(Z.

1)

(a) {(171,000 ntiles)(60 n1in/hr)(J700 rev/min)]/(40 n1iles/)1r) :: 4.36 x 108 rev

(b) (4.36 x J0 8 rev)(4 firings/rev) = 1.744 x 109 firing~

(c:) there are sanie numb-er or intake strokes as spark plug firings

(1.744 x 109 intake strokes/engine)/{8 cyl/englne) = 2.~8 x 10' strol<es/~..rl.

(2·2)

(a) Eq. (2-9)

V4 = N.(1r/4)ll1S = 4703 cm 3
= 4.703 L

(b) Eq. (2-2)

UP= 2SN = (2 s 60 rev/sec) = 8.40 m/sec

Eq. (2-15)
 (2-2)

(a) F.q. (2·j)

v. = Ns(tr/4)Bts = (4 cyl)(~
(b) !9· (2.-2) .
u, =2SN =(l strokeslrev)(0.126.m/s&roke)(2000/&0 r••l•ec:) • a.,o m/aee

Eq. (2.-15)
A, =(•/4)B~. =(tr/4)(0.tOf m)2 (4 QI) = G.0373 si'
Eq. (2-46}
w. =Onnep)A,0',.12
88 kW• (bmep)(0.0373 mZ)ca.•o m/•ec> 12

or waiDQ me;. (2-88)

•
'bmep =(1000)(88)(1)/(4.703)(2000/60) =Seti kPa
(c) Eq. (2-40)
" =(tnep)VJ1m = (561 kPa)(0.004703 m')/ZT =0.420 kN·m • 420 N·m

o:r uetng Bq. (2-76)

"= (lS!>.2)(81)/(2000/60) =420 N-m
 A, =(1r/4)B?Nc = ('IT/4)(0.1()9 m) (4 cyl) = 0.0;}73 m
2 1

Eq. (2-46)
W~ = (bmcp)A,U,12
88 kW= (bmep)(-0.0373 m:)(8. 410 m/sec) /2 bmep = 561 kPa

or using Eq. (2-88)

· bmep = (1000)(88)(1)/(4.703)(2000/60) = 561 kPa

(c) Eq. (2-40)

T ;;::; {bmep)V.,/Z1r = (561 kPa)(0.004703 m )/Vrr = 0.420 kN·m = 420 N-m
1

or using Eq.(2-76)
-r = (159.2)(88)/(200(}/60) = 420 N-m
(d) for one cylinder
V4 = (4703 cm3)/4 = 1176 cm3
Eq. {2-12)
=
r. (V4 + V~)/Vc = 18 = {1176 + Vc)!Ve V• = 69.2 cm>

6
(U)
(a)
for one cylinder
V4 ... (2.4 L)/4 = 0.6 L = 600 an~
Eq. (2-12)
re = tv. + VJ/Vc = 9.4 = (600 + VJIV.
V. =71.43 cm' = 0.07143 L =4.36 In.'
(h)
Eq. (2-8)
V• =600 cm.1 = ('fl'/4)8 S = (T/4)B {1.06 B)
2 1

B = 8.97 mt = 3.S3 In.

s = 1.00 B =(1.06)(8.97 an)
{c)
~· (2-.2)
u, = 2SN = (1 strokes/rev)(O ev/sec.)
= 10.13 m/sec = 33.2 R/sec
(24)

Advantages or O\"er Square engine:

For the same c:yllndU' displacement volume an over ~uare mgioe will have
a shorter stroke length. This will result Jn a lower average piston speed and
lower frlcUon losses.

Cyllnder laigfhs will be sllghtJy short~.

Advantages or under square engine:

An under square engine will have smaller diameter cylinders, resulting In a

shorter name travel distance.

Combustion chamber surfa~ area will be smaller resulting in less heat loss
per cycle.

7
 •
I•
l' ,_90"
(a) from Problem (2·3)
·--
1-1-------t u,

v9 = 10.13 m/se<:
(b) approximate piston speed ls as shown
crankshaft offset equals halt of stroke length
=
a :::: S/1, == (0.095 m)/2 0.0475 m

u, = <i>l" = [(3200/60)(2•) radlans/sec](0.0475 m) =15.9 rntsec

 for one qllnder =0.7 L • 0.0007 m' .

(a) ~. (.J.D) .
lmep WN4 = =(1000 J)J[(0.0007 m3)(1000 JAt.J)) = 1429 lcPa
(b) Efl. CW7e)
bmep =11.,mep =(Ul)(1429 kPa) =88§ Ith
(e) Bq. (2..17d)
rmep =lmep • bmep = (142, k:P.a) • (886 tPa) =!43 kPa
(d) Indicated (>01'er using Eq. (2.42) .
W1 =WNI• . ·· ·
~IClk.J/ayl-cyele)(2500/60.reY/see)(SC!Yl)J/(2reY/~l•)•106.2kW

.
IJq. lU1l
W, = 11.W1 = (0"2)(104.2 kW) ='4.§ kW =8" hp
or u..µig Bq.(2-81)
"1. = [(886)(3.5)(1S00/60)]1((1000)(2)J =64.6 kW
(e) EQ.~1) ·
.,. • (binep)VJ4rr s:a (8" kN/m'){0.0035 m~/4rr = 247 N-na
(c) Bq. (2..37d)
fmep =lmep • bml"{> =(14' kP.a) • (886 tPa) =!43 lcPa
(d) Indicated power using Eq. (M2) ·
W,=WNI• . -- '
... [ (lkJ/c:yl-cycle) (2500/60.n.,,/sae) (Seyl) JI (2S'aT/ey.c:l•) •1<>4. 2k'lf
- .
1141. (24'7l
w. = 11.w, = (0.0)(104.2 kW) =64.§ lsW =86.§ hp
or u.µ,g Bq. (2-81)
w. =[(su}(3.5){2S00/60))1((1000)(2)J = 64.6 kW
(e) Eq. (Ml) .
1"' • (bmep)VJ4n- ... (8U kN/m'}(0.0035 m~/4tr = ~7 N-na
or 1111ng Sl:I· (~-76) .
.,. =
(159.2)(64.6)/(1500/A) = 7.47 N-m
8
 Eq. (2-1) rw oae cyUnder
V, = U007 111> = ('lr{4)ais • ('11'/4)8'

B • S • O.G962 m = t.U mt

(b) .
"4· (.z.52}
OPD • 'llJV, • (6U kW)/(!500 c:m3) =9.011$ kWk!p 3

(c)
Eq. (Ul)
=
SV V;W., =(3508 cm.,/(6" kW)
(cl) .
Eq.~f) ·
\t, =\\1, - \\r11 = (104.2 kW) • ~ti4.~ kW) z 39.6 kW • 53.1 hR
(2-8)

(a)
mass Dow rate of fuel into engine
m, =0.0060 kg/sec from Example Problem 2-4

mass now of fuel not burned

= =
<m.>.. ,:.,(1 - 'IJ (0.0()()0 kg/sec)(I - 0.97)(3600 Stt/hr) = o.648 kg/hr
(b)
Eq,(2-73) •
(SE)ac ;c; dieJW. :: (648 gm/hr)/(773 kW} = 8.38 gm/kW-hr
(c)
mass Dow of unburned fuel emissions
m11c = [(0.648 kg/hr)(lOOO gmJkg))/(3600 sec/hr) =0.18 gm/sec
Eq. (2-74)
(E08c • • =(0.18 gm/sec)/(0.0060 kgfsec)
= mBc/m, =30 gm/kg
9
(l-9)

(a)
Eq. (2·9)
v, ... N.(,,./4)B2S = (8 cyl)('lf'/4)(5.375 ln.) 2 (8.0 ln.) = 1452 In.'

{It)
F.q. (2·15)
A, = ('7r'/4)B1 N, = (-sr/4)(5.375 ln.)2 (8 cyl) = 181.5 ln.2 = 1.260 ft1
Eq. (2-2)
UP = 2SN = (2 strokes/rev)(8/l.2 ft./stroke)(l000/60 rev/sec) ::: 22.2 rt/sec

~- (2.4S)
w.. :::
(bmep)A,U.,14
(152 hp)(SSO rt-lbf/seclhp) = 60 ft1)(22.2 rt/sec)/4

bmep = 11,955 lbf/ft2 = 83.0 psia

or usina Ea.(2-90)
 bmep = 11.955 lbf/fl2 = 83.0 psia
or using Eq.(2-90)
bmep = ((396,000)(151)(2)1/((1452)(100())] = 83.0 psia

(c)
Eq. (2-41)
"' = (bmcp)VJ4'r = (11,955 lbf/ft 1)[1452/(12)>]ft'/(4'ft') = 799 lbf-ft
or using EQ.(2-77)
f' = (5252) (152)/1000 = 79!> lbf-ft

(d)
~. (2-47)
• •
W1 = WJri,.. = (15.2 hp)/0.60 = 253 hp

(e)
Eq. (2-49)
.!; • •
w, = w, - w, = (253 hp) • (152 bp) = 101 hp
(2-10)

(a)
.sq. (2-71)
ii.= p.V,TJ,N/• : (1.181)(0.001500)(0.92)(3008160)/(2) =0.0407 lcc/sec
(b) .
rate of Cud Into engine using Eq. (2-55)
•
m, •
=
mJ(AF) •
=
= (0.G407 kg{sec)/21 G.00194 kg/sec = 6.9SS kglh.-
Bi· (2-~01
bslc.= m/W,. = ('SSS kglhr)/(48 kW) :: 0.1455 kglk.W-hr = 145.S m/kW-hr
(c)
mass now of shanst equals all' plus r11e1
•
m_ = ((1.0407)(22/.Zl) kg{scc)(3600 sedhr)
•
=J53.S kg/hr
(d)
Eq. (2-52} .
OPD WJV4 = =(48 kW)/(l.S L) =32 kWJL
(2-11)
(a)
Eq. (2-8) for one cylinder
vd = (S L)/6 =
0.8333 L = 833.3 cm) = ('D"/4)B2S = ('Tr/4) (0.92) 8 3

B = 10.49 cm S = 0..92 B = (().92)(10.49 cm) = 9.65 c111

(b)
Eq. (2-2)
U, = 2SN =(l strokes/rev)(0.0965 m/stroke) (2400/60 rt.v/sec) = 7.7? m/sec
(c)
Eq. (2-12)
·re= (V,, + V,)Nc = 10.2 = (833.3 + VJN~

V. = 90.6 cm>
(d)
Ii;q. (2-71)
•0
m ; p.VdTJ,N/n = {l.181)(0.005)(0.91)(2400/60)/(2) = 0.107 kg/sec
(2- 12)

(a) (500 miles)/(18 gal) = 27.78 mpg

(h) (3 . 785 L/gal)/[(27.78 miles/gal)(l.609 km/ mi.1e)]
• 0.0841 L/km s 8.47 L/100 km

(c) rate o~ fuel use during trip

J\•[(18gal)(3.785L/gal)(0.692kg/L)J/((12.Sbr)(3600 sec/hr))
• 0.001048 kg/sac

mass of CO
(0.001048kg/sec) [(28gm/kg)J(3600sec/br)(12.Sbr)/(1000gm/kg)
- 1.32 kg
(a) displacement volume of one cylinder
V0 • (0.0056 m3 }/(10 cylinders) • 0.00056 ~/cylinder
eq (2-8)
Va • (n/4)B 2 S - (0.00056 m3 ) • (n/4)B 2 (1.12 B)
B • 0.0860 m S - i.12 B = (1.12)(0.0860 m) • 0.0963 m
eq (2- .2)
UPm2SN... C2strokes/rev) ( 0 ~ 0.963m/ stroke) ( 3 600/ 6 OrevI sec)
.. ll.56 m/sec

(b) eq (2-76)
t ~ [(159.2)(162))/(3600/60) = 429.8 N~m

(C) eq (2-87)
bmep • [(6.28)(2)(429.8))/(5.6) = 964 kPa
(2-14)
(a) displaoement volume of one eylinder
V4 a (4800 om3 )/(8) • 600 ca3 /cylinder
Eq. (2-8)
(n/~)B S •
3
V4 • 600 on, s::: (n/4} (1.06 S) 2 S
s • 8.79 cm • 0,0879 m
(b) Eq, (2-2)
UP • 2SN "' (2 strokes/rev} (0.0879 Jll/stroke) {200~/60 rev/sec)
"" 5.86 m/sec

(c) each spark plug fires on eyele

(2000/2 cycles/min)(60 4 hr/day)(S days)
• 7 • .:zo x 10• cycles

(d) Eq, (2-71)

• • Q..,p.V;l/n
m_
•(0.92)(1,181kg/m,)(0.0G48m)/cycle)(2000/60rev/&ec)/(2rav/oycle)
"" 0.0870 ka/sec
(e} Eq. (2-55)
~ =
14..IAY = (0.08?0 kg/sec)/(14.6) a 0.0-0595 kq/ae9
(2-.15)

(•) .
Bq. (W) with B =S
v, • ~ c.r - c...H>•'S = c.+4)r
B =2.80cm s S

Eq. ~2)
11, =2SN =(2 l&robtlm')(O.G2GO m/meke)(IGCI0/'8 rev/s~) = 5.33 m/sec

Bq. (2-71)
.1.. • p.V41J.N/n • (1.181)(0.000006l8)(8.8S)(8000l'°)/(1) = 0.00084 krtaec

(c) .
. ~ (l-51») .
.t.; = (FA).t.. = (0,067)(8.00084 kg/sec) =5.63 11: 10'5 kg/sec
'

(4)
m,;: (S.63:1104 kc/scc)/(8900/'G m/sec)(l eyde/rev)) • 4.ll x IO"' kclmle
(a)
brake p-0wer using Eq. (2-43)
=
W~ = 2'n'N'T' (21r radians/rev) (S00/60 rev/sec)(76 N-m)/(1000 W/kW) = 6.365 kW

-or usiuv Eq.(2-80)

\\r• = (800/60)(76)/lSJ>.2 = 6.365 kW

mass flow rate or fuel

die = (0.11314 kgfmln)(IOOO gm/kg){60 min/hr) = 1695 gm/hr
:sq. ( :.Z-60l
hs(c = di/Wb =(1695 gru/hr)/(6.J65 kW) =266.3 2m/kW-hr
(b)
displacement volume using Eq. (2-9)
V4 = N.(1J'/4)Bis =
(1 cyl)(1r/4)(ll.9 m)
=
= .2353 cm} 2.353 L • 0.00

Eq. (241)
bmep = 4-rrT/V• = (411-)(76 N·m)/(0.002353 m 3) == 405,700 N/011 = 405,7 kPa
 bmep = 4-rrT/V• = {411-)(76 N·m)/(0.002353 m 3
) == 405,700 N/011 = 405,7 kPa
·or using Eq.(2-87)
bmep =(6.28)(2)(76)/(2.353) =4-05.7 kPa
or using Eq.(2-88)
bmep = (1000)(6.365)(2)/{(~.353)(800/60}) • 405.7 kPa

(c)
from above
•
W. = 6.365 kW
(d)
piston face area using Eq. (2·15)
~ = (1r/4)B1 = (1r/4)(1.2.9 cm)1 =130.7 cm 2

Eq. (2-51)
SP = WJA, = (6365 kW)/(130.7 cm1) = 0.0487 kW/cm1
(e)
Eq. (2-52) OPD = WJVd
• = (6.365 kW)/(2.353 L) = 2.71 kW/L
(I)
Eq. (2-53) SY • = (2.353 L)/(6.365 kW) = 0.370 llk\V
= VJWb
(2-17')
(a) Q= dic,dT
( (72 hp)(2S4S BTU/hc/hp)C0-'3)]{((;0 min/hr)
= (30 gal/min)(6:2.4 lbm/ff)(0.1337 ftl/gal)( l BTU/lbm-0 R)AT
AT = it• F T ...., ~ 46" + llG = sr F

(b} Eq. (2-43)

w. = 2TTN-r = (72 hp)(SSO ft-lbr/sec/bp)(60 seclmln) =(21r radlans/rev)(4050 rev/min)1'
.,. =
93.4 thr-rt

or using Eq. (2-77)

,,. = cs2s2) (7.2)t(40SO) = 93.4 1hr-tt
(c) brake power w. = c7z bp)(SSO ft-lhr/sec/hp)(60 stt/mln) =2.376 x 10 ft-Jbr/mln
6

Eq. (2-86)
bmep = nWJV.N = (2 rev/c 6 x 106 ft-lbf/nlin)/(0.1748 ft3) (4050 rev/min)
= 6712.4 lbr/rt.1 = 46.6 psla

o r using Eq.(2-90)
bmep = ((396,000)(72)(2))/((302)(4050)] = 46.6 psia
(2-18)
(a) P.OWtr out Of generator
• = (220 volls)(S4.2 amps) = 11,924 \.V = 11.924 kW
W,

brake p.ower rrom engine usirig Eq. (2·SO)

Wb = W/TJa.,. = (11.924 kW)/0.87::: 13.7 k\V = 18.4 hp

(b) ~· (.1-43)
=
W., 217'N-r = 13.7 k\V .= (21r radians/rev)(l200/60 rev/s«)'I'
,,. = 0.109 kN·m = 109 N·m
or uaing Eq.(2-76)
,,. =
(159.2)(13.7)/(1200/60) = 10~ N-m

(c) Eq. (2-40}

,,. = (bmep)V,J2'77' = 109 N-m = (brnep)(0.-0031 mJ/rcv)/('Vrr radians/rev)
bmep = 221,000 N/mi = 221 kPa
or using Eq.(2-87)
bmep = (6.28)(1)(109)/(3.l) = 2.21 kPa
16
(2-19)

(a}
Eq.(U5)
=
iia. ly.}.F) = (0.UI lqf/aec)(L7> = 8~ lcWsec
ZQ.(2-71) .
11. = n&Jp.V4" =(2)(U3'6)/(l.181)(tM6)(AOO/ff) = 0..950 ID !S.K

0-)
m. = e.33H kg/sec rrom aboft

(e)
JJt.1· (2-64) ; heat la for engine per time
Q.. = l.,Q..11c • (0.198 ~sec)(l.,,20 kJIJcc)(0.99) =l140.5 kJ/sec
heat In for cuclne per cycle
Q.. -= (2140.5 kJ/sec)(2 ~/qcle)/(QJ00/60 rt.T/ste) • 42.81 k.J/cycle
heat 111 per qdc per qllnder
Qi.= (42.Sl kJ/cydc)/(8 eyUnder) = 5,35 kJ/n1:m.;le
 heat In for engine per cycle
Q1• = (2140.S kJ/sec)(l rev/cycle)/(6000/60 rev/sec) =42.81 kJ/cycle
heat in per cycle per cylindec
Qi. = (42.81 kJ/cycle)/(I cylinder) = ~.3S kUcyl;;vcle
(d)
0.,.., = mrt Qsv(l • 11J ;: (0.198 kg/sec)(I0,920 k.J}kg)(l • 0.99) :: 21.6 kW
1
••
1

17
(2-20)
asswning four-stroke cycle

(a) Eq.(2-71)
I., ,. rJ,.P.V4N/n .
=(0.51)(1.181kg/ml)(0.0046m3 /cycle)(1750/60rev/sec)/(2rev/cycle)
a 0.0404 kg/sec

(b) Bq. (2-55)

~ • fh./AP = (0.0404 kg/sec)/(14.5) a 0.00278 kg/sec)

(C) Eq. (2•60)

befc~/~bD[(0.00278kg/sec)(lOOOgm/kq)(3600sec/hr)]/(32.4kW)
• 309 gm/kW-hr

(d) with same indicated thermal efficiency and same combustion

efficiency, fuel fl • • = : .. ed will be proportiona1 to
l flow rate needed for V4s
mechanical efficien
ifi, • (0.00278 kg/se . :
: 7)J • 0.00240 kg/sec
.;

gq.(2-55) gives air flow needed

m.~ ~{AF)= (0.002'0 kg/sec)(l8.2) a 0.0437 kg/sec

use Eq.(2-71) to find n~eded engine speed

m_ = Tl.P.V4N/n = (0.0437kg/sec)
=(0.86)(1.191kg/al){0.0023m!/cycle){N/60rev/ssc)/{2rav/cyc1e)
 (b) Bq. (2-55)
4c • tA.IAP a (O.O,Oi kg/sec)/(14.5) • 0.00278 Jcq/1eq>

(a) J&q. (2-60)

bafa-ia\1~•[(0.002'18kg/aeo)(1000oa/kG)(35001ec/llr)]/(32.&:kW)
• 3Q9 mlkW-br

(4) with same b41aat.a ~l aff:i.c:iency &D4 • - c:oml:na•Uoa

ef!Lcieac:y, f~el fl will :be prapor~ioD•l to
wh-dc:al effiai t!low rate ne•4.c1 ~or V4a
~ • co.0021e kfll• 7)1 • o.oa~&o 'lrlll••c
Bq. (2-55) gives air fl.ow Dee494
al.. Jl,(AI') • (0.00240 ksr/aee) (1&.2) • 0 .043? >cri/aec

uae JCQ. (2•71) eo filM'S: sieec:!ed engine •P•e4

J\. = n.,p.v..•lri • co.o•3'1:h;g/eec)
=(O.B6)(1,18tlcg/as)(0,002!a /ey~l•)(H/40r.v/•eo)/(2rev/ayc:1e)
9

H • 2245 lU'JI .

<•> EQ'.. (2-60)

b•fe•£.e1f..~l(0.002•0Jco/sec)(1000am/k9)(3f001eo/hr)J/(32.4kW)
• 267 gm/kW-Jut

(2-21)
•
(2-21)

(a) V 1 = (70 MPH)/(2.237 MPH/m/sec) ~ 31.29 m/sec

V 2 - (20)/(2.237) 8.94 m/sec=
2
~KE = (m/2gc) [V1
2
- V2 ]
=(1900 kg)/[(2)(1kg-m/N-sec2 ) ] [{31.29m/sec) 2 -(8.94) 2 )=854,180N-m
= 854.18 kJ
51% of this is recovered in battery
E = (854.18 kJ){0.51) • 436 kJ

(b) 24% of chemical. energy recovered

e = (26950 kJ/kg}(0.24) = 6468 kJ/kg

mass of fuel saved

m ~ (436 kJ)/(6468 kJ/kg) = 0.067 kg
18