SF0014

CHAPTER 13
THERMODYNAMICS

BY ELNETTHRA FOLLY ELDY

PREVIOUS CHAPTER OUTLINE
 Temperature & the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
 Thermometers & Temperature Scales –Celcius,
Kelvin & Fahrenheit
 Thermal Expansion of Solids & Liquid – (Linear,
Area & Volume) Expansion
 Ideal gas
 Kinetic Theory of Gases
 Specific Heat
OUTLINE OF THIS CHAPTER
 Definition of Thermodynamics
 Work in Thermodynamics Processes
 1st Law of Thermodynamics
 Thermal Processes – Isobaric, Adiabatic,
Isovolumetric, Isothermal
 Entropy
 2nd Law of Thermodynamics : Heat Engine,
Carnot Engine
Timeline History of Thermodynamics
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
 Deals the relationship between heat and other
forms of energy
 Describes how thermal energy converted to
and from other forms of energy – how it affects
work, heat and energy on a system
WORK IN THERMODYNAMICS
 Work, W = Fd
 Work done ON gas:
◦ W = -FΔh = -PAΔh
 Work done ON gas at
constant pressure:
◦ W = -PΔV
 Work done BY gas
denoted as Wev
◦ W = - Wev
 Example on Work in Thermodynamics
 Solution:
◦ ΔV = AΔh
◦ =(0.100 m²)(4.00 x 10̄ ²m)
◦ =4.00 x10 ̄³ m³

◦ Wenv = PΔV
 Question: ◦ =(1.01 x 10⁵ Pa)(4.00 x10 ̄³
◦ In a system similar to shown in Figure, m³)
the gas in the cylinder is at a pressure
equal to 1.01 x 10⁵ Pa and the piston has ◦ 404 J
an area of 0.100 m². As energy is slowly
added to the gas by heat, the piston is
pushed up a distance of 4.00 cm.
Calculate the work done by the expanding
gas on the surroundings, Wenv, assuming
the pressure remains constant.
The 3 Law of Thermodynamics
 Zeroth law : Thermodynamics equilibrium &
temperature (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE_zpk-
EznQ)
 1st law : Work, heat & energy
 2nd law : Entropy
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGDJO2M7RBg)
1st Law of Thermodynamics
 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It
can only change forms.

 In any process, the total energy of the universe

remains the same. For a thermodynamic cycle
the net heat supplied to the system equals the
net work done by the system

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OFlW8OXN64
1st Law of Thermodynamics
 ΔU = Uf - Ui = Q + W
◦ ΔU = Change in Internal Energy
◦ Q = Energy change between System &
Environment
◦ W = Work done on System

◦ Q = +ve when Energy is tranferred INTO the system

◦ Q = -ve when Energy is REMOVED from the system
1st Law of Thermodynamics
 Change in internal energy of ideal gas :
◦ ΔU = nCvΔT
 n = no of mol
 Cv = molar specific heat
Example on 1st Law
 Question:  Solution:
◦ An ideal gas absorbs 5.00 x 10³ ◦ a) ΔU = Q + W
J of energy while doing 2.00 x ◦ =5.00 x 10³ J - 2.00 x 10³ J
10³ J of work on the ◦ =3.00 x 10³ J
environment during a constant
pressure process. ◦ b) ΔU = Q + W = Q - PΔV
 a) Compute the change in the ◦ -4.50 x 10³ J = - 7.50 x 10³ J - (1.01 x
internal energy of the gas. 10⁵ Pa)ΔV
 b) If the internal energy now ◦ ΔV = -2.97 x 10 ̄² m³
drops by 4.50 x 10³ J is
expelled from the system, find
the change in volume,
assuming a constant pressure
process at 1.01 x 10⁵ Pa.
Thermal Processess
 Isobaric Processess
◦ Iso =same, and baric = pressure.
◦ Isobaric process is one where the pressure of the
systems (often a gas) stays constant.

 Isochoric/Isovolumetric Processess
◦ Iso = same, and choric = volume.
◦ Isochoric process is one where the volume of the
systems stay constant
◦ ΔU = Q
Thermal Processess
 Isothermal Processess
◦ Iso = same, and thermal relates to heat - temperature.
◦ Isothermal process is one where the temperature of the
systems stays constant.
◦ W=-Q

 Adiabatic Processess
◦ Adiabatic process is one where no energy enters or leaves
the system by heat.
◦ Q=0
◦ ΔU = W
Thermal Processes
Example on Thermal Process
 Question:
◦ In a car engine operating at a frequency of 1 . 80  10
3

rev/min, the expansion of hot, high pressure gas against a

piston occurs in about 10 ms. Because energy transfer by heat
typically takes a time on the order of minutes or hours, it's safe
to assume little energy leave the hot gas during the
expansion. Find the work done by the gas on the piston
during this adiabatic expansion by assuming the engine
cylinder contains 0.100 moles of and ideal monoatomic gas
that goes from 1.2 x 10³ K to 4.00 x 10² K, typical engine
temperatures, during the expansion.
Example on Thermal Process
 Solution
◦ adiabatic process, Q = 0
◦ W = ΔU - Q = ΔU - 0 = ΔU
3
◦ ΔU = f i 2 nR(T f  Ti )
U  U 

◦ =3/2 (0.100 mol) (8.31 J/mol.K)(4.00 x 10² K - 1.2 x 10³ K)

◦ = - 9.97 x 10² J
Entropy, S
 Very important in the realm of thermodynamics
- Core idea behind the 2nd & 3rd law
 Measurement of the degree of disorder and
randomness in a system
 The lower the entropy the more ordered and
less random it is, and vice versa
ΔS = Q/T
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
 The entropy of an isolated system not in
equilibrium will tend to increase over time,
approaching a maximum value at equilibrium
 Not all supplied heat in heat engine can be
used
Heat Engine
 A system that converts
heat or thermal energy -
mechanical & electrical
energy.
◦ Energy transferred by heat
from source at HIGH temp.
◦ Work is done by the
engine.
◦ Energy expelled from
engine by heat to source
at LOWER temp.
Heat Engine
 Work done by engine:
◦ Weng = |Qh| - |Qc|

 Thermal efficiency:
◦ e = Weng / |Qh|
=|Qh|-|Qc| / |Qh|
=1 - |Qc|/||Qh|
The Carnot Engine
 Most efficient heat engine – sets limiting value
on the fraction of the heat which can be used.
 Consist of 2 isothermal process & 2 adiabatic
process.
 Processes involved is MUST reversible & involve
no change in entropy
The Carnot Engine
 Relationship between thermal
energy transfers & absolute
temperature:
𝑄𝑐 𝑇𝑐
◦ =
𝑄ℎ 𝑇ℎ

 Thermal efficiency:
𝑇𝑐
◦ 𝑒𝐶 = 1 −
𝑇ℎ
Example on Carnot Engine
 Question:  Answer:
◦ A steam engine has a boiler
that operates at 5.00 x 10² K. ◦ a) eC= 1 - Tc / Th= 1- (3.00 x
The energy from the boiler 10²K) / (5.00 x 10²K)
changes water to steam,
which drives the piston. The ◦ =0.400 @ 40%
temperature of the exhaust is
that of the outside ari, 3.00 x
10²K. ◦ b) |Qc|/|Qh| = Tc / Th
 a) What is the engine's efficiency if ◦ |Qc|=|Qh|*Tc / Th
it's and ideal gas?
 b) If the 3.50 x 10³ J of energy is ◦ =(3.50 x 10³ J) [(3.00 x 10²K) / (5.00 x
supplied from the boiler, find the 10²K)] = 2.10 x 10³ J
energy transferred to the cold
reservoir and the work done by the
engine in its environment. ◦ Weng=|Qh|-|Qc|=3.50 x 10³ J - 2.10
x 10³ J = 1.40 x 10³ J
References
1. Serway, R. A. & Vuille, C. 2015. College Physics 10th Ed.
Cengage Learning Asia.
2. Lucas, J. 2015. What is Thermodynamics?.From
https://www.livescience.com/50776-thermodynamics.html
onSept 2017,17.
3. Jones, A., Z. 2017. Thermodynamics Overview. From
https://www.thoughtco.com/thermodynamics-overview-
2699427 on Sept 2017, 14.
Tutorial Questions
 Page 439 (Q.1, Q.10)
 Page 440 (Q.17, Q.19, Q.21)
 Page 441 (Q.27, Q.30, Q.34)
 Page 442 (Q.45, Q.53)