgamating tape applied at high tension
carner Further prepariltlon for backfilling may then be comrnenced extendmg 50 mm !lorn the patCh. followed by 3 layers of rvctape
oxtend,ng 100 mm from the edges of the EPR tape.
Figure 6
BOND PULLING (c) Removal of a completlll section of oversheath
Upon removal of the darhaged ring, chamfer the remaining edges ,for a
Stlllli wirll bond distance of 30 mm, clean With the solvent and apply 4 layers of EPR tape
Cable drum Cable tied at high tension to 50 mm ·beyond the chamfer Apply ryc self,adhesive
tape at one tlwd overlap ·to a level corresponding to the original over
sheath diameter, Five layers of PYC self,adheslve tape are then applied.
Bond each one extending 5 mrn further atong the cable.
wire
Mobile
bond
carrier
" The repair is then completed with a resin poultice reinforcement
consisting of 6 layers of ribbon gauge or bandage. impregnated and
painted with an approvo(j grade of freshly mixed epoxy resin Allow 12
hours to cure
Cable Skid
untied plate

Snatch
block
4.0 Paper Insulated And Lead·covered 6.35111kV Cables
The folil:)Wlflq chapter generally covers 6,35/11 kV PllC cables For hlgl)er
voltapes or slnqle core applications please consul! ou! application engrneers
for speclalised technical or Installation Information, the cables described If)
UW5 sec11(mare manufachHed according to SANS 91 (For greater details see
hroch ure covennq ttllS product).
~ ~ m C M n ~
",.,W<:t'flf0!,-;(")<:t
N 7 ~

4.1 Notes on impregnating compound M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~

Presont day paper Insulated cabte are mass impregnated with non·rlmming
compound (MIND). ThiS Poly-lso,Butylene compound remains in a solid state
at norma Ioperahng temperatures and mel!..sat approXimately 100'C

Compound migrat1on, as wa:, e~;penenced in earlier rosin-oil impregnate(j

cablos installed vertically or on Inclines, has thus been eliminated by till,)use 01
Ihls non, draining compound
r:: 2~ ~ 03 ~ ill ;s; ~
t--.·""rcn"l""'(O
4,2 Moisture in Paper cables l""- \.0 M (") ~. N
f'-->t:t
¥'"

If cable Is damaged and tho leadsll0ath or end cap IS punctured, moisture c;c)(~;>OOOaC)
almost Iflvdnably Into the Insulation and, if not detected
Immediately and removed, milY cause trouble at a later dale, In overv such
case, trlorefore, a mOislure test should be calfled out and the cable cui back
unlil all traces of dampness are removed The following Simple, but reliable
lest I~Hecommended;

Moisture Test: Heat about 11ltroof 011compound (or melted paraffin wax) In a
saucepan 10 a temperature of 150'C (check by lt1ermometer), timn()Vo
IIldivldual paper lapes 1romtho cable under test and immerse thern in tllO 110t
compound II any mOisture IS present. it wll! boil out olft1a paper and form
bubbles or froth. which will rise to the surface of 11113 liquid. If no moisture IS
presenl, the hot compound will be undisturbed.
~~M~~~~~
When car rying out the above lost do not handle the portion of thl.~paper tapes
f.i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
to be imlTlorsed In tile compound, as mOisturefrom tho hands may give [ISO to
false c(mcluSions, As moisture IS most likely to travel along the cable under
the Ifli)d Sheath or along the conductors, the papers next to the stlealh and
conductors arethoso mosllikely to contain mOisture,

To nllnirnise the penetration of mOisture Into the cable from the atmosphQre or
other sources, U)ecores should be moisture'I)locked at each end, by sweating
them sol\d or Usingsolid centre ferrules, C})
t-... t-
F
to ig81rci~<o~i5
"
oc M
to
r-
'1'
~ ~ g f'-- '7 ~ ::

6 c:i 0 6 0 c:i c:i c:i 6 ci

Ambient air temperature (free air"'Shaded)

Ground Thermal ResistiVity

___,~~_~,~,""",."~""«<=""~ __ .-.-,>w,""v-",,.,,,,._
..""__ ~"m"'~

Depth of laying to top of cable or duct

 Air Temperature eC)
Depth of laving In slng.l. way ducts Maximum
1
1,00 Conductor 25 30 35 40 45
800 1.00
Temperature
1000 0.98 0,99 ....•.....
(70"C)
12S0 0.96 0.97 ,00 0,87 0.19
1!500 0.95 0,96
2000 0.92 0.94
NOTE: PILe Cables may be grouped in air Without derallng providing that
the cables are HlstalleO on cable ladders. and that for
{a) Horizontal formation
The clearance between IS not less Ulan 6 K the overall diameter 01
tho larO(ISl cable {or 150 Imn) whH;hevor is least

1.03 {bl Verticallormation ,

1.07
(i) The clearance from 11 SUPPOftlno walliS greater than 20 rnm, and
1.00 1.00
(ii) The vertical clearanc(!, between cables i5 greater than 150 mm.
0.92 0,95
NOTE: If tho number of cablos 4. they are to t)C l!lstalled HI a henzontal
0.34 0.83 plane.
0.75 0.82

Table 4.3.3 Grouping of PILC cables H' Horizontal Formation at standard soil
conditions {mullicore cables) Correction Factors
Cross-sectional area of
conductor
Solar Radiation
mm3 1000 W!m3 1250 Wlm2
In
group
2
3 0,69 0,75 0,80 0.84 0.86 0.80 0.84 0,87 0,89

4 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.75 0.81 0.84 0.87

c
;..) 0,57 0.66 0,73 0.18 0,81 0,71 0,77 0,82 0.35 4.4 Short circuit ratings for PILC. cables
Shert circuli ratings do not lend themselves to rigid treatmont due 10 unknown
6 055 0.63 0.71 0,76 0,80 0,69 0,75 0,80 0.84
vanables, and wherever pOSSible conservative values should be applied.

With tho continued growth of power sysWm fault capacity, attention must be
given, when selectino a cable. to its short CirCUit capacity as well as to H,e
continuous current ratinO.
Ground Temperature. eC)
Maximum Other Iimllino effecls In aVQldlf19 damage during subsequent short CirCUit
Conductor 25 30 35 40 45
conditlons are as lollows>
Temperature
(a) \Neakenlng of jOints duo to softening of solder at conductor temporatures
(1o-C) above 160"C
1,00 0.95 0.90 0,85 0.80
 (bl If cnrnped or welded ferrules and lugs are used {see At ,2 of annox A 5.0 MEDIUM VOLTAGE XLPE INSULATED, PVC BEDDED, SWA, PVC
SJ\NS 97) tempQratures of 250'C can be tolerated, SHEATHED CABLES
(c) Bursting effects are only of concern with unarmoured screened cables The followin hapter generally covers 6,35/11 kV XLPE cables, For hlllher
larger than 150 nun", Multicore wire armoured cables are only likely to vollages or core applicatloi'rs please consult our application engineers
tlurat at currents in excess of 33 kA for cable sizes below 70mm!, In lor speclalised technical or installation information, The cables described in
oxccs s 0139 kA for cables below 150 mOl! and in excess of 22 kA for thiS section are manufactured according to SANS 1339, {For greater details
cables below 300 0101"-
SHe brochure covenng ttllS product).
Cable short cIrcuit ratings are baserj on thl) adiabatic performance of 1t1!)
conductors and may thus be regarded as "internal ratings" Which are not Quality Assurance
affected by external faclors as in the case of current ratings, Therefore, no MV XLPE cable rnanufacturerj by Aberdare Cables IS required to undergo a
deratl ng factors are needed partial discharge test at our StaMlord Road Port Elizabeth factory, The partial
discharge Ineasurement technlq0e involves scanning of every metre of every
drlJrn of cable uSing the only· such scanner Installed in the Southern
Hemisphere, The technIque flUs been in use since the introduction of XLPE by
Aberdare Cables and has given superb performance over the past 20 years,
The advantage of the scanninq \(;lchnlque is that f1(m"cornplying XlPE cores
can be re"lnsulatecl before they 2lre further proct)ssed {applicatIon of copper
whore I short CirCUIt TiJting In Amps tape screen, laying up of 3 OOr1:18, application of PVC bedding. application of
K cons/ant combmmg tempera/um /lllllts and conductor Steel Wire Armour and extrusion (jl outer sheath), Although this is a expenSive
matorl8f properties operation, It IS dramatically cheaper than rectification of faulls at final test or
area of conductor after installation on the customer premises, In factories where partial
(iufatlon of short Circuit III secollrJs discharge detection is carried but only as a final test, and assuming a non,
complying partial discharge IS :detected. tI1e decision to scrap the cabie or
The valuos of K for copper and alunllnlum comluctors of 6,35/11 kV PllC alternatIvely to stnp ancl replace an XlPE core Will be very costly
cables are 115 & 76 amps/rnm2 respectively, For a conductor lernperature The advantage to the customer of the above testing is that he is assuree! of
rlsinU from 70"C 10 160C, quality cable with an acceptable level of partial discharge,
Aberdare's unrivalled quality record in experiencing only one field failure 01
XLPE cable during its twenty years of rnanufacture 01this product IS adequate
proof olthe superiority of thiS testtng mothod

5.1 Notes on XLPE insulation

SOllie syslerns make provision lor reducing earth fault currents by the
inclusion 01 a neutral earthing resistor (NERl at thn star point 01the distribution For XLPE insulated conductors. contmuous conductor temperatures of 90 C
transforlnor. are permissible with overload ex:cursions up 10 130"C for a rnaximurn of 8
hours continuous per event, with a max:imwn total of 125 hours per annum, In
the case of short circuits the insulation can withstand conductor temperatures
Where thiS IS not tile caSH, thn resultant high earth fault current under a fault
of up to 250C for 1 second,
condi1ion will be carried by the lead sheath and by the galvaniSHd sleel wire
armOUL The bitumlsecl steel tape llrmour IS expected to rust in Ume and
should not be included in any calculation to carry fault current

The value of K for lead sheaths and galvanised steel wire armour is 24 & 44
anlps,rnrn" respectivnly. The follOWing formula must be applied:
25"C

30"C

1,2KIWW

800mrn
rhe area of the lead sheath and the armour wires of the cable must be
ol)t81ned.
 Tab\e5,Z
E!Bctricai a.nd Physical Propertied of -3 COTe XLPE insulated P\/C be;;j,(jf:;(1 stee:w!t8 arrncurG',j, P\/C Sheat.hed6 ..J5,(i 1k\/ cabh}s to S,AJ.JS
1338 Type A OndividuaBy screened}

Cable
Size
Current 1 second Diameter Approx., Current 1 second Diameter Approx.
rating short overall Cable rating short overall Cable
circuit Mass circuit Mass
(Ground) rating (Ground) rating
(1"111"11') (Al (kA) (Al (ilillm) (IIA) (1"111"11) (kglkml

25 140 09353 3.575 47.3 4655

35 170 0.,(3783 5.005 497 5215
50 200 0.5067 7 1 50 526 5895 155 0.8284 4.600 52.6 5015
70 240 03581 563 6995 190 0.5767 6.440 56 ..3 5635
95 290 0.2665 13,585 60,5 8'7(\
; tV 225 0.4213 8.740 60.5 6340
120 325 0.2187 160 64,2 9370 255 0.3375 11.040 64.2 7045
150 360 0,-1847 21 450 68,8 11240 285 () 2795 13,800 688 8350
185 410 0.157-1 26455 72,8 12775 320 0,2285 17020 72.8 9245
240 470 0.1317 34.320 79.1 14955 370 0.1821 22080 79,1 10580
300 520 0,1160 42900 85.6 17865 4.20 0.1535 27.600 85,6 12070

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 (b) Bucking of the conductors H'ljOmt boxes due to longitudinal expansion 01
cables lard direct in ground
Maximum Air Temperatures (·C)
Conductor ! Cables short cirCUit rHtlngs are· based on the adiabatic porformance of the
30 35 40 45 50 conductors. This assumes no hnalloss from the cHble during the period of the
Temperature
fault No (ieraling !Hctors are necessary with regard to soilternperature, depth
(OO'C) Hl 0,95 0,89 0,84 0,78 of bun.al etc,

Note: Carlies may be grouped H' tIIr without derating provided that the cables
Hlstdlled on cable ladders, and that for

(a) Horizontal formation

The clearance I;etween cables IS not less than 6 x the overall diameter of the
larnest cable (or 1bO mrn) whichever ISleast I Short circuit rallng in Amps
K conslanl coml)lf)lng lomperalure /inllts and conduclor
(I)) Vertical formation material properties
nHl cloaranco from a supporlinq wall is greater than 20 mm, and A area ofConduClor
rho V(H'tica! clearance between cablr}!:; IS oreater than 150 111m, I (iuralion of shor/' Circuit in seconcfs

Note: If the number of cables,> 4, thoy are to be Installed 1['1 a honzontal The value of K for copper qneJ: alumlnlUln conductors of 6,35/11 kV XLPE
plane, cables is 143 & 92 amps/rnm;' respectively, for H conductor tempemture risHlq
from 90"C to 250C

5,4 Earth Fault Current

Correction Factor. Some systems proVide for t'Oejucing earltl fault currents by the inclusion of a
CrO$$w$eqt!onalarea of neutml earthing resistor (NEil) at the star point 01 the distribution translonner.
c:onduetor Solar Radiation to typically 300 A,
mm~
'v'vhere tillS IS not the case, tile resistHnce of the copper tapes and steol wife
Hrrnour should be included in the calculation

lyplcal1 second Earth rHult ratings for XLPE insulated 6,35/11 kV

Type A cables mHnulactured to SANS 1339 - 1991 are shown in table 5,3

Short circuit ratlflgs cio not lenel themselves readily to rigid treatrmmt due to
UI1!il1mvn vanHbles Wherever pOSSible COIlServHl!ve values should be
appli(;lj As the Growth of a power system inoeases so do the system fHult
levels, When selecting a cable attention must be given to It'S short circuit
capability, as w(}11as to the continuous current mllng:"

Other hrnillng effects in aVOldlnfJ darnage during short cirCUit conditions are as
follows:
19,7

fa) Weakening, of jOinls duo to softening of the solder at a conduct 20,8

temperature of 160C anCI Hbove, although, most conductor JOining 25,0
nowadays ISdone by compresslol, fittings, particulHrly on XLPE Insulated
cables,
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Table 6,2
Electrical and Physical Properties of 3 and 4 core PVC Insulaled PVC bedded S'NA PVC sheathed 600/1000 V cables manufactured to
SANS 1507·3

·15 24 14,4S 25,000 %.33 125 1.25 14.13 H95' 448 501
2.5 32 26 26 8,87 15,363 9,61 10,56 -1,25 ,25 15,23 16.18 522 597
4 42 34 35 5.52 9.561 11,40 12,57 1,25 125 17,02 1839 667 762
6 53 43 45 3,69 6,391 12,58 13,90 1,25 1,25 18.40 1972 790 910
10 70 58 62 2,19 3,793 4,384 14.59 16,14 1,25 1..25 20,41 21,96 996 1169
16 91 75 83 1,38 2,390 V59 16,55 19,18 1,25 USO 22,37 25.92 1295 1768
25 119 96 110 0,8749 1,515 1,749 19.46 2D4 1.60 1 2646 28,34 1838 2196
35 143 116 135 0.6335 1,007 1,267 20,89 23,97 1,60 .60 27,89 31,i7 2215 2732
50 169 138 163 0,4718 0,817 0.944 24,26 28,14 1,60 2,00 3t46 36,54 2871 3893
70 210 171 207 0,3325 0,576 0,665 27,07 31,29 2,00 2,00 35.47 40,09 3617 4837
95 251 205 251 0,2460 0,427 0492 31,i9 35,82 2,00 2.00 3999 44,62 4901 6115
120 285 234 200 0,2012 0.348 0,402 33,38 38,10 2,00 2,00 42,18 47,40 5720 7269
150 320 263 332 0,1698 0,294 0.339 36,68 42,05 2,00 250 45,98 52,65 6908 9250
185 361 298 378 0.1445 0,250 0,289 40.82 46,75 2,50 2,50 5112 57,45 8600 11039

w
0;
240
300
416
465
344
385
445
510
0.1220
0,1000
0.,211
0,189
0,244
0.218
46,43
51,i0
53,06 2,50 250
2.50
57,13
6220
64,16
70,13
10767
12950
13726
16544
..........J I
~ E!ectriC3: and
SANS 1507 .. 3

Cable lmpe- 3$ h
Size dance Volt Vplt
drpp drop

3c ~ 4c 3c 4c
(mm') (AI (A) (A) (Oikm) (mV/Ai (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/k

26 90 73 80 ,4446 2.502 2.889 17 76 1 60 2476 27.6:5 1301 155it

35 108 87 99 1 .0465 1 ,E113 2.093 1'3.33 21 .93 1 ,60 ,. 60 2633 291 3 1477 1757
50 129 104 119 0,,7749 1 ,342 1 ,549 21 .87 25.05 1 ,,60 1 60 29,07 32,25- 1782 2150
70 158 130 151 0.5388 0,933 1.078 24.76 29.27 1.60 1 60 31 96 37.67 2132 2930
95 192 157 186 03934 0.681 0787 28,68 33.73 2,00 2.00 37.08 42,53 2908 3647
120 219 179 216 03148 0545 0.629 3109 35.44 200 2,00 39.89 44.24 3328 4023
150 245 201 250 0.2607 0452 0.521 3399 39.,39 2.00 2.50 4279 49.69 3837 5276
185 278 229 287 0.21 33 0.369 (},427 3780 4451 200 2.50 47,10 5AJ31 4557 6231
240 324 268 342 01 708 0.296 0.342 426O 50.,04 2,50 2.50 52.9 6"~ 14 59?7 7550

Table 6,4
Electrical and PhySical Properties of 3 and 4 core XlPE Insulated PVCbedded SWA PVC sheathed 600i 1000 V cables manufactured to
SANS 1501 . 4

Cable Rating Impe- 3$ 10 Npminal Diameters Approx. Mass

Size dance Volt Volt
Ground Duets Air drop drop 01 02

:ic ~ 4c 3c 3c
(A) (A) (A) (n/llm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

27 22 """'>
-LL i~
.~ ."1
2C,?2B .30,861 8.08 885 1 "it:.
"' '
_ .. .... 13~70 1447 416 ~..
A."/~
",)

2.5 35 30 29 9.45 16,368 18.900 9.'18 10,08 1,25 L25 1480 15 487 521
4 46 39 37 5.88 10,184 11.761 10.06 1107 1.25 ."1""
1 L0 15,138 16.69 566 650
6 57 49 46 3.93 6.807 7.862 11,25 12AO 1.25 125 16,87 1802 683 778
10 76 67 61 2.33 4.053 4.663 1325 14,64 1.25 1.25 19,07 20.46 890 1033
16 9° 92 80 1,46 2.546 2924 15.21 17,68 1.25 125 2103 24.42 1191 1544
25 147 119 138 0.9313 1.613 1.863 18.13 19.86 1.60 '1.60 25.13 26.86 1693 2018
35 175 142 168 0.6738 1,167 1.348 1956 22,32 1.60 1.60 2656 29,52 2025 2511
50 207 169 204 0.5009 0.868 1.002 22.49 25.76 1.60 L60 2969 32.96 2606 3242
70 253 207 256 0.3521 0,610 0.704 25.74 29,81 2.00 2,00 3294 38,21 3323 4503
95 302 248 312 0.2589 0.448 0,518 2876 33. 2,00 2,00 37 16 41.90 4442 5650
120 344 282 362 0.2109 0.365 0.422 3139 35.87 2,00 2.00 40.19 44.67 5335 6731
150 387 318 416 0,1775 0,307 0.355 34.69 40,12 2,50 2.50 4349 50,42 6403 8708
185 435 359 478 0.1500 0260 0.300 39,05 44.77 2.50 250 49.35 55.07 8184 10343
24\} 498 413 557 0.1247 0.216 0.249 44.22 50.58 2,50 250 54.52 Bl .68 10073 12932
300 558 471 634 0.1099 0.190 0.219 48,45 55.56 2.50 2 ..50 58.35 67. 16 12076 !5575
P-
o
 Table 6.5
:: E!ectrlcal and PhYSicai Proper'liM (,13 and 4 core XLPE !ns,,!a.t'Sd pve b'Sddoo S,VA PVC sheath8G 600il000 V (~;,ll)iesmanufactured to
SANS 1507 4

Cable! lrope- .3$ 1~

Size dance Volt Volt
drop drop 02

3<: 4e 4c 3<: 4c
(roro~) (AI (A) (rom) (mm) (roro) (kgfkro kgfkm)

25 115 92 108 15408 2,669 3.082 15,53 19,16 1.25 26.16 925 1377
35 138 111 131 1 1159 1,933 2,232 18.00 20,44 160 -i.50 27,44 1307 1549
50 164 132 160 0.8258 1,430 1.652 20,09 2306 1,l30 1,60 30.26 1550 1872
70 199 161 200 0.5736 0,994 1,147 2343 27.38 1.60 1.60 34.98 1911 2371
95 238 194 245 04178 0,724 0836 25.85 30 __
99 160 2,00 39.39 2254 3158
120 272 221 285 0.3337 0,573 0667 29,09 3320 2.00 2,00 42~OO 2929 3584
150 306 249 328 0,2756 0,477 0,551 3215 36.75 200 2,00 46,05 3457 4274
185 344 283 378 0,2247 0.389 0.449 3602 42.52 2,00 2,50 52,132 4132 5650
240 392 325 438 0.1785 0.309 0.357 4039 50.40 2.50 2.50 6150 5375 7024

Table 6.6
Single core PVC insulated cables with stranded copper conductors, unarmoured, with PVC sheaU. 600il 000 V to SANS 1507-3

Nominal 14> 34;

Cable Diameters Nominal Cables A.C. or D.C. Cables In Trefoil Formation.
Sixe mm Mass

L~ '-oI .• ~f" , '. ,2 '.-~ -- ,'- ...

35 7.00 1296 469 0,6356 156 156 1,27 153 132 141 1

8.15 15,15 632 0,4745 186 19t 095 180 155 172 0,82
50
9,79 16.57 880 0,3356 232 246 0.67 221 190 223 0.58
70
11,54 0.2500 300 050 265 226 273 0,43
95 1904 1160 281
20.24 141.3 0.2054 324 349 0,41 301 256 318 0,36
120 12,96
14,39 22,07 1734 0.1734 370 404 0.35 338 287 369 0.30
150
16.10 24,80 2145 01499 424 463 0,30 381 323 424 026
185
549 0.25 442 372 504 0.22
240 18.71 27.81 2725 0,1268 498
30,75 0,1131 635 0.23 499 419 584 0.20
300 21.45 3375 566
34.10 4395 0,1028 651 742 0.21 565 472 679 0.18
400 24.30
37,13 5299 0,0963 740 835 0,19 634 532 778 0.17
500 2651
43,62 6965 0.0890 836 953 0.18 718 603 892 0.15
630 33.15
0,0852 931 1086 017 792 689 1020 0,15
800 37.70 49,00 9118
42.25 11050 0,0819 1041 1216 0.16 856 741 1149 0,14
1000 5345
•

NOTE: (1) D1 is the diameter over the conductor .

.4 (2) D2 is the diameter over the PVC sheath
N
 Table 6.7
t; Sw~glecore XlPE;nsu!ated catAes ,-,vittistranded copper c-nnductors, UnDnnGL~J8d..v·nth PVC sheath E>OCt" 1000 V to SANS 15Q7--4

Nominal
-~-~"~~'-T'-'-~'"
1~ 3,';
Cable
Size
Diameters
mm
Nominal
Mass Ihmpedancei
; Cables A.C. or D.C.

Volt drop
Cables in Trefoil Formation.

"loftdrop

kg/11m I per amp

per metre
mV Ground
Current Rating

Duct
per
per
mV
25 5,95 11,81 328 0.9332 1R9 174 1,866 151 137 137 1 616
35 700 12.86 426 0,6760 205 2-1-1 1,352 181 164 167 1 1 71
50 8.15 14.38 567 0,5036 245 257 1,007 213 192 203 0.872
70 9.79 16.22 824 0.3552 302 326 (} 71 260 235 257 0.615
95 11.54 "17,97 1071 0,2631 366 404 1}S26 312 281 318 0,456
120 1296 1982 1304 0,2154 422 475 0.431 355 319 372 0.373
150 1439 21.42 1628 0.1818 480 542 0,36-3 397 356 426 0.31 5
185 16.10 23.63 1995 0,1545 554 629 0309 449 494 0,268
240 18.71 26,69 2461 01295 656 753 0.259 522 594
300 21,45 30,05 3182 0.1149 766 881 0229 589 692
400 24,30 33,30 4117 902 1045 0207 668 807 0179
500 26,51 36,33 5032 1040 1182 0.192 750 925 0.167
630 33.15 42.79 6641 1229 1417 0.178 848 1094 0.154
800 37,70 48,84 8535 0.0856 1366 1603 0.1 71 942 1254 0148
1000 42.25 54.21 10676 00831 1486 1790 0.166 1025 1400 0.144

Dl IS the diameter over Hie conductor

D2 is the diameter over the PVC sheath

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0
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0 () ::: (Q ~
:~ p
v
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0'
:::
~
a. row (0 III
[f) ~
w 5'
2. 0. (')
S- 0
<
III>
!e.
:I
IC
fft

~
()
::;
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0
2.
S-
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~
"3
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p
a
<r 0 §; IC 0"
"S'
I:'l)
o ~
:l
g e- 0
Co Co
0 0
(c
-
....
<:> 0
IC
i"
~
?i 0 0 0
<.0 <.0 <.0 <.0 <.0
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..., 0
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i" ':'1

0 0 p 0 0 .I» ~ 0' 0 ;;. Q w •• O'l

v"l 0

--:I
0:>
CD en
....; o:l to to
OJ
Ul
0
IQ
Q. ::; 3
~J O'l 0 Q.l
'< m ~
CJ <0 0 l: '" 2t Q.
c::
0
~ Cl.
It:

0
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lh ~ is? n U
iF 11
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h
A
<.0 <.0 <.0 <.0 (0
~ 2t !!!
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 (b) Vertical formation
(I) ThiJ clearance from a vertical walliS QIE,ater than 20 mrn, and
Maximum (ii) The vertical clearance brcllweerr cables is greater than 150 rnm.
Ground Temperatures (OC)
Conductor
Temperature
("e) 25 30 3';) 40 45 50

10 (PVC) 1.00 0,95 090 0,85 0,80 0,70

Cross-sectional area of
90 (XLPE) 1.00 096 0,92 0,88 0.82 0,76
conductor'
mm2

Maximum Conductor
Temperature (OC)
30 35 4C 45
6,4 Short circuit ratings lor PVC.and for XLPE insulated 600il000V cables to
SANS 1507.
1.00 0.94 0.87 0.79
With PVC and with XLPE insulated cablos, care inust be taken to Irnllt the
conductor temperature for. c<m\lnuous oper1:ltion and tor short Circuit
1,00 0,95 0,89 0 conditions as indicated in Tab!!} 69

ShOit cirCUit ratings are fOlwrded as Intornal ratings. Tl10lr calculation is

based on an adiabatiC eqiJatlOn and is not atlected by external consideralion
Table 6.3.6 Derating factors for 9fouping of multicore cable Installed Due to unknown variables, short CirCUit ralinSlS do not lend themselves readily
horrzontally in air to treatment, so W!10never possl!)le conservative values should be

ShOft circlill' raring in amps

A constant C')fflbintng temperaturo limits and properties of
conductor mfltenats
area of conductor
duratloll or short cirCUit in seconds

Note: Cables may be grouped in alr without dem.llng, providod tlwt the
cables are Installed on ladders. and Iii at for:,

Horlzontallormallon
The clearance IS greater tt1an 6 x the cable overall diameter (or 150rnrn.
whichever is the leas!).
ThO followlnq chapter 9€merally covers Type 41 and 61 elastomenc tralilng
cablm. For other elastorr1onc cables or different voltages please consult our
application engineers for SpeCii:llised technical or Installation Information. The
Cil.bliJs described In this section are manufactured according to SANS 1520
part;2 (for qrealor (Jolmls soe brochure CQV(lfI!)SJthis procJuct).

Features of Aberdare's trailing cables

Alxmlof€l"s nllrl!ng trailing cables are manufactured according to SANS 1 52 Cl
parl1 and 2 and bear the SANS mark up to 33 kV The sheath 13 reinforced l)y
means of an open'lnesh braid In order to limit cut·spread The elastomers
USICj(j for the sheaths are carefully selected tn ensure that the product will
withsiand even the 111gllostlevels of ultraviolot radlallon found 1t1South Africa.

CONDUCTORS: finned so11copper

INSULATION; Co·extrusion 01 EPMICSM
SCREENS: 3 Power cores individually
screened with copper/lexlile
I
bralt!. Pilot core unseraened . 0
SHEATH: EXlra~HeavyDuty CR ~ [OJ.: ~
RATED VOLTAGE: 64Cl/l 100V
SPECIFICATION: SANS 1520 Part 1

APPLICATIONS: Selfpropelle(J electrically dnven machmes, movable (llectnc

apparatus in hazardous dleas (Minerals Act, 1991 j, typically.
• Type 41 . 4 111m"tOi small pumps. (JfilIs. fans etc.
• Type 41. 10 and 16 mm" for shullle·cars

. . ..
. . 'G CONDUCTORS: Tinned soft copper

::~::
INSULATION: Cooxtrusion of EPM/CSM
, Il'--
SCREENS: 3 Power cores individually
screened with copper/textile
braid 3 Pilot COfCSunscreened ..

. ... . SHEATH; EXlra·Heavy·Duty CR

RATED VOLTAGE:64011 100V
SPECIFICATION: SANS I 520 Part 1

APPLICATIONS: Snll,propellod electncally driven machmes. portable nlectnc

apparatus and movable eloctric apparatus In hazardous
aroas (Minerals Act. 1991). typically.
• Type61A 2511111\"for CHD's
10 f1l1n;'for Sileamr and reeling applications
• 1ypo 61 B 70 mmi for Continuous Miners and nonrenling
applications whore a lighter cable is required.
 DERATING FACTORS FOR AMBIENT TEMPERATURES
(MINING CABLES)
Ahllninllml conductom have acilleved wide acceptance all over the world for
usn in overhead transnw,sion flt1ddistnlJulion lines Genorally a stnol core is
used With the alUlnlnlWrl to Qive the conductor mectlarllcat strenqth, ThiS
arrangenlfmt is termed AIWTlInium conductor steol fOlnforCtJd or ACSR
Conductors GOInpnsed entirely of alunwlIwn are known as All alunllrllurn
conductors or MC nlese corlductors are extensively used for busbars In
outdoor sUbstations whero are short All aluminium alloy conductors
or AAAC conSist of an alloy alurniniUlTIto give a tensile strength In excess of
DERATING FACTORS FOR NUMBER OF LAYERS ON that of AAC, aUowlng longer spans These conductors me recollllllOnded for
A REELING DRUM coastal areas where severe CI)nOSIOnISa problem.

Hard drawn aluminium In HSltemper IS used HI both ACSR and MC High

strain steel wire IS used In !\,CSf1 and this IS sometimes protected frOlll
corrosion by an applicat!(XI of grease. Such measures are parlicularly
adopted when the conductor ISlntended for use in amJlfJsslveenVIronments
as encountemd in cmwtal regions

Aberdare Cables manufacture a WI(te range of Me, ACSR and MAC to

customers' roquirernents ,national speClHcations, The Infonnalion
contflillod in table 82 relates ta the more popular sizes and standards undor
Cable Cable the follOWingcondilions
size size
(mmt) (kA) (mmt)
Table 8.1 Current Rating pararneters
1(; 2,0 95
2S ;$ 1
blentTemperature 30C

:lS 75C
4,3
0,44 rn/s
50 G,1

70 25C
8,5

Bn$eci on an iniliat conductor temperaturo at 90"C and a final

temperature of 200'C

and Hmsion charts are (welliable on request The follOWing Infonnation

to be supplied'

GP HD EHD

strength 8 11 15
(min.)

at 250 250 250

(min.)

5 7,5 10
 •...
c
~
Cl
c: i 0
<0 ,~
C~ 0
<V
(::::i
ll')
0
(')
Intermediate voltage 3 phase •• wire 1900/3300 V underground supply
:;, i
0 "- ! C') "'t
'" w
" cable
(al Use or Intermediate Voltage allows Increased power transfer over long
distances with smaller conductor siZOs,eg for loads typically 25 kVA this
/1/
O
c 0 :!"E
e- cr.) 0) (f')
represents a conslderat)\e saving when cornpared to conventional
systerns
•
t> J!l N
e \II
N
(;()
<0
(")
C} ell
<0 (b) Under£lfOund cable with a specially adaptod tractor. Itw cable can be
'U; .•. ~
0
Q \II 'r" 0
t:;') CJ (:) 0 bUried with minimum lallow, and thus least cost.
e 19
!2. (el Screened cable conslrucUon for ease 01fault loC<,1Ion,
(d) BUriodcable results In a 'clean" lanetscape" no poles or overtlOad lines to
.! .c
•...
Ol_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tunder lann vehicles
'iij c !.
0
N
0
~ 0 0 0
as.- (,,::) 0

'"
0

.-
N ID 0 N
c ! () ({)
t"'i- 10 <Xl (Q ,t Cl
.l!! •... CO (J)
("~ (') (") (Q Construction
II>
3 Circular stranded plair! soft copper conductors,
XLPE Insulated, layed up With one circular stranded
C)
tinned soft copper earthing conductor, collectively
Z:,., S?
S (~'~ «') «;f
''" " Z') C)
scmened With an alumnllum' polyethyl,me laminate
{!. '"
C)
~ 't I~
(,.J
<1:)
N
C~
«;f
<l)
M
(")

""
f',_
Gl
.- .-
N
N
'<~)
10
(APL) tape, polyethylene sheathed 1900/3300 V
underground supply cable

E
.III!.
Mechanical forces during in$ta'Uatlon
m
-
0 0
Qi W ill <Xl
The mHXlmurn pulling lorce'tilat should be applied to the conductor 01
~ /1/ crj t()
Gl
<")
UJ
,t
ill
li"}
I/) 'I \() INTERDAC3 Cable durin~linstelli'ltlon is 200 kg,
~
III
:&
o Cl
"": N
'" ('J
Phase Conductor Resistance~
11) t'-_
Earth Conductor Resistance'

M 0 10
q ~
.-
cO ~
(~
<")
N
DCat20C
In ground, Soil tempemtuTf) 25"0 Depth of lay SOD mm, Soli thermal
resislivlty 1,2 Km/W,'Pperaling temperature gOG,

Phase Conductor CClnstruc!l()n

onductor Construction
\\J
~] Insulation Thickness (n()rnjn<ll)
is
(}) Aluminum Screen Hnckness
UJ
1) Sheath Thickness
C
N f,j Cal)le Diameter 20,5
ro Apiproxirnate Cable Mass 545
(ll
7:i Minimum Bending RadiUS 205
~