CHAPTER 1.

Verbs
Cslsffil Parts of Speech el{R inT verb s,lfs <6{ Fnqe I qtr{ li ?ll-f+f\9l
q:F{< 6Dt{ 1fum ns r qFKt qetk;r verb qn G{ft R-st't s-<l-< q-c{ qr{.kl
qffiqlvlm RGf efon verb dqrn ffie qf+< r gl6et{ qi CHAPTER-q<
c-tr+g frc+ stl-C ont< b"K verb-(i qsF classification (G{ft Rotut; cn f< r

qrs qFI6q<
ryx ftv{-<qbt qErc s-{r qRq << r

DIFFERENT TYPES oF VERBS (ftfrne;p13un.6;

A. FIMTE VERB AND NON-FINITE VERB"

RcF{<lsjsrf,t "tV g
I eat rice. 1Wft
"nt)W
He reads a book. 1ca coF <i "f.s. )
G"lCf{ <lsi ET}cs verb Rlel eat € reads. qrh:i <l Ts?Ti Ej' en l{-<r1
€4f.i STcg C'rcTCq rft +?< qtfil{? qT{.|, cs:{{ +6{ +rq iT I qI{$ 6{ verb
ft-r {ffi Fk cq{r utQ cs et'Er< +-6ql ca{-q("t q-$Ft s-{cs c{c<rq ft-{],
cql verb-fr ei{s <rq cqlg sR 1 6q{"{ geIK< qth <r+irre e{ verb "r{s qsftg
or< tR-
I eat. (ffi tflt) He reads. (m eicg)
64{l {lcQ' slrd-{ qc.ti-*f cort frres verbsfEl \5Rq< Te.-<l sr.f{ s-{cs
c'rrfcq r <frs qtfr ft q{( cq ft fl(v q qF.t rtcq q.t q{€ <t+i ra{<rvra
"nQ r

q-{k fu5-{ <tTit(rt

Eb "iv e

I to eat. 1Wfr ceRo) He to read. (fr'"lgcs)

sfcl-:T eat .fi( read-t q{f{ <r{qE qtKiq, ft-q q"$fi q3i cerq
,ffi 1"f qef
q-$.f.I s-{cg r
.. eMcg,,_,4< qd qt
"ff[Tfr c?|Cs', cc c$.f{ {.l r fuq fuo<
<tsrEt5t qtn< vd c-lfmcr effi{ q66q 1

I want to eat. (qft 6"11o ulq) He wants to read. (Cc

'fws ER)
 Grarnmar r Verbs 191

qF6 wqd< &fiq qsj o'GTQ?E[sr$ sentence-q q];ts q+F Q?d verb
<r<{-< +-*co qcscq I to eat {ft verb-E {6{ ql{r{ q< qrTstr verb €i {I{ltII
6'$R E-<-SF qr{ C{q? sRf{ to eat €I;{ q$ er$R verb Ttsfd qefr$ tffi9|
efo.t{ <t<le 'tlc< ct r qF qE non-finite verb <l qqTl{'rcf fum r qK qt nTb
lltrEi want CE c:{]1tot frat <t finite verb.

qeF <rc$r< cflbt qs?cfi (bold)verb-F csn ersrfi

FxERcISE] frru<
- jf" verb el vF "lfcfi {qtFal sqkq (column)fis F{ ({)ftrl Frcftt c< I EqTF
Ear<6tRcwr+1n cq'Tlqq r

Sentence Finite NOn-rlntte

Verb (F) Verb (N)
1. want a mango
2. want to go there.,
3. saw him playing (c"lEr).
4. do not want to see it.
5. fhey work and work but cannot reach
.cftEr-*) an end (qllR).
6. lhe came to invite me to a dinner.

B. PRINCIPAL AND AUXILTARY VERBS

'fs g
fr66-a a1-als6q]
I eat rice. He plays football.
I am eating rice. He will play football.
)E s q{ <Ts]fu qfrftE qsFTE verb-eat € plays. ft-q rrF (Kf,l eat {fi
eating-€ qRqo qt \5?r{ q< qfctf am-qc{ qrs cRlsl s-{E i qqlr{ qlJrq <F<l
eat-q;t rc{I frfu fr-q qm c(sF\o qsrR s'rm frct{'t <t*f< E-{i verb-F am €
ing-€K qt-{l<r fir{rQ r sd<frfl\e Q{l{ verb play ft-q qi verb-€i qisFu
€
R€{r{ s.F <14{-{ (will play-C*lei6< sfrElo rT'firs FFflrq) Fntrt o-gr< si-li
o

qfr ivill-q< cH<l FIFE I aE will-€< clClsl il fr(q play-verb-fd sRlls {Tsrs
Fn'{*n-+re flKEq r

E"tr<-< qfrffual cclrs Gf<{ qFr R sT s sd <frsl' scf4trr am s will Q'a1

qTa3lslfr fu <t auxiliary verb €{(:T{et{l 3k-si eat s play R4 qqF fuTt <t
principal verb" vtql-qF verb frrq firs ca"f qd elol"i F13 sl6s principal
verb {Fl I qeK',rcs 6{ verb .{< fr-q-f c+T{ qdefslr{< slq cqQ, ts{ principal
verb 6s sR qaf efslrtl (Tense tth"m qm) qptrii T69 Ei'C{ {ffi auxiliary
.r"rb. I
-J
 A Passage to the English Language

mtit qq:r-<< verb fr p.in.ipffi

sqln (r') Se frc{ {<{e r eAaF tqR{"t Rccr{ srK cqil EE I

L He should do it. (vl{ qBt T-fl

2. We may go there. frqkt crfcE€ Cscs
'ffR r

3. She was a beauty.

4. He will be a doctor.
5. They can do it.
6. We must love one another or die.
7. We have done our duty.
8. Man can not live alone.
9. Would you take a cup o{ tea?
10. He will eat rice.

C. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB

fusa3ra1q6qt rc
He eats. (fi {lT t)
fb-q m "ft" qfqr eat $tebt q-H s{ con &ficfir$ q.F|g 6t<2 fr60-{
<tffi 6qfc+ Rerx<EE{ qtl
He eats rice.
Wqrq cq?lql{ eat verb F< E"f< .fh" <t ."Tcs" q< qsB E$ F-rcE E-e<
9iIs$<R rqRk
We make. (Et1fil<ffi)
We make baskets. (WvC cm'An!)
qdlg make verb fr< S"f< 'ft" efSF qr<l1 aTGr uK Es<
1ts<t TR r dl
'ft" <1 'hrcs" q{tr o?< 6{ vs-{ 'fis$ sl* Efcs rF & verb €:r object. vfqrq
<Ffi Sl{ eat € mslas-rerb EF< object il c( SftR I qBTfl <l(ST{ qsel verb {
fu'Tk-s <cq {${T ftn; ism&ls r(at transitive verb.
q<KfrrE-{{sI sFrt"tv
She goes (6T sR t)
q{R qfr go verb ft-< Eqa "rt" <I .ffi" gT
s'ir3lt +R rsf-<q q{ qc<
fr ft $T? cc slm {H?
qsB qt1{s r${ B-sK €1 verb fr frc'c_ flt< ql r 6s ft'{rs"
aTr+ $_s. senl
c$I{ q$-s Sf,m r 6{ "c$]qK" {]T, "c-{r{" {.i{-qc.{ q{ srl fIrc efr*.Beae
el1s31 fTffUra r fuq sq{
Eef{ fieca qi '|lsqt IIl-(q v-l object ffi I {s{Ti go-
verb-€K (ol{ object oR r sr{ dl'si-Tc6t .{fr qry *srs-dF fbn Tl intransirive
verb"
\r*]-{E R verb €T s{ C4R qf$ <-[E intransitive verb.
 Grammar : Verbs 193

+{qnqft qtcq\il ft nt< ql+r<r

qI
qrb*qR{t ftr"rR-'fr" <I "elc{" E{ $t<
\ot I

qr6 &ftc qEFl r-< cs, €"r6n qF verb-t finite verb e< EqR{q, er{ft
q<l EsR? glttl-it principal verb.

(bold) verbfr c$t{ qlfr{ verb El{all<cl+-Ena

@qrL<K
(\4 frq frcr Frc6t +< r aetq,F BqR{q frq16q 6a{F E1,

.;r' 2. The dog can run fast.

3. Man cannot live alone.
4. She sings a song.
I
5. They play football.
i
I
6. She writes a letter.
j 7. He sat on the chair.
8. Babies cry.
9. She weeps there.
10. Send me a letter $mn+ qsF 66 {f66$l).
11. Birds fly.
12. She draws a

E1t< s'l'{<l transitive 4(( iniransitive verb \{ffln 4'C{ Cq{El{ t <lgf<
q-6{?F transitive verb 6$ intransitive €i( WC{S inilansitive verb CS transiiive
verb Rrqr< <l:r{{ €tq{ r

a. Transitive verb used Intransitively :

f (i) He reads a book.
<l+itrN object {fl a book. ftq read-verb frrs qr{slc< <KqK T-dl <I{ c{
q< ql qrqe q q{ft{ C<f<fl <F I e?t{ Et intransitive-€
"i<-<-q object trFl-ds
"rRqs
ql I fr:Ft 3

A dog can not read. (g*< "tVm {T< ct l)

q{R-{ ff {gF elk< qI qR Et qr{ T-{l{ EKrqq ct r dm"f 6q ft.R? "iu-(o
qtc{ a,l r q?[c{ ql4q, efrot <t
"rgfiQ <1<t(Et <t Rsrf,ff qsrEl ql{fl;Rl
'lq
I

fr6-< mTE read €K intransitive usg qf,3rq t (9C{ frrE-< EqT{<"Nfqt fl-v s

lfansruve use lntransrtlve use

1. Will you see (cR<lT +-:II) m e I. A blind man cannot se€.
tomorrow?
2. He has broken the glass. 2. Your health will break down.
3 I am writing a letter. 3. Econo writes well.
4. She will give me a pen. 4. He who can not earn (E{rs{l
a<l) can not give.

APTEL-I3
 I
l
I
794 A Passage to the English Language
l
I ranstttve use Intransitive use i
5. Take this book. 5. He who does not want to i

give, do not take. (6q frts

5K{l ffi 6{d't)
6. Father loves me. 6. We should nct hate but we
should love.
I (ii) <fs-re?Fj flv
He sells rice. (ca u[e frfu Om r)
€rll[-{ sell-verb-fr transitive frq Ri." sells cheap now.
(€tF Els {glT frfu <e)
=Rice is sold cheap now.
q8 Scl{ <fSfftE sells {fl intransitive verb. €cllr{ sell116{ Rfu qCe, qf<
qk'i< {FSIFF sells 116{ Rfu +r<' Rice sells cheap now--{fiiFi fio qsF
passive voice-€K <fsi Ch-{l qC{-Cq Sf{ qaf Fs qq 1f$j&A Is I ETs
'l-6S Rice
sells cheap now Tlf,iF{ S1 qE active frg q< qd {f, passive. t{E sells verb
trfO <fq quasi-passive verb. Quasi=half; ffTIi quasi passive Ei6{ {E haif
active € half passive. 6Sl{ verb €R quasi-passive lizf{R EC{ s"l{ \e-It-s {F
inllqnsitive verb. frru €qei qTs sl-{-$ffi Eqf<q cq-{lqE s
I ransrtive Quasi-passive
1. I feel it by ihe hand. (vlft lron teels hardl:119n is telt
qft.T EIE ft-s q-N< T{Rl hard)(c{T{f .lsv-{Egq;
2. She smells a flower. (cry e<sffi 2. This medicine smells sour
TlS<BIcifiIq) (=This medicine is sour when
it is smelt. (el €{Etr{ Siq f$)
3. We build houses. (qIT-<l, <t& The house is building(=The
M+Rl horse is being built) FfGfr ffi
RCEQ I,
4. She boils water for her baby. 4. Water boils at 100'C
(6T utn <lo,R q-{i ternparatu;.:. (qEi"fiR )ooof,{
"fiR/qE TitT) B

qflEloF mlc? r)
5. They print books. (EKI <R 5. The bool< is printing. (<tF q"n
Elrt) RduA t) (=T6e book is being
printed).
6. She looks at the moon. {C{ 6. The rnoon looks fine. (tiTF(T
ilm{ft-s\olelcq. r) T{< Cq"llR)
7. I taste a mango. 4<,ft qT 7. Ivlango tastes sweet (wl"q ffi
wt"F{oR r) (enut; i=14ungo is srveet when
it is tasted. qfflfrs Ccq qlT frE
qlr{ r)
 Grammar : Verbs 195

a,{T.FE"{ssf<t #fq cR{ c

ft oc< {<tr< c+i{ verb fr quasi-passive frtcr< <i{qs EE? frrD 6sFi verb
r{R transitive use tst( quasi-passive use qm <'t(ElS \5K W[d< ft <-Sq ,flef€ CT
\51 cF{t qE I q cclcs quasi-passive q< qKcll {R$fd WT {lr{ r

I ransitive use uuasl-rassrve use

sell(s) (ktq sc{) sells (kfdq*1
print(s)(Rl'lI) prints (Rl"ll I3)
build(s) ffi
+.r<) builds ffi qg)
feel(s) (wqv-a a6s; feels (wqqoqs;
5r-
look(s) (cq-crt, sl-$l{) looks (carlls)
EI{CE Ch"ll CtfE C{, quasi-passive u5s qf{ verb d?t afeETI u'r-el{ wlr-el "E-q
*l{.F efffs I ft-q. & verb 43 s1 alf6s active, passive T{, {frs i5l passive 9d
ft6{'airs 1

r (iiD fr68{ <lsis(El av s

He keeps the table clean. (c{ 6R-qF "IRFK TlT"l r)
€rlIF{ keep EE qFF transitive verb. fuE rsl;t c+T{ {16f,i keep-qi "13
dsF reflexive pronoun q< {KctT qrc, ft-q st TJTqE ET 4T I TrE verbft{ rolq
object rll6s ql r qElr< verb F intransitive q{ I Cq:l{ s
He keeps (hirnself) away from school.
(c{ 3'E cefr$ [T{ {l-r$= cc Tq c{rs Firrcs qK <lc"] r)
Refiexive pronoun q< slqE SE csF verb 9( TMl-s Ff{ fiI-cTK ft,s
ftRrs 6qri I q"iIF keep (<Irll) q< FMfr q6t (ne)firq< S"i{.R arciTt'f RK'cs
(sdlq, frcwr+ TCT KI{rq qfl'o.Brs fuq.cfiran <l<{K{< rrTI reflexive
pronoun fr (himself) q3l <I3-qE "{)
Efq. 4l t F(aI verb fr object elftrn
intransitive E3{ {Cq q61 a1-aq-a ffi-
1

He keeps away {rom school. \ilqfq, transitive verb {i "K reflexive

proncun Bq clt-{ffi & verb F< <rcqf< {s intransitive €K EE r qRe ocg$F
'3qR<q at{
I feel (myseifl unweil today. (vle wll.l-{ {RTl el{ce l)
Try to prove (yourseifl innocent (fizwco ffiq ql]q s-{l* 6FH r</ftFfu
exlfEoEsxl-< oilo< r)

b. trntrasitive verb used transitively"

E {i} Hntransitive (w+fa; verb €K transiiive (q-€{+) verb ftt <I-<R1IT{
fiTF-{gqtq<"tqeql m'{ s

1. The dog streeps. (1-{<m {tm) She slept a sound sieep (cc
qsfr gl"f E{ $lc-El)
2. He runs. 1cn cfiv,m; He rans a race" (Cc ds rq,rs
dgq)
796 A Passage to the English Language

3. I dreamt a good dream. (

s-s6\r=lE"if cqc{fuN)
4. I walk. (qrfr RItr) 4. I walk a long way (Wft qcq^+
fl{F)
5. Rina sings. (?-*
"tt'q
sL<) 5. Rina sings a song.
6. We fisht. (qlq-$qfu.) 6. We fought a terrible {ight.
(qT\{l q$f6 s*'t<e. Eglq
q69Rqq I

E[sFt F<[, E"lcT <I{ fllikt intransitive verb efEl R{{ transitive R{qr< (s-B
4f i) 3Kd\5 EE E{{ S& 6srE vFt qsF s-6{ cognate object elfl TTaT r

cognaie object eFt fre-q ysr6 cqr+t qfcq r

Case {ri'f{ C{ CHAPTER q qlffil6*4l €{tqCT(Q fr{ff{ cognate object 4K

ffi "tfru-g mstqcrcq r q?Ft q{-<k 6qr{{ts r

r (ii) frcF-{ a1-E1q'fr S e

I walk. (qfr tm)
I walk the baby. tqfr fitgftT {EEl
qeF <lrsl o-6 frrsr qFcq, 1tntr. verb)frq etc<K qr$l'+-6t< qstr T{
(object) W? ctq (fum) I c{ q?ii firq qbrq qt, qfms-sil;t{ qtim +raq-
qttfq' r q? Tr{q EbnqT T<Illg c{ verb (i<-ds qT \olcs ir,rt causative verb
(cause = fi<"f) <l €f(Tfq-+ fu$ r ql<I causative verb €3t object gICe {f4 (GT-{
qrllc{ baby. '?Trs' qq A:i F'?rfr B-s-{ qtfi--baby cs) \il qsF transitive
verb.
glq(aT, intransitive verb {fi causative verb K'-Cef <'l{q\5 E{ sfi Ei
transitive Q6qr< <I{dE E{ 1

qsrs Tr{-Str
Intransitive Causative
1. I walk. 1. Iwalk the child.
2. Rice grows in Bangladesh. ({F{ 2. We grow rice. (wl-:lllT {I{ q-{R)
<l(ERqr-lq'c{)
3. Birds fly. (ffit<t eW) He flies a kite. (fr ,{sF T&
Wm rX&tr< svKst{qstH)
The building broke down. He broke the stick. (Cq EISF
(<tfrF Frg
"llTetrE)
pcsfrE r)

I (iii) Intransitive qfr on

verb 'R< C$t{ personal object R} reflexive
pronoun S{ct +T< sRCq El transitive <'Caf Slq 4-r{ s
 Grammar : Verbs Iq7
Intr.verb lran. verb
1 Sit by me. (qTf{ qf"i <c) 1. Sit you down. (l+rwr+
{{le=4q 1;
2 I-le works. (6{ FM s(K) 2. He worked himself to death.
(cc s'M $-?t[s sstF
qsq=fr6q5E 6"ln4ilq')
The cigarette burns. (frtfiC{ffi 3. The cigarette is burning itself
in.to ashes. (frtffitr "1cV {cV
*rq)
eRErq r)

r (iv)f{co-a afst Efr N

s

The baby laughs. FNfr qlc{) (lntr. v).

Do not laugh at the pgor. (ttR<rc Stbtn? {)
ErsFt s<t, laugh verb ft-<
"f< at-preposition fr {c-T F sfcs transitive
verb-€ {Rqs Tr<TS (TR{ q?ffrd q4-F 6$1s61 gllR-the
poor), €EIIR
intransitive verb €3 6'lC{ preposiiion {s s'C{ \5lm transitive verb q 1R{s
{fl fi(s "ttf< r .!Q {oF intransitive verb Cs <6{ prepositional verb Tl
group verb, {l qFrfi "iC{ ft-slRs
qF-< €A qvRnt r

pXERclE fr[D< cllfi qrFr<< (bold) verb sf,;IT transitiu" afib

intransitive Rrqr< <i<qi"* E[Tcq q <${{ T-{ffi (column) (.0 Se frrg frrti'f
+3 I qqTF B45q ftq.r<' fi'rfl-{ qE I

nce ran.v tnrr. v

1. Ttre bov sleeps.
2. She boils water.
3 She walked the child for about an hour.
4. Rice grows abundantly (EF^< eiRTRcl) in
Bangladesh.
5. She dreamt a sweet dream.
6. Do not laugh at the poor.
7. Rice sells cheap.
8. He sells rice.
f. iron feels hard.
10. The Doctor felt my pulse. (ffi)

I Some Transitive verbs may have two Objects :

(ftR ftR Transitive verb €K EEF Object alf$"cu efl(T l)

.{q q(I-R q-dl qqRF CASE-q{]tc-{< The direct and ihe indireci object-
section E "rcv qe r
198 A Passage to the English Language
R-sfisstr{ Sql{<q c{slr{ :r<frE <t{il s-fl qrr-cq I q-{cqqT T'c sls
\e?$c-d'

ftr e=iqe qrgqt€ r

i Verbs of Incomplete Predication :

qFl<t FR{Q C{ transiiive verb E|< object F C"fCq'l{ Vd E:Flr'i <5C< |

Cfi;T 3 He eats rice.

€R( intransitive verb 6sF{ object qVR fiTsT n{ vd Eon <tcT I c{5r{ 3

She dances.
dance-verbfr{ 6€l-{ object qtR q{e qtr FKqt fire-< <F<l l{ +c<ra r

fr;$ frRftg csf< transitive verb sF object {lgt€ qfuks word uFt, it6q 6
vl-< 1{vdEst{ $-{cv flIr<ql I qs?9r< mt-{ csf{ intransitive u"r6 s qfuRs
wordEFtr, $ql{ffi "l{qdefomT<cs lfc<rt I
cq ,4?qfrfr-s word €Kqlal-R
verb 6iF T64 verb of incoryplete predication I

v-"lCT{ qtrElFtl 6qffi ffil Cfi C{ intransitive 4R( transitive E-s{ verb €K
predication incomplete qtE {f,{ I

I Intransitive verbs of incomplete predication :

Copulative Verb 66qapiem "rg
or Copula She is beautiful.
He became angry.
She has been mad.
You seem to be well. (qC{ qctq s-fr sn sn r)
He appears to be wise. (\drc nfr-{T <'cE'Trq q-s)
E"fm< <IQle({ks is, became, has, seem, appear qt verb etE"l
intrasitive verb. frq, sf{l \5fcq< el{{ff word q< qlqlq ql qre qd lfqrl ef+t"t
sT(g ell-{sqt I RT{ 3
She is (c{ qq-fr-qftr)
He became (6c r3TRE--ft?)
She has been--{ft1)
You seem (CsT{flis {6tr q{-a$Tq 111Es?)
He apPears (qr+ Tcq ET-C{1{?)
\5We n?q {<|cg ,il<q fi €R verbeCdl intransitive e3-Ts frrq fr'Cs sd
erfi'l A-ff {IC< 4l t ft-9 intransitive verb q< st qKf< 4all, C{.{{-She dances
<rcj6p intransitive verb Fnq? q-< qd ffipf aa5q r qQ qq'qq-{ ST{C{ qR
verb qfEl R4 verbs of incomplete predication RI copulative TI copula. 9TR
qlq-{ ef<-{6fts <Kq\e- word f,$ {({ complemeni. q? complement efqlC+
TC4 subjective complemeni, <,fic| €Tl subject 6A ffi1 aag I

EXERCISEI Question : Copulative verb €3 €q-r{<q fis r

4fq-{trF 6$;[ intransitive verb of incomplete predication {6{?

Ans" S"lm< q.|(E]Eq] cq"l I
 Grammar : Verbs 199

I Transitive verb of Incom-plete Predication\5K :

Factitive verb : 9|{-<1 Fk{Q 6{ transitive verb object 4K 4Rl{I
qa effif{ a-ap EIc< I fr-E RR frE verb g] qt r frc.6-<
frcn q-1a transitive "ffc<
Bnl-{-<clqrql ei9t
^ e
She calls me. (f{ qFlr{ slr+---f+-q lo <'6
ul-'$?)
We elected him. (qlT-<]8|13' ft:{l6s sLqREflr.--fr-q
csn 9l1q?)
We selected him. ($x<t s]'co <rqR r(<R.-{lE-ft-q
r€n eI[q< q-{1?)
They chose me. (vlfi
qlTlcs qrs.R qz<Rq-Aqft qql?)
We made him. (vrqfl src+ <lFKsR{F--ft <tFre-Tffit)
The mother named the child. $I Fi\3ft-< ffi ffi--ft {lI?)
(past-
EolCfi <lslerqlc€ calls, elect' select, choose (past-chose) make
qsfr FC{ object (me' him' the
made) name (past-named) verbQFFt "fc< qsF
child ?qfr) atlsi qrq€ vK rorl t{qaf qctlffiF "ilr<F r eB csrce
s'6{ql<I{{T{I[q-{q{l{frecs4|1ft-qarciq6q|cs<frfil<ic"t6.111pvl{t{
unr5 wrEl1f vd++t"tT;{cs El-<\5 I

She calls me afool (fr qflR-s r<ffi <rd)

We elected him chairman. (ql{<'f Elf$ cF-{Kff{ fr'fifts
4({F{Iq l)
We selected him caPtain
They chose me caPtain.
We made him caretaker-
The rnother named the child Biva'
q< cTqFl 6rTf{ S1{ta-4 qT {6E €Q verb
fr[w< object qlple qq] €4F word
qrElrs{C{transitiveverbofincompletepredication<Ifactitiveverb'
qfb{k\s word QC*r6s {f,q {actitive object. qeIElrS 9l-<ll3t objective
complement (0dl I

il oppoirrted me secretary-{l+ifBrs
appointed ft ,{FF factitive verb? Fifla Esc-T{ q"1-6r ffiq<.tqsffi {fu
Cq{i\e r

Ans. Eel6T{ sl6lE{[ cq"l I

Objective complement : 4K qTc'F €q.fq q erqlns CEI'l.?fI objective

complement qsffi ffi'adq I R:l{-
complement'
We made him captain. {lslF'Cs captain Q4 objective
ffi ffi- <A-iu*i"" 35-<l E-s s6q "11s* {l{ He was made captain bv
eiRqs qE
us. e?i{ fuq captain'f{ft subjective complernent-€
I

$t-<f"l qE ,4e G, qqlq {($l captain tqB trim c+E (oUject cs?)
R? sl<q
q4m€., qq-{I €ft q? <16+1 objeciive complement' (him + he = captain)'
qF
efgE'fi <n-q capiain .|-Etft subject "He" 6$ {<ltE {(He = captain) '!9-d't
.ci <fsl subjective comPlement.
 20a A Passage to the English Language
EXERCISEi Factitive u"rb-.".tio.,-ea
((Ii "Kffiqerqno p*ri* n<l
active <1-Slqt4kE objective complement €{( passive <lTle6{T(E
subjective complement e({.Iitr frrD q15i m€ r Active TlslgrEks
factiiive verb
arqk firF qt't frc-T fro F.V. frc{ <t?t
ER I

Ans. Passive <l-€el{t € I am called a fool by her. He was elected

chairman by us. He was selected captain by
them. He was made careraker uv u. in"'.[ild .us. I was chosen captain by
;;;";;;"ai"5'bu ,n"
mother. <tftqT firsT s-{ I

NOTE. Objective il subjective cm

(1) W" appointed him as Captain.

(2l9hn was called as a fool by her husband.
NOTE. say : T{t; cTlTftq Tfl r cail = c+T{ qq <1S"fIfq frcl vlot r
c.{{,
T{E Cs cc sls $r< r e{l-r{ <-{q - said. fug s'q]Irrs ?|| tE (qsB B'||fi)
cc
<qq I Lcqlfi <"FT = called.

Correct the foliowing

(1) He told/ said me a madman.
(2) We said him a thief.

Causative Verb (q6qfq-s fu-*t) e

Causative verb TTtrF qE q<rftT 6sli6j qlr{ frglf CqrqR g-{s qqffi
I
qRFr€ ftqir $qfr-+ qrq.15it T-<t qE
I

fuo-< srsi E'F "lg'-

She eats rice. (C{ sls 116 r)
She feeds the baby. (fr FNeft..s rfiwFr r)
r fr-frr (rc$] feed Tr-rE *rfisrrri"-
qalq <rrsl eat {lT-{ "11-s"-frr.r rrlri
qeff{< ql€TR Fl-{cl qI, frcsT rlH 41
r 6{ verb qil S'f< s1<€ C$1{s }-lq TTf<
Tl{_{ sBrdr $nT sTcr {6{ causative verb (cause sK.t) s{]-6{
= r feed F el-{
qsFB?R<"t r

causative verb :r{ q{-{ q <trTgl-c< ql {l r frru causative verb €K

"t6.o-
s(n-s q-si-rsl cqrll{qq s
(a) Intransitive verb SfirB S{{€ causative verb ReqC< V-Eqs q6o flIr{ I

{IrF-Cq verb q< {-Cfl< c€f{ {R<\t{ qT T[, 6!T{ s

Intransitive Causative
1. Birds fly ("tl|tl-<t stg;. 1. The boy flies a kite 1qq-qD
c+FgS sgrr).
2. Water boils (ffiftm 1rt) 2 She boils water (C{ "nfr $ml.
 Grammar : Verbs 201
rttrr d!t!itllvl
Uausative
3. Iwalk (wffr 3. lyltk rhe chiid fsTFmffi-
qton)'
4. Rice grows in Bangladesh.
(<t(Etcqfi qF.qrT
4. We grow rice. (qfqfi ilT q-{R)
r)
uausative verb rl_li nor -causative Sfl Celf$ iq.fi"K qc{ eJTrS-
tr5l;{ 3

Non-Causetive Meaning uausatrve verb

vert Meaning
eat
I reeq ql€{l{
l-learn
teach
I
tno* qFI inform qFF.
I dive
w m{t dip
w{
I iul lryst€rl Iell
" CTTECFR]
see
fi-{t show
rise
WI raise E-Jl-{
suck glt
remember
'fl{s l suckle
V{j eifd.S-t{
T<cts<l remind a-{"f sRr m$
lie S(T elFFI, eigl luy (srr) <t{t I
(c)
\u/ Make,
ivraKe, nave,
have get--qyls verb 6T[rl qf++
lRqE+-flsl{
un.U COEG]FGU-*
I 6q11 s

I do. (qtfr Ffi; non-causative)

I make him do. (qfft.c-n-o frtg €flQ;
causative)
I water the garden. (qlfr <trffr+ ftt)
"flfi
I have my sister water the garden (qffr qmn r{fi_rs frtrt
^ oxR; causative).
onfl_c.{
"nfr,
E'l.{ make s have ,{-q {f{qf{< {.Ti'verb {< qlTrl io <F-ds qCR
to do. to water). ft-q get il{'{k $3tc{ verb Lfi q-fc5i to {.{|as g-:T
ima ;
r

------'F:
StErgS!
<tsiqrflrs lqrafrcs translate
qr<'l
$?tr I Table_{< frftg oem q6$ r,yey614ry11s

(6) cc q:ilr$ frcs slE KI{R r (q) ql!-<.I strs frcTr <tq.R +-{f{F
(51 ) <I<T qrilrs fuT srrF tr-<t q.{ I (s) AfQ frfu-s frrr q-{ cflt.rs
r

g) VR .{r$ fr6$ q<ftq 1tm fr-q r

+-<n< r
 202 A Passage to the English Language
Subject /NPr maKe, nave, Object + NP2 to verb object +-
get, want
a--
b.-

e.-
IMPERSONAL VERB
":f,;" f,{cu{ <FFTerqt qg
It rains" (]BWql
i:
It hails. (Fm 1E <n. t)
It dews. (FIFK "rWe r) It blows. (<lislc <ire r)
It snows in winter. $tflrE \5.-TF "iry)
$ci63 q;alsrqlcs cs verb QC{l <iTq\5 qCn(E. Ccsrfl El third person-€
qma.!9- qrs fllc< I qlq-{ subtect cE It. ,sl verb ac{l-f,$ {FI impersonal verb.
qE"t
eE igfi{ verb €< rfla frm subject ;fI {fsT{ '{<I It cs subjeci fl{c-q6{
or< r frCu qlc<l T-ssrsr41T SqR{q ffi\s{t EE g
qt
It doesn't matter whether you go there or not' (pft cT?ffC-{ s1\9 <l <l€
vkFftR{lrqrcc ql t)
<'fsltrF subject {f, whether you go there or not ($fr---sls <l Tl
sTs r) ft-q subject cq <lr$F dq1n <Kqio cE ql-qR Et {r{ qFrcQr q], sl-<
TF6l, €
3 It-subject mrs cfi1n1q I It <Iqq1< {l +TrE subject fr vf< 91qufH D'F
qFIs I

Whether you go there or not doesn't matter.

@ q(rnr{{ ql<ir -+cx-+E EqTqs"f 4{Fi o{
frcu-< Tubln-e s

It+ Imnersonal verb + subject

It appears (TC4 ET) that he is a thief.
It seldom happens that a man murders a woman. ({< Tq?
llt {lrs)
l.
IL happened that he became mad at last.
It seems (:{6{.E{) tliat the bov is an orohan (q-{.Iel)'
Impersona verb €{'qlCKSlD Dattern
pa EqFl S3l 3
It lmpersonal SuOJeCtrve Subject
verb complement
It seems unwlse to do so. (€ 4iq s3l KI+TT{ Es
{rl a{ r)
It appears unusual that a trov cries in such a
manner"
It doesn't seem good to go r;aw.
It will prove meaningless to spelld so much money in such
a trilling (YR) matter.
 Grammar : Verbs 243

REFt.E}ilVE VERB
fr66gRTIG 'M g

He kille{ himself. (6cqrp-ryl+r<frq 11

{fr{ {<fl-s, subject s ft+ c"rl <]furre 1<fls

<T+Ttrcs kill-verb fi-s object r

.!8 qel.< verb 6$ T[{ reflexive verb. €tfi1 verb €K f{ reflexive

pronoun fr <I{qE q{ strs {C{ reflexive object.
frro qne +,cr-{tr BqR{"t EtqR +< s
5ubJect/Np l(etlexrve verb t(ellextve other words
Object
bhe fanned ((lsFl nersell and talked.
sr-<RE)
They enjoyed themselves at the picnic.
I availed
,
myself of the opportunity (ffi
W{t{fr€R"i +t-<Rd'l
She absented herself frorn school. (6C TTE
q{q@ &q r)

6rl{g ?Frl;Ir3 rpflexi rh €K reflexive objec all[s I cTrF{ 3

She keeps (herself) away {rom bad girls.
(cc ?].lfl"] G1{cq-< sR (elr$ qr< qlrs t)
We feecl (ourselves = ftrwQ-<rs
"nsxlQ)
on rice (qn-fi sls crlm ffi l)
qt<\e €ql-{<'c"R Q-n Case-9{fl(T Reflexive Object CF<l t

RECIPROCA!- VERB
€? sectionF "&1T qktt pronoun-9{flCTit reciprocal pronoun-WK{
€4?^ "fry ql€ | \ilqffi n<ks {R<i qc< r qfqrqR s'KI Tl, .{{"iR ,!F<K elry 4e r

Reciprocal verb $vrFtlCfl pronoun KI noun €< {c{i "llKqRs fuqt <lG
s-({ I q< object Slef <f<Cq C-S ieciprocal pronoun (one another WT-< qlqfs<
6E'-GI; each other-Etwc+< 6sc)
They love one another (q<t qrs qeKfs sE-<f(c r) Fft< Table-€ qlrfl
€rsaTT4frhq<q CmiqE s
Subject/NP Reciprocal verb Object (Reciprocal Pronoun)
Krma and ulna nerpeq each other (Rina s Dina €I$
q'Krs <T eker<rs cFNr $r{RE r)
The three boys hate (lcl.l 4-K) one another (1-trq{r$).
Good students teach one another.

PREPOSITIONAL VERB
I
Intransitive verb + Preposiiion | {ll{ transitive verb {Col qq'qv qx orl-{
Elf$ prepositional verb {I group verb Tf,{ I Preposition 4< q-6E Sfi€ a{{€
adverb s Trycs flIK r
 2,44 ,4. Passage to the English Language
Intransitve ; Look here (cfr-fo sl-sls)
Transitive : Look at me. (q'm<frf+sfqe)
GiAup V ofiAci
Do not t.r! lgqr upon (1.fi <r*l) the poor
eroupT. --Ell
Intr : He will come today.
Tran : I have come by (t€$) a pen.
c.V. -o6i-
EXERCISEI frr:u-< Table-q .otu-"1<l"t*ilitive €(( column 2-c\5
group verb (transitive verb) 6Es{l qE I e[CtrjFfr CK] <lSj ,t]E +-< I group
verb-€R 6qt[cl e[1s61-6s fiR-s s-< r

lntr. v Uroup verb (Tr. V.)

go go through (qls@q s-m)
laugh laugh at tltBt q<tl
be (am/ is/ are) be against (RmR qW)
be for ("icx qs$)

ecrcq case-eor* ..n,.,|3:il*RXtH:* lrs r sr.Esr< fi{cs

ffiE qq s?qT q-{.rR ft+t< +-<cs qc< r

fo6 q-Ep6a1 ry--

He ran. 16q frt-5gfEd 1.)

fl=sIftrc ran-(run-€3 Past form) q{ ,4sF intransitive verb, sl-Rcl, €i

(sla' object adR, ftq He ran a race (f{ qs
d-v l@l TF$l ran-verbF{
($fr 6!1s61qlcR {R qel run €T qE I qt{t verb {k object Eo v*rE esB
S1 Wm -{6{ Cognate verb. WIK €E object fS {C{ cognate object. hCF
T({.-sfr Gqq<q cq{t W e

Subject,/NP Cognate verb uognate other words

Obiect
I ved a poor lil e and died. (cl rr,!1r"+< w
fr+q sr"fa o'c( {rfl c'rd)
I slept a sound sleep and felt better.
They fought a battle. [WCd cognate, K-(ei -'r,,{]
He struck a blow [WCei cognate, SIfl i'R]
qEI€ Q-{i Case-9{IlC{ Cognate Obiect at;zl t

QUASI-PASSTVE VERB
€? verbfr qe q{tlf$< Transitive VnrU Ur"a Intransitively_
CTCQ'
q$qh ffi 6q{T ql.srq I €?l{R q<i<r{ 1@ 4l€ | Defective verbs eivF qlrrl
frcu< tabln tr qv r
 Grammar : Verbs 20'b

v ert) I nlrd person Past'l.ense Past Perfect lntinitive etc.

singular number
eat eats ate eaten to eat etc
go goes went gone to go ete
lauqh lauqhs laughed laughed to lauqh etc
€ol(<-< Tahle CqfC{ cq"lT <tT Cq qsF verb €K tense. number-W Cepl
ftft1 <"t E{ r f$-q shall, will, can, rnay, might, ought (Bftro), dare
(4qc T<t), need, must ffi verb erqR €E iKrffi so|csq {* A r q'rr'+Fa
x?-sq s+T{ sel qrq€ c<erqt Kef qT 11 I c8 gT{, dt verb s(Efrs q'-{q
Defective Verb.

VERBS OF PERCEF,.I'ION
Perceive SIC{ q{F< Tfl; Perception 116{ q-dP<, q-{yF r cFl.E,Fl{,1&'S.
q$-E-rlTIfr ffi qfu{< qqf({ c+nftg qly< s-{l 6{ verb-'$r{K s]fi <l-s q{'
slcq<6$ TFI Verbs of Perception. S['f verb-€R Eq'R<q qq s
see- cm3 I see a bird.
hear- trlF{l3 I hear her call.
smell- BIcl C"l-$ 3 Can you smell an odour igi"l. {-tX
teel- qF<R:SI 3 Iron feels hard.
taste- 9ltlE{S-<1 3 Taste the mango
notice- ESI +3i 3 Have you noticed the change (tffi)1
observe- eTl <D-<'T 3Have you observed the change?
recognise- trqls "IITI 3
Can you recognise me? M i

?l9lfrO W[d verbs of perception <I<l-dE qtE El-[h]t continuous tense *f

.li I

lnc" I am seeing a bird.

Cor. Iseeabird.
Inc. i am feeiing unwell.
Cor. I feel unwell. tqilfr |

INCHOATIVE VERBS
get, becon:e, grow, come, go, turn. fall, run g wear-(? verb elqi
qr$i <Kq\5 qlR ast{q{qr{ ql-?to, "ifrqfu, fr-ot't <ls 669 I €w*' 4{Fi-<.rg {rd
Inchoative verb {l fuffi q-<€ qu-+ fuTl r

ffiT{ s Iam growing older and older. (ffi $q Ak)

She got tired (c{ F1v Ec{ wE).
His dream will corne true. (813tr cv-t qqfts << r)
"31
 206 A Passage to the English Language
At ihe sight of the tiger, she turned pale. (<ffi Cqt{ cC ft-<"f qct
c'ls r)

Now I am a student but in future I will become a doctor.

The beggar fell to eating (frTFE ctce EF s-{E t)
q?F frc6--{ <IslerEks verb erqF <td{r< q.si F-{
s

He has become old = He has grown old.

Then it was dark = Then it became dark.
Then it grew dark : Then it got dark.
,*;#; q{q qrq-?l qGF qryc${ 1fu<]<qe EcE
srT-$fr verb efl-r< |
't:,

NON-CONCLUSIVE VERBS
fa66q qrslprfl "ne-
I know theman. 1WR cof+blcre ffi r)
She likes mangoes. (6T q'c 'tfi agg 1;
Eflr{-{ <lsr Wbks know q,rr( like verb-{F Tf"{frS Sfu{|[-s T<,lIq I

qqr<.'iEt, q{qT., ts"|qft, EFt, ts-fifr q1qft-f qfuAt cq'q< Verb elsl-I4.CT
vlcq-{fs non-conclusive verbs Ttat I TI<tq qFK Efu-sl< EF <t el{ ?€qe Xbl6{l
rfiT {t I qe c$ft< verb aiqtcs
1tl{fr frq c{frCs q{ $-<t {t{ s
tlt xnfi-+ qT{ <t qfu-{f em"fs verb : Agree ($fi {s{.l), believe
(R"$4 RT't), doubt (q6q"q s-fl), imagine (effil strt), know (grFII), mean
($F), recall (a3T.l F{t), remember (x<"i sfl), suppose (<r< c+*t. wqqF
€l), surmise (q-{{l{ s.rTI), think (sl<I, FgI +-"il), trust (R{f{s-fl), undersrand
({4Il), r".ognise (F+ru lktl), recollect ({64 €{cs
"fFtT), differ (1a1lp q€$, r\e-
Csq qs$), find (*q "1s<I), for get (pC{ lls<'i), inrend (le cal), ffi r

(ii) qEq{ € sr{qfu gtolo c love (Etq<l{l), want (EI€T'|), wish (qffi1
$itrT), hope (qq s-<l), forgive (sqt s-<1), like ('let s-fi), dislike (e"iq,r q61;,
mind fi-(a F{l), detest (1"tt o<t;, {eel (s-qs-q F{t), hate (qCt +-<t;, a<lore (ffi
Fii), worship (-Bfl1c-<t T{t). pray (el't?frl $-<i)" please (lq? s-{t). prefer
(qf{su< efE{ $T}), rJesire (Tl{-"fi +<l), displease (erqq? +-st) W I

(iii) frR{ B Appear (rr{ q€$), seem (:lr+ e€KT), contain ({l{{ +-fi),
consist (ofl (qts {eTI), cornprise ({fis esTl), depend (ftf{ T-$), suffice
(:fcEi? qs{t), possess (ftfn-+ fs<t), matter(\t{i ewTI), belong (to) (qfgce
?ilsl), equal (qll{ q€Tt), deserve (csl'j] R€irt), result (qa1qe$), Erc:tfr r

qq {<f{< verb €( CF-<|D-{ continuous tense (present, past, Kl fnture)

eT
lIr
 Grammar : Verbs 207

s1-{6E qTfl verb C$ q{Fs fiEfrFis elqrc vt{E-scs {R e

F'.rb]
-T-

J
!j-t
F*ili"tl
J
tGffi.ui*l
J
reop"l"tir.-l

r-
GRAND EXERCISE
1. How would you classify verbs? Make a list of the main types of
verbs.
2. How can you ideniify a finite verb and a non-finite verb? Give
examples and explain your identification process. (You can write in
Bangla).
3. What do you mean by the terms 'transitive verb' and 'intransitive
verb'? Give ten examples of each.
4. o{"iffi gfr E!lq<"i frr{ &'?its C{ transitive verb C$ intransitive Rqlf<
<KqKa<l{,F I

f+l S,$ EqFS'q qls

5. Quasi-passive verb dR f<Fi?l r

6. $qq-r.s tr €q]-{66"R qt{trT ffi?n€ 6{ intransitive verb € transiiive

verb frcryr< <FrqE Rtro enr< |

7. Causative verb Tlfs Trq? 3fr Eql-{<q qls r

8" €:l;I 3fr transitive verb €R SqR<"f ns <KI E{fr o'c< object 4{cI $INCE
"llr< r ,fiqr sf<1 3fr <lot "lt{ q< I <Imt{ {c{I direct € indirect object ftRo
6-?T I

9. 4fr copulative verb e< EqR{"f q-ls I

10. Factitive r.,erb 4K t<Ftb ftr ffiE Eq-Rfi"{< sf{rT{ ffi< <f{l
stl
2OB A Passage to the English Language
11. 5fr factitive verb 6{rl I qfi< A-<t atr <lsi RT-{l s-{ I q&ft {r+l
factitive object C$ fiRo o-* r

72. Make, gei, have ft.T fr-qr{ causative verb {f,{ s-{t q{ vt sE
Eq|{<rq{ ${Kq 6qRI\3 I

13. 5tr impersonal verb 64rl I {C46 q61 5F {ITj o-< r

"fbq
14. ERF reflexive verb €i Enq<q ne r

15. Prepositional verb sfiF <Ft? lF Eqfq<"l vile r

16. 3tr BqRfi"K {l{16:{ cognate verb €ir {Ft"tt ql$l +q r

17. a6-ffi detective verb €R EqR<q kTs r qcn<-c+ defective <-q1 €

nqrEqR{"ifr'LT1{te r

18. Verbs of perception SI Clc{ Wd ng {F SI{l (tense {f,q

s-{r\5) .{R Bfutr{ qEr-sT EqR<Tcr< ${fCI"I-\rTfrs
TfrLq CslE r

19. Inchoative verb el4l ft ftl

ZO. q-+tr flow chart &g-< rT{Tq verb 4i ctft R"qq fiqls I