Mesh and Post Processing

12/22/2017 OneNote Online
Meshing and post-processing

Monday, September 25, 2017 5:09 PM
Outline
Meshing in OpenFOAM
• Mesh definition in OpenFOAM
• Cell shapes
• Boundary conditions in OpenFOAM Meshing
○ Basic boundary conditions tutorials
○ Some common boundary conditions
○ Time-dependent boundary conditions
○ Specifying a 1D profile at a boundary
○ Other BCs
○ Details on the OpenFOAM implementation of BCs
• Building a mesh with blockMesh
○ An example mesh
○ Mesh grading Postproces…
○ Projection tutorials
• snappyHexMesh
○ Phases in mesh generation with snappyHexMesh
○ Geometry specification
○ Castellated mesh settings
○ Explicit refinement
○ Which part of the mesh to keep?
○ How to specify boundary conditions
○ Snap stage settings
○ Mesh quality control
○ Mesh conversion
Postprocessing
• Function objects
• Commonly used function objects
• Wall-bounded streamlines
• Post-processing from the command line
• Paraview and OpenFOAM
• Scalar transport function object
• Coded function object
• Adding a momentum source term
Machine generated alternative text: Introduction to OpenFOAM® OpenFOAM@ISU Part 2 –Meshing and post-processing PROF. ALBERTO PASSALACQUA – ALBERTOP@IASTATE.EDU DEPARTMENT
OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING –IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
https://iowastate.sharepoint.com/:o:/r/sites/openfoamisufall2017/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=%7BBBDD4466-0846-48D9-9717-1DE95… 1/35
Machine generated alternative text: Disclaimer Whilethisworkshopdealswithfreeandopen-sourcesoftwareforcomputationalengineeringin

general,wewilloftenrefertoOpenFOAM®.Beforetheworkshopstarts,wewouldliketomake sureyouareawarethatthefollowingdisclaimerapplies.
ThisofferingisnotapprovedorendorsedbyOpenCFDLimited(ESIGroup),theproducerofthe OpenFOAMsoftwareandowneroftheOPENFOAM®andOpenCFD®trademarks.Thespeakeris
notassociatedtoOpenCFDLimited/ESI. Allthetrademarksbelongtotherespectiveowner. OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 2
Machine generated alternative text: Course outline OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING 3 •Structure of the package and general description of the capabilities
•Structure of a simulation case in OpenFOAM® •A simple step-by-step example on how to run an OpenFOAM simulation Introduction •Meshing •Post-processing Meshing and post-processing •Add a
transport equation to an existing solver •Implement a new turbulence model •Implement a boundary condition Solver customization •Brief overview of quadrature-based moment methods •Example
capabilities of OpenQBMMapplied to population balance equations and mixing problems OpenQBMM–Quadrature-based moment methods in OpenFOAM®
Machine generated alternative text: Meshing in OpenFOAM® OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 4
Machine generated alternative text: Mesh definition in OpenFOAM® [1] A mesh is defined in OpenFOAMby ◦ Points ◦ A location in 3D space, always (also in 2D) ◦ Each point is identified by a label
(an integer index) ◦ Cannot have two points in the same location ◦ Faces ◦ An ordered list of points, each referred by its label ◦ Order is specified so that two neighboring points are connected by one
edge ◦ Each face is identified by a label ◦ Right-hand rule defines the face normal vector: if points are ordered counterclockwise, when looking at the face, the face normal vector points towards the
observer. ◦ Two types of faces ◦ Internal : shared by two (and only two) cells ◦ Boundary : shared by a boundary and one cell OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 5 0 1 2 3 4 𝐒 𝐟 Notes: ◦ Faces are expected to have center inside the face (ideally, convex ) ◦ They can be warped (not all points need to lay on the same plane)
Machine generated alternative text: Mesh definition in OpenFOAM® [2] ◦ Cells ◦ Cells are defined by a list in arbitrary order (OpenFOAMdoes not rely on the cell ordering, but on the point and face
ordering!) ◦ Requirements: cells must be ◦ Contiguous , without overlap: cells must extend over the entire computational domain, without overlapping each other ◦ Closed : ◦ Geometrically : all face
area vectors are oriented to point outwards of the cell, their sum should equal the zero vector to machine accuracy ◦ Topologically : all the edges in a cell are used by exactly two faces of the cell in
question ◦ Convex , and contain their center ◦ Boundary ◦ A boundary condition is identified by its patch in OpenFOAM(list of faces) ◦ The boundary of the computational domain is the list of patches
(it contains all the BCs). The OpenFOAM® mesh is identified as polyMesh, and is stored as a set of files: ◦ Case top directory ◦ constant directory ◦ polyMesh directory ◦ points : list of vectors describing
the cell vertices ◦ faces : a list of faces ◦ owners : a list of owner cell labels, the index of entry relating directly to the index of the face ◦ neighbours : a list of neighbourcell labels ◦ boundary : a list of
patches, with a dictionary specifying: ◦ type of the patch (wall, patch, cyclic, …) ◦ startFace : index of first face of the patch ◦ nFaces : number of faces belonging to the patch OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE
FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 6
Machine generated alternative text: Cell shapes OpenFOAM® can, in principle, use any cell shape For convenience and compatibility with other tools, several cellShapesare defined (Figures from
OpenFOAMUser’s guide, 2017). Keywords are used in blockMeshto identify the type of cell (or block) to be specified. OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 7
Machine generated alternative text: Boundary conditions in OpenFOAM®[1] A bit of clarity… ◦ OpenFOAMuses boundary conditions for several operations ◦ The application of mathematical
boundary conditions ◦ Geometric constraints (symmetry, …) ◦ Mathematical constraints (Values, gradients, …) ◦ The communication between parts of the computational domain in loosely coupled
methods ◦ The communication between different blocks of the domain in parallel simulations Geometric constraints ◦ cyclic: generalization of periodic condition ◦ cyclicAMI: as cyclic but for sliding
interfaces (non- matching faces). ◦ empty : for 0D, 1D, 2D cases, for faces normal to unsolved directions ◦ patch : no geometry/topology specification. It is the base for all mathematical BCs ◦ processor :
separates two blocks in parallel calculations ◦ symmetryPlane : planar symmetry condition ◦ symmetry :generic symmetry condition for non- planar BCs ◦ wall :solid wall (no-penetration condition). Base
for no-slip and slip conditions, wall-functions. ◦ wedge : for axi-symmetric simulations (see later). OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 8
Machine generated alternative text: Basic boundary conditions ◦ DirichletBC ◦ 𝜓 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 → fixedValue ◦ Geometric boundary must be of type patch ◦ Specification in variable file to which the
condition has to be applied ◦ For a vector ◦ Components correspond to the frame of reference used to generate the mesh If the surface is not a plane, to specify value along the normal: OPEN-SOURCE
SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 9
Machine generated alternative text: Basic boundary conditions ◦ Neumann BC ◦ 𝐧 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 → fixedGradient ◦ The special case of zero gradient becomes ◦ Mixed BC (Robin) ◦ Combination of
fixedValueand fixedGradient ◦ valueFraction( 𝜆 ) ◦ 1 =refValue ◦ 0 =refGradient ◦ Implementation ◦ 𝑥 = 𝜆 ⋅ refValue+(1− 𝜆 ) 𝑥 + ◦ 𝛿 → inverse distance from face centre to internal cell centre ◦
directionMixed tensorialvalueFraction OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 10
Machine generated alternative text: Some common boundary conditions Too many to list them all, but you can find them: ◦ simpleFoam-listScalarBCs ◦ simpleFoam-listVectorBCs We see a few: 1.
No-slip 2. Slip 3. Time-dependent conditions 4. inletOutlet 5. fixedProfile No-slip OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 11 Slip Reminder : the
corresponding patch must be wall , or the code will terminate with error.
Machine generated alternative text: Time-dependent boundary conditions [1] The simplest example is a scalar value which changes in time ◦ uniformFixedValueBC ◦ Uses the Function1 method to
specify the time dependency ◦ constant ◦ csvFile ◦ polynomial ◦ Polynomial specified as list of (coefficient, exponent) ◦ sine ◦ Sine wave function ◦ square ◦ Square wave function ◦ table ◦ Inline table of
pairs (time value) ◦ Linear interpolation between values ◦ tableFile ◦ Same as table, but from file Examples ◦ constant ◦ csvFile OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -
ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 12
Machine generated alternative text: Time-dependent boundary conditions [2] ◦ polynomial ◦ sine OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 13 ◦
square
Machine generated alternative text: Time-dependent boundary conditions [3] ◦ table ◦ tableFile OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 14 The
file format is the same as for the table type
Machine generated alternative text: Specifying a 1D profile at a boundary fixedProfile ◦ csv file ◦ Polynomial expression OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 15
Machine generated alternative text: Specifying a 1D profile at a boundary fixedProfile ◦ csv file ◦ Polynomial expression OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 16 Function1 type Format: (value, exponent) Origin along the direction vector
Machine generated alternative text: Other frequently used BCs inletOutlet ◦ Works like an outlet (zeroGradient) ◦ Fixed a value if there is backflow fixedFluxPressure ◦ Used for pressure ◦ When body
force terms act on boundaries adapts the gradient accordingly fixedFluxPressure ◦ Used for pressure ◦ When body force terms act on boundaries adapts the gradient accordingly Many others for
specific applications ◦ Wall-functions ◦ Heat transfer ◦ Multiphase simulations ◦ Contact angle ◦ Granular temperature ◦ … OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 17
Machine generated alternative text: Some more details about BCs OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 18 Basetype patch wall symmetry
empty wedge cyclic processor Primitive type fixedValue fixedGradient zeroGradient mixed directionMixed calculated Derived type inletOutlet pressureInletOutletVelocity …
Machine generated alternative text: Some derived boundary conditions From: OpenFOAM User’s Guide OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA
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Machine generated alternative text: Building a mesh with blockMesh The blockMeshutility ◦ Generates block-structured meshes ◦ Parametric meshing ◦ Can handle straight and curved edges ◦
Graded spacing ◦ Mesh generated by running the blockMesh command in a terminal We illustrate with an example ◦ Cylinder immersed in a flow ◦ Two-dimensional domain ◦ Symmetry conditions
applied OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 20 From: OpenFOAM User’s Guide tutorials/stressAnalysis/solidDisplacementFoam/plateHole/
Machine generated alternative text: blockMesh–An example [1] We have to ◦ Decompose the geometry in blocks ◦ Faces with 4 edges ◦ Edges can be straight lines or arcs ◦ Number the vertexes
Each block has a local right-handed coordinate system OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 21 Figures from: OpenFOAM User’s Guide
Machine generated alternative text: blockMesh–An example [2] The description of the mesh and of the geometry is specified in the blockMeshDictdictionary ◦ Vertices ◦ Blocks ◦ Edges ◦ Boundary
All geometries in OpenFOAMare tridimensional ◦ 2D ◦ 1 cell thickness ◦ Axisymmetric ◦ 1 cell thickness ◦ 1 face collapsed ◦ Repeated vertex ◦ X axis crossing the arc OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR
COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 22 Figures from: OpenFOAM User’s Guide
Machine generated alternative text: blockMesh–Specifying vertices OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 23 From: OpenFOAM User’s Guide
Scale factor List of vertices
Machine generated alternative text: blockMesh–Specifying blocks OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 24 From: OpenFOAMUser’s Guide,
2014 Vertices forming the block (8) Number of subdivisions in each direction Type of grading: -simpleGrading -edgeGrading Expansion ratio (max/min)
Machine generated alternative text: Mesh grading OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 25 y x z
Machine generated alternative text: blockMesh–Specifying edges OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 26 From: OpenFOAMUser’s Guide,
2014 TypeDescriptionRequires lineStraightline (optional)Nothing polyLineSet of linesList of points arcCircular arcOne point simpleSplineSpline curveList of points polySplineSet ofsplinesList of points
Start/end vertices Point that belongs to tothe arc
Machine generated alternative text: blockMesh–Boundaries OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 27 From: OpenFOAM User’s Guide Name of
the BC Type of the BC List of faces that belongs to the BC
Machine generated alternative text: Other features in blockMesh Parameters ◦ Useful for repeated values Projection ◦ Useful to generate meshes on curved surfaces ◦ Geometry can be defined as ◦
searchableSurface: basic shapes (sphere, cylinder, …) ◦ VTK extruded edges OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 28 Define parameters Use them
with $ before the name tutorials/mesh/blockMesh/sphere tutorials/mesh/blockMesh/pipe
Machine generated alternative text: blockMeshprojection [1] 1. Define the geometry onto which the projection has to be done block 2. Define the a hex block and edges OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE
FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 29 User-defined name (used later) It can be any searchableSurface object.
Machine generated alternative text: blockMeshprojection [2] Same strategy: ◦ First vertices ◦ Then blocks ◦ Then edges OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 30 Faces of the hex block can now be projected on the sphere.
Machine generated alternative text: blockMeshprojection [3] 3. Project the faces of the hex block on the sphere OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 31 4. Boundaries are applied to faces, with the same indexing used in the projection:
Machine generated alternative text: snappyHexMesh What is snappyHexMesh ◦ Automatic, hex-dominatmesh ◦ Ensures a specified set of constraints on the mesh are satisfied Basic idea ◦ Define the
geometry using a CAD ◦ STL format ◦ OBJ format ◦ Create a “box” mesh around the geometry with blockMesh ◦ snappyHexMeshwill attempt to mesh the surface based on the ◦ Settings in
snappyHexMeshDict OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 32 tutorials/mesh/snappyHexMesh/flange/
Machine generated alternative text: Mesh generation steps in snappyHexMesh OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 33
Machine generated alternative text: snappyHexMeshDict Let’s examine the configuration file ◦ system/snappyHexMeshDict 1. What steps will be executed? OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR
COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 34 snappyHexMeshDict Layers for wall refinement
Machine generated alternative text: snappyHexMesh–Geometry specification OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 35 STL (ASCII) or OBJ files
User-defined label, used later to identify the surface searchableSurface(as in blockMesh!) As many as needed!
Machine generated alternative text: Castellated mesh settings OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 36 Max allowed number of cells on each
core Absolute max number of cells Note: this is before removing the cells the surface!
Machine generated alternative text: Explicit refinement Features (edges) ◦ Assumes surfaceFeatureExtracthas been run to generate edge meshes ◦ Does not work if implicit feature detection is active
(easier and typically better) Surfaces Regions OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 37
Machine generated alternative text: Which part of the mesh to keep? If the STL defines a closed surface, and only one part needs to be retained: ◦ Indicate a point inside the domain ◦ Not on a face
◦ The mesh on the side of the surface containing the point will be kept. What if we need to retain both sides of the mesh with respect to a surface ◦ Useful in MRF applications, for example. ◦ Specify
the locationInMeshas usual, in the main region of the mesh (i.e. out of MRF) ◦ Define cellZoneand faceZone OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA
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Machine generated alternative text: How to specify boundary conditions? It can be done at the mesh generation stage ◦ In the castellated mesh control sub-dictionary ◦ For each surface that will be
refined ◦ Add a patchInfodictionary, with the type of the BC ◦ The name of the BC will be the name of the surface OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 39
Machine generated alternative text: Snap stage settings OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 40 Implicit or explicit feature snap? ◦ Explicit ◦
Works best for relative simple geometries ◦ Relies on edge mesh ◦ Explicit control on the refinement ◦ Implicit ◦ Typically works best for complex geometries ◦ No need to worry about edge meshes ◦
Generates a mesh that satisfies the global requirements
Machine generated alternative text: Mesh quality control Default values for parameters in ◦ …/etc/caseDicts/mesh/generation/meshQualityDict.cfg ◦ Can be overridden in two ways ◦ Complete re-
definition (again, 2 ways) ◦ in snappyHexMeshDict ◦ via #include directive ◦ Relaxing some parameter setting in the snappyHexMeshDict OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL
ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 41
Machine generated alternative text: Mesh conversion Many FOSS and commercial tools generate grids which can be converted into OpenFOAM format ◦ cfx4ToFoam ◦ fluentMeshToFoam ◦
gambitToFoam ◦ gmshToFoam ◦ ideasToFoam ◦ starToFoam Some commercial packages also export directly to OpenFOAM format ◦ Pointwise A few notes on mesh conversion ◦ Some formats require
cleanup before being processed ◦ See OpenFOAM User’s guide for the specific utility ◦ Naming of boundary conditions may need to be corrected by hand ◦ Renumber imported meshes to reduce
bandwidth ◦ Other tools may generate meshes with different logic from OpenFOAM ◦ renumberMesh–overwrite OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO
PASSALACQUA 42
Machine generated alternative text: Post-processing OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING -ALBERTO PASSALACQUA 43

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12/22/2017 OneNote Online

Meshing and post-processing

Machine generated alternative text: Disclaimer Whilethisworkshopdealswithfreeandopen-sourcesoftwareforcomputationalengineeringin

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