Taguig

Tagíg

Highly Urbanized City

City of Taguig

(From top, left to right): Bonifacio Global City, Santa Ana Church,
Taguig City Hall, Napindan Parola, Arca South

Seal
 Map of Metro Manila with Taguig highlighted

Taguig

Location within the Philippines

Coordinates: 14°31′N 121°03′ECoordinates: 14°31′N 121°03′E

Country Philippines
Region National Capital Region(NCR)
Province none (Former part of Rizalprovince until
1975)

District 1st and 2nd Districts

Founded April 25, 1587

 Cityhood December 8, 2004

Barangays 28 (see Barangays)

Government [1]
• Type Sangguniang Panlungsod
• Vice Mayor Ricardo Cruz
• Congressman, 1st Arnel Cerafica
District
• Congressman, 2nd Pia Cayetano
District
• Electorate 369,095 voters (2016)

Area [2]
• Total 53.67 km2 (20.72 sq mi)

Elevation 6.0 m (19.7 ft)

Population (2015 census)[3]

• Total 804,915
• Density 15,000/km2 (39,000/sq mi)

Demonym(s) Tagigeño

Time zone UTC+8 (PST)

ZIP code 1630–1638

PSGC 137607000

IDD : area code  +63 (0)02

Climate type Tropical monsoon climate

Income class 1st city income class
Revenue (₱) 5,560,907,363.25 (2016)

Native languages Tagalog

Taglish
Swardspeak

Website www.taguig.gov.ph

Taguig, officially the City of Taguig, (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Taguig, pronounced [taˈɡiɡ]), or simply known
as Taguig City, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in Metro Manila, Philippines. According to the 2015 census,
it has a population of 804,915 people.[3]
It is located in the south-eastern portion of Metro Manila. From being a thriving fishing community along the
shores of Laguna de Bay, it is now an important residential, commercial and industrial center.
The local government of Taguig currently administers Bonifacio Global City, which is considered as one of
Metro Manila's central business districts alongside Makati CBD and Ortigas Center. Other future developments
in the city include Arca South (formerly known as Food Terminal Incorporated) Ayala Land's 70-hectare
business and lifestyle district,[4] and Laguna de Bay Lakeshore Development along the Bulacan–Rizal–Manila–
Cavite Regional Expressway (C-6 Road).[5]
Taguig lies on the western shore of Laguna de Bay and is bordered by Muntinlupa to the south, Parañaque to
the southwest, Pasayto the west, Cainta and Taytay on the northeast and Makati, Pateros, and Pasig to the
north. The Taguig River, a tributary of the Pasig River, cuts through the northern half of the municipality and
Napindan River, also a tributary of the Pasig forms the common border of Taguig with Pasig.

The original farmer-fishermen of the area, about 800 in number, were good at threshing rice after harvest.
Hence they were referred to as "mga taga-giik," (Tagalog for "rice thresher") and the settlement as "pook ng
mga taga-giik." Spanish friar Fray Alonso de Alvarado, together with conquistador Ruy López de Villalobos who
crossed Pasig River to reach the city's present site in 1571, found "taga-giik" difficult to pronounce. "Tagui-ig"
was later shortened to its current form "Taguig".[6]

Local government
See also: Cities of the Philippines

Like other cities in the Philippines, Taguig is governed by a mayor and vice mayor who are elected to three-
year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances
and improving public services. The city mayor is restricted to three consecutive terms, totaling nine years,
although a mayor can be elected again after an interruption of one term. The vice mayor heads a legislative
council consisting of 18 members: 8 councilors from the First District, 8 councilors from the Second District, the
president of the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council) Federation, representing the youth sector, and the
president of the Association of Barangay Chairmen (ABC) as barangay sectoral representative. The council is
in charge of creating the city's policies in the form of Ordinances and Resolutions.[11]
The current mayor for the 2016–2019 term is Lani Cayetano. She currently holds the youngest and 1st female
mayor of Taguig. Ricardo Cruz, former councilor and Barangay Chairman of Lower Bicutan is the city's
incumbent vice mayor. Current district representatives of the city are Arnel Cerafica, representing the 1st
district and Pia S. Cayetano, representing the 2nd district.

Barangay Western Bicutan,

Taguig City, Greater Manila

Barangay

Sagisag

Region Greater Manila

City Taguig

Manage

• Type Barangay

• Captain of Barangay Nicky "Rolly" Supan

Time zone GMT ( UTC + 8 )

Zip Code 1630

Area code 02

Barangay Western Bicutan (PSGC: 137607018) is one of the eighteen barangays of Taguig City in Metro
Manila in the Philippines .
History [ change | change basis ]
Barangay Western Bicutan is located at the end and northwest of Taguig city . It is located between the city
of Makati in the North , a small part of Parañaque in the South and in the east is the town of Taguig. This area
covers an area of more than 24,000 people.These areas of the barangay are the FTI Complex , Veteran's
Center of the Philippines Complex, Ft. Bonifacio Tenement Building, Bagong Lipunan Condominium
(BLC), Technological University of the Philippines (TUP), PNR Site East Service Road, Sitio Sto.Niño Zone 4
and Zone 5, as well as its Lot 2, which is located at the Presidential Proclamation 172, RSBS, KKK, Manpower,
Officer's Village, Sitio Una, Sitio 2 and Sitio 3 where the Nutrition Center, ASEAN and Popcom , part of Fort
Bonifacio and the Tomb of the Heroes or National Shrine. A barangay with a total area of almost 8th part of
Taguig. As is the case with the settlement of the people and perhaps it's a unique and unique barangay in the
entire archipelago where every part of it has different Government agencies covering each side.
In the legendary section of Western Bicutan, Mrs. Constancia Tolentino is now 75-year-old and currently
residing in Tenement, a son of a soldier lived here when he was 5 to 13 years old before returning and residing
in Tenement. At the time we were conquered by Americans, this part, allegedly enclosed in Fort McKinley. This
camp was used by soldiers.The part of the space of the camp was still called Bicutan. It is believed that the
trees, such as sap, cocoa, duck, mango, coconuts, acacia and other trees are covered with thorns.here he said
they were picking fruit trees. Although they had a variety of poisonous snakes and their MPs (soldiers) were
riding on horseback and dense boots. It is said to be a mountainous area where it is called the downstream
mountain of Taguig. The camp's foreground is a wide paddy field.

The role of police visibility in fear of crime

in Finland
Author(s):
Satu Salmi (Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland)

...Show all authors

Abstract:
This article presents a model for police visibility and people's fear of crime. Surve y
data were collected from 3,245 adults and 977 teenagers in two typical Finnish
neighborhoods. A four‐factor model including two visibility factors (patrol‐car‐related
activities and police‐on‐foot activities) and two fear of crime factors (crimes against
property and crimes against persons) was constructed by structural equation
modeling. Respondents who perceived the police more often in on‐foot activities
were less fearful of crimes against property. In the teenagers' group, the same effect
was found in relation to crimes against persons. In both groups, seeing the police
more in patrol‐car‐related activities resulted in increased fear of crimes against
persons and property. Our results indicate that a simple act for the police, such as
stepping out of the car every now and then, i.e. not only in crime‐related situations,
has a positive impact on the fear of crime as expressed by the public.

Keywords:
Police, Fear, Community policing, Perception, Finland

Type:
 Research paper

Publisher:
Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Copyright:
© Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2004
Published by Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Citation:
Satu Salmi, Martti Grönroos, Esko Keskinen, (2004) "The role of police visibility in
fear of crime in Finland", Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &
Management, Vol. 27 Issue: 4, pp.573-
591, https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510410566280

Downloads:
The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1831 times since 2013

Police car
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Cop car" redirects here. For other uses, see Cop Car.
"Squad car" redirects here. For the song, see Eddie & the Showmen.

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message)

A Ford Crown Victoria police car of the United States Capitol Police in 2012
A CHP Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle. This is one of the many vehicle models replacing the
discontinued Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor after 2013 in many American Police Departments.

A police car (also called a police cruiser, cop car, prowler, squad car, radio car, or radio
mobile patrol (RMP) ) is a ground vehicle used by police for transportation during patrols and to
enable them to respond to incidents and chases. Typical uses of a police car include
transporting officers so they can reach the scene of an incident quickly, transporting and temporarily
detaining suspects in the back seats, as a location to use their police radio or laptop or to patrol an
area, all while providing a visible deterrent to crime. Some police cars are specially adapted for
certain locations (e.g. traffic duty on busy roads) or for certain operations (e.g. to transport police
dogs or bomb squads). Police cars typically have rooftop flashing lights, a siren, and emblems or
markings indicating that the vehicle is a police car. Some police cars may have reinforced bumpers
and alley lights, for illuminating darkened alleys.
Terms for police cars include (police) cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. In some places, a
police car may also be informally known as a cop car, a black and white, a cherry top, a gumball
machine, a jam sandwich or panda car. Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and
livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit.

Police Car, Akron, Ohio, 1899

Former Yugoslav Police Car - "Zastava" 750

The first police car was a wagon run by electricity fielded on the streets of Akron, Ohio, in 1899. The first
operator of the police patrol wagon was Akron Police officer Louis Mueller, Sr. It could reach 16 mph (26 km/h)
and travel 30 mi (48 km) before its battery needed to be recharged.[1] The car was built by city mechanical
engineer Frank Loomis. The US$2,400 vehicle was equipped with electric lights, gongs, and a stretcher. The
car's first assignment was to pick up a drunken man at the junction of Main and Exchange streets. [2]
Ford introduced the Ford flathead V-8 in its Model B, as the first mass-marketed V8 car in 1932. In the 1940s,
major American car makers began to manufacture specialized police cars.[3]
Functional types[edit]
There are several types of police car.

Patrol car[edit]

Patrol car in Slovenia

The car that replaces walking for the 'beat' police officer.[4] Their primary function is to convey normal police
officers between their duties (such as taking statements or visiting warnings). Patrol cars are also able to
respond to emergencies,[5] and as such are normally fitted with visual and audible warnings.

Response car (pursuit car)[edit]

A response car is similar to a patrol car, but is likely to be of a higher specification, capable of higher speeds,
and will certainly be fitted with audible and visual warnings. These cars are usually only used to respond to
emergency incidents, so are designed to travel fast, and may carry specialist equipment, such as assault rifles,
or shotguns. In the UK, each station usually only has one, which is called an area car.[6][7][8]

Traffic car[edit]

Road Policing Unit BMW 330d for the Sussex Police

Traffic police cars, known in the UK as Road Policing Units, are cars designed for the job of enforcing traffic
laws, and as such usually have the highest performance of any of the police vehicles, as they must be capable
of catching most other vehicles on the road. They may be fitted with special bumpers designed to force
vehicles off the road, and may have visual and audible warnings, with special audible warnings which can be
heard from a greater distance. In some police forces, the term traffic car may refer to cars specifically equipped
for traffic control in addition to enforcing traffic laws. As such, these cars may differ only slightly from a patrol
car, including having radar and laser speed detection equipment, traffic cones, flares, and traffic control signs.

Multi-purpose car[edit]
Some police forces do not distinguish between patrol, response and traffic cars, and may use one vehicle to
fulfill some or all roles even though in some cases this may not be appropriate (such as a police city vehicle in
a motorway high speed pursuit chase). These cars are usually a compromise between the different functions
with elements added or removed.
Sport utility vehicles (SUV) and pickup trucks[edit]
SUVs and Pickups are used for a variety of reasons; off-road needs, applications where a lot of equipment
must be carried, K-9 units, etc.

Community liaison car[edit]

Community Liaison car for the New South Wales Police Force

This is a standard production car, visibly marked, but without audible and visual warning devices. It is used by
community police officers to show a presence, transport them between jobs and make appearances at
community events. These cars do not respond to emergencies.[9][10]

Unmarked car[edit]

German unmarked Mercedes-Benz E-Class

Many forces also operate unmarked cars, in any of the roles shown above, but most frequently for the use of
traffic enforcement or detectives. They have the advantage of not being immediately recognizable, and are a
valuable tool in catching criminals while the crime is still taking place.[11] In the United States, unmarked cars
are also used by federal law enforcement agencies such as the FBI and the Secret Service, but can be
recognized by their U.S. government plates. However, not all unmarked police cars have government license
plates. Many U.S. jurisdictions use regular civilian issued license plates on unmarked cars, especially gang
suppression and vice prevention units. Also see Q-car.
There have been cases where criminals have pulled over motorists while pretending to be driving unmarked
police cars, a form of police impersonation.[12][13] Some US police officers advise motorists that they do not have
to pull over in a secluded location and instead can wait until they reach somewhere safer.[13] In the UK, officers
must be wearing uniform in order to make traffic stops. Motorists can also ask for a police badge. [14] Motorists
often have the option to call a non-emergency number (like Police 101 in the UK) or, if the country does not
have one, the emergency number. This telephone call can then be used verify that the police car ( and
officer(s) ) is genuine.
Dog unit[edit]

An Australian Federal Police dog unit van, based on a ute (pickup) chassis, in Canberra.

This type of car is used to transport police dogs. In some jurisdictions, this will be a station wagon or car based
van, due to the installation of cages to carry the dogs. These units may also be known as K9 units (a
homophone of canine, also used to refer to the animals themselves). These cars are typically marked in order
to warn people that there is a police dog on board.[15]

Surveillance car[edit]
Forces may operate surveillance cars. These cars can be marked or unmarked, and are there to gather
evidence of any criminal offence. Overt marked cars may have CCTV cameras mounted on the roof to
discourage wrongdoing, whereas unmarked cars would have them hidden inside. This type of vehicle is
particularly common in the United Kingdom. In the United States, some police departments' vice, narcotics, and
gang suppression units utilize vehicles that contain no identifiable police equipment (such as lights, sirens or
radios) to conduct covert surveillance. Some police vehicles equipped with surveillance are Bait cars which are
deployed in high volume car theft areas.

High visibility decoy car[edit]

Some police forces use vehicles (or sometimes fake "cut outs" of vehicles) to deter crime. They may be old
vehicles retired from use, stock models restyled as police cars, or a metal sign made to look like a police car.
They are placed in areas thought to be susceptible to crime in order to provide a high visibility presence without
committing an officer. Examples of these can be seen on many main roads, freeways and motorways. In
2005, Virginia's (United States) legislature considered a bill which stated, in part: "Whenever any law-
enforcement vehicle is permanently taken out of service ... such vehicle shall be placed at a conspicuous
location within a highway median in order to deter violations of motor vehicle laws at that location. Such
vehicles shall ... be rotated from one location to another as needed to maintain their deterrent effect."; [16] Such
cars may also be used in conjunction with manned units hidden further down the road to trick speeders into
speeding back up again, and being clocked by the manned car. In Chicago, Illinois a small fleet of highly visible
vans are parked alongside major state and federal routes with automated speed detection and camera
equipment, monitoring both for speeders and other offenders by license plate. Tickets are then mailed to the
offenders or, in case of other crimes related to the licensed owner, may be served by a manned vehicle further
down the road.

Rescue unit[edit]
In some jurisdictions, the police may operate a rescue service, and special units will be required for this.

Explosive ordnance disposal[edit]

In jurisdictions where the police are responsible for, or participate in, explosive ordnance disposal squads
(bomb squads), dedicated vehicles transport the squads' crews and equipment.
Demonstration cars[edit]

An Abu Dhabi Police Chevrolet Camaro in the United Arab Emirates, used for publicity.

Cars which are not for active duty, but simply for display. These are often high performance or modified cars,
sometimes seized from criminals, used to try to get across specific messages (such as with
the D.A.R.E. program), or to help break down barriers with certain groups (such as using a car with modified
'jumping' suspension as a talking point with young people).
To show the police what is new, a marked police car with the manufacturer's name (Ford, General Motors,
Chrysler) can be displayed with the words "Not In Service" to show what is new with that model of car and get
feedback from police departments. Companies like Whelen, Federal Signal and Code 3 also have demo cars
with their names on the side and showing the police what is new in the field of emergency vehicle equipment.

Riot control vehicles[edit]

These vehicles could be divided into three sub-categories. Modified trucks equipped with water cannons,
modified stock cars and modified APCs (Armored Personnel Carriers). Their function is to help control riots.
Modified stock cars will have caged windows for protection against objects thrown at them and could include
mini-buses, 4x4s or prisoner transport vans. APCs usually will not require any added protection but their
modifications might include some sort of tear gas ejecting method or shields that unfold to create barriers. The
water cannon vehicles are used either to break up riots or extinguish fires set by the rioters. Although plain
water is usually used some variations might include tear gas or special dye (to mark the people that are present
for later apprehension). Previously[when?] fire trucks were used as anti-riot vehicles of this type. As a non lethal,
and effective method of clearing out protesters or rioters, the Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) can be
used. The LRAD is a device that can send announcements, warnings, and harmful pain-inducing tones.

A Turkish TOMA water cannon of the General Directorate of Security in Turkey.

 

Yugoslav built BOV-M riot control armored vehicle

A WaWe 10.000 water cannon of the State Police of Hamburg in Germany

Equipment[edit]
Main article: Emergency vehicle equipment

The police car on the left is fitted with a lightbar, making it instantly recognizable as a police vehicle. The one on the right,
commonly known as a 'slicktop' in the US and Canada does not have a lightbar, making it less obvious, particularly when
seen from the front (e.g. in a driver's rear-view mirror)

A Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau car at Tiananmen Square.

Police cars are usually passenger car models which are upgraded to the specifications required by the
purchasing force. Several vehicle manufacturers, such as Ford, General Motors and Dodge, provide a "police
package" option, which is built to police specifications in the factory. Police forces may add to these
modifications by adding their own equipment and making their own modifications after purchasing a vehicle. [17]

Mechanical modifications[edit]
Modifications a police car might undergo include adjustments for higher durability, speed, high-mileage driving,
and long periods of idling at a higher temperature. This is usually accomplished by heavy
duty suspension, brakes, calibrated speedometer, tires, alternator, transmission, and cooling systems, and also
sometimes includes slight modifications to the car's stock engine or the installation of a more powerful engine
than would be standard in that model. It is also usual to upgrade the capacity of the electrical system of the car
to accommodate the use of additional electronic equipment.

Safety equipment[edit]
Police vehicles are often outfitted with AEDs (Automated external defibrillator), first aid kits, fire extinguishers,
flares, life buoys, barrier tapes, etc.

Audible and visual warnings[edit]

Police vehicles are often fitted with audible and visual warning systems to alert other motorists of their
approach or position on the road. In many countries, use of the audible and visual warnings affords the officer a
degree of exemption from road traffic laws (such as the right to exceed speed limits, or to treat red stop lights
as a yield sign) and may also suggest a duty on other motorists to move out of the direction of passage of the
police car or face possible prosecution.
Visual warnings on a police car can be of two types: either passive or active.
Passive visual warnings[edit]

Passive visual warnings are the markings on the vehicle. Police vehicle markings usually make use of bright
colors or strong contrast with the base color of the vehicle. Modern police vehicles in some countries
have retroreflective markings which reflect light for better visibility at night. Other police vehicles may only have
painted on or non-reflective markings. Most marked police vehicles in the United Kingdom and Sweden have
reflective Battenburg markings on the sides, which are large blue and yellow rectangles.[18] These markings are
designed to have high contrast and be highly visible on the road, to deter crime and improve safety. Another
passive visual warning of police vehicles is simply the interceptor's silhouette. This is easily observed in the
United States and Canada, where the ubiquitous nature of the Ford Crown Victoria in police fleets has made
the model synonymous with police vehicles.
Police vehicle marking schemes usually include the word Police or similar phrase (such as State
Trooper or Highway Patrol) or the force's crest. Some police forces use unmarked vehicles, which do not have
any passive visual warnings at all, and others (called stealth cars) have markings that are visible only at certain
angles, such as from the rear or sides, making these cars appear unmarked when viewed from the front.[19]
Active visual warnings[edit]

Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor with emergency lights system (ELS) activated.
The active visual warnings are usually in the form of flashing colored lights (also known as 'beacons' or
'lightbars'). These flash in order to attract the attention of other road users as the police car approaches, or to
provide warning to motorists approaching a stopped vehicle in a dangerous position on the road. Common
colours for police warning beacons are blue and red, however this often varies by force. Several types of
flashing lights are used, such as rotating beacons, halogen lights, or light emitting diode strobes. Some police
forces also use arrow sticks to direct traffic, or message display boards to provide short messages or
instructions to motorists. The headlights of some vehicles can be made to flash, or small strobe lights can be
fitted in the headlight, tail light and indicator lights of the vehicle.
Audible warnings[edit]

In addition to visual warnings, most police cars are also fitted with audible warnings, sometimes known
as sirens, which can alert people and vehicles to the presence of an emergency vehicle before they can be
seen. The first audible warnings were mechanical bells, mounted to either the front or roof of the car. A later
development was the rotating air siren, which made noise when air moved past it. Most modern vehicles are
now fitted with electronic sirens, which can produce a range of different noises. Police driving training often
includes the use of different noises depending on traffic conditions and maneuver being performed. In North
America for instance, on a clear road, approaching a junction, the "wail" setting may be used, which gives a
long up and down variation, with an unbroken tone, whereas, in heavy slow traffic, a "yelp" setting may be
preferred, which is a sped up version of the "wail". Some vehicles may also be fitted with airhorn audible
warnings. Also in some European countries, where a hi-lo two tone siren is the only permitted siren for
emergency vehicles, a "stadt" siren will be used in cities where it has loud echo that can be heard from blocks
away to warn the traffic an emergency vehicle is coming, or a "land" siren will be used on highways to project
its noise to the front to produce more penetration into the vehicles ahead to alert the drivers.
A development is the use of the RDS, a system of car radios, whereby the vehicle can be fitted with a short
range FM transmitter, set to RDS code 31, which interrupts the radio of all cars within range, in the manner of a
traffic broadcast, but in such a way that the user of the receiving radio is unable to opt out of the message (as
with traffic broadcasts). This feature is built into all RDS radios for use in national emergency broadcast
systems, but short range units on emergency vehicles can prove an effective means of alerting traffic to their
presence, although is not able to alert pedestrians, non-RDS radio users, or drivers with their radios turned off.
A new technology has been developed and is slowly becoming more popular with police. Called the Rumbler, it
is a siren that emits a low frequency sound which can be felt. Motorists that may have loud music playing in
their car, for example, may not hear the audible siren of a police car behind them, but will feel the vibrations of
the Rumbler. The feeling is that of standing next to a large speaker with pumped bass.[20]

Police-specific equipment[edit]

Police vehicle with emergency warning lights and an LED message board in Canberra, Australia

Police officers' additional equipment may include:

Two-way radio
Equipment consoles
These are used to house two way radios, light switches, and siren switches. Some may be equipped
with locking compartments for safe storage of firearms or file compartments.
Suspect transport enclosures
These are steel and plastic barriers which ensure that a suspect—who has been frisked, disarmed,
handcuffed and seat belted, is unable to attack the driver or passenger and unable to tamper with
equipment in the front seat. These may be simple bars or grilles, although they can include highly
impact resistant but not bullet resistant glass. Many use expanded steel instead of plastic glazing for
the upper half of the partition.
Firearm lockers
In certain countries, including the United States, some police vehicles are equipped with lockers or
locking racks in which to store firearms. These are usually tactical firearms such as shotguns or rifles,
which would not normally be carried on the person of the officer.
Mobile data terminal
Many police cars are fitted with mobile data terminals (or MDTs), which are connected via wireless
methods to the police central computer, and enable the officer to call up information such as vehicle
license details, offender records, and incident logs.
Vehicle tracking system
Some police vehicles, especially traffic units, may be fitted with equipment which will alert the officers
to the presence nearby of a stolen vehicle fitted with a special transponder, and guide them towards it,
using GPS or simpler radio triangulation.
Evidence gathering CCTV
Police vehicles can be fitted with video cameras used to record activity either inside or outside the car.
They may also be fitted with sound recording facilities. This can then later be used in a court to prove
or disprove witness statements, or act as evidence in itself (such as evidence of a traffic violation).
Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR)
This computerised system uses cameras to observe the number plates of all vehicles passing or being
passed by the police car, and alerts the driver or user to any cars which are on a 'watch list' as being
stolen, used in crime, or having not paid vehicle duty.
Speed recognition device
Some police cars are fitted with devices to measure the speed of vehicles being followed, such
as ProViDa, usually through a system of following the vehicle between two points a set distance apart.
This is separate to any radar gun device which is likely to be handheld, and not attached to the vehicle.
Remote rear door locking
This enables officers in the front to remotely control the rear locks—usually used in conjunction with a
transport enclosure.

Damage from a PIT maneuver on a Crown Victoria

PIT bumper
The Pursuit Intervention Technique (PIT) bumper attaches to the front frame of a patrol car. It is
designed to end vehicle pursuits by spinning the fleeing vehicle with a nudge to the rear quarter panel.
Cars not fitted with a PIT Bumper can still attempt a PIT Maneuver at risk of increased front-end
damage and possible disablement if the maneuver fails and the pursuit continues.
Push bumper (aka nudge bars)
Fitted to the chassis of the car and located to augment the front bumper, to allow the car to be used as
a battering ram for simple structures or fences, or to push disabled vehicles off the road.
Runlock
This allows the vehicle's engine to be left running without the keys being in the ignition. This enables
adequate power, without battery drain, to be supplied to the vehicle's equipment at the scene of an
incident. The vehicle can only be driven off after re-inserting the keys. If the keys are not re-inserted,
the engine will switch off if the handbrake is disengaged or the footbrake is activated. [21]
The installation of this equipment in a car partially
transforms it into a desk. Police officers use their car to
fill out different forms, print documents, type on a
computer or a console, consult and read different
screens, etc. Ergonomics in layout and installation of
these items in the police car plays an important role in
the comfort and safety of the police officers at work and
preventing injuries such as back pain and
musculoskeletal disorders.[22][23][24][25]

Ballistic protection[edit]
Some police cars can be optionally upgraded with bullet
resistant armor in the car doors.[26] The armor is typically
made from ceramic ballistic plates and aramid baffles. A
2016 news report said that Ford sells 5 to 10 percent of
their US police vehicles with ballistic protection in the
doors. In 2017 Bill de Blasio, the mayor of New York
City, announced that all NYPD patrol cars would be
installed with bullet-resistant door panels and bullet-
resistant window inserts.[27][28]
 5 Things You Need to Know About Hot
Spots Policing & The “Koper Curve”
Theory
 Police Foundation

 News

 5 Things You Need to Know About Hot Spots Policing & The “Koper Curve” Theory

The Police Foundation has released “ 5 Things You Need to Know about Hot
Spots Policing and the “Koper Curve” Theory,” providing a quick resource on how to get the most out of enforcement
resources in crime hot spots.
The latest addition to the Police Foundations “5 Things” series outlines an introduction to the “Koper Curve” Theory,
which measured the effectiveness of increasing patrols in a crime hot spots. Developed by Dr. Chris Koper, a member of
the Police Foundation Research Advisory Committee, the Koper Curve offers useful guidance for law enforcement
administrators dealing with patrol allocation and crime reduction.
“Hot spots” policing has been found to be a highly effective policing strategy and has been adopted by a large number of
departments. Dr. David Weisburd, chairman of the Police Foundation Research Advisory Committee, pointed out in
a 2008 Ideas in American Policing that this form of “place-based policing” allows police to focus on a secure location in
fighting crime, rather than follow the movements of individual criminals. Weisburd and others have found that a
substantial amount of crime in a jurisdiction is produced in a few small areas (i.e., streets segments or blocks). In some
cases, as much as 50% of calls for service or incidents of crime in a jurisdiction can be found in less than 5% of places
(i.e., street segments or blocks) (Telep, C. & Weisburd, D., 2011).
However, while police patrols of high-crime areas may generally have a positive effect on crime, police leaders can
maximize crime reduction, reduce costs and increase community satisfaction and legitimacy by using the “Koper Curve”
theory to guide patrol deployment in a strategic, evidence-based way. The Koper Curve is an outcome of the Minneapolis
Hot Spots Policing Experiment, replicated and tested in the Sacramento Police Department’s hot spots policing experiment
(Telep, C., Mitchell, R., & Weisburd, D., 2014).

In evaluating the results of the experiment, Koper found that police maximized their deterrent effect by increasing patrols
in the crime hot spot for 10-16 minute intervals, conducted randomly every two hours. Continuing the increased patrols for
more than 16 minutes at a time produced an increasingly less effective deterrent effect, Koper found. According to Koper
(1995), the likelihood of crime or disorder within 30 minutes after a patrol visit was 15%; for stops of 10-16 minutes, the
likelihood was reduced to 4%, causing deterrence to “peak.”

Combining hot spots policing using the Koper Curve with situational and problem-oriented policing strategies
implemented by patrol officers and other units or officers can enhance policing effectiveness. This reduces crime not only
in the hot spot, but also for the jurisdiction overall. Thus, it is important for patrol and community policing units to engage
the community using problem-solving approaches to eliminate conditions that may facilitate crime, including vacant
properties, poor lighting, nuisance and public order offenses, and debris and graffiti.

“5 Things You Need to Know about Hot Spots Policing and the “Koper Curve” Theory” is available for download here.

What is the focus of the intervention?

Hot spot policing is a strategy that involves the targeting of
resources and activities to those places where crime is most
concentrated. The strategy is based on the premise that crime and
disorder is not evenly spread within neighbourhoods but clustered
in small locations.
Focusing resources and activities in hot spots aims to prevent crime
in these specific areas and potentially, reduce overall crime levels in
the wider geographic area.
Hotspot policing is not defined by the use of specific interventions
or tactics, but by whether activity is targeted to specific high crime
locations. Activities could include increased police patrols and law
enforcement or problem solving.
This narrative is based on one review of 19 studies.
EFFECT
How effective is it?
Overall, the evidence suggests that hot spots policing has reduced
crime.
When authors calculated the overall effect of all 19 studies on crime,
a small, statistically significant effect was found, suggesting that hot
spots policing led to reductions in crime. The 19 studies employed a
variety of interventions in the hot spots and measured their effects
on a range of crime types.
Importantly, the review tested for the effects of displacement effects
(crime and disorder moving to neighbouring areas) and diffusion of
benefits (crime and disorder reducing in neighbouring areas as well
as in the hot spots) and found a small but statistically significant
overall diffusion of benefits.
How strong is the evidence?
The review was sufficiently systematic that most forms of bias that
could influence the study conclusions can be ruled out.
It had a well-designed search strategy, included unpublished
literature, accounted for potential publication bias, and used
appropriate statistical methods in the analysis of effect size. The
authors also conducted further analysis of possible displacement
(moving the crime to nearby locations), diffusion of benefits
(reducing crime in nearby locations in addition to the targeted
hotspot) and how different context moderate the effects.
MECHANISM
How does it work?
The review provides a general statement of the assumed theory of
the possible mechanism through which hot spots policing might
reduce crime. However, because different problems occur, and
different interventions can be applied, within a hotspot, the
mechanism by which they work will vary.
It is assumed that crime can be reduced more efficiently by
concentrating resources and activities to deviant place. If victims
and offenders are prevented from being in the same place at the
same time through the effective manipulation of the situations and
settings that give rise to criminal opportunities, police can reduce
crime.
However, the review did not explicitly test this assumption.
MODERATORS
In which contexts does it work best?
The review analysed variation in effect by crime type and the
programme design.
Hot spots policing showed different levels of effectiveness for
different crime types – it was more effective for drug offences,
violent crime and disorder than it was for property crime. When the
authors compared the effect of taking a problem-orientated
policing (POP) approach to hot spots policing with increasing
traditional policing tactics (e.g. directed patrols, increased
enforcement) in hot spots, they found POP was twice as effective.
Taking a POP approach increased the effectiveness of hot spots
policing for all crime types, but was notably more effective for
property crime and disorder offences. POP was also more likely to
reduce crime in surrounding areas to the hot spot location, when
compared to increased traditional policing.
IMPLEMENTATION
What can be said about implementing this initiative?
The review contained limited information about how hot spots
policing was implemented. The specific activities undertaken as part
of a hotspots policing strategy varied between studies, dependent
upon the nature of the intervention (e.g. from drugs enforcement
operations to POP approaches to tackling violent crime) . The
authors did make concerted efforts to document implementation
challenges amongst the studies.
Interventions were not implemented as intended due to staffing
issues in three of the studies. Assigning officers to too many crime
hot spots and shortage of officers (due to peaks in service demand,
operational requirements or redeployment, for example) were
reported to undermine the effectiveness of the interventions.
Officer resistance to the programme was found to threaten the
integrity of the intervention in two studies. Mitigations against this
included changes to leadership, the use of an implementation
accountability system and additional training for officers.
The review noted that short implementation periods seemed to
lessen the effect of the intervention. The authors also emphasised
the importance of considering how different activities undertaken in
hotspots may be perceived by the community to avoid adverse
effects of concentrated police activity, particularly enforcement
activity, but the effect of hotspot policing on community
perceptions was not explored in detail.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
How much might it cost?
There is no mention of the costs of the intervention, and no
calculation of economic benefits within the review.
General considerations
 Hot spots policing is a strategy of focussing policing resources on concentrated areas of crime. Consideration

needs to be given to the type of activity that are applied, and this should vary depending on the nature of the

problem within the hot spot (e.g. types of crime, modus operandi and environmental factors).

Summary
Overall, the evidence suggests that hot spots policing has reduced
crime. Hot spots policing programmes that take a problem-oriented
approach appear more effective than increased traditional policing
(e.g. increased patrols or enforcement). The evidence suggested that
hot spot policing was more effective for drug offences, violent crime
and disorder than it was for property crime. Hot spots policing can
also lead to a diffusion of benefits to the areas immediately
surrounding the hot spot.
Ratings for Individual Reviews
Overview of Police Operations
Police officers are responsible for keeping the peace and preventing crimes. You may see officers talking to
individuals in a car they have pulled over, arresting a suspect, or simply just driving through your neighborhood.
Have you ever wondered what police officers do when they are driving around and patrolling? Let's take a look
at police operations.
Police operations are defined as the job duties, responsibilities, and activities that law enforcement agents
complete in the field. In this lesson, we'll explore different aspects of police operations, such as communication,
patrolling, specialized police operations, and diversity challenges.

A patrol is commonly a group of personnel, such as law enforcement officers, military personnel,
or private security contractorsthat are assigned to monitor a specific geographic area.
This is also often referred to as a beat.
History
Law enforcement has learned many things from the past on how to patrol effectively and efficiently.
For example, the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment found that no matter how big the police
presence crime will not change.[1] In 1972, the Kansas City Police Department held an experiment to
find how police presence effects the general public.[2] The Police department was sent out in 15
patrol beats around the city. [3] A beat is just a 2-man patrol, they had 5 beats that served as
Reactive, 5 were control beats and the last 5 were proactive beats.[4] The reactive beats only
responded to calls from the citizens, and the control beats was a normal patrol and the proactive
beats were looking to enforce everything more strictly then normal.[5] During these patrol findings, it
was seen that no matter the police presence crime did not really change.[6] The amount of time at
which these crimes would be reported also did not change.[7] Even though this experiment was
conducted by the Kansas City Police Department there were still some problems with it. For
example, the 5 reactive patrol beats still acted out on instinct and did their normal patrol enforcing
the law and not just taking calls.[8]

Law enforcement[edit]

U.S. Border Patrol agent monitoring the U.S.-Canada border in Montana. Many more agents are stationed at the US Mexico
border to combat illegal immigration
In non-military law enforcement, patrol officers are law enforcement officers assigned to monitor specified
geographic areas—that is, to move through their areas at regular intervals looking out for any signs of problems
of any kind. They are the officers most commonly encountered by the public, as their duties include responding
to calls for service, making arrests, resolving disputes, taking crime reports, and conducting traffic enforcement,
and other crime prevention measures. A patrol officer is often the first to arrive on the scene of any incident;
what such an officer does or fails to do at the scene can greatly influence the outcome of any subsequent
investigation. The patrol officer, as the person who is in the field daily, is often closest to potential crime and
may have developed contacts who can provide information.
The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment, a randomized control trial conducted by Temple University, has
shown that foot patrols reduce crime.[9] With the resources to patrol 60 locations, researchers identified the
highest violent crime corners in the city, using data from 2006 to 2008. Police commanders designed 120 foot
patrol areas around these corners, and stratified randomization was used to assign pairs of foot patrols with
similar crime rates as either a comparison or a target area. Officers generally patrolled in pairs with two pairs
assigned to each foot patrol. After three months, relative to the comparison areas, violent crime decreased
23%.
Official records of police activities during the intervention period reveal the following in the target areas:

 Drug‐related incident detections increased 15%

 Pedestrian stops increased 64%
 Vehicle stops increased 7%
 Arrests increased 13%
An emerging trend within patrol is the supplement[clarification needed] of basic police patrol with that of private security
agencies. The privatization of police is explored in James Pastor's book The Privatization of Police in America:
An Analysis and Case Study.[10]
Law enforcement patrols don’t always just enforce the laws during the patrols. They also try and have
community relations, will investigate traffic accidents and transport criminals. They will go to schools to talk
about their jobs or about drugs and safe driving. In some large cities, the police chief will go around to meet
and talk with business owners, residents or anyone in the city.[11]