JABATAN PEMBANGUNAN KEMAHIRAN

KEMENTERIAN SUMBER MANUSIA

ARAS 7 & 8 BLOK D4, KOMPLEKS D
62530 PUTRAJAYA

KERTAS PENERANGAN

PROGRAM / PROGRAM NCS-CORE ABILITIES (Z-009)

TAHAP / LEVEL L3

NO. DAN TAJUK

MODUL/MODULE NO. 01 – INFORMATION AND DATA PROCESSING
AND TITLE

01.07: UTILIZE DATABASE APPLICATIONS TO LOCATE

AND PROCESS INFORMATION
01.08: UTILIZE SPREADSHEETS APPLICATIONS TO
LOCATE AND PROCESS INFORMATION
01.10: APPLY A VARIETY OF MATHEMATICAL
KEBOLEHAN / ABILITIES
TECHNIQUES
01.09: UTILIZE BUSINESS GRAPHIC APPLICATION TO
PROCESS INFORMATION
02.09: PREPARE FLOWCHARTS
02.10: PREPARE REPORTS AND INSTRUCTIONS
AT THE END OF THIS MODULE, TRAINEES WILL BE ABLE
TO:

1) UTILIZE DATABASE APPLICATIONS TO LOCATE AND

PROCESS INFORMATION
OBJEKTIF MODUL /
2) UTILIZE SPREADSHEETS APPLICATIONS TO
MODULE OBJECTIVE
LOCATE AND PROCESS INFORMATION
3) APPLY A VARIETY OF MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES
4) UTILIZE BUSINESS GRAPHIC APPLICATION TO
PROCESS INFORMATION
5) PREPARE FLOWCHARTS
NO. KOD/ CODE NO Z-009-3/M01/P(1/6) Page : 1 of : 5

TAJUK / TITLE: STORAGE MANAGEMENT - HANDLING BACKUP

TUJUAN / OBJECTIVE(S):

The objective of this Information Sheet is to provide the trainee the basic of data storage
procedures.
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PENERANGAN / INFORMATION:

1. HANDLING BACKUP

In information technology, backup refers to the copying of data so that these additional
copies may be restored after a data loss event. Backups are useful primarily for two
purposes:

(a) To restore a computer to an operational state following a disaster (called disaster

recovery), and
(b) To restore small numbers of files after they have been accidentally deleted or
corrupted.

Backups differ from archives in the sense that archives are the primary copy of data and
backups are a secondary copy of data. Backup systems differ from fault-tolerant systems
in the sense that backup systems assume that a fault will cause a data loss event and
fault-tolerant systems assume a fault will not. Backups are typically that last line of
defense against data loss, and consequently the least granular and the least convenient
to use.

Since a backup system contains at least one copy of all data worth saving, the data
storage requirements are considerable. Organizing this storage space and managing the
backup process is a complicated undertaking.

1.1 The Use of Backup

Below are the uses of backup:

ƒ Disaster recovery
ƒ Extra reliability
ƒ Save money
ƒ Save time
ƒ Save data

Backups are an essential part of data protection. Recovering from a disaster such as a
total disk crash or theft of a PC can be a very traumatic event, much more than most PC
users realize. This is true even if backups exist; when they don't exist the situation is
much, much worse. The pain of recovering from a disaster is almost always very high, and
the cost is primarily in the time required to recreate the lost data. For even a small
business, this can run into the thousands of dollars very quickly.

1.2 Full Backup

A Full backup is simply backing up all files on the system. Users may choose to update
archive attributes if they plan on doing any of the following two types of partial backups.

(a) Incremental Backup

An incremental backup is a backup that backs up only the files modified since the last
backup. When running an incremental backup, users need to update the archive attribute
while backing up only modified files. Often the incremental backups are appended to the
full backup set. The result is a tape with the changes that occurred daily. This type of
backup is useful if the user wishes to have an audit trail of file usage activity on their
system and will enable them to restore specific days work without restoring any changes
made since that point in time. To do a full restore for four days after a full backup they
must restore the full backup and all four data sets after it.
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(b) Differential Backup

A differential backup is a cumulative backup of changes made since the last full backup. It
backup modified files only but does not update the archive attribute. The list of files grows
each day until the next full backup is performed clearing the archive attributes. This
enables the user to restore all files changed since the last full backup in one pass. These
backups can be appended to the full as well, but they will have to keep in mind that each
set can contain a different version of a file if that file changes daily. The data sets will
always be at least as big as the previous differential (if no changes were made) and will
continue to grow as files change. Once a files archive attribute is set it will be backed up
each day until after the full backup resets its attribute bit.

1.3 Deciding files to Backup

When it comes time to decide exactly what needs to be backed up, everyone is a little
different. If the user can decide what MUST be able to recover in the event of a system
failure that can help narrow the options for selecting a backup device. And if the user
doesn't like the options after deciding what the user will want to backup, maybe the user
will have to change their expectations to make the options more acceptable.

2. STORAGE MEDIA

Regardless of the repository model that is used, the data has to be stored on some data
storage medium somewhere.

i) Magnetic tape

Magnetic tape has long been the most commonly used medium for bulk data storage,
backup, archiving, and interchange. Tape has typically had an order of magnitude better
capacity/price ratio when compared to hard disk, but recently the ratios for tape and hard
disk have become a lot closer. There are myriad formats, many of which are proprietary or
specific to certain markets like mainframes or a particular brand of personal computers.
Tape is a sequential access medium, so even though access times may be poor, the rate
of continuously writing or reading data can actually be very fast. Some new tape drives
are even faster than modern hard disks.

ii) Hard disk

The capacity/price ratio of hard disk has been rapidly improving for many years. This is
making it more competitive with magnetic tape as a bulk storage medium. The main
advantages of hard disk storage are low access times, availability, capacity and easy of
use.

iii) Optical disc

A recordable CD can be used as a backup device. One advantage of CDs is that they can
hold 650MB of data on a 12 cm (4.75") reflective optical disc. They can also be restored
on any machine with a CD-ROM drive. Another common format is recordable DVD. Many
optical disk formats are WORM type, which makes them useful for archival purposes
since the data cannot be changed. Other rewritable formats can also be utilized such as
CDRW or DVD-RAM

iv) Floppy disk

During the 1980s and early 1990s, many personal/home computer users associated
backup mostly with copying floppy disks. The low data capacity of a floppy disk makes it
an unpopular and obsolete choice in 2007.
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v) Solid state storage

Also known as flash memory, thumb drives, USB keys, compact flash, smart media,
memory stick, secure digital cards, etc., these devices are relatively costly for their low
capacity, but offer excellent portability and easy-of-use.

vi) Remote backup service

As broadband internet access becomes more widespread, remote backup services are
gaining in popularity. Backing up via the internet to a remote location can protect against
some worse case scenarios, such as fire, flood or earthquake, destroying any backups
along with everything else. A drawback to a remote backup service is that an internet
connection is usually substantially slower than the speed of local data storage devices, so
this can be a problem for people with large amounts of data. It also has the risk
associated with putting control of personal or sensitive data in the hands of a third party.
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SOALAN / QUESTION(S):

1. List all types of backup

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2. Describe the importance of backup.

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RUJUKAN / REFERENCE:

1. PRITEC. D-041-2(3). Computer Maintenance.