Chapter 25

CHAPTER A 25
,,'ri'
1
CONJI.II{CTION
.
.::.
I. DEFIMTION (T(\F|) s
frcu-r stslEF lv
Rahim goes there. (<Qa Cc"tfcl <l-R t)
Karim goes tfrere. (+Rl cqqr{{l:I I
b"tc-<-< <roi qFc+ q-<rq a'K fi{t l,ltr

Rahim and Karim go there.
(<fu c<r+fu cc"lRq{ra' r
yOR <tsiFcs and $Rfr Eq:r Et {tr€rK Rahim

1y*, €i( Karim 4i
'l-E EtTT {'s srdlq I ,.cF qE conjunction <l cq6$sTo fi I
qRT, frrr-s{$l qt flg

He is known in the village.
He is known in the town.
E*lc"{-{ <lsj AF< grsf-sfts He is known qfltr-{ qsi, <Tft q({erEt
ql-EtFt I qfi (i
<fft qSq E dkT and EIsTI {e srn 'll€Rt <.1-< I
He is known in the village and in the town. (€rllC{ known {RE-s)

=
qq yqT <lflQFrp in the village
€t( in the town €i phrase qtro c<
-f<[tr Ts srrq sl {fl and. qF qe
conjunction. (in the village €(( in the
town-u{rh3[ QIsfSrS phrase n"tt <T gll{ S1q"i qfq-{ gfs16s-<.T.qj q*t1q-.
word ElCe q<( 6$l{ finite verb <t qff;ffi fuxf of r)
qKR foTr<tsiEt
"rg
She went to market.
She bought a book.
Tlsi T'trrs She (subject) qst Tfi
frq <Ift q(.t arfl fra fre r Eqq
'{<( frfr{'?rtr$}T bought a book q? Efb qidn and
{1-6{i"{ went to marker
SFI Tg; s'(< 9fts<t <t* r
She went to market and bought a book.

€{16{ and EtTt CT ETD E(.lrS {s <rtrl qfT.A E|Ch3I ECsl-SC{ TCFT
clause.
TR"t qil er.r-lr$R s-fiks .lrfir w-{c{ rt6s s<( scq-{ errsl-r$-{ Tc{t
€$F or{
finite verb <I cTlftfi ft"Tl (went €{( bought) 9Ie r
Grammar : Conjunction 463
ER6{ (.{ conjunction ITD word, phrase, Rl clause-C$ I({s

cq'rfi ctlaT
F-K r el.s\5 elcsBl EtF ql, Et <l ETglf\-s word, phrase, clause ll sentence
6iF conjunction {({S s,f< I \5lqrE {El {l{-
Definition : A conjunction is a part of speech that connects
two or more words, phrases, clauses, or sentences-
(Conjunction Cq .{+F part of speech {TEE<I $l'sTR-s word, phrase,
_{r
clause, lI sentence-6S {s Fl.3 I
*:'
9
,rr-{l3r conjunction *Ks qFlfi-s {Rcll "rfir$t{ F-fl-d q-{t frCE{ snrq<q e[EI
:
fj TCarC{E K CES 'l-g 3
:
....
l s€ntearce conjunction TFSrfiq

1. He is poor but (he is) honest. but fi clause-Cs t
2. Rahim or Karim will go. or Et word-ro t
3. We saw him playing football and

shouting with the boYs. and !'F phrase-6$ I
4. He is a lawyer and teacher and

poet and sportsman. and 5-Kfr word 6$
II. KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS

(conjunction .fi efSKNq)
Conjunction Cl{f{qs Et slst-T{; S?n c
l
A. Coordinating or Coordinative Conjunction
B. Subordinating or Subjective Conjunction.
qfiqFr<t qaril qirc{ fiMR\9- 9r< ql+< r
A. Coordinating Conjunction
{Q <t scslfi-s
crl >FI conjunction qlc{ft{ (of equal rank) clause-cs {s
Ffn Effq-{f$ {(al coordinating conjunction. C$l;[ 3
He studied hard and passed the exam.
Study hard or you will fail in the exam.
4
Elr-<< <t+i nT}c.o and {K( or Fl coordinating conjunction. slstr'l '.c-<t ETD
:
]I{GSft{ clause 6s {s 4T<(Q I
(fi, Fl5llrEl Ei s qqc$ft< clause Rrlce ft {<|l-{ Ecrcq? ql, ql ffifs

slFt\r=l6{qWCsEK I
E{rl <fCqi He studied hard €{( (he) passed the exam ql qTB Ral clause
{frq-<rs and $ sr<-cq I qTI wc$fu clause TEt'l .{Tt ErsK-si qfQ-{; qlsn-$l
qFrm <lsi frqr< <r<qo qcs "tr<\5;
qliF< qRlRl 6"{f{ q<-fi< w 11 I crfi s
He studied hard. (c{ +cbf< ryn-qofi +r<&q r)

He passed the exam. (fr {ftw1T "fl'{ sr<RE r)
E'fr ?rolq lr{(c't{ r q<lQ wffcq-{ S"ic<-< ecN tsqFrq clause Rffi.<
<I{qsEc-<-cq I
464 A passage to the English Language
qu]< frqR gq'*r"k clause qBcse
EF qmd ntr$i {R"i\o +Tt ${, s-sF{
vdr+ qqpl s-{r\9 q"KF< cRTRr< q<-ff{ ca ql I m{-{ s
Study hard. 6r5t< rynorno-< ry
You will fail in the exam. (gfr €slT CTFITTr< l)

cQq$tlft{ (independent)<t-$j{ qrftq< Uffin fr-qx #cq .ruurn
Rrryr< or Ftrq) slTtTs{cTCq r
ERC-E EF-{l
11f{]T C$.{ crause Qrfltr$ vrfu e wc$fi-{ 34} qCrcq r qrt
qfT 9FKI qil\g E.lqFilS C{ and
4<l( or {{ coordinating conjunction. sTlK.S.ft
&fic ,"T.o <rq s qtfiq coordinating conjunction sKT
j.r:3 w clause sffics r6f,
:i.j:;
coordinate clause.Clause q{llfR CslT<l .! <ITflfK vFT vlf< qf45q
I
Coordinaiing conjunction cs q<F ffi{i|v ukfi vtrrt slrl

irfl qT a
(a) Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions.
(b) Alternative or Disjunctive Coni'unctions.
(e) Adversative Conjunctions.
(d) Illative Conjunctions.
L{<lr qerEt i*R-6ffi qlTt sts I
_.;!a) Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions

-_ G$cfi<
qE conjunction effl {q
q[ftr slq €, (Tl coordinate clause-6iF

c$) {F Tr{ I
cq{{ 3 Go there. (Cnrlfct IIs r)

you willfind him. (gfr ETr$
{cT t)
<l$i Et?T and E1il {s S'(i 'il€TI {l{ Go there and you will find him.
(q?F{ft-qq$IqTD clause .c 1ftqs{ffi"A r)
q1<Il{- Biva has passed the exam.
Eva has passed the exam.
<I$i nF 'lrs qF{tskq c{ Biva €{( Eva Eegg {lxt s-c 6e I (rFrrs
Both-and EktIFT'G fllrg$<fs r
Both Biva and Eva have passed the exarn.(both = Es{q)

(E'ltT{ <T-SiFrs have 43r <]<.Er{ {sl s-{ t)
qq'C-{ The president has come.
The secretary has come.
<IOlntm as well as (= 3p6, .{<9 El<l Ts S'6S efisTl SIT
The president as well as the secretary has come.
(qSj Si, as well as €-rT EErt singular subject SRqs
SeT.[q <,C{ singular
verb-has-3]ttQs € l)
qKK Biva has passed the exam.
Eva has passed the exarn.
<]?Ft ETDF CnCt Tl[q, E{ Biva-E i]tr, Eva-€ 'lIIt TCfiq r {s<t( not noly . .
. but also nm{clltro{sqd]In s
Not only Biva but also Eva has passed the exam. (tsI fr-vR iT, i9e
flAsl{ 'lFt:FGKQ t)
qtEld You are fit (Bq{'s) for the job.
He is fit for the job.
a;al qtre ,{slr{ il1il qfr ffou)st{ (he) cF[T qR FlsF< 0ob)
s-<t s1T a
q-{'I C$.|qq(rqS{E"qwTs rslRr{ no less-than <K{t{ a'6 <fni ltr+ 5r
silt{FF 3
You are no less fit for the job than he.

(no less . . . than : . . . CD-6T CfFq(IrtS{. . . {€)
EXERCISEI A. I am very active (of)) and I am ready to do any

challenging job-3-{i F[s and C+ coordinating conjunction <ail qn C+:q?
i{ R tqstE<t€rFro osrs cocdloe r
if B. frr6< qBrqrgt <r{rm <qA-{ {c<j qqs FK6.f q{crc{ {F s< s

E 1. (a) Rahim said so.
** (b) Karim said so. (both . . . and El{l)

2. (a) His {ather is educated (Fifrs).
F 3.
(b)
(a)
His mother is educated. (as well as Eld)
He did it.
f-
t
His brother did it. (not only . . . but also El-<trl)
(b)
4. (a)
Rina is beautiful.
fiF Mina is beautiful. (no less . . . than El{t)
(b)
t 5. I have read this book.
(a)
fi5l I have read that book. (both . . . and E'ITI)
(b)
,1
n Ans. B. (i) Both Rahim and Karim said so. (2) His father as well as his
mother is educated. (3) Not only he but also his brother did it. (4) Rina is
1
)i no less beautiful than Mna. (5) I have read both this book and that.
.a
la
(b) Alternative or Disjunctive Conjunctions
@ G{ry{ conjunction erf,l qE-
li'i eltner .......... or

neither. .. .. . . ..nor
or, otherwise
@ ifiB vR <lTs6{td {a{i Rr€:rta e+6* **

<-*Gfd conjunction erot
6{'{ I {C{il{({, ftq coordinating conjunction q< q1aT I {lq ,4SF sRfS
q<ts
c<refrcq€ qfi{tTlft{qr{{q$ 6ctrsE .lrsftT cvR tr{ I
6{[sFI 3 Biva has not passed the exam.

Eva has not passgd the exam.
APTEL_30
466 A Passage to the English Language
<lTi EF{ qIE]sFE negative <} 4t-c{I{s I q?$r{ c{ffi sl-cq c{, Biva T1
Eva rcGt {'.t sl.<fr r qsei negative qcd qTErF c{rq 6-sf{ E-{i neither ....
nor ?II<[Q9 qs r iaR6q b"tc<-< <t+l qtr+ c+re 6{} ]lR-
Neither Biva nor Eva has (have T{l) passed the exam.
(fr-o a to c<fa qftqa "tlt +c<fr r)
qf$r Study hard. FdK "rgt fi1tTr)
You will fail in the exam.
" Rfr {Attr @E$irtrr r)

".g,
Study hard or (otherwise) you will fail in the exam. (ofh< efs-kaftt o-:f
Rt{ gfr {ftstr FdTF-{c{ t)
EXERCISEI A. 6QI$ <fSI Cs neither . . . nor El{l{p€{ 3

1. (a) Rahim did not go there. 3. (a) I do not eat mangoes.
(b) Karim did not go there. (b) I do not eat bananas.
2. (a) Rahim did not go to market. 4. (a) He did not study.
(b) Rahim did not go to school. (b) He did not work.
5. (a) He has not touched the plate.
(b) He has not broken the plate.
B. or <I otherwise frcr frru< qfrrq'lgt <1-qi-5q Ts <-{ s
1. (a) Work hard. 2. (a) Move aside (w54 q1s;.
(b) You will be successful. (b) You will die.
3. (a) Read this chapter from this book.
(b) You will not pass the exam.
Ans. B. (1) work hard or (other wise\ you will not be successful. (2)
Move aside or (otherwise) you will die. (3) Read this chapter from this
book or (otherwise) you will not pass the exarn.
A. (1) Neither Rahim nor Karim did go there. (not T*t6{ 4l I dfdcl
neither .. nor q< TC{i? neqative \qd (frfts I)
(2) Rahim went neithei to markii nor'to school. (3) i eat neither
mangoes nor bananas. (41 He neither studied nor worked. (5) He has
neither touched the plate nor has he broken it. (cc ?llttF ct-sefi, st(g\efi t)
or, He has neither touched nor broken the
^ (c) Adversative Conjunctions

.ct c$Ek Conjunction-gffl {4-
ut I nevert
yet I on the contrary
still I while
however I whereas
o
467
Ertr e*r{ {c$ eE-{T

He is rich. (m qft)
ffi'#:;::;" <,-ods <{, RsFr B
He is unhappy. lmvqQ)
<TsrEF< q<ffi €rs qr(<<ffi{q +r( r {ft Erq cu-flD< rrqn qft <t r
ft.q qE <lsr EK;r +-rfu cvcq ffi ffil qdq {p{t( but (fr{), yet 1urfff}t,
r
ugs), still (E-{s)--{fr srofafr s-aq6 or< W qF* El{i q4ql Fdl ql1 .
He is rich but (he is) unhappy.
<1, He is rich, yet he is unhappy.
' ;;l:" <1, He is rich, still he is unhappy.
t*.
however-qil * ''qBr{F"; utrs qtr Rra& vn-+< sc{r Gltf{g q"F Fr< I
R5FI 3
He behaved rudely with me. (cnvF[<cft{fif{<r+qta+r<Rq r)

I love him.
a6qtZe qst{IFsstTt{-
He behaved rudely with me; however, I love him.
nevertheless q{ "E{tf}" I clR conjunction fre qfB fr-+n-of+r+ nrqw
F-C{ | C{lf{ 3 He did not study hard. He passed the exam.
<fo qtc.n fiF-*r"t {6 s-<t Tt{-
He did not study hard; nevertheless he passed the exam.
on the contrary CE qsF phrase, q< qd qE "q"i-?f"I[s" 'fiqft-s@cl" r
(t conjunctionfrs qF "K-l< RLTfft sR-rs c({Rr qrd I
R:l{ 3 He is an honest man.(c{ q?F-q-{ qq cqts t)

His son has become a thief.
<to qtrc fiFsret {s s-{t {H-
He is an honest man; on the contrary (or, on the other hand), his
son has became a thief. q$'Cat-
I did not want to do any harm to you. (ffi 6q{f{ C<tf{ q& o-<ls
uffi 11
I wanted to help you. (ffi cslTfr$ qRFI T-{cs cx'*ftEB 1;
<Io nFm firnct p o-* <m-

I did not want to do any harm to you; on the contrary, I wanted to
help you.
while : whereas = c{i{Ifi, q'ReK's I q E€ conjunction g EfB eRDl<
frcaft w<< *"
*a1e II'td F(T r G:Fr-
He is a very honest man.
His son is very dishonest.
<tol qtTs frrmm {(F $-fl str-
He is a very honest man while (whereas) his son is very dishonest.
only qef "(<538" ctrs qt frL<lft-rit<< {c{i 6{]''f{5 qfi $r{ I c{,5FT B
Use the machine. (<-dF ir<EF s<)
Take care that you do not break it. (c{{lE ctrc?ll 6{'{ qBI Csrfl qt l)
468 A Passage to the English Language I
<rsi EtL-s firqc"i {$ T-{t <ls r-

Use the machine, only take care that you do not break it. (TSF <I{{<
TK, el C?EIrE C{Ctt 6{'{ dl{l
rerrg mt r)
eRcq cq?tt 6fi R only ql{l qrB.ldel$tFFsq{ |
EXERCISEI A. <lsi-6s <s'ft{ {c$ eh-s Fri"f q{{l({ {s

T.?t 3
1. (a) He was very strong.

" ili:l (b) He was defeated ("ffis) bet, still, nevertheless)
:j.j:;
2. (a) You have come late. (S cqR6o qrqS l)
(b) Start working. (however)
3. (a) I did not buy the hen.
(b) I sold it. (on the contrary)
4. (a) Read all my books.
(b) Do not part wiih (SfeqfVT e<l) them. (only)
(d) Illative Conjunctions

q {fc{'< conjunction ecql q[E-
{<lTr" <Fqs qn rqcfiq, €FF

slq 'ffi" (+af) qT( q'R qFF sR '?.R"i"-,4< I'C<l €R conjunction s({l
q-;-{qp6 $"r<' I qqfsrs< ${rcq fi{<ic"t fieaft 6-<xq cqco "lIK s
+t-<.1-+T6 (sslsE)
tr${ s He has starved for three days. (fi frq ft-{ {c< ql c{R qrq l)
He has become weak. (c{ q'f{ C6{ flcu.re r)

qqIF qelq <lsi fr E{ er{q q<( frfr{ <r+iF qq $GII{FET I qrq-{rs firqr"t
{ss.dlnl-s-
He has starved for three days; therefore ({wl<) he has become
weak.
{, He has starved for three days; as a result, he has become weak.
(l
He has starved ihree days. consequently, he has become weak.
ffi <rsr qq{t "TEmFq" s-sf"ls sf<F* qKut therefore, as a
$qr-<q
result, consequently--4s(41 <F{< sr<R r frtRsocl, qlTil for (4T<"1)
<]-{{K scr\€ {9 <lTi'thq =F-{rs {Ksls r s"li':s'r{ci" er$,I-ls sr<F< slc't for
<]T{RrS-{Cs-qs rc{${ 3
He has become weak, for he has starved for three days.
NOTE : ffiFts cgqsrqlF conjunction funs for<Kq-{ s"{l<H4} I
(i) R Verb F<E1-<1FqlS-{{<IITsl{qfl't for<r{ql-{s.{lsl{ql I

Inc. For it was wet (cv91) he took a rickshaw'

(,!?ffF took € SdlI+?I, it was wet Eq Tf{q)
Cor. Because it was wet he took a rickshaw'
Or, He took a rickshaw for it was wet'
(ii) Not&ut + for 9f i Tf{qs q[o
ell6{ nl 3
Inc. He passed the exam, not for he had studied hard ('{Q.6{I T{ R
fr +Th< qvil-{{ oc-<Aq) but for he had adopted unfairmeans'
(fr-q qqrdl cs cc q'{T"tt{ q-<"Tfi ot-<Rql
Cor. ii;;;;;i u."l"te he had studi'ed hard but because he
:t9::?
l::, : ""i
adopted unfairmeans'
(ii0 6sl{ Erd-d v€-d frrg FITT for Tr<rqR sitl {Et {t 3
Inc. Whv did he not come?-For he was ill'

e;;. wit; aia rt" ""t come?-Because he was ill'
(iv) 6s Tffi qFql3t {qt qGEq
q6 fiffi1 F-<t(s for <K{rd €fl {rr{
4I' r For SKI C{Fr N-{ R{{.rS Fr[fll T-{Co qr{ I
in Hindi' ..
il.''Htrpokein t-iinai. Snn was angry for he spoke
a;;. H; sioke in rii"Ji. srt" *ut un!ry because he spoke in Hindi'
ft-q+ffi <fr qnt <EI l'l ccr alf[s sl-scq for Kl€lK s-{l {Ic< 3
Cor. She was angry' for she did not know Hindi'
NOTE.6{K CT'{ for €K glCat €<fr T{l (,) <c{, q<i <E]3t rr$tr for 4l
qrc{ (QqFfts q-s I
B. Subordinating Conjunction
eITfl coordinuti.,g ;oij;J; c*fr-ffi-{efu c{ c{qrEt qE <ls*i1i.s
?tft{ clause 6$ {s FGtr t Subordinating conjunction ftq
q oK ql I
Subordinaiing conjunciion q{{ {< clause-6$ {s TC{ {tcq<

s-sB{ €m q"f<E
qde3in T<60 ql r sR6E 6qI<lR
fi,.6rfte; q3;fi< qTq1-q1 qg w+E EI{ fi-q"
ellc<
Ifrq. 6{ clause QI]{I( E-C$ qsF sc< flft{ <I independent

tfi( qffifr ({t
q"Kqr{I) W< & {Iffi< E"r< fi-.5rq-q I <rl9lKFrs qF-d EqR{C"t< I'I{Irq T{rR
ru?+R r
We study hard so that we can pass the exam'

(qffi scbK ?iv'n341+R <tro qtq<t €s'F fi T-<1€ {fr l)
<w frrs AE wei st'l $-fl <t{-

We study hard. (q1r.fl +cbf< l-vlt-Erll TR)
qlr{'fl "IA$TT ffi +-<-re ffi
So that we can pass the exam. ($F
r)
q?Il[{ qeF q({Frs q]EF{f <fsl Rcc[T s"fi {lr, ft-q frQa <f+r ftT
qffi
" 6{{f st-{r q-{q]E {, T]stci-
R1-{ <fSt Rcsrc<
I <fF-
.r"; qiq<l ffi ffi s<F ffi-<qrq c+-F'sR tffi"t {<nr qlq$F
qR frfrs
vTco ftr Erco ft q{? qe{< wc{s E{ Tc{ <l{ | {s-fl( sE
subordinate clause €{( 4Q so that C{T{s^ subordinate clause fDIs
independent (ilQ-{) ir main (E{r{) u' principar crause F{ {.cer
Crf6qq LCCS T6{ subordinating conjunction.
{-s sl-<cq
qEk{ frcD-d TITI erdrEE subordinating
clause q< <F|-qR ErsR T3t s
we had reached the station before the train reft. (6q ql-rrt q*-* E]-gF
6"rcq cfiq.ol r)
We waited in the street until (fr il "f{g qmn
he came. qFryl arwnr
qc{slsTqtT t)
Do not move unless I tell you to (move). (ffi Tfr N-rs 4[ <fr sf<q
vfrw+ g
Tr$I erqlcs before, untill, unress-qerfl qE
subordinatng conjunction.
eftT{ e1-g{q(g GI clause A[il <TT6q qq
fr.ef{t subordinate clause.
Classifications (ci{ftRutat) e
c{qd{ql{ srn Et q$|c{ qtq<cT frGigfr"t st'f s-{t
Subordinating clause
E{ I Sitt aqk"F ffiRe qddql{ sl-< 3
(i) Time (qq'{;
(ii) Cause or Reason (T.tT.l)
(iit Purpose (Uls-Bl
(iv) Condition (-6)
(v) Effect (+-qlsq;
(vi) Comparison (gq{)
(vii) Concession or Contrast (fi-1G <1gq41
(viii) Manner (ftG)
(ix) Introductory Sense (quq.l)
(x) Apposition (qq$)
qfi qm qQffi q16-6 iffisvn-< qr+q
I (i) Time (qq{)
r
fiifiFTfilq conjunction arq.l CTS ficri,t +.C<

s till (3ig.qc1 lt {v), untl
(lv$"t 4'l 'lds), before (Hl-crt), when ({fi), while ({fi),
since 1*r<"_l
Till- Wait till I return. (<sqq 4l qtfr fu-{ q1fi
s-{ t) ""s.t *O*f
Until- Wait until I return.
Before- He had reached there before the rain started.
When- I will be present when you call me.
While- Do not play while you urn ,nuaing. (efgk CIR
6rlaf { r)
Since- I have not seen him since he was four. (ETR DR <q{ <.i.-q
cqm ffi uR-$ cqfirfr r)
EXERCISE A. Fill in the blank with till, until, before, when, while,
or since.
1. I have not gone to school-l was ill.
2. His grandmother had died-he reached home.
3. I was at my reading table-he met me.
4. Do not give him this pill (<&)-the doctor comes.
Ans. 1. since 2. before 3. when 4. till
B. till, until, before, when, after, while, since 4t conjunction a6{l-ft
",'93 fircftt<r<r
Ans. {:Rtr ll iime.
r (ii) Cause or Reason (+l=t"t) e
.qQqdq-ott+ conjunction alFfl qE
as-Ilc-{ "6qf€*"-q< "K eT{ €Sfr clause <cc <l qE qrF ':fl-{q" ,{<(
9{i trco <cq sl-{ 'bE14-{" I R-',fi

clause
As I was ill I could not attend the class' (cTcw^ ffi A4ln q{q c{cq-rc*
qftpm RHfrcs "ttRfi)
q{fi I was ill {fl T.K't q<(<tfr qclF-t q{' Fflqq l'4qr{
As the weather was bad we could not go out'
-GrcS-rl' I ,!Fs rsl;t at<q ef+'l-fs clause
because-qd EE '?R"i" <I €K
qlrsf <cc I R5FI 3
Because (=as, since) I was ill I could not attend the meeting'
or, I could not attend the meeting because I was ill'
You will not pass because you have not studied hard'
r (iii) Purpose (Effiri) s
fr65-{ conjunction drEI cfl;t il 6st{ Ers"f (l purpose efs[.t T?K 3
that (cr{, slF) in order that (€8 ffi R, <lrE)

so that ($F, R{) lest ('lI6Q, 6.ic< vfn<)
We eat that we may live. (9TT{l {R cr{
qlT<l
that-
<lu'F "ilR r)
so that- We eat so that we maY live.
qQ
in order that- We eat in order that we maY live. (qtTd "IR
Bffir.B G m{ qFq"<t <tuco ffi r)
lest- We eat lest we should die. (qlT-<'l .ne ffi c.f6s
q<l<xc<AqE r)
lest- Walk faster lest you should miss the train. (qllKl
cI6( qli, 6"ES qr{r{ dt csq nt o< l) ^ ^
lest- We laugh lest we should weep. (qlfrElfrTT{"t 6qrs
q<I< 6+ffi{'tcrFfr) |
qqlTit, S?FffiTlC{i that, so that, in order
that €i,m q{'{.€FF
clause it{C{{l C$t{ qSfr't6q.g" qOH+a4; {lS-fls-6KE1q-.B.rq111K
ffi <n+i lest €K eK q\-{ {<t clause <r{(q q.l{ sTq.rs €&"I D-qF"fd{q <-{5I<
tsm-n r {RrElT qT 6<r{, conjunction eFTl c{ cs.l{ I.t 6q-4 gprS ergm
srflA sf
1<trs qt< Rft ql-$IR saII T{ I
r (iv) Condition (.t6)

RGF-{ conjunctionsf{l <|fq <mqo q6T C$.f{ qI C$'|q 16 ef+t"l Sr{ e
conjunction q< elC< q\;I

t"-." qT.pieE{ I 6{jlc s
if-You will pass the exam if you study regularry. (s"fr

s-{cT {fr gfr ffis eipcnrfi o-< r)
"IfuT {Fl
q{k{ 'ffi eigtrq{r +-<t" sE 16 r eE .5t q6-dg "offt56 eirrr" qs{
";1Bs
qr< I
Unless-He will not respect you unless you respect him. (m C\rlTR-S
crF qt <fr I,1
T-{-6E Yfr qrs crF. s-< r)
E[tr F<t, unless gd 'trfr n"; q{s q< :[c(1 negative
<r T11-{t{s qd RRs r
C5-fiF-{ unless €R glCclit clause fr negative €K( R €K "169< clause fr RT

positive <l q] c{l<rs, 6{T-{ qcr-6q E"r<-< <roitr< csr@ r ft-q Bs{ clause-R
positive {cs flfcR, CTT{-
He will fail unless he studies regularly. (cr c+n s-<r{ Tft cq FKfi\o
erpBqla1E6a,;
El-tR ?F-?1, Ev-* clause E positive E€$ c'cqs qd fuq negative qE r E"rc<-{
4Ti frr',= Q.FI clause6$ negative +-acs uttrq fair e< gre pass fr.fts Es,
Fq+-
He will not pass unless he studies regularly. ,mi qdte, cc Rr.r T<'F
1vd
ll <fr qt fr' ffi 'Nttsqt str r)
Whether or not-(i qdEF 'fr.........Tl" I cq:FI B
It doesn't matter whether you go there or not. (qfr CC?llfd. I.l\9 ft qt

sl€ Elcs ftg ccl <m
"n r;
He will succeed whether you help him or not. (pfr slrc q-|{l-{j a-< A
Tl S1tr, fr 'll't s<r< r)
q{lfi -16 c+Flltl.t6sTre r g € .!8 C{, sft\9<l atqfr r+tq.tro.i qftE
T{ I q{fc{E-sr ld'rs? Frs 6q-{t qcq I
It is not our concern whether he is a talent or not; we want an

experienced man. (c{ G{lA ft-{t q qTm< Ef<-<f< frrT T{; qFf.<l qs-q-{
qftw 6qroD]t,;
Provided-You can enter the room provided you are a student.

(qfrsffiI+re {r{ fi s-fi €-$u-{REATART< etr+ r)
He will be appointed provided he is an M.A. ({fr c{ LcI. q. {H qc{

cnr$ eRcE \oRT firlttl o<l << t)
We shall give you the job provided you have at least five years'
experience. (NT{11-$ +tqfr cq$ sc< {fr ftit retql< T{"lcr {tu <qc+< qGwsl
rllc+ r)
a'.t
:*i,r
EXERCISEI Fill in the blanks with that, so that, in order that,
lest, if, unless, whether..... or. not, or provided.
1. We work hard-we may succeed in life.
2. Walk faster should miss the bus.
3. -you
give me thq money, I will give you the book.
-you
4. Do not scold (all{'{l o{l) him he scolds you.
5. It is not an important matter
- he is a rich man ; we want an
active man.
- -
are a member of the club'
6. You can attend the meeting
- you
Ans. 1. so that,/in order that,/that 2. lest 3. If 4' unless 5. whether,
or not 6.
I (v) Effect (€ffs-{) s

So . . . that €E conjunction fr< that q< elc< qsF 'Tq.|Fq" aqfiis *
'
so + adjective / adverb + that + subordinate clause
F <tEds q-q I R:l{ s
qK-(e[ conjunction
He studied so hard that he passed in the first division. (Cc qs sdl{
sr"< flv]CE4l sr<Qn c{ c{ qcF Rs'fc't "il'"f or<Qq 1;
He is so weak that he cannot walk. (65 qio T{q cs ttrc "ilt-{ {l)
qER Fit, G"n-+< gfufr Tlcsi that q<
"lr<
qFfr clause Tc{6q st qsfr
"Tq-1TE" €l$lrl Fr< 1 6{rgt, el{ +tbt< Cqtllffi F{l{ (hard study) TaT qE vR
E{r f+r=Ic'l fi d{l (passing in the first division) qslr{ v6 EfrW
(weakness)F-4Tq qE sK t?ro ql 1Rl r
eR6E 6q?II C44 C< so . . that {K <i<ql qd q{ "qs . . . c{"; c{{q, fi

"qs" T{-q "G " frqtvirrr+t r
r (vi) Comparison (qq-qt)

qRqdefsF[s subordinating conjunction arql ?3 s
than (66-c{, sTqt€, q'c"ls])

as...as(r\5,q{m"l)
so . . as (negative-€ <f{q\5 e IE, q'{{tl)
€R conjunction effi {fb Tq, Tifu, ql{, <l slcfi q-c{i
E-{-{l T<IIT I cq:i;[,
fut<G@ <-+Ep< cDrRq'KpF<v.\n-{r\rtm qsFTsqq"TgF< cum mb r
Bigger
(Eft$s<<g)
Smaller
(qfrs-s< 6q?)
-i$t
'*,
E1'{[-{ qtT-{t firo-< <f+i qF fr<rs ttR s
This circle is bigger than that. (oR

WE & Tefr< oc-s <V r)
KI, That circle is smaller than this. (&
{efr qi TsFR oar Qlt 1) qq1
sc<R- than fur< <q EF{ re{], gq-{t Rtefq +-<-qr
He is wiser than I. (cq'qTql< otx 1frffi1 r)
You are not taller than he.^(gfr ER 6FcT ml le r)
qQ c"ms rsnr{ gc-*tBrc FlrF{ ftq< qt$Tl
cq${ <.R s
o
o
fr Pn+
Grq cq{t c{ "cc" "cElTk" CDr{ qql r qEKl( <roi ftr+ qglr{\e 6E"lt
<lcuq
C{s 3 He is taller than you. (fr CEITR 6ECT Ett t)
as . . . asl]-{{sR{ positive <t q'l-m{$ FrdIT ffirq I qtr EF Ofu, <q
<l&firl-{'ltrr'c-t" eFFi"tst-<; W'{<{t<irl cq$c{tqn c<Ett T{l+; qdl1 qsF
sfrcsF<rE I crrFl s
He is as tall as I. (c{ qtql-{ IE Ert)
sK rlr{, S!F-q-< fifiK r c+B erb <g T{ I as . . . as <r{qs qr
I64=ffi]
fix-<-c"t a
as+adjective+as+NP
sqk qt{s sc-q-sfr EqT€q ft.{t <tT s
Mina is as intelligent as Rina. (fr{ R-{R rc 1fr+fr r)
vdts,lk< Rnlm Mina : Rina.
She is as clever as her sisier. (fi El< C<fr{_q Is Dj6il$ l)
qdtq5ffi< fur< she = her sister; c+E +t<s cFc{ $r dltr I
fr-q c <-+r+< gEr;nT sfi qt-c{t{s qdDrE glc{ Erl{ as. . as ft(<l so . .
as {i<t{l3T sTcE q{ r c{T{, frr5-i ffi cqq e
o
a
:n?
'.*i:
Panna
ER< Ts-<ift-s q.e-lc{ 6?II {lT
+-
Hira
fr
Hira is ialler than Panna. 1f*n cur* Eql)
(Q-<t
ft(il Panna is not taller than Hira. ("tlil t<T< cu"c{ S?i;R t)
ft-q q"K C$-CET v gFlstl than <T{qR s?.TR I <e-{tFrS qTlqr{s efsFl F-{t
c{E 3
Hira is as tall as Panna (ft-<I qm< xsE qfl r)

frq sf<e s qdEr+ ns; ETs <I{ffi E \ot T{ | {s-<t(frqp S{-
Panna is not as tall as Hira. (mqH{nse?tm t)
sqfFl q-s], frq <lr$i< affi
qqrmq qcs etRs I sf<{ q"lR-{ negative Hd
(not) D-c{ qrJIR | {?tq'qt{"t negative qdD'Cq qtcc Efi
as.......as q< wE
so.......as <I{qt< T-{t]I3t I cTfi 3
Panna is not so tall as Hira. (fl{t t$< qs ENr S?t qR t)
q<.]-{ s <f+iF cfi-$ EcrTR r C<t< Itr+q so......as €i( as........ as €K {d<olr
EXERCISEI Fill in the blanks with 'than', 'as..... as', or

tso.....ast.
1. Rima is not older-----{ipi.
2. Biva is not ___.______wise_Eva.
3. You are------{tron-/our brother.
4. Oil is lighter (qft+-rc< {1aFFl)-water.
5. A tiger is not---ferocious (R<gF- a tiger
Ans. E{m<qlr{Iuqt cn"l I
I (VII) Manner (ftfu)

qE
"6{str< q-otqF li-q ft-s qTs"rstc< (frfus) .h Tlsrm sbc< <t rrtRq',-e
{fcd-< qder$T{ +3I{ q-{'i G'rc{|s conjunction q'fi <-aqs {n' I c{"5FI s cTfi +{
CU5I;{ P-q A" you sow so you reap.
$ ne-+ +Tq s-{ FT{ :{.qR "flrc-As you will work so will you be
paid.
64 6{T{ 5.l{l re-q{ 'iI6{-As he wants so will he get.
q-q6-,{ cq{t c'l-.I cs, esF drsr<:FE {fr'f qil qrF rrq !bcq, Rtq fr"gT
aqt corr $rrql{ qr< \ot fi\i< s-{cq qal{ $.FTF< €"r< r clr<'sfr &Rq qwi +-<,
so .!{ 'lc{ Qqlc{ auxiliary verb (Ril-{ will) q<( \5K"f< subject Tcc I tscs <Irsl-?l
'cqF" e|+Tr.l{ srsl 6rysR q<(<fsl qKs qd<qqT I G{:Ft s
As you will work so you will be Paid.
'* i3?
't <r$iF<qdreqq smnsr rftE
As you will work so will you be Paid.
<FrF< qd {< cql<l-E I qer{ ffiF qqr{ 4-fl< E-{i subject €K qR'I verb
<-{Icql6s {6{ inversion of verb il
verb 's< bffil TJ<'{l{ I
q< {t€rf,{ 'ttf$j

[as..... so q< <jll{-64{ IICqI as....... as 4{( so....... as
s;aq6 g{ a€, rtF1 \olEctfiq 9lIfrTT cF-qT< q€K{I CcR-S <lr< rl
q-fi $'f6<-{ tsql{{qerqlrsi 9Fl-d according as qcsFi aT< qq{sfK fr?f< 3
as.......so : As you sow so will you reap.
according as : You will reap according as you sow. (vd e+i r)
as....so: As you will work so will you be paid.
according as : You will be paid according as you will work.
as ....... so: As he wants so will he get.
according as : He will get according as he wants.
EITF]'4;I, as +Tl3t"i+so + sailTal €sfr<<lTqsQT I CT5FI 3
As you will work so will you be paid .
TK"I T'qIF
ftq FffSE+ according as +Tf<ct qsfr{<r<-qs q{ r tr5FI 3
You will be paid according as you will work .
q{m sF"l
ql(_$E so €il elf( auxiliary verb subject-€K ql.sl {C{fS frS according as
frm <fq qtoq o"<t<:IIRI auxiliary verb subject q< efC< T(qfq I
EXERCI-SEI Join each pair of sentences using both "as .....so"

and "according as".
1. (a) You study.
(b) You will be successful.
2. (a) You work.
(b) You will make money.
3. (a) You behave (qlu-<"i T-d).
(FITF At3 qTE-<q +1.3c< t)
(b) You will be behaved with
Ans.'1. As you study so will you be successful. You will be successful
according as you study. 2. As you work so will you make money'. You
will make mott"y .ccotding as you work' 3. As you behave so will you
be behaved with. (pfr ax-+ Wu-<cl ali cql{l< cftel€ FTR qE<q s-{t qr{ l)
You will be behaved with according as you behave.
r (viii) Concession or Contrast (W Tf g-fit)

q $16{< sd ef+ff+tft subordinating conjunction er{l Eq s
thoush (<1qe)
as (<frre)
however (TsR cqr ql 6fi)
S"ir<ls conjunciion arqt ETB aEeg fo-i1ft slr<-< Il-c{I gq-ql qt"r{ FCT t
G{{S
He is weak. (fr T'f{)
',if,
*; He can walk fast. 1ca'quqBre "m< t;
{Fi EF{ q?r iT$frc-stft r q{n (weak) ccE W qtit sl3 rl=lDR ?ls.[frs,
ft-q q.flr+ "cq" q,i{ qs{t ccq€ Fs,{fts 4r< \518 <sl qcq. r {q<tq<l+l EFc+
fiH-{r1{sS1Cs e[R s
Though he is weak itn .un walk fast. (lfrs ct ffi vEs 64 W-{tscu
"tlr{ r)
[EqT $-<, {q4ffi 'ffis.... E{€ <Frqs qs, ftqE(rgRF e{ though {I€l{
e<rqi D-co, ro-grs (yet)<r{qf< s-<f< EcTfw{ Ca cl ll
<f+t Br$ as <t<{< T'6 fir<z-"f
E1r<-< 6{ {lT s
Weak as he is, he can walk fast. (vd q$t r)

;dj ,
qq .r ft-q fuT-< <I4l F< as-.lt;T rs lltr-

He is as tallas l(am). (fi qlTR rs E{l l)
<-<( qe as €3 vd qq qfrtg; qdtq €1116{ as : though.
sr< qF{ q-Eq1-a ffi* qBo r firqc"t qE qd as <i<qs E{ 3
adjective + as+NP+V+
qSfr comma S{54
C.ES rETqTgt noun/pronoun,/noun phrase €< qftrl
verb T{6{ I fr5Ft 3
'I--TAJ
Though he is rich he.is unhaPPY.
NP
<|ol Fco he (NP) ,{< 'if< is (verb) e<q 6lTefii rich (adjective) <nrq r ftq
Rich as he b he is unhappy. <lsl Fcs ne 'g< {C{ is lCfiR 4<lrf{qrlcE
Aai m V'
{ClfCQ 3d1g611ve-rich.
{<Ft however 4R {tr€l{ r S"tm< <fq acqfro however <I{qf{ s'c{

fir+c"t 6{tfi q]'t r
However weak he is (cl rcQ Efu et+qt r+-l), he can walk fast'
However rich he is (cl lQ qft Rfs ql cs{), he is unhappy' tsftfr r
EXERCISEI Though','as', €T('however' T'{qR-lc-d4& CqM

<FFrtrrq"rmlglr{{wsir r
1. (a) The box is heavy. (<ffivtR r)
(b)t can iift it. (qlfi qiTSqo-<-rs qlR r)
(a) He is wise. (ca elft)
(b) Nobody respects him. (c+B EIrs qT|q sr< ql t)
(a) He is poor.'
(b) He is honest.
" r,f,i Ans. 1. Though the box is heavy I can lift it.
il' Heavy as the box is, I can lift it.
However heavy the box is, I can lift it.
2. Though he is wise, nobody respects him.
Wise as he is, nobody respects him.
However wise he is, nobody respects him.
3. Though he is poor he is honest.
Poor as he is, he is honest.
However poor he is, he is honest.
r (ix) lntroductory Sense ({rTf)

Cfl{ conjunction
<"1{ C$l;t <fSl'rs \5r,Frc s-tr6o <]?rqs qR vrF El €qr*fs
qdqqns-Gt rc{Frq s
I know lhiml
{Tl,trr$ passive S-{C{ qr{
lHnl ir known to me.
€rllr{ him q< qrq Tfr €-str clause <t-rlE, 6{5F[ g
I know Fh-at he is a good m;l

sl{c{ that he is a good man-(Q "1mr clausefu subject RffiF passive-
q <I{qs qfE I Efi passive S{fr
EC{ r
@isknowntome.
,{l <ffi{ q4r{ that RC{re I {wtrl( €rllc{ that conjunctionF
introductory <l WlT qn+ Vdfrre r
I (x) Apposition (:trr) c

The rumour (eW) that his son has become a thief is false.
Correlative Conjunction
Relate \lC{ {s
CAI; correlate g6a e1-Aq3 {w qrr<t <I C"-{-{'s qs$ r frR
ft$ conjunction 9t[Q {rR-< €SE word 11 E$ q'R .!$B word i *<a.f3 qaq
frrq esqftq e+'F cfrft$ conjunction-€ qRqtr qg q<(,{oFTE conjunciion
Rcqr< orq s-rf I qrq-sFF {cer correlating corrjunction. €Kl cq.rs-rx mrvm
<i?rAeER I ffi5F[ 3
as the same................ that

as such ..................... as
as such ..................... that
and whether................. or not
or though ................. yet
nor scarce1y................. when
than hardly........ when
q<K qerd'k <r{qR Gq'tq{c6t $<irq e-rJl <fs I
He ate as much ,i.ii"';3i,ti. (n rioqrnt sro qwq, c?rq r)

He is as strong as a lion. (64 fr<rqa ls{ffi
r)
She is as beautiful as her sister.
t
He is not so strong 13 ; it.,i"
She is not so beautiful'as her sister.
I am not so wise as he. (qfr sl{ rE qB utfr ql r)
the same. . . as :
This is the same book as that . (@AF6-{ &<?F<I9 r)
He said the same thing as his brother. (6c sl3l gRrr.< rs qst safi
<rqFq r)
This is the same book as I want. (cF fin cq? <? qt sTfr ER r)
thesame...that:
" This is the same book that I want. (qR S-s cqt <qF <t vtfr up ,;
It is the same shirt that she lost. (616e frQ qlx'6 ql cc CtRcr]Rq r)
33qr{......
Such .."...as : qiTVdR4 RD.
He is not such a good man as we thought. (qFr<l cqvq p6{Rflq g

ss eFrTEs4R t)
I want such a boy as will be honest. (qfi qsq q<tq-{ Tl{T Uq 6s qc<
cq t)
He is such a boy as your father wanted.
such . . . that : 4t qqI "qqq......... c{" <l "qs......... G" I
Such was the danger that none of us could escape.(fr1EF &E etl;I 6{
qtq-d c$Ei m{t
"nQfr r)
Such is his behaviour that nobody loves him. (vI< <iTSld q:r{ c{ c{Si
\5.t'rsslE<ftcqt t)
both...and:
'Both Rahim and Karim have done this.(<Qa €<(TR'{ EviE esfq
srf(q t)
either...or : q< qdR4 .....4 q{ sH" s

'ts-s qbf
Either Karim or Rahim has done this. (E{ sR'{ ;t[ q{ 3R{ qs'fq
+r<-re r)
He has bought either this book or that.(fi S{ € <qtr ll qs & <?A
frclrq I
neither... nor: q<tqdcE "qble;w, sfi€m" I
Neither Karim nor Rahim has done this. (<ft{ <l sRT r+€? qsfq
+r-<frn<Rq\g Lq€Msr<fr, st-{fr<fuig r)
,9 .a.
:;? He has bought neither this book nor that. (6c qq <?!t s 6$-r+fr,
't,':''
' c+rqfr &Ets r)
whether...ornot:
I do not care whether you help me or not. tqfr qqn-+ cRm q{ <ill
s-< sfts qtfr stRqt t)
though. . . yet:
Though he is rich. yet he is unhappy. 6fra cn qft -{o cq EFIft r
e{{Ic, yet *rq-< { a-<-rE€ qdS<FA clFFE, <FF-t qE+ eP r)
no sooner. . . than:
6E|{ qFF -
slq qnlg q.l !ffi q{i qsF s|q sF c'lE q{ei l3ilTs q?
conjunction {tl6I <t{qs E{ I qF fia <r"l <lf$l <Iilqtr q{ s
no sooner + had + NP1 + Vp.p + than + clause
tr51-{ 3 No sooner had we reached the station than the train
started. (qt{<t if"nq {wo RI cfrqrsE 6q <lcl EF T-?rc I
No sooner had she heard the news than she started weeping. (€Q
c(TF Qqcs 4 e+csE cq fiqls ss s-tr{ l)
scarcely....when:
No sooner . . . . than c{ qld<Flq\5 {{ €? conjunction {af<Fs CcR q€
scd<lrqe ET I \5r< qtr fia-{rq <rsj <rEqs ET B
scarcely + had+ NP1 + Vp"p. + O + when + clause
6{:Ft 3 Scarcely had we reached the station when the train started.
Scarcely had she heard the news when she started weeping.
hardly-when:
efr\3 No sooner . . . . than {il( scarcely-when 4i Es q4q qd gq.|;{
TC{ I qq ffi con,junction {tp| >1-{ :l{il negative <} q| 6q|t1-S o1d qq;a a'64 1
fr5Fl 3
Hardly had we reached the station when the train started.

Hardly had we reached horne when it began to rain. (q1TTf <TfV
c{qcir qt cffi @ e+ <n r)
EXERCISEi Fill in the blanks.

1. No sooner--we reached home- it began to rain. (qT-{l {&
cftws {t ctqc-.ct 1E nsw <r r)
2. Hardly had we reached home-it began to rain.
3. Scarcely------we reached home--it began to rain.
4. No sooner than, scarcely " . . . when, hardly . whe
qe6t qqqT+--W CqT I
NI. USES OE SOME CONJUNCTIONS

(TC-S-$F conjunction q< <I{SR)
As if
.{< qd "Cfi" | €< rt<ltirl3t past indefinite
"i.?l-{q clause €K tense tense
{s t & clause-4 be verb allsfe q R.{ were f,$FI 3
He talks as if he were mad. (fr qT{qf{ Sc[ T6{ f,{-{ C{ {tl4 l)
qfre #s as if 4i qqf qfir H'.lt".""t"n*u" is as if q< Tr{e-r*< rE r
cq{;l s
He talks as though he were mad.

He talks as though he owned the car. (c{ ql-i Elr< safi <tTcq c{;i fi
1;
'fl&m<$fr-s
As
.{FfraFqc,f <r<-qsET s
(i)K'cot, RflC{ 3 I offer rnyself as a candidate for the post. (qtfr fiF{
q4q-{ EIff ft4rc</*c{ FKqcT E"lqfflu n-<e r)
(i|TR"t, C{({q s As he is wise, he will understand it. (C{Cq-ro^ m iR{-{,
cc' €fr {<ft< t)
(iii){frre Wise as he is, he will not understand it. ({fr€ fr 1fr-{.l;I
q{€ -
Cr{ <F {<tf<;n r)
As.......as
qT{l qk']e
cqrrlR cq €fr affirmative <141 cl{s qcd<r{qe q{ t c{'{'{ s
You are as weak as a patient. (qR ,s€siq c<tft-< xsE T{q r)
So.......as
qtnE csTr{.q C{ 4Eal 6{ltls qcd<lTq\5 ET s
negative <l
He is not so tall as l. (frqfqF Is @ an{ +* r)
Both......"." and
as well as firg and-qcE vdel-E1-"1 Fc( E{s both 4t el{ Tfi\e as well
us {C{ Tl, and {C{ t
APTEL-31
Inc.
Both Rahim as well as Karim went there.
Cor. Both Rahim and Karim went there.
both $r( and Ev{t rnqreT .rrqr qrrt Trrc< r qdtq, both {fr subject {i
qktt TrC'\5fq6q un6 6S-€ subject q< qf(d TlRs q5q qfr.['t
I and {fr oblect
4-{ qI{ T6q s|{5q both COe object €i qkrt T{tRi
{tr{ i ,.,erb qK CS6S€ qA
Tait Ecslsn I c{5gi 3
Inc. Both I ate rice and bread.

Cor. ate both rice and bread
Inc.
;6f ;E-
both went io Khulna and Satkhira.
in?
Cor. went to bottr Khulna and Satkhira.
As well as, with, together wittl
qcq-d SRI S"lq
$F subject {6 S{ s?F qclrt subject (it number \e person
q{4t{ verb €3t number € person {itr E
I_nc. Rahim as well as iris brothers have done this.
Cor. Raiiim as well as his brothers has a"r" ti,ir.-
€c[IC{ Ra]rim €n( his, brothers ql Etr subject "as well as,, TlTl
qtTfq I QqFI subject € Rahim. dSF singular number €
{s
third person€R I
w{l( verb q< q-{s'l number € person qL-{ r qdls have (.r {f,{ has {I{qE
{r{t
lnc. Mr. Jamal together with his five sons have done this.
Cor. Mr. Jamal together with his five sons has done this.
Either-or, Neither_nor
4ff {frEm singular subject-C$ {6 sC{ El{Ci verbfr singular {ii{ B
Inc" Either Rahim or Karim have done this.

Cor. Either Rahirn or Karim has done this
rlrllC{ Rahim € Kai.im Evc-T singular noun.
}.{Tfi verb etr{ has, have
4-{ I frq qrC" Sffi Sft' eTiB singular € qsF plural subject
{S {F
E'f{C{ singular subject ff qrcE €{( plural subject ft "nn <qT{ Ls{s.
verb$e {tr{ pural. ffiiW 8
Inc. l.'leither Karim's brothers nor Karimhas done this.
cor. Neither Karim nor Karim's (or his) brothers have done this.
Inc. Either they or he has said so.
Cot. Either he or they have said so.
Neither Rl either c< qrq'{ ,lrq< 9lcri Tf,{ nor TI or s cqR sTSk "l-cq<
qlcrl Trc I R-{;i 3
I,nc" He neither bought this book nor that.
Cor. iJe bought neither this book no, itut
obj tbi'
€tltf{ neither 4{( norE-s{t object4K qft{ Ttrfcq t
Inc. Neither Rahim ate nor drank.

Cor. Rahim neither qle nor drank
VV
neither € norEsTE verb€3 glcel Tc*Q t
Inc, I neither eat mangoes nor bananas.

Cor' I eat neithermangoes nor bananas
- --"5t-
i$,p
:t1'' =E--
Inc' Biva either went there or Eva'
Cor. Either Biva or Eva went there
SS
either 4{( or Eqlt subject qd qktl <Tqiq l
Not only.....but also

e<le ql.gilft{ -rcq-< qlcst <rc tq{s not only {fr subject ,{< qrcti <-6C
r5l{-{ but 3[56-€ R{trt subject-€i glCai t not onlv {ft TC{ object4S 9l(tl
sIqC{ but 6ls,s € 3-tt6-< object-€-:T qfttt I qvt6 not only Sft <fi verb €3
gktt
-{cq ERfq but also-€ {:K{ verb q< qlctl I ffi5FI 3
Inc. He not only ate but also he drank.
Cor. He not onlY ate but also drank
VV
not only €(( but u15e Eufi verb €i qfitt <f{6Q I
Inc. Karim not only went there but aiso Rahim'

Cor. Not onlv Karim but also Rahim went there'
SS
(tsX +Rr sr <fu\e cnltrl liirltrq r)
not only €i( but uito ffi subject '{< qlctl <rcrq I
Inc" h\ot only Shimul ate rice but also bread"

Cor. Shimul ate not only rice but also bread
obj obj
f"Eq qetvfi {Ffr, eFs etrsR{ r)
So........that
ql-:Kl Eflirl €K TJTqR cqcq sFrq6 6ginQ r €{IF qrr<-s?^aT"l s-fl {|$ m
lso
+ adjective,/adverb + -..--
that+ clausgl
,!ts-cq <r{{s q{, q<q q< qdqs "qs c<ft c{ ......" I c{5F{ 3
He is so weak tliat he can not walk. (6C qs E{E m C{ Si?ts "ll(< 4t l)
<rsitr{fr,G*ec-ifrcu cq"tr{EE e .
He b so weak that he cannot walk.
N"1be lAdl- -=6use--
Lest
qfr wm qE q<ilcr qr-fl ffi cer*R r c{fr negative vd eqlq sr< ,
€sFrcq lest frCT 6rl clause fr qf<e q{ sfF no iff not Trq 4I t lest €l 'fn C{
verb <c{ sR "i6( should <Ffqs qs r firq 3
Walk faster lest you should miss the train. (qffi ffiIT ib qftq qfr
Fl c+-q s-{c{ r)
Inc. Study hard lest you will not pass the exam.
Cor. Study hard lest you should {ail in the exam.
",t* Unless
*.; '4<
qd '\lqTl" t 4fr9 negative qd eFff{ T-K I q€fdl unlessEl3tl c:tr clause
qF€ q{ EIF no KI not {C{ 1l I c{51;t 3
Unless you study hard you will fail in the exam. (pfr {R T#ln-vlf,{
1vl"ffi"Il q't s-d elqrE "fffi tr6r F<r{ t)
Inc. Unless you do not stari now you will miss the bus.
Cor. Unless you start now you will miss the bus.
Inc. Do not punish him unless he does not behave roughly.
Cor. Do not punish him unless he behaves roughly.
Until
q<qd'?uq'q . . . TI" 1 ffis q-qq:R' negative qd cq"{ I qqrt qfr fttl
6iFFt clause ts* {Cq EICE no (I not {trt {I I RIFI 3
Waii here until i return.
(wqq qfr fu< lI qfr rost"l q?tlc{ qcaml s-{ r)
Inc. Wait here until I do not return.
qEEIs;t, until Ftl-{e as long as e< eiR{d<]<-d\5 qcs qt I as long as
'tlc<
,€< qcf cq'!srq "169" I cr'{-{ g
Inc- Wait here until it rains.

Cor. Wait here as long as it rains. (<sqq ffis fE E{ Essq edg
qql6{qcal$lsr t)
No sooner (+had) . . . than

Scarcely (+had) . . . when
Hardly (+had) . . . when/before
qgfr€ c{ >trRI negative vd qqT{ s'6{ | EsFi s3l; no sooner, scarcely,
hardly C614 {s{ff ciause €3 tense Q.{ past perfect tense. f,{:Ft 3
(a) qtq-ft if"fC{ c4qaT{ r We reached the station.

(b)TE e* R{ i k began to rain.
<fr.ren-<ffi
"lsi'Et<
q1:rfl &1-6{ cftqre:Tt cftWs1B ee<o r
esfi ,lSrsA9[ conjunction <Kqf{ 4'c3 translate $?tl

sl-{CE \d'f,s E"fCA< C{
<m r fo5< structure q{:Tl'f< €Kei <|trsfil translation S1ft9 q{ I
No sooner than
il";;"I;"-,l+had+s+Vp.p+ lo-l+ -!L il;; I
+S+Vp.t+ Jol
Hardly -------J when/before
S'Ir{{ structure Fr q3t€ q{q s'K ficu-< +,lqql* 6q?tt <l{ s
No sooner than
Scarcely | +had+ clause+ -l- when +clause.
Hardlv -, L when,/before )
"go CT:l{ s Hardly hadwe reached the station before / when
'3,.
clause
it began to rain.
clause
(I No sooner had we reached the station lhan it beg?n to rain .
ilause clause
{l ---
Scarcely had we reached the station when it beg?n to rain .
clause
-;Euse
Since
Since-€K qdEE " calr$' qfr <{{ conjunction Rcqr< <fqqs E{ s{{' '{<
.ffi{ qd qI €<c q< qtcsR clause-F< tense RT present indefinite il present
perfect s'E( q< ffi clause-F< tense iTi-rFRI past indefinite q{ lqdts
rindefiniter
present -+l | * since + past indefinite
L pertect J
fr:Ft 3 Inc. t was five years since my brother was born.
Cor, It is five years since my brother was born.
Inc. I saw him since he was four.
Cor. I have seen him since he was four.
Inc. Ten years have passed since my {ather has gone to
America.
Cor. Ten years have passed since my father went io
America.
Because
€< qd{cEl 'hR"i" G'ri;{ s
He could not come to class because he was ill.

I could not do it because I went to Khulna for three days.
That, so that, In order that
qil qcqfsQ 546 $6qi CFFP'I s-6(, (T5FI 3 We eat that (=56 that = in order
that = C{4, Sfcs, qE t(qr$ c{ C{{) we may live.
Befiore
q{ qdccql'\Ictf", efr fiH-{r"l Tt{Qs q{ 3
Past Perfect Tense + before + Past Indefinite tense
486 A passage to the English Language
Rq-{ 3
I had read the lettel before
^:Fsteoraa- p*ffim
I it. burnt
qc{
@SF c"ngn+n ffi,r
gl<flil future tense-(3t il?l-dg
"twRqn';j-"""'
R6{ before_€i glC4 future perfect tense
q'{( present indefinite qdts
'lt-3 <rc I s
I shall have finished the work before he comes.

Future Ind. Fresdilnil
-_
'{T
qdsrET "'r[3r", q3r * ,"$lt"?ct tense q<(, qrcq past indefinite
tense <[FldE ET I 6TT{ a

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CHAPTER A 25

b"tc-<-< <roi qFc+ q-<rq a'K fi{t l,ltr

yOR <tsiFcs and $Rfr Eq:r Et {tr€rK Rahim

qRT, frrr-s{$l qt flg

He is known in the village and in the town. (€rllC{ known {RE-s)

She went to market and bought a book.

ER6{ (.{ conjunction ITD word, phrase, Rl clause-C$ I({s

l s€ntearce conjunction TFSrfiq

2. Rahim or Karim will go. or Et word-ro t

3. We saw him playing football and

4. He is a lawyer and teacher and

II. KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS

(fi, Fl5llrEl Ei s qqc$ft< clause Rrlce ft {<|l-{ Ecrcq? ql, ql ffifs

He studied hard. (c{ +cbf< ryn-qofi +r<&q r)

You will fail in the exam. (gfr €slT CTFITTr< l)

Coordinaiing conjunction cs q<F ffi{i|v ukfi vtrrt slrl

_.;!a) Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions

q[ftr slq €, (Tl coordinate clause-6iF

cq{{ 3 Go there. (Cnrlfct IIs r)

Both Biva and Eva have passed the exarn.(both = Es{q)

. but also nm{clltro{sqd]In s

You are no less fit for the job than he.

EXERCISEI A. I am very active (of)) and I am ready to do any

if B. frr6< qBrqrgt <r{rm <qA-{ {c<j qqs FK6.f q{crc{ {F s< s

** (b) Karim said so. (both . . . and El{l)

li'i eltner .......... or

@ ifiB vR <lTs6{td {a{i Rr€:rta e+6* **

6{[sFI 3 Biva has not passed the exam.

" Rfr {Attr @E$irtrr r)

EXERCISEI A. 6QI$ <fSI Cs neither . . . nor El{l{p€{ 3

^ (c) Adversative Conjunctions

Ertr e*r{ {c$ eE-{T

He behaved rudely with me. (cnvF[<cft{fif{<r+qta+r<Rq r)

(t conjunctionfrs qF "K-l< RLTfft sR-rs c({Rr qrd I

R:l{ 3 He is an honest man.(c{ q?F-q-{ qq cqts t)

I wanted to help you. (ffi cslTfr$ qRFI T-{cs cx'*ftEB 1;

<Io nFm firnct p o-* <m-

<rsi EtL-s firqc"i {$ T-{t <ls r-

EXERCISEI A. <lsi-6s <s'ft{ {c$ eh-s Fri"f q{{l({ {s

1. (a) He was very strong.

(d) Illative Conjunctions

{<lTr" <Fqs qn rqcfiq, €FF

He has become weak. (c{ q'f{ C6{ flcu.re r)

(i) R Verb F<E1-<1FqlS-{{<IITsl{qfl't for<r{ql-{s.{lsl{ql I

Inc. For it was wet (cv91) he took a rickshaw'

Inc. Whv did he not come?-For he was ill'

Subordinaiing conjunciion q{{ {< clause-6$ {s TC{ {tcq<

Ifrq. 6{ clause QI]{I( E-C$ qsF sc< flft{ <I independent

We study hard so that we can pass the exam'

<w frrs AE wei st'l $-fl <t{-

fiifiFTfilq conjunction arq.l CTS ficri,t +.C<

.qQqdq-ott+ conjunction alFfl qE

9{i trco <cq sl-{ 'bE14-{" I R-',fi

fr65-{ conjunction drEI cfl;t il 6st{ Ers"f (l purpose efs[.t T?K 3

that (cr{, slF) in order that (€8 ffi R, <lrE)

r (iv) Condition (.t6)

conjunction q< elC< q\;I

if-You will pass the exam if you study regularry. (s"fr

C5-fiF-{ unless €R glCclit clause fr negative €K( R €K "169< clause fr RT

It doesn't matter whether you go there or not. (qfr CC?llfd. I.l\9 ft qt

It is not our concern whether he is a talent or not; we want an

Provided-You can enter the room provided you are a student.

He will be appointed provided he is an M.A. ({fr c{ LcI. q. {H qc{

I (v) Effect (€ffs-{) s

qfre #s as if 4i qqf qfir H'.lt".""t"nu" is as if q< Tr{e-r< rE r