Materials and Method

Reagent and Chemicals

All materials and chemicals were collected from various sources and quality as listed.
Raw materials for the fertilizer is meat and bone waste from a nearby slaughterhouse (bones,
heads, skins, intestines etc.)

Rendering Process
The process of converting meat and bone into stable form of fertilizer is called
rendering. Unused chicken meat and bone is collected from a nearby slaughterhouse and
transported in a closed container. The products are minced finely. The minced product is
coagulated by heating (80-90℃). Solid and liquid material is then separated by pressing. The
solid fraction is dried in high temperature (110℃), screened, and then sterilised (133℃) before
it is distributed. The wet fraction is heated (105℃) and the fat is separated and sterilised
(125℃) before it is packed for distribution. There is a variation in rendering process for Meat
and Bone Meal (MBM) but this method was adapted from Nielsen (2003).
The finish product for Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) is expected to consist of
approximately 50% protein, 35% as, 8-12% fat and 4-7% moisture; its plant nutrient content
approximates to 13.25% N, 6% P and 0.5%K.

Wastewater and Air Emissions

Wastewater generated during the process is either treated completely and emitted to
recipient or treated to some extent before directing it to further treatment in municipal treatment
plants. Ventilation air is treated by using bio-filters.