INDEX

1.1. INTRODUCTION 2

1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING 4

1.3. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT 6

1.4. ROLE OF PRIVATE DEVELOPERS 9

REFERENCES 10
1.1. INTRODUCTION:

Shelter is one of the basic needs of human life; housing people live in
touch upon the every facet of life and of society as whole. Housing can
contribute effectively fixed capital formation of as well as creation of
productive employee. The growth of population in our country gives rise to
simultaneous increase in demand for the housing requirements. But this
demand could not meet successfully on account of variety of factor. This
resulted in gap between need and the availability of dwelling units and
actually capital deficient housing sector.

According to census of India, the urban population in the country as

on 1st March 2001 was 286 million. This constituted 27.8% of the total
population of 1028 millions. The net addition of population in urban areas
during the decade 1991-2001 was about 68 million. The slum census, 2001
in towns with more than 50,000 population, numbering 607, reported 40.606
million slum dwellers which amounted to 22.76% of the population living in
those 607 towns/cities. This implies, nearly one out of every four persons
reside in slums in our cities & towns. Slums generally lack basic
infrastructure, housing, social amenities and this has implications on health
and productivity of the people living in such areas. This also has serious
implications for future generation of people residing in such areas.

As per Planning Commission estimates for the 10th Plan that began in
2002, the urban housing backlog was 8.8 million dwelling units and the total
requirement was 22.44 million dwelling units. According to the report of the
Technical Group on Estimation of Housing Shortage constituted in the
context of preparing 11th Five Year Plan document, housing shortage as on
2007 is estimated to be around 24.71 million and the housing shortage
during the plan period (2007-2012) including the backlog was estimated as
26.53 million. Most of the housing shortage is for EWS and LIG Sections
which does not seem to be getting translated into economic demand due to
lower affordability by the poor. A sizeable number of this requirement leads
to squatting and slums.

The average household size in urban areas is 4.47 and 67% dwelling
units are pucca structures.

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 Only 20% of dwelling units in slum areas had a plinth area exceeding
50 sq.m.
On an average, an urban household occupied 37 sq. m. and per capita
floor area in urban slums is about 4.6 sq. m.

Nearly 11% of housing structures in urban areas are in bad condition

requiring repair and renovation.

From the above, it is seen that, existing dwelling units in urban areas
require substantial improvements.

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1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING:

The Residential building may be classified as follows.

(1) Detached house

(2) Semi detached house
(3) Group house
(4) Apartments or Flats
(5) Sky scrapers
(6) Prefabricated house

(1) Detached house:

This is entirely an independent house. Its design depends upon the
number of family members to be accommodated in the house, leaving
sufficient front, rear margin with a small garden in front.

It provides privacy and lot amount of sunshine, air and breeze. It is

probably the best form of residence for a village or town where land and
building materials are cheap. But base of economical it is not best form.

(2) Semi detached house:

It consists of two houses with a common wall as such there is
considerable amount of saving in side margins and also in plot area. The
elevation of this type of houses can be made more attractive with the longer
frontage. Providing common amenities like water, drainage lines in semi
detached house can be built economically.

(3) Group house:

A number of houses can be grouped together. It is preferred for low
income group such as labourers or workers. The house may be single or
double storeyed. In this also the elevation can be same in all houses. This
type of house mostly provided in government society, industry town ship
etc.

(4) Apartments or Flats:

A flat consists of number of storeys in which accommodation is
provide in an independent suite of three to four rooms, such as a living

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room, kitchen, bath, W.C. etc . It is suitable for better income group people
and is most popular in big cities.
Now a days ownership flats are being constructed economically where
the public amenities are shared by all the occupants. However, individual as
owner has no chance for any extension in future. Yet these types of
apartments have become popular in cities where the land cost is very high.

(5) Sky scrapers:

To accommodate the growing population in metropolitan cities, the
sky scarpers or high rise buildings are being built with multi storey soaring
high in the sky. The first sky scraper was built in 1884-88 by William Le
Barron Jenny in Chicago.

The vertical development in the form of sky scraper is seen to be

popular as people found it more useful by going up and down with the help
of lifts than walking on side ways, even though they are facing some
problems.

One is fire problem. For this problem, provide emergency staircase.

Also the building have well equipped with first aid extinguishers, heat and
smoke detectors and fixed fire protecting system.

It also gives sunlight and pure air to the residence the conveniences
such as offices, markets, and other amenities can be hand in the same
building.

(6) Pre-fabricated house:

The nation wide housing crisis is now sought in prefabrication, the
process by which the different parts of the house are made in the factory and
merely assembled later. This is also referred by many as ‘instant’ housing,
factory built housing and in America it is called as systems building.

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1.3. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT:

Following type of institution are available in India for housing finance

Financial institutions (NHB, NABARD, HUDCO)

Private sector banks (HDFC, LIC, GIC, and HFCS)

Co-operative banks (district and scheduled urban co-operative banks)

National Housing Bank: has been set up under the National Housing
Bank Act of 1987, which was passed on 9th July, 1988. It is wholly owned
by the Reserve bank of India and was established to encourage housing-
finance institutions and provide them with financial support.

The National Housing Bank also provides several other channels of

support for housing-finance institutions, by dint of the authority invested by
the National Housing Bank Act. For example, the National Housing Bank
can give directions to the housing finance institutions to ensure that their
growth takes along appropriate tracks. Besides, the National Housing Bank
also makes advances and gives loans to scheduled banks and formulates
schemes that lead to the proper use of resources for housing projects.

The various objectives of the National housing bank are:

• To encourage healthy system for housing finance and which meets the
needs of all the segments of the society
• To encourage housing finance institutions
• To gather resources and distribute them for housing projects
• To make affordable the credit taken for housing

The National Bank for Housing gives registration certification to

companies so that they can carry out the business of financing houses. The
National Housing Bank also has a training division, besides its lending
operations. This division trains officials who are working in the housing
finance and housing areas in order to improve their management capabilities.
The National housing bank has helped enormously in the growth of the
housing sector in India. It needs to work in close coordination with the

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Reserve Bank of India and the Indian government to ensure the upkeep and
feasibility of housing projects in India.
Activities of National Bank for Housing:

Provides refinance institutions like state and scheduled co-operative banks.

Provide fund for Agriculture and rural development banks.
Provide public agencies such as state level housing board and area
development authorities.

Also helps people affected by natural calamities like earthquake,

cyclone etc.

HUDCO:

Housing And Urban Development Corporation Ltd was incorporated

on 25th April 1970. HUDCO India was formed to assist various agencies
and authorities in upgrading the housing conditions in the country. Special
emphasis was laid on the development of housing facilities or HUDCO
Niwas Yojana for the lower income group (LIG) and the economically
weaker sections (EWS) of the society.

Starting with an initial equity base of Rs. 2 crores, HUDCO India has
a net worth of Rs. 3977 crores today. HUDCO Inc primarily aims to provide
financing for housing developments. HUDCO Financial Services are the
task of HUDCO Bank that has mobilized finances from:

o Financing institutions like LIC, GIC and other banking institutions

o International assistance from KfW, JBIC, ADB, USAID etc.
o Market borrowings through debentures, taxable and tax-free bonds

Public deposits

HUDCO has been associated with not just housing development but
the overall infrastructure development assistance.

The activity areas of HUDCO include:

URBAN HOUSING:

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 HUDCO encourage the development of serviced plots and part of lone
to be given to general public for construction by themselves.
Loan for urban housing schemes are provided to housing boards,
development authorities, city improvement trusts, Municipal Corporation,
public sector undertaking.

State governments and other such organization for the construction of

houses and development serviced plots including site and services

RURAL HOUSING:

Financial assistance is available to any state government agency such

as housing board, rural housing board, district board, panchayat taluka
development board etc. which is nominated by state government .for
undertaking such schemes with HUDCO’s financial assistances .the
following three types of schemes are being financed by HUDCO in rural
areas

• EWS rural housing schemes for landless

• EWS rural housing schemes for land owing category

• Village abadi scheme including repairs

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1.4. ROLE OF PRIVATE DEVELOPERS:

The acute shortage of housing has encouraged private enterprises to

enter this field. The houses and flats are constructed by the individual with
his own investment and later on, they are sold or converted in society form.
Usually these enterprises are interested in getting high returns. They build
about two lakh units per year but the challenge of housing is so grave that
these enterprises can give only a very limited share to solve this problem.

Now I will explain with the help of examples the role of these
enterprises. First, we will talk about our capital city New Delhi.

Taking into consideration the projected need of the housing in the

Master Plan of Delhi (MPD)-2021, the Capital will need 24 lakh dwelling
units for an additional 90 lakh people. So, the Delhi Development Authority
has proposed a number of steps for facilitating private participation in
construction of mega housing projects in the Capital. While the DDA will
construct about 12 to 15 lakh units, the rest has to be supplemented by the
private sector. The MPD-2021 has projected that 50 per cent dwelling units
will be in the form two rooms set requirement.

The private sector would be involved in construction involving a

minimum area of 10 hectares or 50,000 square metres of built-up area.

Also paving the way for "high-class" residential housing development

as seen in neighbouring Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida and even Ghaziabad
of late, the Delhi Development Authority has approved in principle the
participation of private sector in mega housing projects across the Capital.

Next, we will talk about Maharashtra. The state says that it would
facilitate the participation of private sector in:

• Construction of LIG houses through Inclusionary Zoning.

• Development and maintenance of infrastructure.
• Technical support in City Planning process.
• Technology upgradation and human resource development in housing
construction.

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 • Development of slums and urban renewal.
• Rental housing.
References:

1) Rangwala, S.C. (2003), “Town Planning”, Charotar Publishing House,

Anand.
2) Hiraskar, G.K. (2005), “Fundamentals of Town Planning”, Dhanpat
Rai Publications, New Delhi.
3) www.architexturez.org
4) www.maharashtra.gov.in

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