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Operating System Concepts with Java 2.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Computer-System Operation
n I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently
n Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
n Each device controller has a local buffer
n CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
n I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
n Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by
causing an interrupt
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Hardware Interrupts
interrupt
CPU Device
causing
branch interrupt
General Interrupt Handler e.g., I/O devices
Interrupt 1 service routine memory unit,
OS Code timer, etc.
...
Interrupt n service routine
User code Main Memory
Interrupts
n General Interrupt Handler:
l save context (contents of all registers including Program Counter) of
running process.
l determine type of interrupt and execute specific interrupt service
routine.
l select a process to be run next.
l restore the context to the saved context of the process selected to
execute next.
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Software Interrupts (traps)
trap handler:
3 OS
fwrite trap service routine
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Interrupt Handling
n The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing
registers and the program counter
n Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
l polling
l vectored interrupt system
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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I/O Structure
n Synchronous I/O - After I/O starts, control returns to user
program only upon I/O completion
l Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt
l Wait loop (contention for memory access)
l At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no simultaneous
I/O processing
n Asynchronous I/O - After I/O starts, control returns to user
program without waiting for I/O completion
l System call – request to the operating system to allow user to wait
for I/O completion
l Device-status tablecontains entry for each I/O device indicating its
type, address, and state
l Operating system indexes into I/O device table to determine device
status and to modify table entry to include interrupt
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Synchronous Asynchronous
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Device-Status Table
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Input/Output
1,4 1,2,3,4
Disk
CPU Controller
Memory
Controller
1. OS programs disk controller with
parameters of required I/O operation.
3 Memory
2. Disk controller starts I/O (without CPU
intervention). Block read is stored in the disk controller buffer.
Storage Structure
n Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can
access directly
n Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides
large nonvolatile storage capacity
n Magnetic disks – rigid metal or glass platters covered with
magnetic recording material
l Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided
into sectors
l The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the
device and the computer
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Moving-Head Disk Mechanism
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Storage Hierarchy
n Storage systems organized in hierarchy
l Speed
l Cost
l Volatility
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Storage-Device Hierarchy
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Caching
n Use of high-speed memory to hold recently-accessed data
n Requires a cache management policy
n Caching introduces another level in storage hierarchy.
l This requires data that is simultaneously stored in more than one
level to be consistent
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Migration of Integer “A” From Disk to Register
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Hardware Protection
n Dual-Mode Operation
n I/O Protection
n Memory Protection
n CPU Protection
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Dual-Mode Operation
n Sharing system resources requires operating system to ensure
that an incorrect program or poorly behaving human cannot
cause other programs to execute incorrectly
n OS must provide hardware support to differentiate between at
least two modes of operations
1. User mode – execution done on behalf of a user
2. Monitor mode (also kernel mode or system mode) – execution done
on behalf of operating system
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
monitor user
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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I/O Protection
n All I/O instructions are privileged instructions
n Must ensure that a user program could never gain control of the
computer in monitor mode (I.e., a user program that, as part of its
execution, stores a new address in the interrupt vector)
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.26 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Memory Protection
n Must provide memory protection at least for the interrupt vector
and the interrupt service routines
n In order to have memory protection, at a minimum add two
registers that determine the range of legal addresses a program
may access:
l Base register – holds the smallest legal physical memory address
l Limit register – contains the size of the range
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Hardware Address Protection
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Hardware Protection
n When executing in monitor mode, the operating system has
unrestricted access to both monitor and user’s memory
n The load instructions for the base and limit registers are
privileged instructions
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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CPU Protection
n Timer – interrupts computer after specified period to ensure
operating system maintains control
l Timer is decremented every clock tick
l When timer reaches the value 0, an interrupt occurs
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.31 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
General-System Architecture
n Given the I/O instructions are privileged, how does the user
program perform I/O?
n System call – the method used by a process to request action by
the operating system
l Usually takes the form of a trap to a specific location in the interrupt
vector
l Control passes through the interrupt vector to a service routine in
the OS, and the mode bit is set to monitor mode
l The monitor verifies that the parameters are correct and legal,
executes the request, and returns control to the instruction following
the system call
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.32 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Network Structure
n Local Area Networks (LAN)
n Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.33 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.34 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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Wide Area Network Structure
Operating System Concepts with Java 2.35 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003
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