2.

Which part of the atom is responsible on the flow of electricity

 The flow of electricity through a wire is actually a flow of electrons. An
electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle. A wire is a type
of conductor, a material that electricity easily travels through.
 In electrical conductors, current (flow) results from the movement of
electrons from one atom to the next. Electrons are either positively or
negatively charged. Negative electrons are attracted to positive electrons.
At the atomic level, a negative electron will jump from one atom to another.
This causes a negative electron to jump from the second atom to a third
atom. Then one jumps from the third to a fourth, and so on. This jumping
of negative electrons from atom to atom is electrical flow.
Reference: https://www.thespruce.com/how-does-your-electricity-flow-
1152904
3. What is electrostatic?
 Electrostatics is the study of electromagnetic phenomena that occur when
there are no moving charges—i.e., after a static equilibrium has been
established.Electrostatics is a field of science once known as “Static
Electricity.”
 Electrostatics, as the name implies, is the study of stationary electric
charges.

https://www.britannica.com/science/electricity#ref195482
https://www.quora.com/What-is-electrostatics
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/physics/electricity-and-
magnetism/electrostatics

4. What are the types of charges

 Electric charge is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience
a force when near other electrically charged matter.
 There exist two types of electric charges, called positive and negative.
  Positively-charged substances are repelled from other positively-charged
substances, but attracted to negatively-charged substances;
 Negatively-charged substances are repelled from negative and attracted to
positive

https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120819112027AA65BY
F
The overall charge of an object is usually due to changes in the number of electrons.
To make an object:

 Positively charged: electrons are removed making the object

electron deficient.

 Negatively charged: electrons are added giving the object an excess of

electrons.

https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10/electrostatics/16-
electrostatics-02

5. State the Law of Electric Charge

 The law that states that like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
 Coulomb's law states that the electrical force between two charged objects
is directly proportional to the product of the quantity of charge on the
objects and inversely proportional to the square of the separation distance
between the two objects. In equation form, Coulomb's law can be stated as

where Q1 represents the quantity of charge on object 1 (in

Coulombs), Q2 represents the quantity of charge on object 2 (in
Coulombs), and d represents the distance of separation between the two
objects (in meters). The symbol k is a proportionality constant known as
the Coulomb's law constant. The value of this constant is dependent upon
 the medium that the charged objects are immersed in. In the case of air, the
value is approximately 9.0 x 109 N • m2 / C2. If the charged objects are
present in water, the value of k can be reduced by as much as a factor of
80. It is worthwhile to point out that the units on k are such that when
substituted into the equation the units on charge (Coulombs) and the units
on distance (meters) will be canceled, leaving a Newton as the unit of force.

6. Enumerate and explain briefly the three of methods of charging

 Charging by friction - this is useful for charging insulators. If you rub one
material with another (say, a plastic ruler with a piece of paper towel),
electrons have a tendency to be transferred from one material to the other.
For example, rubbing glass with silk or saran wrap generally leaves the glass
with a positive charge; rubbing PVC rod with fur generally gives the rod a
negative charge.

 Charging by conduction - useful for charging metals and other conductors.

If a charged object touches a conductor, some charge will be transferred
between the object and the conductor, charging the conductor with the
same sign as the charge on the object.

 Charging by induction - also useful for charging metals and other

conductors. Again, a charged object is used, but this time it is only brought
close to the conductor, and does not touch it. If the conductor is connected
to ground (ground is basically anything neutral that can give up electrons
to, or take electrons from, an object), electrons will either flow on to it or
away from it. When the ground connection is removed , the conductor will
have a charge opposite in sign to that of the charged object.

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070609123646AAxzt0q

 Charging by friction
When an object is rubbed over another object, the electrons get transferred from
one object to another. This transfer of electrons takes place due
to friction between the two objects. The object that transfers electrons loses
negative charge (electrons) and the object that accepts electrons gains negative
charge (electrons).
Hence, the object that gains extra electrons becomes negatively charged and the
object that loses electrons becomes positively charged. Thus, the two objects get
charged by friction. The charge obtained on the two objects is called friction
charge. This method of charging an object is called electrification by friction.
 Charging by conduction
The process of charging the uncharged object by bringing it in contact with
another charged object is called charging by conduction.
A charged object has unequal number of negative (electrons) and positive charges
(protons). Hence, when a charged object is brought in contact with the uncharged
conductor, the electrons get transferred from charged object to the conductor.
Consider an uncharged metal rod A kept on an insulating stand and a negatively
charged conductor B as shown in below figure (1).

If we touch the uncharged conductor A with the negatively charged conductor B,

transfer of electrons from charged conductor to uncharged conductor takes place.
Hence, uncharged conductor gains extra electrons and charged conductor loses
electrons. Thus, uncharged conductor A becomes negatively charged by gaining
of extra electrons.
Similarly, uncharged conductor becomes positively charged if it is brought in
contact with positively charged conductor.

 Charging by Induction
The process of charging the uncharged object by bringing another charged object
near to it, but not touching it, is called charging by induction.
Consider an uncharged metal sphere and negatively charged plastic rod as shown
in below figure (1). If we bring the negatively charged plastic rod near to
uncharged sphere as shown in below fig (2), charge separation occurs.

The positive charges in the sphere get attracted towards the plastic rod and move
to one end of the sphere that is closer to the plastic rod. Similarly, negative charges
get repelled from the plastic rod and move to another end of the sphere that is
farther away from the plastic rod. Thus, the charges in the sphere rearrange
themselves in a way that all the positive charges are nearer to the plastic rod and
all the negative charges are farther away from it.
If this sphere is connected to a ground through the wire as shown in fig (3), free
electrons of the sphere at farther end flow to the ground. Thus, the sphere
becomes positively charged by induction. If the plastic rod is removed as shown
in fig (4) all the positive charges spread uniformly in the sphere.

https://www.physics-and-radio-
electronics.com/electromagnetics/electrostatics/methods-of-charging.html