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Vascular aging:
- Increased resistance in the aorta, arterial wall and vascular periphery.
- Blood viscosity increases between the ages 20 and 70 years.
- Muted Hypertension = cardiovascular symptoms of hypertension parallel the usual aging changes.
- Cardiovascular reserve is best measured using maximum cardiac output, which is equal to HR
multiplied by stroke volume during exercise.
- Cardiovascular reserve = Cardiac output = HR x SV
- Continued exercise:
o End-diastolic volume increase, producing greater stroke volume with unchanged cardiac output
o Decreased HR and contractility, decreased peak heart rate ejection fraction
- The respiratory system is composed of the mouth, nose, pharynx, trachea (windpipe), and lungs as
well as the diaphragm.
- Pharynx = oxygen absorbs water vapor and is warmed.
- Alveoli = tiny, spongy air sacs functional units of the lungs and the site of gas exchange, approximately
600million in the average.
- Albeit reverse = the exchange of blood gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) through the process known
as diffusion.
- Elastic tissue = allows alveoli to expand and recoil. The more the alveoli can expand and recoil, the
more oxygen they can bring in and the more carbon dioxide they can expel.
- Surfactant = substance secreted by alveoli that reduces surface tension within the lungs.
o the reduction of surface tension helps to keep the lungs from collapsing after each breath.
- Diaphragm = is a sheet of muscles located across the bottom of the chest.
o To allow for the intake of oxygen, the rib muscles contract and push the ribs up and out while the
diaphragm contracts and is pulled downward.