CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Knows the  Research tools: We discovered thathalf

demographic status:  online of sophomores and
 age programming senior students of Anda
 gender  conducted a NHS were not
 social status concentrating on their
survey
 academic study because of using
 questionnaire
standing social medias.
 Meaning of the study
habits.  Used internet to
 Effects of the study research the
habits. meaning, effects &
 Ways how to improve ways how to
study habits. improve study
habits.

First, we gathered the demographic status of our respondents. We also consult in

the internet to know and understand what are the meaning of the study habits, effects
and ways how to improve it.

Second, through our research tools, we gathered data’s and information we

need.

Finally, we found out that due of often using social games/medias, half of our
respondents cannot focused well in their study. As a result, there was a chance that
they will not success in their schooling. So this is our opportunity to help and guide them
on how to develop and improve their study habits.

6
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes relevant sources of information from foreign literature, local
literature, foreign studies and local studies which tackle the existing activities that
promote good study habits. This will be a guide to the research about said topic
presented in the next chapter.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to Pogne (2000), what is true about study habits was that more than
thirty years ago still rings true today. Students fail because they do not know how to
study. The best advice he can give is to develop sound study skills. It’s a common
scene if some high school students fail to finish a passing requirement for a subject
course. What is lacking is their ignorance of developing good study habits that are
necessary for good academic [performances. And to worsen their ignorance are their
psychological conception of giving up so easily and the tempting distractions of the
surrounding that lead them to a zero percent possibility of creating their own ideal habits
do, it has become a major trouble to high school students who are known to be
suffocated with loads of works from schools.

Study habit describes some external activities which serve to activate and
facilitate the internal process of learning. Study habit is the daily routine of students with
regard to their academic duties and responsibilities.

Study habits are the ways that you study the habits that you have formed during
your school years. Study habit can be good ones or bad ones. Good study habits
include being organized, keeping good notes, reading your textbooks, listening in class
and working every day.

To elaborate more about sound study habits, Rothkopf (2013) referred to it as to

whether study at the same time each day, whether they shut off radio, television while
reading and whether they paraphrase and write down what they have read during the
practical instruction. Study habit also describes some external activities which serve to
activate and facilitate the internal process of learning. Each student has his own study
habits varying on his preferences with the place and time of studying, techniques in
studying and more.

According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC, 2008) student should

make sure that he/she has a good study environment, a good desk and straight back
chair is usually best “Don’t get too comfortable- a bed is a place to sleep not to study”,

7
as what they said. A student must have everything close at hand (book, pencil, paper,
coffee, dictionary, computer, calculators, tape record, etc.) before starting to study.
Students are not suggested to spend on time jumping up and down to get things.

The PBBCC suggest also that distracting noise should be minimized, however
they said that there are some people need sound and some like silence. In this case, a
learner must find what works for him or her. That means he/she should eliminate all
external and internal distraction. Second, get a good overview of the assignment before
starting work. Know what skills, facts and ideas that are expected to master and the
ground that are expected to cover. Start with most difficult subject first and probably the
most important thing needed was to acquire the habits of studying effectively. Effective
methods of study consisted basically of those fundamental principles which under laid
efficiency. Doing ones work regularly, staying out it until it was done and not getting
behind in it should be general guides for successful study as well as in any field of
endeavor. It was assumed that the pupils had ability enough to cope successfully with
the academic tasks. The success of the responses to the task depended in great
measure to their efforts.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Research confirms that study habits are very important from experience,
observation and the limited research that has already been said.

These studies further indicate that the students should not cramped. They
presuppose that study time will go better it a learner take few minutes at the start to
straighten things up.

Knowledge is the essence of smart thinking. No matter how much raw

intelligence you have, you are not going to succeed at solving complex problems
without knowing a lot. That’s why we spend the first 20 (or more) years of our lives in
school.

Robert Bjork and fellow PT blogger Nate Kornell have explored some of the
study habits of college students in a 2007 paper in Psychonomic Bulletin and Review.
Research on memory provides a number of important suggestions about the most
effective ways to study. One of the most important tips is that student should study by
testing themselves rather than just reading over the material. It is also important to
study over a period of days rather waiting until the last minute to study.

Kornell and Bjork’s studies suggest that only about 2/3 of college students
routinely quiz themselves and a majority of students study only one time for upcoming

8
exams. Of course, guidelines from memory research come from studies idealized
circumstances. Researchers bring participants (many of whom are college students)
into a lab and ask them to learn material. Perhaps the recommendations drawn from
these studies are not that helpful for real students dealing with real courses.

Researchers said, student who eventually studying is the one who really active in
school because he/she uses his mind including his understanding in that particular
subject. But most of the time, students are more interested in enjoyments, having fun
with their friends rather than studying their assignments. But do you know that students
who use in study are having sharp mind? They are having techniques how to cope up
things. Furthermore, the development starts in your house. When you study, you are
developing your mind and body also the improvement of your stock knowledge.

9
LOCAL LITERATURE

Many studies have analyzed the factors behind the performances of students.
Earlier studies have been carried out which focused on cognitive factors as predictors of
academic success. Recently, there has been a growing interest on the non-cognitive
variables such as study skills and study habit. Some argued that these factors have
strong relationship with academic performance of students; while others conclude that it
was the combination of different factors that could explain student’s academic
performances.

In a more recent meta-analysis, Crede and Kuncel (2015) found that non-
cognitive factors like study habit, skill and study motivation among other attitudinal
construct, accounted for incremental variance in academic performance beyond
standardized test and previous grades. Moreover, a literature review by Nagaraju
(2004) good study habits are important.

Study habits is the pattern of behavior adopted by students in the pursuit of their
studies that serves as the vehicle of learning. It is the degree to which the students
engages in regular acts of studying that are characterized by appropriate studying
routines(e.g. reviews of material, frequency of studying sessions, etc. ) occurring in an
environment that is conducive to studying. Study attitudes on the other hand, refers to a
student’s positive attitude toward the specific act of studying and the student’s
acceptance and approval of the broader goals of college education (Crede and Kuncel,
2008). In short, study habits and attitudes of students are determined through their time
management ability, work methods, attitudes towards teachers and acceptance of
education.

A review of literature highlighted the importance of students study habits and

attitudes in their academic performances. According to Menzel (2013) many students
fail not because they lack ability but because they do not have adequate study skills.
Students who have difficulty in college frequently do not have adequate study habits
that affect their academic achievement. A central [problem noted was that many of
these students had not learned how to take effective notes and manage time for
studying (cited by Mutsotso S.N and Abenga E.S 2010). Moreover, as study by
Nagaraju (2004) found that students usually do not devote sufficient time to their studies
and seldom have proper study habits.

Efficient study habits are associate with a favorable attitude toward learning in
general. As cited by Otto (2000), beliefs in the value of intellectual pursuits and in the
importance of education are positively related released to academic performance. An
important aspect of students attitude toward education is the value he sees in what he

10
has to learn. In the study of Sarwan et-al (2010), it was discovered that a significant
relationship between students attitudes and academic performances.

In terms of attitudes towards others, the high achievers generally have a positive
attitude towards teachers. For instance as compared to low achievers, the high
achievers more often say that their teachers are complement, impartial and interested in
their duties. In this study revealed that among the SASA factors examined, students
perception of teacher effectiveness influence accounting performance.

LOCAL STUDIES

A substantial amount of research has examined the role of students study habits
and their attitudes to study on academic performance.

According to study of Osa and Alutu(2016) which examined the usefulness of

imbibing in the students study habit, as a means of enhancing their academic
performances released a high correlation between study habits and students’ academic
performance. This suggests that it is only when students imbibe or cultivate proper
study habits that their academic performance can be improved upon.

Similarly, Nuthana at Yenaga (2009) found significant correlation between study

habits and academic achievement. It further revealed that reading and note-taking
habits, habits of concentration, and preparation for examination had significant
correlation with academic achievement. The authors pointed out that students who
come better in reading and note-taking, well prepared for the board examination and
have concentration may have better academic achievement. The study of Faral (2012)
identified various study skills used by learners and as certain which study skills is more
related to academic achievements. Results of the study ridicule significant relationship
of time management skills, reading and note-taking skills, with academic achievement.
Students with higher academic achievement used a wide range of study skills as
compared to students with academic achievements.

Nonos and Hudson (2010) also conducted a survey on performance of students-

impact of study time and study habits in which they found that some study habits had a
positive direct relationship on student performance but others had a negative direct
relationship.

According to Hassanbeigi et. al (2011), the relationship between various study

skills and academic performance of university students, noted that the study skills
scores of students with GPA of 15 and above (out of 20) were statistically higher than

11
those students with GPA of less than 15 in all of the seven skills (time management and
procrastination, concentration and memory, study aids and note-taking, test strategies
and test anxiety, organizing and processing information, motivation and attitude and
reading and selecting the main idea).

Because of the importance of study habit on academic performance, some

researchers have proposed strategies that will help students develop effective study
habits. For example, the study of Demir et. al (2012), which examined the effect of
development of efficient studying skills curriculum on academic achievements and
learners, found that students can acquire efficient studying skills by means of curriculum
for developing efficient study habits. The students were able to organize the study
environment and use specific methods effectively, such as efficient reading, listening
lectures, note-taking, efficient writing and doing homework. It further revealed that those
students where the curriculum was implemented have increased academic achievement
as compared to the group of students on which the curriculum was not implemented.

Mutsotso and Abenga (2010) also stated to propose a paradigm shift in study
methods and suggest strategies for both lectures and the students in universities
towards improved learning and performance. It is based on the “distributed learning
approach” that adequately crater for individual differences that exist among the
students. The model will address the study space needs and the efficiency and
effectiveness of study-method.

To sum up, the literature cited point to the importance of study habits and
attitudes to academic performances or success of students

12