Basic Electronics Problem Set–2

Q–1. For the circuit shown in Figure 1, plot the VTC (i.e. Vout v/s Vin ), assuming Vin varies as
0 ≤ Vin ≤ 15 V. Assume Vγ = 0.7 V.

1 kΩ
Vin Vout

1 kΩ 2 kΩ

+ 15 V
−

Figure 1: Circuit for Q–1.

Ans: 0 ≤ Vin ≤ 5.7 V, Vout = Vin . For Vin ≥ 5.7 V, Vout = 0.4Vin + 3.42.

Q–2. For the circuit shown in Figure 2, plot the VTC assuming Vin varies as −10 ≤ Vin ≤ 10 V.
Assume Vγ = 0.7 V. How would the current ID vary with Vin ?

10 V

10 kΩ

Vin Vout

10 kΩ

-10 V

Figure 2: Circuit for Q–2.

Vin
Ans: For Vin < 0.7 V, ID = 0. For Vin ≥ 0.7 V, ID = 5 − 0.14 mA.

Q–3. A red LED is connected to one pin of an ARDUINO kit, as shown in Figure 3. The LED has
a cut-in voltage of 1.5 V, and we wish to light up the LED when the ARDUINO generates zero
voltage. However upon inspection, it is found that the ARDUINO generates 0.2 V in place
of zero. It is required that the LED current should be between 5 mA to 15 mA for proper
illumination and power. What should be the value(s) of resistance R for this purpose?

5V

Arduino

Figure 3: Circuit for Q–3.

Trivia: Illuminating LEDs by generating low voltages is called as a sinking configuration, and

1
 is very popular as many microcontrollers cannot generate enough current for LEDs.
Ans: 220 Ω ≤ R ≤ 660 Ω

Q–4. Consider a full-wave rectifier circuit with a 60 Hz input signal and a peak output voltage of
Vp = 10 V. Assume that the output load resistance is RL = 10 kΩ. Determine the capacitance
required to ensure that the ripple voltage is limited to 0.2 V.
Ans: 41.7 µF

Q–5. Figure 4 shows a circuit for charging a 12 V battery. If Vs is a sinusoid with 24 Vpp amplitude,
find the fraction of each cycle during which the diode conducts. Also, find the peak value of
the diode current and the maximum reverse-bias voltage that appears across the diode.

ID
100Ω

Vs 12v

Figure 4: Circuit for Q–5.

1
Ans: 3, Peak diode current = 0.12 A and PIV = 36 V