中华人民共和国行业标准

Electric Power Industry S恒ndards of the People's Republic of China

水利水电工程钢闸门设计规范

Specification for Design of Steel Gate in

Hydropower and Water
Conservancy Projects

DL/T 5039- 95

施行日期 1995 年 9 月 1 日

批准部门:中华人民共和国电力工业部

主编单位:东北勘测设计研究院

编译单位:中国水电顾问集团昆明院

Implementation Date: September 1, 1995

Approved: Ministry ofElectric Power Industry, P.R.China
Drafted: Northeast China Hydro e1ectric Investigation and
Design Institute
Translated: Hydrochina Kunming Engineering Corporation

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 Contents

1. General ..................................................................................................................... 1
2. General layout........................................................................................................... 2
3. Load ......................................................................................................................... 9
4. Material and allowable stress .................................................................................... 10
5. Structural design ....................................................................................................... 17
6. Design of Components and Parts............................................................................... 23
7. Design of Embedded Parts ........................................................................................ 28
8. Hoisting Force and Hoist........................................................................................... 30

Appendix A Series Criteria of Opening Dimension and Design Head for gates ............. 35
Appendix B Calculation of Vent Hole Area .................................................................. 38
Appendix C Selection of Gate Slot Type for Plain Gates .............................................. 40
Appendix D Main Formulas for Calculation of Loads on Gate ...................................... 42
Appendix E Typical Sizes and Performance of Rubber Seals of Gates .......................... 47
Appendix G Formulas and Diagrams of Skin Plate Checking Calculation ..................... 51
Appendix H Calculation of Critical Load for Screen Rack Stability .............................. 56
Appendix I Relevant Requirements for Laminated Wood and PTFE- Filled Slide
Shoes ...................................................................................................................................57
Appendix J Calculation of Gate Wheels....................................................................... 58
Appendix K Calculation of Lifting Eye and Lifting Rod ............................................... 59
Appendix L Calculation Formulas of Track .................................................................. 60
Appendix M Table of Friction Coefficients ................................................................... 62
 1. General
1.0.1 The Specification herein is drawn up to implement the national technical and
economic policies in design of steel gate for hydro-engineering projects and ensure the design
quality, advanced technology, rational in economy and safe in operation, .
1. 0 .2 This Specification applies to design of steel gates (including 仕ash rack) for
hydro-engineeri吨 projects.

The design of steel gate shall conform to the current national standards and relevant professional
standards of the water resources and hydropower indus町 besides this Specification..
1. 0.3 The steel gates for water conservancy and hydroelectric projects can be
classified as follows according to their service properties:
(1) Service gate: The gate that plays a leading role and is able to open and close in
flowing water.
(2) Emergency gate: The gate that is able to close in flowing water in the case of an
accident downstream (or ups位eam) of the gate. When the quick gate closure is
required, it is called quick-acting shutoff gate. Such gate should be opened in still
water.
(3) Bulkhead gate: The gate for water retaining when the hydraulic structure and
machinery are in maintenance and repair. The gate should be opened and closed
in still water.
1.0 .4 In gate design , the following information shall be available depending on the
actual circumstances:
(1) Functions of the hydro-engineering proj ect and layout of hydraulic s伽ctures，

(2) Dimension of the gate opening and gate operating conditions,

(3) Particulars on hydrology, silt, water quality, floating debris and meteorology,
(4) Materials of the gate and conditions of manufacture, transport and erection of the
gate,
(5) Geologic and seismic conditions as well as other special requirements.
1.0.5 The dimension of gate öpening and design head shall be determined according to
Appendix A.
1. 0.6 In this Specification, the allowable stress method is applied for structure
checking calculation. Other calculation methods not indicated in the specification can be
selected. if it can compute the intemal force and stress of the structure accurately and easily.

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 2. Generallayout
2.1 General requirements

2. 1. 1 A Gate shall be positioned at the location where the water f1 0w is smooth. The
unfavorable impact on operation of the gate, such as transverse f1 0w and vortex in 仕ont of
the gate and submerged discharge and backf10w behind the gate , shall be avoided as far as
possible.

If the gate is positioned at the inlet, simultaneous discharge of water 仕om the gate
opening and the top of the gate slot shall be avoided.

2.1.2 In selection of gate type , the following factors shall be taken into account.

(1) Requirements ofthe hydro project on gate operation,

(2) Position of the gate in the hydraulic structure, gate opening dimension, upstream
and downstream water levels and operating head.

(3) Information of sediment and floating debris ,

(4) Type , operation force as well as hooking and unhooking pattern ofhoist,

(5) Conditions of manufacture, transpo时， erection, maintenance and material supply,

etc. , and

(6) Technical and economic indexes.

2.1.3 Fixed hoists should be adopted for multi-opening discharge or water sluice
system where all service gates are required to open in a short period or uniform water release
is required.

Hoists of service gates of a discharge or water sluice system shall be provided with
standbypow也

2.1 .4 The minimum c1 earance between the gates or a gate and trash racks shall be in
agreement with gate slot concrete strength and impermeability, layout and operation ofhoists ,
gate erection and maintenance as well as hydraulic conditions. It should not be less than
1.5 0m.

2. 1. 5 The number of bulkhead gates or emergency gates of a project shall be

determined with due consideration of factors such as the number of openings , significance of
project and equipment, construction and erection conditions , operation and maintenance
conditions of the service gates.

For a discharge or water sluice system with no more than 10 openings , 1-2 bulkhead
gates can be provided. For that with more than 10 openings , one more bulkhead gate can be
provided for each 10 openings increased.

Two draft tube gates and one intake bulkhead gate is generally provided for the intake

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and power generation system with 3-6 units; and for that with more than 6 units , one more
draft tube gate and one more intake bulkhead gate should be added for each 4-6 units
increased.
In special cases , the number of gates can be increased or decreased after demonstration.
2.1.6 The emersed gate shall have a 仕eeboard about 0.3-0.5m high.
2.1.7 The gate shall be free of static pressure of ice. Method for preventing static
pressure of ice shall be determined according to ambient temperature and reservoir level
fluctuation as well as local conditions. A gate is usually isolated 仕om ice cover by
submergible p田np or compressed air bubble, cutting ice ditch or other means. In special
cases when part of static pressure of ice is inevitable, strength checking calculation shall be
made.
The gate to be operated during icing period shall be provided with, in addition to the
seals of high watertightness, insulation or heating measures to prevent gate and gate slot
仕om 仕eezmg.

. 2.1.8 When the air aeration is insufficìent behind the submerged gate, the vent hole
shall be set at the top of the opening close to the downstream sidè, and its upper end shall be
separated 仕om the hoist room, and provided with protection facilities.

The vent hole size can be calculated in accordance with Appendix B.

2. 1. 9 The filling valve on the gate should be used as pressure equalizing facility of a
gate; and water filling by lifting the upper gate segment or other effective measures can also
be used. Dimensions of the press町e equalizing facility shall be determined according to
filling volume , downstream leakage and required filling time. The filling valve body shall
have sufficient weight and a flexible and reliable guide mechanism. The filling pipe and
valve body shall be in the shape that enables steady flöw during water filling. Water guiding
devices shall be provided for filling water between gate segments. Gate lifting force for
filling water between gate segments shall be approximately equal to the force for lifting the
whole gate under balanced conditions.
Operation of pressure equalizing facility shall be interlocked with gate operation. The
travel switch of small opening shall be provided on the hoist.
For pressure equalizing of the draft tube gate, water filling shall be performed 丘om
downs仕eam by means of the discharge system of the unit.

2. 1. 10 For convenience of manufacture, transport and erection, the following factors

shall be taken into account in design:
(1) Actual conditions for manufacture and erection.

(2) The 仕ansportation piece shall have necessary rigidity and required extemal
dimension and weight for 仕ansport.

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 (3) The varie句1 and specification of parts and components shall be reasonably
minimized, and the standardized parts and components shall be adopted.
(4) Structural members should be connected by welding , and the site w e1ding shall be
minimized to a possible extent. To reduce deformation in assembly, the gate
segments can also be connected by pins or bolts.
2.1.11 To facilitate operation and maintenance of gates , trash racks and hoists , the
following factors shall be taken into consideration in design:
(1) The hoist can be provided with a hood, a room or a chamber according to local
conditions. The hoist chamber in the dam body or underground cavem shall be
provided with ventilation and damp-proofing fac i1ities.
(2) The elevation of a hoist and dimension of the hoist room shall meet the
requirements of the maintenance of gate and hoist.
(3) For an emersed gate that can not be lifted to the pier surface , access holes or service
decks shall be set at an appropriate elevation. The submerged radial gate shall be
provided with maintenance steps not less than 800mm wide at appropriate
e1evations of the parapet and embedded parts for side seals. Service decks can also
be set at the trunnions.
(4) Hoist room, gate inspection room and service deck shall have sufficient 町ea and
height. The clearance between the hoist and the hoist room wall shall be no less
than 800mm. The clearance between hoists shall be no less than 600mm. In gate
inspection and maintenance, the clearance around the gate in the inspection room or
on the service deck shall be no less than 800mm. In addition, guardrai1 s or cover
plates shall be equipped to meet the requirement of operation, maintenance and
safe可.

(5) To facilitate hoisting and assembling, the inspection room and hoist room should be
provided with necessary embedded lifting rings and anchor-hooks.
(6) A storage area should be provided for bulkhead gate, standby trash rack and other
auxiliary fác i1ities. A gate storage with drainage fac i1ities at its botlom can be
provided if it is possible.
(7) Stairs should be set in the hoist room and gate maintenance chamber for upward and
downward access.
2.1.12 To reduce corrosion to gates and their auxiliary facilities and increase their
service life, e旺ective anti-corrosion measures shall be taken (e.g. , painting, sherardizing or
aluminizing after ste e1 anti-corrosion pretreatment) and scheduled maintenance shall be
conducted according to the water quality, operating conditions , erection positions and gate
types.

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 2.2 Water release system
2 .2 .1 The bulkhead gate should be provided on upstream side of the spillway service
gate. For important project, emergency gate can be provided if necessary. But when reservoir
level is below the service gate sill for a continuous period adequately long in a year and
meets the requirement of maintenance, the bulkhead gate is not required.
2 .2.2 At the upstream side of the service gate of a water release tunnel , the emergency
gate shall be provided. Study and analysis shall be made on the necessity of providing
bu出lead gate in 仕ont of the emergency gates for long tunne1 s with high heads.

2 .2 .3 The service gate of water release system can be radial gate, plain gate, or gate
and valve of other types. In the case of radial gate, attention should be paid to adopting the
appropriate type of seals. In the case of plain gates, attention should also be paid to adopting
appropriate type of gate slot. The type of gate slot shall be selected as per Appendix C. When
a gate opening is large in dimension and the operating water head is greater than 50m, the
radial gate should be selected.
2 .2.4 Open flow shall be maintained behind the service gate of a water release system.
For the pressure section in front ofthe gate , a certain contraction shall be maintained.
When a water re1 ease tunnel has curved sections, the service gate shall be set at the
straight section downstream the curved section and where the water flow is steady.
2 .2.5 The gate for sand sluice should be set at the inlet section and upstream skin plate
and seals shall be provided. The boundary between the gate slot and the waterway shall be
smooth and even and protected with appropriate abrasive-resistant materials. In view of the
physical condition ofthe sand sluice, sand sluicing by high pressure water jet can be adopted
to facilitate gate lifting, when necessary.
2 .2 .6 For the gate of construction diversion opening, different operational conditions
during project cons仕uction and initial power generation shall be taken into consideration. In
gate shut off for river c1 osure, safety shall be ensured and backup measures shall be taken
when necessary. The gate shall be later used as a pe口丑anent gate, if possible.
2 .2 .7 For the important service gate of large projects, special study shall be made on
the issues regarding cavitation erosion, vibration, abrasion and hoisting force that may occur
in the gate operation. Effective measures can be taken in terms of venth

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 2 .2 .9 For the low-head radial gate , attention shall be particular1y paid to d严lamlc
stabi1ity of the support arms. In addition to comp1iance with the requirements specified in
2. 1.1 and care臼1 maintenance and proper operation, the dynamic stability should be ensured
through optimizing the arm structure and construction.
2.3 Sluices, drainage and irrigation systems
2 .3 .1 巧rpes of gates for sluices and drainage and irrigation systems shall be selected
according to the project characteristics as well as local conditions. Plain, radial, arch,
1ift-tilting 句rpe gates and other gates or valves can be used.

2.3.2 The ups位eam side of various sluice service gates should be provided with
bulkhead gates. The flood intake sluice or flood-discharging sluice of great importance can
be provided with emergency gates. If the service gate si11 is frequent1y submerged by
downstream water, the necessity of downstream bulkhead gate shall be studied. The
bulkhead gate can be a plain gate, a stoplog gate, a floating stoplog gate or a floating caisson
gate.
Storage , lifting and transport of bulkhead gates shall be as convenient as possible.
Necessary pre-compression measures should be taken for bul灿ead gate seals.
2.3.3 Types and layout of gates shall be determined according to such factors as
load七earing conditions of gate , control and operation requirements and structural
arrangement of the gate chamber:
(1) Radial gates should be used for sluices that need gates to control water discharge .
(2) Fall-in or flap gates should be adopted for sluices that operate also for discharging
trash and ice or rafting .
(3) For a sluice with bottomjoint, plain gate should be adopted. In case of radial gate ,
the impact of possible differential sett1ement of the piers on the strength, seals and
operation of the gate should be analyzed.
(4) In order to lower the hoist bent and to improve overall earthquake-resistance ofthe
sluice , lifting-ti1ting or double-leaf plain gates can be used. In case that a
lifting-ti1ting gate is used, the arc starting point, arc track radius and central angle
and dogging devices of the gate shall be proper1y selected; ånd the condition for
gate inspection and maintenance shall also be taken into consideration.
(5) In order to simpli马r energy dissipators , improve discharge capacity and reduce
lifting force , a cone valve can be horizontally or oblique1y positioned at the out1et
of water release structures. Attention shall be paid to the impact of water sprar on
the surrounding buildings as well as valve inspection conditions.
2.3.4 On rivers with rapid increment of water flow but slight sediment or on those
with special requirement, the hydraulically operated gate can be used. However, attention

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shall be paid to hydraulic aspects of the gate and the discharge and emptying facilities for
gate inspectíon.
2.3.5 Tide-retaining gates are usually required to open or close quickly. Therefore , the
skin plate of the gate shall be positioned at sea water side , and two-way seals shall be set to
prevent water and silt 仕om flowing into the opposite side.
2.3.6 The service gate for drainage and irrigation sluices is designed to bear the water
press旧e from both sides , and the design of support, seal and bottom edge of the gates shall

accommodate to this feature..

2.3.7 For the water conservancy project subject to heavy tidal bore or wind wave , if
submerged radial gate is used and the ups位eam water level is sometimes below gate lintel,
vent holes shall be set in the parapet at the inlet to decrease impact force of the highly
compressed air pocket generated by tide waves on the gate.
2.3.8 Trash racks and bulkhead gates shall be provided at the inlet of a pump station.
The outlet shall be provided with reliable flow interception facilities , e.g. , flap gate or plain
stop gate. Emergency gates or bulkhead gates should be equipped at the outlet. The inlet can
be provided with two rows of trash racks and cleaning machine, if necessary, according to
the situation of trashes.
2.4 Waterway and power generation system
2.4.1 When the gate is required to close for protection of the unit or pens!pck, the stop
gate and bulkhead gate shall be set at the intake of a power station at dam toe. For the
diversion 可pe power station, an emergency gate shall be set at the intake of the long
diversion tunnel in addition to a stop gate provided at the inlet of the penstocks.
For run-of-river power station, where the unit is provided withreliable runaway
prevention devices , only emergency gate and bulkhead gate are required at the water intake.
Appropriate simplification is acceptable for small power stations.
2.4.2 For the emergency gate set in the surge tank, the impact of the surge on placing
and lowering of the gate shall be considered, and for which a special study shall be
conducted if necessary.
2.4.3 The duration for the stop gate closing shall meet the requirement for unit and
penstock protection. The gate lowering speed shall not exceed 5m1min. when" it is
approaching the gate sill.
The hoist for stop gates shall be able to be operated locally and remotely and shall be
provided with reliable power source and accurate opening indicating contr01ler.
2.4.4 The intake of a power station shall be provided with devices for measuring water
head difference so as to monitor the water head in front of and behind the trash rack as well
as the water pressure of the emergency gate or bulkhead gate before they are lifted.

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 2.4.5 Trash racks shall be arranged according to properties and quantity of trashes in
the river as well as the requirements for trash cleaning.
For river sections with less trash, one row oftrash racks is enough.
For the sections with large quantity of trashes, trash releasing facilities shall be
provided and two rows of trash racks or common passage behind the trash rack shall be
adopted. In addition, e茸ective trash cleaning and removal facilities shall be provided.
All 仕ash racks should be provided with reliable trash cleaning platforms.
In cold areas , effective measures shall be taken, if necessary, to prevent trash rack bar
from icing on or being obstructed by frazil ice.
2.4.6 For pumped storage power station, the intake of the upper reservoir should be
provided with trash rack and bulkhead gate (or emergency gate). In the case that the tailrace
system at downstream of the units is a long tailrace tunnel , in addition to the bulkhead gate
and trash rack provided at outlet of the tailrace tunnel, an emergency gate (or bulkhead gate)
should be provided between the elbow pipe and the tailrace surge shaft. In the case of a short
tailrace tunnel, the bulkhead gate (or emergency gate) and trash rack can be provided at the
outlet of tailrace tunnel. The impact of hydrodynamic force due to the effect of two-way
water flow shall be taken into account in trash rack design.
2.4.7 For hydropower stations with bulb units , the trash rack and bulkhead gate (or
emergency gate) should be set at the intake and the emergency gate (or bulkhead gate) set at
the tailrace outlet. In 仕ash rack design , measures for reducing head loss shall be taken, the
impact of hydrodynamic force shall also be considered and a cleaning machine can be
provided when necessary.

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 3. Load
3.0.1 Loads on a gate are c1assified into two categories in respect of design conditions
and check conditions , namely design load and check load.
3.0.2 Design loads inc1ude:
(1) Selfweight of gate (inc1uding counterweight) ,
(2) Hydrostatic pressure at design head,
(3) Hydrodynamic pressure at design head,
(4) Wave pressure at design head,
(5) Earthquake-induced hydrodynamic pressure at design head,
(6) Water hammer pressure at design head,
(7) Sediment pressure,
(8) Wind pressure ,
(9) Lifting force.
3.0.3 Check loads inc1ude:
(1) Se1 fweight of gate (inc1uding counterweight) ,
(2) Hydrostatic pressure at check head,
(3) Hydrodynamic pressure at check head,
(4) Wave pressure at check head,
(5) Earthquake-induced hydrodynamic pressure 剖 check head,
(6) Water hammer pressure at check head,
(7) Sediment pressure,
(8) Wind pressure,
(9) Impact force ofice, f1 0ating and moving substance,
(10)Temperature load,
(ll)Li武ing force.
3.0.4 For a gate subject to special requirements (e.g. , underwater blasting) , the load
thereof on the gate shall be studied.
3.0.5 For the service gate to be operated 仕equently in f1 0wing water at high head or to
be partially opened frequently, dynamic loads of different magnitudes on various parts of the
gate shall be considered in design, which can be calculated with static loads on different
parts of the gate multiplied by corresponding dynamic coefficients , depending on gate types
and water f1 0w conditions. The dynamic coefficient can be 1.0-1 .2.
For important service gates of large projects with complicated water f1 0w conditions,
special study shall be made to work out the dynamic coefficient.
In checking calculation of the gate rigidity, the dynamic coefficient is not considered.
3.0.6 The load on a gate can be calculated using the formulas in Appendix D and
Clause 8.1 herein after.

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 4. Material and allowable stress
4.1 Material

4.1.1 The grade and quality of steel for load bearing structure of a gate shall be
selected according to such factors as 臼nction， operating condition, connection method and
service temperature of the gate. The steel products of open hearth or oxygen converter Q23 5 ,
16Mn and 16Mnq can be used. The steel products adopted shall respectively conform to the
current national standard "Carbon Structure Steel" (GB700) , "Low Alloy Structure Steel"
(GBI591) and "Hot-rolled Carbon Steel for Bridge"s (GB714) in terms of quality and shall
be selected as per Table 4.1.1.

Table 4. 1.1 Grade of Steel Used for Gate and Embedded Parts
Item Calculating
Service condition Steel grade
No. temperature
Q235A
Service and important emergency gates of
20 0 C Q235B
large projects and service gate for partial 161\心1， 161\位1q
Gate OOC Q235C
openmg
-20 0 C 0235D
Q235A 、 Q235B 、 Q235C 、
2 gate of small and medium projects and -20 0 or below
S巳rvice
Q235D 、 161\缸1 、 161\但1q
not for partial opening; other emergency gates
3 Over -20 C Q235AF
0
16Mn
4 Bulkhead gates and trash racks Over -30 C Q235AF
0
16Mn
5 Main force bearing embedded parts Q235AF
Embedded
Embedded parts selected as per construction
6 part Q195
reqUlrement
Notes:
1. The stee1 of other grades can be se1ected when the re1iab1e data avai1ab1e thereof are proved to be
app1icab1e. The stee1 without a certificate can be used according to the physica1 circumstances when
its chemica1 compositions and mechanica1 properties are proved by test to be in confoTI田ty with the
corresponding stee1 grades specified in re1evant standards.
2. When boi1ing stee1 is used for we1ded structures serviced in 10w-temperature areas , the stee1 p1ate
shou1d not be too thick.
3. The stee1 for non-we1ded structure can be se1ected according to the grades as indicated in Tab1e 4.1.1.
4. The calcu1ating temperature shall be deterrnined according to the calcu1ating temperature in winter
outside the air conditioning room as specified in the current ‘ Specification ofHeating Venti1ation and
Air Conditioning Design".
5. The 1arge projects mentioned herein refer to grade-1 and grade-2 projects , whi1e the medium ones
refer to grade-3 project and small ones refer to grade- 4 and grade-5 pr叶 ec也

4.1.2 The steel for load bearing structure of a gate shall meet the requirements in terms of
tensile strength, yield point, elongation percentage, sulfur and phosphor contents. The carbon
content of the welded structural steel shall meet the requirement.
The steel for the main load bearing structure and the bending steel parts shall have the
certificate of cold bent test.

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 The steel for welded structure bearing dynamic load shall have certificate of impact test
under calculating temperature. For corresponding calculating temperatures of Q235 steel,
refer to Table 4. 1.1.
The steel of non-welded structure bearing dynamic load shall also have certificate of
impact test when necessary.
4.1.3 The steel casting of gate supports (main 仕ack inc1uded) can be:
(1) The ZG230-450 , ZG270-500, ZG3 1O-570 and ZG340-640 cast steels as
specified in "Carbon Steel Castings for General Engineering Purposes"
(GB11352) in force.
(2) Alloy cast steels ZG35CrMo , ZG50Mn2 , ZG34CrNi3Mo , etc. specified in
"Alloy Cast Stee1s" (JB/ZQ4297) in force.
4.1 .4 lron castings used for gates shall meet "Grey lron Castings" (GB9439) in force.
Note: No restriction is posed on grades of iron castings for gate counterweight, however, the
intensity of such ifOn castings shall be ensured.
4.1.5 The following steels can be used for shafts of 1ifting rod, connecting, main wheel
and trunnion and other shafts:
(1) Grades 35 and 45 steels specified in "High Quality Carbon Structure Steel"
(GB699) in force.
(2) Q275 steel specified in the current "Carbon Structure Steel" (GB700).
(3) Such alloy steels as 35Mn2 , 40Cr and 34CrNi3Mo specified in "Alloy Structure
Steels" (GB3077) in force.
4.1.6 Stainless steel materials used for supporting slide 仕ack and seal seat of gate slots
shall be lCr18Ni9 or lCr18Ni9Ti stainless steels as specified in "Hot Rolled Stainless Steel
Plate" (GB4237) in force.
4.1.7 According to the operating conditions of a gate, the rubber or rubber-plastic seals
can be used. Refer to Appendix E for performance indexes thereof.
4. 1. 8 The performance of laminated wood, polyf1uortetraethylene-filled plates and
steel-base bronze-plastic composite material for gate support are given in Appendix F.
The performance of bronze for gate su 叩ppor邸岱
t s and p盯tωs shall conform tωO

Alloys" (GB1176仿) 血 in force.

4.1.9 C20-C30 concrete should be used as second-stage concrete for embedded parts.
The impermeabi1ity and frost-resistance index of the concrete shall be proposed according to
the operating conditions and local temperature.
4. 1. 10 矶
w巾刷
eldi面
ng rods for manual welding shall comply with "Ca 缸rbon Steel Weld Rod"
(GB51口17) ，
(GB983) in force. The model ofwelding rods shall match the strength ofthe base metals.
4. 1. 11 For automatic and semi-automatic weldings , the welding wire and f1ux shall
match the strength of the base metal. The welding wire shall be in compliance with the

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requirements in "Steel Wire for Welding" (GB1300) and "Fluxes for the Submerged Arc
Welding ofCarbon Steel" (GB5293) in force.
4.1.12 The Q235 steel specified in the current GB700 can be used for anchor bar or
anchor plate.
4.1.13 High-strength bolting sets shall meet the requirements set forth in "High
Strength Bolts with Large Hexagon Head for Steel Structures" (GB 1228), "High Strength
Large Hexagon Nuts for Steel Structures" (GB1229) , "High Strength Plain Washers for Steel
S仕uctures" (GB1230) , Technical Requirements of "High Strength Bolts with Large Hexagon
Head", "Large Hexagon Nuts" , "Plain Washers for Steel Structures" (GBl23 1), "Model and
Dimension of Torsion-shear Type High Strength Bolting Sets for Steel Structures" (GB3632)
and "Technical Requirement of Torsion-shear Type High Strength Bolting Sets for Steel
Structures" (GB3633).

4.2 AUowable stress

4 .2 .1 Allowable stresses of steels shall be grouped according to the dimensions in

Table 4.2.1-1 and are adopted as per Table 4 .2 .1-2. Allowable stresses of connecting
materials shall be determined as per Table 4 .2 .1-3 and Table 4 .2 .1-4.
In the following cases , the values in Table 4 .2 .1-2 , Table 4.2.1-3 and Table 4.2.1-4 shall
be multiplied by one of the a司justment coefficients below:
(1) 0.90-0.95 for service gates and important emergency gates for large and medium
projects;
(2) 0.85-0.90 for large gate partially opened frequently at high head;
(3) 0.80-0.85 for huge service gates operating at high head and under exceptionally
complicated service conditions.
Note: 1 Only one ofthe above adjustment coefficients can be taken in calculation for one gate.
2 Special circumstances are not included.
Table 4.2.1-1 Steel Dimension Groups
Dimension of steel (mm)
Q215 , Q235 16阳1， 16Mnq
GroupNo.
Thickness of steel Thickness of shaped steel and Thickness of steel
(or diameter) deform巳 d steel (or diameter)
Group 1 :S 16 <15 三 16

Group 2 >16~40 >15~20 >16~25

Group 3 >40~60 >20 >25~36

Group 4 >60~100 >36~50

>50~ 100 square steel and

Group 5 >100~150
round steel
Group 6 >150
Note 1. Shaped steels include angle steel, I -steel and channel steel.

2. The thickness ofI -steel and channel steel in the table refers to their web thickness.

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12
 4.2.2 The values in Table 4 .2.2 shall be taken for allowable stress of machine parts
(including lifting eyes , components and parts for connecting and supporting parts and forged
or casted load bearing 位acks.)

4 .2 .3 The allowable s仕ess of gray iron castings is shown in Table 4.2 .3.

4 .2.4 Allowable bearing stress of shaft bush is shown in Table 4 .2.4.

4 .2 .5 Allowable bearing s仕esses of first- and second-stage concrete for embedded

parts are shown in Table 4 .2 .5.

4 .2 .6 The allowable compression stress of 仕ansverse grain of wood is shown in Table

4 .2 .6.
4 .2 .7 The physical performance of steel and steel casting is shown in Table 4 .2 .7.

4 .2 .8 The allowable stress in Table 4 .2.1 -2 , Table 4 .2 .1-3 , Table 4.2.1-4 and Table
4 .2.2: shall be increased by 15% under the check load; but it shall not exceed 0.85σs ln
special circumstances (except for local stress).

Table 4.2.1-2 Allowable Stress of Steels (MPa)

carbon structural steel low alloy structural steel

Q215 Q235 16I\街1 and 16I\也lq

Stress Symbol
吕9 吕P 吕e 吕♀ 吕同。。 电。口叶。 气。
忡。口3' P P SZ
PS
吕同。。 如。。啥s=
"d ZQ 吕♀ 每。
同。 P
N VJ .þ. vl 。、 如~
N VJ 品 vl N VJ 飞.h 0\
如-‘
-‘
Tensile ,
compresslO
[σ] 145 135 125 120 115 110 160 150 145 135 130 230 220 205 190 180
n,bending
stress
Shear stress [τ] 90 80 70 65 60 55 95 90 85 80 75 135 130 120 110 105
Local
compresslO [σω 220 200 190 180 170 160 240 230 220 210 200 350 330 310 290 270
nstress
Local
contact
[σcj] 110 100 95 90 85 80 120 115 110 105 100 175 165 155 145 135
compresslO
n stress
Notes: 1 Local compression stress shall not be multiplied by adjustment coefficient.
2 Local compression means such states in which a small part of surface of web of the component
is being compressed by laocal load or the end face is bearing pressure (e.g. rubdown and
jacking against).
3 Local contact compression stress means compression s仕ess of a hinge of little movability on
the projection plane ofthe contact surface.

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13
 Table 4.2.1-3 AIIowable Stress of 明Teld

For automatic and For automatic and

semi-automatic welding, and semi-automatic welding,
manual welding using E43XX and manual welding using
W巳lding rod E50XX w e1 ding rod,
Welded
S仕ess Symbol 16Mn and 16Mnq
seam Q215 Q235

吃。口。叶
3 吕。
同。 号P 气。。口~ 吕。
。同 吕P 吕P 吕P 。。如啥
d
hq

如~
t让 w 如~
N ←~ N w 丰h

Compression s仕ess [~J 145 130 125 160 150 230 220 205 190
1 For automatic welding [oPJ 145 130 125 160 150 230 220 205 190
2 Welded (1) accurate
seam quality lllspectíon
[~J 145 130 125 160 150 230 220 205 190

Butt Tensile lllSpectlOn

weld stress method for
seml-automati (2) ordinary
[σrJ 125 110 105 135 120 200 190 175 165
c welding or lllSpectlOn
manual
welding
Shear stress [~J 85 75 70 95 90 135 130 120 110
Fi11et Tensi1e stress , compression stress
weld and shear s位ess
[~J 105 95 90 115 105 160 150 140 130

Notes: 1 The ordinary inspection includes visual inspection, dimension measurement and borehole
inspection. The accurate inspection includes supplementary inspection in addition to ordinary inspection,
e.g. , X-ray and ultrasonic method.
2 For allowable stress of overhead weld, the above values shall be reduced by 20%.
3 For allowable stress ofinstallation weld, the above values shall be reduced by 10%.

Table 4.2.1-4 AIIowable Stress (MPa) of Ordinary Bolting

Steel grade of
structure
bolt
Q235 16Mn Q215 Q235 16I\也1 and 16I\也lq
Bolt Stress Symbol

吕P 气。口"。3意 气。口同。3 电。。口同 吕P 忡。同。己 它~ 气￠同。。j

>-' N w . . . .璋
N >-' N w
I1
丰h

Tensile stress [叶] 125 185

Shear stress
Finishedbolt (Class 1 hole)
[-2J 130 190

Bearing stress 345

(Class 1 hole) [~J 265 240 290 275 420 395 370

Tensile stress 时] 125 185

Rough bolt Shear stress 〔τIJ 85 125
Bearing stress [~J 175 160 190 185 280 265 250 235

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14
 Anchor I Compression
bolt stress
Note: 1 A hole dri11ed by the following methods is of class-l:
(1) Dri11ed on assembled members according ωthe design diameter.
(2) Dri11ed on individual parts and members with dri11ing jig according ωthe design diameter.
(3) Dri11 or punch a hole of smaller diameter on an individual part and then counterbore the hole
to design hole diameter on the assembled members.
2 Wh en the diameter of a bolt is more than 40mm, the allowable stress of the bolt shall be
reduced by 4% for Q235 steel, and 6% for 16Mn steel.

Table 4.2.2 AIIowable Stress (MPa) of Machine Parts

High quality
carbon Low Alloy
carbon Alloy cast
S仕uctural alloy Cast carbon steel structural
structural steel
steel stee1 steel
steel
Stress Symbol

。 s?O吐
←~ tJ
FU。斗J O
UJ
N 飞』4
F0 O
UNJ w
，。
t、JN」
UNJ
oUbJJ w u
辛
-c〈占p总 R
vl
巳
CEZP 声
M
N
v。l 「时。击古
B vl
vl U
4A
< 2 2
h
、。
斗
o -‘
Tensile ,
compresSlO n , [σ] 100 120 140 130 145 115 120 140 150 190
170 130
(320)
bending (280) (280)
stress
85
130
Shear stress [τ] 65 75 90 85 95 85 90 105 115 150 (1 90 (215)
(1 80)
O
Local
250 195
compresslO n [σcd] 150 180 210 195 220 170 180 200 220 280 (485)
(345) (430)
S仕ess

Local contact
135 105
compresSlOn [σcj] 80 95 110 105 120 90 95 110 120 155 (265)
(1 90) (230)
stress
Tensile s仕ess 190 150
[σd 120 145 180 150 170 130 140 155 170 220 (375)
ofhole wall (265) (330)
Notes: The values in brackets are those after quenching and tempering.
2 The allowable tens i1e stress of hole wall applies to fixed bonding. For flexible bonding , the
values listed in the above table shall be reduced by 20%.
3 The allowable stress of structural alloy steel as listed in the above table applies to steel products
with the cross section of 25mm . If the yield point decreases due to increase in thickness of the
,
steel the allowable stress shall be r巳duced with the decrease to ratio of yield point.

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15
 Table 4.2.3 Allowable Stress of Gray Cast Iron (MPa)

Gray cast iron

Stress Symbol
HT1 5-33 HT20-40 HT25-47
Axial bulkling and bending
[σa] 120 150 200
co口lpresslOn stress

Bending tensile s位ess [σw] 35 45 60

Shear s仕ess [τ] 25 35 45
Local compression stress [σcd] 170 210 260
Local contact compression s位ess [σcj] 60 75 90

Table 4.2.4 Allowable Stress of Shaft Bush (MPa)

Shaft and bush material Symbol Radial compression stress

Ste e1 vs. 9-4 aluminum-iron cast
50
bronze
Steel vs. 10-1 Sn-P cast bronze [σcg] 40
Steel vs. steel-base bronze-plastic
40
composite material

Table 4.2.5 AIIowable Stress of Concrete (MPa)

Concrete grade
Stress Symbol
C15 C20 C25 C30
Compression
[σh] 5 7 9 11
stress

Table 4.2.6 AIIowable Stress of 明lood (MPa)

Coniferous wood Broad leaf wood

Stress Symbol
Larch Koreanpine Wood (oak) Birch
Cross grain
[σah] 1. 7 1. 3 3 2 .2
bearing stress

Table 4.2.7 Physical Performance of Steel and Steel Casting

Coefficient of
Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Densityρ
孔tlaterial linear expansion α
(MPa) (MPa) Ckg/m3 )
CK')
Steel, steel casting 2.06x105 0.79xl05 1.2x lO-5 7850

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16
 5. Structural design
5.1 Structural arrangement
5.1.1 The girder system of gate should be arranged on one layer. Requirements on
manufacture, transport, erection and anti-rust shall be considered.
5. 1.2 The plain gate can be designed with two or more main beams according to the
type of gate opening and the aspect ratio of the gate.
The following factors shall be taken into consideration in the main beam arrangement:
(1) The arrangement ofmain beams should meet the requirement of equalload.
(2) The spacing between main beams shall facilitate manufacture，位ansport and
erectlOn.
(3) The spacing between main beams shall facilitate support arrangement.
(4) The distance between the main bottom beam and the bottom seal shall facilitate
the bottom edge arrangement. The downstream dip angle of the service gate and
emergency gate shall be no less than 300 • When a gate is seated on a
non-horizontal sill, the included angle can be increased or decreased as
appropriate. When the dip angle of 30 0 is impossible, appropriate air
replenishing measures shall be taken. For a plain gate where the water column is
partially utilized, the upstream dip angle of it shall be no less than 45 0 , while
60 0 is preferred. See Figure 5. 1.2.
5. 1.3 For the emersed plain gate with two main beams, the main beams should be
positioned above and below the hydrostatic pressure line symetrically as shown in Figure
5. 1. 3. Meanwhile , attentions shall be paid to the following factors:
(1 ) The distance between two main beams (α) shall be as large as possible.
(2) The distance between the upper main beam and the top edge of the gate (α0)
shall be less than 0.45H, but no more than 3.6m.

:1;

Fig.5. 1.2 Fig.5. 1.3

5.1 .4 The main beam can be of solid-web or trussed beam depending on the span and
load.
In the preliminary selection of the height of a solid-web main beam, it shall be larger
than the minimum beam height and should be determined by the comprehensive analysis by

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17
reference to the economic beam height.
To reduce the gate slot size and minimize consumption of steel, the main beam of
variable cross section can be used for wide-span gate with the height at the beam end to be
OA-0.6 times that at the middle portion. The position of beam height variation should be at
the position 1/4-1/6 the span from the supports, meanwhi1e, the strength shall be ensured.
5.1.5 The side beams of a plain gate shall be of solid web type. For the sliding support,
the single罔web side beams shall be used, and for simply-supported wheel type supp。此，
double-web beams should be used.
5. 1. 6 To ensure the certain rigidity of a gate, the gate-back bracing system (p arallel
with the skin plate) and vertical bracing system (p erpendicular to the skin plate) shall be
provided.
The gate-back bracing system shall be of trussed or 仕amed structure. The vertical
bracing system can be of either solid web or trussed structure.
5.1.7 The ratio of curvature radius of skin plate of a radial gate to the gate height:
For emersed gate, 1. 0- 1. 5
For submerged gate, 1. 1-2.2
The trunnions of a radial gate should be positioned at the height above the si11 where the
trunnion is free ofimpact ofwater flow and floating substance carried by the water.
The trunnions of an emersed radial gate on a sp i11way can be positioned at the height of
(1/2-3/4) H (gate height) above the gate si11.
The trunnions of an emersed radial gate of a sluice can be positioned at the height of
(2/3-1) H (gate height) above the gate si11.
The trunnions of a submerged radial gate can be positioned higher than 1.1 H (gate
height) above the gate sill.
5. 1. 8 The main beams of a radial gate can be of main crossbeam or main longitudinal
beam structure depending on the aspect ratio of the gate opening.
The radial gate with large aspect ratio should be of main crossbeam structure, and that
of small aspect ratio can be of main longitudinal beam structure.
5. 1. 9 There are three types of main framed support for radial gates with main
crossbeam structure, as shown in Figure 5. 1. 9 (时， Figure (b) and Figure (c).
Where the supporting condition is avai1able, type (a) should be adopted. When the
supports are on side walls, type (b) should be used, and L 1 should be approximately O.2L.

同阿
( 11 )
I丁口1 (Ib J (C.l)
(d)
Figure5. 1. 9

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18
 When type (a) or 可pe (b) is inapplicable to the clearance at the gate opening, type (c) is
acceptable.
The radial gate of main longitudinal beam structure can adopt type (d) as shown in
Figure 5. 1. 9.
5. 1. 10 The ratio (Ko) of the specific rigidity of solid-web main cross beam to that of
the suppo时 arm can be 3 to 11 (3 to 7 for oblique support arm and 5 to 11 for straight support
arm).
Ko is calculated with the following formula:
K.. =
一-
I 10 h 5. 1. 10
Ih l
ltft.. l
10 、 o are respectively the inertia moment of main crossbeam section and the

calculating span.
Z 、 h are respectively the inertia moment of support arm section and the length of

support arm.
5. 1. 11 For the radial gate with oblique support arms , when the arms are in horizontal
.connection with the main crossbeam, a torsion angle 2φis formed on the section vertical to
the bisector of the included angle of the two support arms at the .trunnion, (refer to Figure
5. 1. 11). Angle φcan be calculated as follows:

• ;sIui国

1-1 U再Jerand 怕牺fr割据目阳

2-2 3-3
2
Figure 5. 1.1 1

←可1[~J伫L~J (5. 1.. 11)

Where， αis horizontal offset angle of an inclined support an丑;

θis half of the included angle of the upper and lower support arms.
5. 1. 12 Rigid connection shall be ensured for the support arms with the main crossbeam.
When the inclined support arm and the main crossbeam are in bolted connection, a shear

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19
resistant plate is required. The plate
shall be in good contact with both
ends of the connecting plate (see
Figure 5. 1. 12).
5. 1. 13 F or the support arms of a
low-head radial gate , the following
measures can be taken according to
the service conditions.
(1 ) The rigidity out of the
main frame plane shall be Figure5. 1.1 2
considered and ensured in terms of s仕uc阳re.
(2) Appropriate consideration shall be given to the additional bendirig moment
caused by 仕iction resistance of the trunnion on the support arms.
(3) For the emersed radial gate , the l甲per support arms shall be proper1y reinforced.
5. 1. 14 To fac i1itate stoplog gate operation, interchangeab i1ity of stoplogs shall be
considered and effort shall be made to minimize water leakage.
When the floating stoplog gate or floating caisson gate is used, it shall be arranged
symmetrically to ensure smooth gate operation. The buoyancy of a single piece of the
floating stoplog gate shall be proper1y determined so that it can sink and float as required.
5. 1. 15 The central angle of the arc axis of an arch gate should be be 90 0 • The horizontal
and vertical sections of the gate shall be provided with bracing system to ensure sufficient
rigidity of the gate.
5.2 Structural calculation
5.2.1 In gate structural ca1culation, the strength, rigidity and stabi1ity shall be
ca1culated and checked with the load specified in Clauses 3.0.2 to 3.0.5 and by the
ca1culation principles specified in Clause 1.0.6 in light of the design and check loads of the
gate and the possible worst load combinations.
5.2.2 The checking ca1culation of strength: For load-bearing members and connecting
pieces of a gate, computation for checking direct stress and shear stress is required. At the
position subject to both great direct stress and shear stress , checking ca1culation of reduced
stress is required.
The ca1culated maximum stress shall not exceed 105% the allowable stress.
The longitudinal beam system and the skin plate of radial gate can be ca1culated and
checked similar to the straight beam and plain plate, and the curvature effect is ignored.
5.2.3 The rigidity check ca1culation: For members in bending, checking ca1culation of
their deflection is required. The ratio of maximum deflection to ca1culating span shall not
exceed the following values:
(1) Main bea:pls ofsubmerged service gate and emergency gate 1/7 50
(2) Main beams of emersed service gate and emergency gate 11600
(3) Main beams ofbulkhead gate and trash rack 11500
(4) Secondary beams 11250
5.2 .4 Stability checking ca1culation: For members in bending, compression and
eccentric compression members , checking ca1culation of overall and local stabi1ity is

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20
required.
5.2.5 The slendemess ratio of gate members shall not exceed the following values:
(1) Allowable slendemess ratio of compression members:
Principal member: 120
Secondary member: 150
Bracing member: 200
(2) Allowable slendemess ratio oftension members:
Principal member: 200
Secondary member: 250
Bracing member: 350
5 .2 .6 Calculation of skin plate and its effective width:
(1) F or taking full use of the skin plate strength, in beam grid arrangement, the ratio
of long side length to short side length of the grid (b/a) should exceed 1. 5 and
the long side should be along the main beam axis.
(2) The local bending stress of a skin plate shall be calculated in view of boundary
support circumstance that the elastic sheet bears uniformly dis仕ibuted load with
four sides fixed (or three sides fixed and one side simply supported or two
adjacent sides fixed and the other two adjacent sides simply supported). For
grids at the top zone of an emersed gate , the calculation is made using the
triangular load.
The skin plate thickness ð preliminarily selected shall be calculated as follows:

=aJa[u]
坦问 5 .2 .6-1

Where, Ky is bending stress coefficient at midpoint of long side of the grid, and shall be
determined according to Tables Gl , G2 and G3 inAppendix G.
αis the elastoplastici可 adjustment factor. When b/a>3 ， α= 1.4; when b/a鱼， α= 1. 5;
q is the water pressure intensity (MPa) at center of the calculated grid zone of the
skin plate;
α 、 b are the short side length and long side length (mm) ofthe calculated grid ofthe

skin-plate measured 仕om the attachment weld between the skin plate and the main
(secondary) beam.
[σ] is the allowable bending stress of the steel, to be determined according to Table
4 .2 .1-2.
(3) If the skin plate is connected with the main (secondary) beam, it shall be
considered that the skin plate will serve together with the main (secondary) beam
flange. Its e旺ective width can be calculated according to Appendix G.
(4) In checking calculation for the skin plate s仕eng曲， superposition shall be considered
of the local bending s仕ess of the skin plate and the overall bending stress of the skin
plate serving concurrently as part ofthe main (secondary) beam flange. 咀le reduced
stressσ'zh after supe甲osition can be calculated using formula (Gl) or formula (G2)
in Appendix G. σ'zh shall meet the following requirement:

(fzll 主211口 5.2 .6-2

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21
 The ca1culated thickness shall be added by 1 to 2mm as corrosion allowance,
considering the service environment and corrosion protection conditions.
5.2.7 In checking ca1culation of the support ann stability in the frame plane, the
ca1culating ann length of a radial gate shall be worked out using the following fonnula:
ho=，μh 5.2.6-2
Where, ho is the ca1culated length of the ann;
h is the length ofthe ann (measured from the centroidalline ofthe framework),
μis the ca1culating length coefficient of the ann. For the ann of a main
horizontal beam structure with rectangular frame or trapezoid 企ame， μcan be 1.2- 1. 5; for
the ann ofmain longitudinal beam structure with multi-layer 仕iangular frame， μcan be 1.0.
5.2.8 For the load-bearing member of a gate, the steel plate thickness or section ofthe
shaped steel shall not be less than:
(1) 6mm thick for steel plate,
(2)ζ50mm x 6mm for equal-angle bar,

(3)ζ63mm x 40mm x 6mm for unequal angle bar,

(4) I-steelo fI 12.6; and
(5) Channel steel of [ 8.
This c1ause may not be applied to gates of small projects.
5.3 Trash rack
5.3 .1 The design load of a trash rack shall be determined with consideration of
properties and quantity of the trashes in the river and c1eaning measures. The trash rack of
the waterway for power generation should be designed at the water head of 2 to 4m, and the
design water head in specific situations can be detennined case by case.
5.3.2 Wi白白e prerequisit that the unit protecti9n is ensured, the c1earance between the
trash rack bars shall be properly increased to facilitatè cleaning and reducing head loss.
5.3 .3 The trash rack should be movable so tnat it can be easily lifted out of the
opening for maintenance or replacement.
5.3.4 The height ofthe rack bar section should not be more than 12 times the thickness
nor less than 50mm. The distance between lateral supports of trash rack bars should be no
more than 70 times the bar thickness.
5.3.5 Checking ca1culation is required for the strength and stability of the trash rack
bars. The safety factor for stability K shall be no less than 2. Refer to Appendix H for
ca1culation ofthe criticalload oftrash rack bars.
5.3.6 The load-carrying structure of trash rack shall be subject to intemal force
analysis according to the layout and construction, as well as checking ca1culation by
referriIig to Clause 5.2 herein above.

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22
 6. Design of Components and Parts
6.1 General requirement
6.1.1 In casting design, the workmanship of the casting shall be considered and the
structural elements of the castings shall be met in design.
The forgings and work pieces shal1 be designed in conformi可 to the relevant
specifications and the structural elements.
6. 1.2 For the shafts of main wheel , trunnion and lifting eye, the surface shal1 be
chromalized or provided with other cladding for anti-corrosion according to service
conditions.
Other sh~fts， bolts and nuts for underwater service or connecting parts subject to
仕equent disassembly shal1 be applied with anti-corrosion treatment. Important conneèting
parts exposed to serious corrosion circumstances can be made of stainless steel.
Note: For small gates , anticorrosioú measures can be taken as the case may be.
6.1.3 The spacing between shafts and bushes of the wheel and trunnion shal1 be
adequately lubricated.
Fixed shafts or other movable parts shal1 be provided with oil hole , groove and plug, etc.
Oi1 grooves can be set by the side ofnon-bearing area.
In addition to adequate lubrication, rolling bearing or sliding bearing operating in
silt-laden water shal1 be equipped with sealing device and oil drainage holes. Lubricating
devices shall fac i1itate oi1ing.
6.2 Traveling support
6.2 .1 The type of the traveling support of a plain gate shall be determined,by service
conditions, loadand span. Roller or slide support should be used for service gate and
emergency.gate. For bulkhead gate and service gate that require small hoisting force, slide
block support made of steel or cast iron can be used. '
6.2.2 Commonly used ro l1er. supports include canti1ever wheel, simply supported
wheel, multiple-roller and rig wheel, the simply support wheel is more used. The canti1 ever
wheel can be used in the case of small load. In the case of a wide support span, rig wheel or
other 可pe of support can be used to 号 ensure good contact of the wheels to the guide rails.
Multiple-roller canalso be used in the case of1 arge load.
The hardness of roller wheels shall be slight1y lower than the rail hardness.
When the wheel pressure is high, a specific study shal1 be conducted on materials and
hardness and manufacturing process of ro l1ers and rai1 s.
6.2.3 For multi-roller gates, the eccentric shaft should be adopted for adjusting their

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23
tread to the same plane.

6.2.4 For the maximum design load on the roller, a coefficient of non-uniformi句T shall
be applied. For application of the simply-supported wheels and multiple-rollers with
eccentric shaft, the coefficient of non-uniformity can be 1.1. Other cases require additional
study.
6.2.5 When the slide block made of steel, cast iron or nylon, etc. is used, the contact
stress and connecting bolt strength shall be calculated and checked according to the structure,
shape and contact characteristics of the block.
6.2.6 Materials of high specific pressure and low 仕iction resistance such as laminated
wood, polytetrafluoroehylene (PTFE) filled board, nylon filled board and steel-base
copper-plastic composite board should be used for sliding support of service gate and
emergency gate depending on the service and local conditions.
6.2.7 The specific linear pressure of 1. 5-3.5剧/mm should be adopted for the slide
shoes made of laminated wood and steel-base copper-plastic composite board. When it is
greater than 3 .5kN/mm, the materials and manufacturing shall be studied specially.
The slide shoes filled with PTFE should have a specific linear pressure of 1to 2kN/mm.

- 6.2.8 When the laminated wood and PTFE-filled board are pressed at pinch dimension
into clipping slot, the press田e generated on both sides of the clipping slot shall be calculated,
by which, the strength of each part ofthe clipping slot is checked, (see Appendix 1).

6.2 .9 The type of the trunnion for a radial gate shall be determined by the load, span
and support arm 句rpe， and the cylindrical trunnion is preferred, and the conical, bicylindrical
or spherical hinges are also acceptable.

6 .2 .10 The bush of roller and trunnion shafts should be made of steel-base
copper-plastic composite board, bronze or other materials of high specific pressure and low
friction resistance , depending on service conditions.
Rolling bearing can also be used for roller.

6.2 .11 The traveling supports of various types can be calculated according to their
structural features , while the contact s仕ess of the main roller wheel shall be calculated and
checked as specified inAppendix J.
The lateral and reversal support can be determined depending on dimension, water
pressure~ lifting eye position and gate slot type and roller wheel or slide block, and selected
as per standard series.

6.3 Lifting eye, lifting rod and dogging device

6.3.1 A gate can have either single or double lifting eyes , and shall be determined
depending on gate opening size, aspect ratio, hoisting force and layout of gate and hois t.

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24
When the aspect ratio is greater than 1.0, the double lifting eyes is preferred.
6.3 .2 The lifting eye of a vertical-lifted plain gate shall be set at top of the gate
secondary longitudinal beam or side beam and on the gravity center line of the gate. The
lifting eye of the draft tube bulkhead gate can be leaned to the seal side slightly to improve
the watertight effect.
The lifting eye of an emersed radial gate should be positioned in 仕ont of the skin plate
near the intersection point of the center lines of the lower main beam and the support arm or
at both ends of the lower main beam behind the skin plate.
The lifting eye of a submerged radial gate shall be set at the gate top.
6.3 .3 The load on lifting eye, lifting rod, connecting shaft, connecting plate and
connecting bolt shall be ca1culated with the rated hoisting force of the hoist (but with the
ca1culated hoisting force corresponding to different gates for a moveable hoist operating
several 可pes of gates ,) multiplied by overload coefficient of 1.1-1.2, so as to accommodates
the overload or non-uniform effect in gate operation. The lifting eye on a submerged gate
shall be reinforced as appropriate in addition to consideration of the above coefficients , as it
works under complicated operating conditions,.
6.3 .4 Lifting rods shall be used for gate operation only in the following cases:
(1) 咄咄en it is difficult to use automatic grasping beam,
(2) To avoid long-time submergence ofthe pulley block ofhoist in wat叽

(3) When the screw or hydraulic hoist has insufficient lift, and
(4) Low cost and material consumption through integrated comparison.
6.3.5 Segmenting size of a lifting rod shall be determined according to the opening
height, hoist lift and requirements for lifting rod disassembly and assembly.
6.3.6 Refer to Appendix K for the dimensional relationship ofthe width and thickness
of the lifting eye plate to the hole diameter, and ca1culation of lifting rod and lifting eye.
6.3.7 To ensure c10se contact of shaft hole of1 ifting rod and the
shaft and to fac i1itate connecting shaft disassembly and assembly, the
shaft hole shall be pear-shaped (with its smaller circ1e in proximity to
180气 refer to Figure 6.3.7).The sha武 hole of the lifting rod under
smallload can be enlarged by 1mm.
6.3.8 The structure of dogginh devices shall be easy for
Figure 6 .3 .7
operation, safe and reliable. Dogging devices shall be operated on
dogging deck or maintenance platform. Automatic or semi-automatic dogging devices
should be used if possible.
The structure of dogging device shall be designed according to its specific p旧poses.

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25
 6.3.9 Load on the dogging devices shall be determined according to the different
purposes. The dogging devices should be considered with self-weight, counterweight of the
gate, wind load and possible load due to operation for gate maintenance or storage.
The dogging devices for gate opened partially shall be considered with possible suction
and pulsating load generated by flow water onto the gate.
6.3.10 The'strength, anchoring and stability of the movable parts and embedded parts of
the dogging devices shall be checked according to the force carried by the devices and their
s位ucture.

6.4 Sealing devices

6.4 .1 The sealing device should be on the gate leaf so that it is easily repaired or
replaced. In the case of being mounted on the embedded part of a gate , conditions for
maintenance and replacement shall be available.
Seals at different positions of a gate shall be continuous and watertight.
6.4.2 For submerged gates of wide-span and with ups仕eam seals, the impact of top
beam bending deformation on the top seal shall be considered.
Great care shall be given to preventing the top seal rubber 仕om warping during hoisting.
FQr the top seal, the edge of clipping plate close to the rubber head shall be a little thicker
and in round shape.
6.4.3 The rubber seals of a gate shall have a margin for pre-compression. The
pre-compressed margin shall be 2-4mm for top and side rubber seals.
6.4.4 The round-head seal rubber in "P" or "Q" shaped section can be used for top and
side sealsof a gate. For side seals of submerged gates and emersed radial gates, square-head
rubber in '~P" and "L" shaped section can be used respectively. For bottom seals, the knife-
shaped rubber shall be used. The seal 可pe for high head radial gate can be determined
through testing according to the service conditions.
The clipping plate of seals shall be no less than 10mm in thickness. For small gates , the
thickness can be reduced as appropriate.
The bolt spacing of fixed seals shall be less 由an 150mm.
6.4.5 The high-head radial gate shall be provided with two top seals, one on the gate
leaf and the other on the lintel.
The fit accuracy of seals on the lintel against radian of skin plate shall satis命 the

requirements for watertightness in gate operation.

6 .4 .6 When the stainless steel plate ìs used for the seat platesofthe top and side seals,
the thickness of the machined plate shall be no less than 4mm.
The seat plates and the corresponding embedded parts shall be integrated and their

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26
S仕ucture shal1 meet the requirement for seat plate welding, processing.
6.5 Welding and bolting
6.5.1 In design, weld seams shal1 be arranged symmetrical1y to the gravity center of
the members as practical as possible. The seams shal1 not be increased randomly. The seams
crossing each other and densely arranging several seams at one position shal1 be avoided.
F or the structure of a gate and embedded parts, discontinued welding is not al1owed.
6.5.2 The convenient welding, welding rod angle and easy escape of smog shal1 be
considered in design of the gate structure and welding members.

6.5.3 For a gate carrying dynamic load or gate serving at low temperature (below OOC) ,
the T-shaped weld seams shal1 be welded thoroughly to reach at least Class-2 weld quality at
the positions between: 1) flange and web of the main beam, 2) webs of main beam and side
beam, 3) the two support arm ends and the support plates and 4) web and the flange of the
section subject to the bending moment. The web edge shal1 be processed according to web
thickness and welding conditions.
The Class-2 weld seams for low tempera阳re service shal1 be subject to the impact test.
6.5 .4 The structures bearing main loads shal1 not be connected by plug welding.
6.5.5 For ordinary bolting, semi-finished bolts should be adopted. In the case of the
shear force resulting 仕om the dynamic load, bolts for reamed holes should be adopted.
6.5.6 When the connection using the ordinary bolts is not suitable in terms of
calculation and construction and the conditions for manufacturing and erection are available ,
the high田 strength bolts should be used.
6.5.7 The structure of welding and bolting can fo l1ow relevant current specifications
"Code for Design of Steel Structures" (GBJ17).

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27
 7. Design of Embedded Parts
7.0.1 Embedded parts of a gate must be able to transfer safely the load on the gate
onto the concrete or other materials.
To ensure flexible operation of a gate, there shall be a distance no less than 100mm
between the concrete surface of the gate slot and gate body.
7.0 .2 Embedded parts of a gate shall be erected in the second-stage concrete by
leaving sufficient dimension for them. Pre-fabricated gate slots can also be used ifpossible.
7.0.3 Anchor bars for erection of embedded parts and second-stage concrete shall have
diameter no less than 16mm. The bars should extent no less than 150mm out of the
first-stage concrete.
For anchor bars for erection of embedded parts of low-head small gates, their diameter
and extension can be reduced as appropriate.
To facilitate construction with steel slip-form, the anchor bars can be replaced by
anchor plates. However, the anchorage for anchor plates and the second-stage concrete shall
be reinforced.
7.0 .4 For the sand f1using and water discharge orifices on sediment-laden river, the
embedded parts of the gate slot and the a司jacent liner shall be designed in consideration of the
wear resistance and cavitation resistance.
When a large amount of bed load carried through a gate opening, lining shall be
provided at the botlom of the gate opening.
7.0.5 In embedded part segmentation, the length
limit for manufacture, transport and erection as well as
rigidity of the embedded parts shall be considered.
7.0.6 Embedded parts of a gate si11 shall be of
I-shaped in section. In the case of high-head, the
sectional dimension of embedded parts of the gate si11
、 shall be enlarged appropriately to increase the contact
area of the embedded parts of gate si11 and concrete
and to ensure a good build-in ofthem.
Embedded parts of si11 of low-head small gate ftDw
:':1
can be simplified as appropriate. ￥

7.0.7 For the intake emergency gate of power

station to be c10sed using water column, dimensions of
parapet and lintel shall be determined as shown in FIIg.7.0.7
1.~岳飞
Figure 7.0.7. For emergency gate of large power 2. ..F幅画IDl O臼:tS1;
3. h=(O.O田句 H ，bLJI:阳tle自由田由1Omm;
station, dimensions of parapet and lintel should be 4.51 由SmaI由POSSibI恒

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28
determined by model test.

一t s•
EE
7.0.8 The design width S and cambered surface radius R of
heads of slide track for slide shoe of laminated wood and filled
with PTFE plate (Figure 7.0.8) should be the value specified in
F'l/坤少'/~
Table 7.0.8-1 and Table 7.0.8-2.

Figure7.0.8
Table 7.0.8-1 Laminated 引'ood Slide Shoe
Load (kN/mm) Less than 1. 0 1. 0~2.0 2.0~3.5

Cambered surface radius R (mm) 100 150 200

Design width oftrack head S (mm) 25 35 40

Table 7.0.8-2 Slide Shoe FiIled with PTFE Plate

Load (kN/mm) <1. 0
Cambered surf肌e radius R (mm) 300
design width oftrack head S (mm) 40

7.0.9 For slots of submerged plain gate and emergency gate, the height for main rails
shall be determined according to their service conditions, e.g., 1.5-2.0 times the opening
o

height.
To facilitate the gate lowing into the slot, the track top shall be provided with guide
slope.
7.0.10 The strength of main rail of plain gate slot can be checked according to
Appendix L.
The strength of opposite track and side track shall be determined according to the
structural requirement.
7.0.11 The trunnion of emersed radial gate shall be supported on reinforced concrete
bracket. The trunnion of submerged radial gate shall be supported by steel beam.
7.0.12 The upstream and downstream sides ofplain gate slot should be provided with
metal angle armour. The height thereof shall be determined according the service conditions.
7.0.13 Embedded parts of trash rack slot shall be designed according to the
requirements for embedded parts of plain gate.
7.0.14 For diversion gate sill and ajacent liner in large and medium project shall be
determined according to the states of water flow and bed load through the gate opening as
well as the duration of overflow in diversion period. The sill section height can be
200-300mm. Liner with the width of 800-1500mm can be provided respectively at the
upstream and downstream, while anchorage shall be reinforced.

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29
 8. Hoisting Force and Hoist
8.1 Calculation of hoisting force

8. 1. 1 Calculation ofhoisting force ofplain gate:

Calculation of hoisting force of gate operated in flowing water shall inc1ude the
calculation of c10sing force , holding force and lif王ing force.

(1) Calculation of c10sing force:

凡 =πr(Tzd 十 Tzs ) -nGG+ 乓估N) (8. 1. 1-1)

If the result is positive , weighing is required, and when it is negative , the gate can be
c10sed by self-weight. Weighing inc1udes weight block, water column or mechanical
downward pressure.

(2) Calculation ofholding force:

ll" = 吨。+叫 +w二十 Px+ 乓一〈马+乌) (kN) (8. 1. 1-2)

(3) Calculation of lifti吨 force:

FQ = 混T(兀d + Tzs ) + 马÷吗 G+ 乌+~ (k目) (8. 1. 1-3)

Where, nT 一仕iction resistance safety factor, 1.2 is acceptable;

na 一- self-weight correction coefficient of gate for calculating c10sing force,
0.9-1.0 is acceptable;

刀 'a --- self-weight correction coefficient of gate for calculating holding force
and lifting force , 1. 0- 1. 1 is acceptable;

G --- self-weight (剧) of gate: if there is lifting rod, weight of the rod shall be
counted; submerged weight is used for calculating c10sing force.

Ws --- water column pressure on the gate , kN;

Gj --- w吨htofw吨hing block, kN;

Pt
一 uplift (kN), inc1uding upli由 of bottom edge and that of sea1. Refer to
Appendix D for the uplift ofbottom edge ofthe gate.

Px --- downward suction, kN, refer to Appendix D;

Tzd ---仕iction resistance of support，卧J;

TLd=fffr十号
:.!:.U
R
rø..
.L仕
iction resistance of roller with bush;
Pf IR唔飞
T zd = :.. ( ; I- 1
-)J
飞R d
一- friction resistance of roller with rolling bearing;

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30
 Tzd -fzP 一仕iction resistance of sliding suppo时;

P一- total water pressure on the gate, kN;

r --- radius of roller shaft, mm;

R 1--- mean radius ofrolling bearing, mm;

R--- radius ofroller shaft, mm;

D 一 diameter of the roller of rolling bearing, mm;

元 ，Jz，/3 一 coefficients of sliding friction , determined according to Appendix M;

the mini1'Ìlum value for calculating holding force ,; the maximum value for calculating lifting
force and .closing force;

f一- rolling 仕iction arm (mm) , refer to Appendix M for selection;

Tzs 一 friction resistance of seal, kN, Tzs= /3 P zs ;
P zs --- pressure acting on seal, kN.
For a gate to be opened in still water, its hoisting force calculation shall inc1ude the
water level difference-induced 仕iction resistance in addition to self-weight and weighing.
The water head not more than 1m shall apply for emersed gates and draft tube gates and
1-5m for submerged gates. Jn the case of possible siltation and trash accumulation, the water
head shall be increased as the case may be.
8.1 .2 Calculation of hoisting force of radial gate
(1) Calculation of c10sing force:

凡=伊T(TzdTO + 坠) + PtT]; - nG GT2 ] 性的 8. 1. 2-1

If the result is positive , weighing is required and when it is negative , the gate can be
c10sed by the self-weight.
(2) Calculation ofli丘ing force

Fez: 一[时TzdTO +~s咕十 n~GT2 + 伊1 吨T4 ] (k盹 8. 1.2-2

""2

Where: 町， rl ， 巧， r3 and r4refer to the moment arms of 仕iction resistance of the trunnion,
seals, self-weight of the gate, uplift and downward suction on rotation
center of the radial gate; m.
Rl , R 2 are the moment arms of weighing (or downward pressure) and lifting
force on rotation center of the radial gate.
Tzs is the friction resistance of seals , calculated according to the requirement in
8. 1.1.

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31
 Other symbols have the same meanings as mentioned above.

(3) In opening and c10sing of a radial gate, its force acting point, force direction and
moment arms vary with the gate operation. Therefore, hoisting force curves can be
plotted to determine the maximum value when necessary.

8.1.3 Calculation oflifting force oftrash rack

(1) Lif无ing force in the case of the trash rack in sti11 water:

岛主运吨。十跑回踊 (00 8. 1. 3
Where, nm --- overweight coe:fficient of the trash, take 1.2;
m 一- the weight (阻叫) of the trash, determined according to partial blockage in
trash rack bars; the area of blockage can be determined depending on the
situation of the trash.
G 一- the self-weight oftrack rack, kN;
n 'G --- the self-weight correction coefficient, take 1.0-1.1.

(2) In li武ing in flowing water, lifting force shall be calculated by formula (8.1. 匀，
and impact of water head caused by partial blockage of trash rack shall be
considered. the water head shall be no more than 2m.

8. 1.4 To prevent the gate 仕om leakage at its bottom, compression stress of the bottom
seal onto the sill shall be checked, in addition to the above calculations ,.

(Jy >母 .0012ylι(盹 Pa) 8. 1. 4

Where , y 一 the water density, kN/m3, 10 is acceptable;
H s --- the water head (m) above the si11.

8. 1. 5 The hoisting force of gate operating in silt-ladden water shall be studied

specially. In addition to water pressure , the impact of sediment (inc1uding sediment-induced
friction resistance of support and seal, adhesive force and frictional force between sediment
and gate and weight of sediment on the gate) shall be considered. Adhesion and frictional
coe:fficients can be determined by tes t. Besides , safety factor shall be increased to overcome
the resistance caused by local blockage of sediment.

8. 1. 6 In calculating hoisting force of small gate, safety factor shall be increased as

appropríate.

8.2 Hoist selection

8.2.1 Hoists are commonly of screw, wire-rope , platform, gan问T -crane and hydraulic
types. The hoist can be selected according to the type , dimension , opening number and
operating conditions of the gate. The rated hoisting force shall be equal to or larger than the
calculated hoisting force , and can be slightly smaller than but not less than 95% of calculated
hoisting force. The rated hoisting force shall also conform to the relevant standard series

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32
for hoists.
8.2.2 The screw hoist is usually used to operate a gate that requires down-pushing
force. The screw hoist with large capacity is usually used to operate submerged radial gates ,
and shall be provided with rotating supports or guiding devices and the articulated lifting
rod.
Reliable protective devices shall be provided to prevent the screw rod 仕om being
buckled by over1 oad,. For this purpose, the safe torque device can be used.
8.2 .3 The fixed wire-rope hoistis most wide1y used. When it is used for operating gate
to be c10sed by the self-weight or weighing of the gate and the gates are required to be
opened simultaneously in a short time , each gate should be provided with one hois t.
8.2.4 The platform hoist or gan位y crane is usually used for operating gates of several
openings 出at are not necessarily to open simultaneously. The number of hoists shall be
determined by the requirement of the gate operation in terms of time , and the appropriate
standbys can be rese凹ed.
The gantry crane or platform hoist with large capacity is used for operating .gates of
various types. When the calculated hoisting forces vary great1y with different gates , the hoist
shall be equipped with an over1 oad protection device for hoisting each type of the gates.
The gantry crane shall be arranged to facilitate maintenance of gate and hoist on the
dam crest and the dam as well.
8.2.5 The single-way hydraulic hoist is suitable for operating submerged plain gate
and radial gate. In the case of radial gate, the hoist shall be provided with rotating supports
or guiding devices and the articulated lifting rod.
The simple hydraulic hoist can be used for operating small and medium gates.
8.2 .6 The lift of a hoist can be determined according to the operating conditions and
shall meet the following requirements:
(1) The sp i11way gate can be lifted 1-2m above water surface;
(2) The quick-acting gate can be lifted O.5- 1. 0m above opening;
(3) The gate can be lifted O.5-1.0m above the inspection platform for gate maintenance
to facilitate inspection and replacement.
8.2 .7 To minimize the corrosion and increase the service life ofwire ropes , galvanized
wire ropes shall be used when the rope is subject to frequent immersion. At the water
fluctuation zone, anticorrosive agents or other appropriate anticorrosion measures can be
taken.
8.3 Automatic grasping beam
8.3.1 For operation of several gates with movable hoist or in the case of frequent

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33
assembly and disassembly of lifting rod in gate operation, automatic grasping beam should
be used. Such beam can be of mechanical or hydraulic 守肘， and selected depending on
operating conditions.
8.3 .2 To improve service conditions of automatic grasping beam and increase
accuracy ofhooking and unhooking , attention shall be paid to the followings.
(1) A gate shall be provided with upstream seals. When downstream seals are provided,
reliability of automatic grasping beam in underwater operation shall be considered.
(2) In the case of lowering the beam into water, the impact of f1 0w turbulence on
stab i1ity of the automatic grasping beam shall be considered.
(3) Attention shall be paid to erection accuracy of the gate slot so that the automatic
grasping beam can be used for several gate slots.
(4) The automatic grasping beam is subject to static balance test to ensure steady
operation. Before lowering it into the slot, tilting or blocking shall be avoided.
(5) The rotational shaft and pin roll of automatic grasping beam shall be provided with
bushes , and shall be adequate1y lubricated and protected against protection.
(6) The automatic grasping beam shall be provided with guiding, positioning and
safety devices and venthole (drainage hole) so as to ensure f1 exibility and reliability
ofthe beam.
(7) When the service tempera阳re is below OoC , fac i1ities shall be provided for
preventing the hooking parts from freezing in operation or after lowering into the
water.

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34
AppendixA
Series Criteria of Opening Dimension and Design Head for gates
A.O.l There are three sorts of standard opening dimensions for gates:

(1) The opening dimensions of spi11way gates shall be selected as per Table Al;
(2) The opening dimensions of submerged sluice gates shall be selected as per Table
A2;
(3) The opening dimensions of other types of gate, except draf王 tube gates, shall be
selected as per Table A3.

TableAl Opening dimensions of emersed gates

Width (m)
Height
1. 0 1. 5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

1. 0 O O O
1. 5 O O O O
2.0 O O O O O O
2.5 O O O O O O O O
3.0 O O O O O O O
3.5 O O O O O O O O
4.0 O O O O O O O O
4.5 O O O 。 O O O O
5.0 O O O O O O O O
6.0 O O O O O O O O
7.0 O 。 O O O 。 O
8.0 O O O 。 O O O O
9.0 O 。 O O O O O O
10.0 O O O O O 。 O O O
11. 0 O O O O O O O O
12.0 O O O O O O O O O
13.0 O O O O O O O O O
14.0 O O O O O O O O
15.0 O O O O O O O O
16.0 O O O O O O O O
17.0 O O O O O 。

18.0 O O O O
19.0 O
20.0 O
2 1. 0 O
22.0 O

Note: The height above equals to that ofthe gate.

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35
 Table A2 Opening dimensions of submerged sluice gates

Height Width (m)

(m)
1. 0 1. 5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
1. 0 O O O O
1. 5 O O O O
2.0 。 O O O O O
2.5 O O O O O
3.0 O O 。 O O O O
3.5 O O 。 O O O O
4.0 O O O O O O O O O
4.5 O O O O O O O O
5.0 O O O O O O O O O
6.0 O O O O O O O O O O
7.0 O O O O O O O O O O
8.0 O O O O O O O O O O
9.0 O O O O O O 。 O O O
10.0 O O O O O 。 O O O O
11. 0 O O O O O O O O O
12.0 O O O O O O O O O
13.0 O O O O O O O O
14.0 O O O O O O O O
15.0 O O O O O O O
16.0 O O O O O O O
18.0 O O O O

Table A3 Opening dimensions of other 句rpes of gate (except draft tube gates)

Height Width (m)

(m) 0.6 0.8 1. 0 1. 5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
0.6 O
0.8 O O
1. 0 O O O
1.2 O O O
1. 5 O O O
2.0 O O O
2.5 O O O
3.0 O O O O O
3.5 O O O O
4.0 O O O O O
4.5 O O O O O O
5.0 O O O O O O
5.5 O O O O O O
6.0 O O O O O O O

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36
Height Width(m)
(m) 0.6 0.8 1. 0 1. 5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
6.5 O O O O O O O O
7.0 O O O O O O O O O
7.5 O O O O O O O O
8.0 O O O O O O O O 。 O O O
9.0 O O O O O O O O O O
10.0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
11.0 O O O O O O O O O O
12.0 O O O 。 O O O O O O O
13.0 O O O O O O O O
14.0 O O O O O O O
15.0 O O O O O O O
16.0 O O O O O O O
18.0 O O O O O

The opening dimensions labeled with "0" in Table Al to A3 are the recommended ones.

The opening dimensions in the Tables above shall be used in consideration of the actual
conditions of manufacture, erection and operation of gates and hoists.

A.O .2 Series criteria of gate design heads

(1) If design heads are 10m- 20m, the increment ofthe heads should be 0.5m;

(2) If design heads are 20m …50m, the increment ofthe heads should be 1. 0m;

(3) If design heads are greater than 50m, the increment ofthe heads should be 2.0m.

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37
Appendix B
Calculation of Vent Hole Area
B.O.l For a service gates or an emergency gate in a discharge conduit, the area of the
vent hole behind the gate shall be calculated using the following empirical formulas:
Qa
a ?-.-一
~[Va]

Qa = 0.09飞，，，A
Bl

a 11...
一 =0.09 一
A _.- - [飞]

Where， α-………-幽-

Qαa--
一一-一- the adequate air flow of 由
the vent hole , m3/s; and

[va]---the allowable wind velocity ofthe vent hole , m/s, taken as 40m/s, or taken
as 50m/s for a small gate;
vw---the flow velocity through the gate opening, m/s; and
A --- the section area of the conduit behind the gate , m2 .
The area of the vent hole can also be calculated using the following semi-empirical
formula:
B2
fJ = K(Fljz -lia 呻电 -l) +òj -1

Where， β 一 air-to-water ratio ， β= QalQw;

Qw ---the flow under the gate being lifted to a certain opening, m3/s;
Frg---Froude coefficient ofthe gate opening section, p.百 =v/JEEE;
v---flow velocity at the gate, m/s;
e---the opening of the gate lifted, m; and
kα b--- the coefficients of different intervals , refer to Table B 1.

B. O.2 For a power generation intake conduit, the area of the vent hole behind the stop
gate can be 3% to 5% the section area of the conduit. The area of the vent hole for an
emergency gate can be proper1y reduced according to the actual conditions.
B. O.3 The area ofthe vent hole behind a bulkhead gate can be determined according to
actual conditions and should not be less than the area of the filling pipe of the gate.

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38
 Table Bl Coefficients of semi-empirical formula

S
Interval
L/h Limit ofFrg
P= K( FT'g- l)岳 lMhfl〉+日 -1
Number
K a b

3.96~20 .3 0 1.1 58 0.112 -0.242

I 6. 1O~1O .66

3.87~3.960 1. 0154 0.000 0.000

1.94~6.290 1. 0150 0.035 0.004

II 1O .66~27 .40

A 1. 61~ 1. 940 1. 0152 0.000 0.000

1. 91~17.190 1.042 0.039 0.008

III 27 .40~35.78

l.3 8~ 1. 910 1. 0413 0.000 0.000

IV 35.78~77.00 1. 08~ 15.670 1.1 300 0.028 0 .1 44

4.57~32.590 1.3 42 0 .1 73 -0 .438

V 6. 1O~1O .66

3 .49~4.570 1. 0153 0.000 0.000

1. 70~18.06 1.0540 0.019 0.013

B VI 10.66~27 .40

l.5 6~ 1. 70 1. 0515 0.000 0.000

VII 27 .40~35.78 2 .4 5~ 1O .81 1. 073 0.053 0.070

VIII 35.78~77.00 2 .3 3~8 .3 10 1.1 70 0 .1 82 -0.019

Note: A---for a f1 0w conduit with plain gates , B --- for 仕ee f1 0w conduits with radial
gates, L一- the length of the conduit behind the gate, h---clear height of the conduit.

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39
Appendix C
Selection of Gate Slot Type for Plain Gates
C.O.l 1 type or 11 句rpe gate slot can be used as plain gate slots arranged in water release
systems. The scopes of application and the shape parameters of the gate slots are shown in
Table C l.

Table Cl Type and shape parameters and application scope of gate slot for plain gate
Slot
Figure Geometry Parameters of Slot Application Scope
Type
1(1) The gat忘 slots of the emergency gates
(1) The best width-to-depthl
1and the bulkhead gates in discharge
ratio WID= 1. 6 to 1. 8:
Iconduit驭
。) Appropriat忘 I ~~~-:~=~- ~
mh'"!|(2)Thegat忘 slots of the sp i11way service
」旦旦~ Iwidth-to-depth ratio WID= 1.4 1
1~~ -~-~ -- - - r --- ----- ... - Î gates with head less than 12m;
- -
『田- -嗣幢幢 It02 .5:
汀币五I r.:王~ 1~~'---':'____'-'__1 ""_______1_ "--_ ~1_J(3) The gate slots ofint在ke emergency ga旬S
I :L
4一
~-~一…JfJ 飞
"牛牛甲?甲宁，、
1 (3) Empirical formula for 由|
I ~_:~'_1'- _________,___ ____， ~_L._lor stop gates;
*' ':'!"'. ï
LJE-」
1initially叩pearing cavitation 1
||(4)The gate slotBof 也e se凹ice gates for
t" .1 1number of the gate slot: 1
自 I-;.T--=--~-~~rn;~' ---- ，~~~:_-，， __~~~]discharge conduits , and the flow
IKFO.38 (W1D) (applicationl
1cavitation number K> 1. 0 (approximat忘ly
scope of the formula: 1
1equivalentωthat the head is less than 30m,
引TID= 1.4 to 3.5)
|or the flow velocity less than 20m/s);
(1 ) Appropriate
width-to-depth ratio WID= 1. 51 (1) The gate slots of the service gates in
to 2.0; 1discharge conduits and the flow cavitation
(2) The best dislocation ratiolnumber K>0.6 (approximately equivalent ω
ßIW=0.05 ω0.08; 伽t the head is 30m to 50m, or the flow
(3) The best slope ,d/X= 1I1O Ivelocity 20 m/sω25m/s);
to 1112 1(2) The gate slots of the emergency gates
(4) The best radius of round 1of high-head and short conduit and the flow
11
comer R=30 to 50 mm or roundlcavitation number 1.0> K>O .4;
comerratio 町D=O. lO; 1(3) The gate slots ofthe service gβtesωbe
(5) Initially-appearing Ipartially-opened frequent1y and the flow
cavitation number of the gatelcavitation number K>0.8;
slots Kj =O .4 ω0.6 (selected byl(4) The gate slots of the spi11way service
analogy wi也 existi吨民ientific 1gates wi也 head greater than 12m and the
research resu1ts and projectlflow cavitation number K>0.8;
practices)

C.O .2 In case that the boundary shape of waterway near the gate slot is special , the
flow condition is complicated, the service gate is partially-opened 企equently and moreover
the two types of gate slot above are not applicable , suitable types of gate slots shall be
selected with reference to the operation experience of existing projects and by hydraulic
model tests so as to search the reasonable measures or other inethods for increasing the value
K of the flow cavitation number at the gate slot section.

C.0.3 If the value K of flow cavitation number is less than 0.6 (the head greater than
60m, or the flow velocity greater than 30m!吟， the waterway in a certain range of the
upstream and downstream sides of the gate slot should be lined with steel plates, high-grade

144

40
concrete of low water-cement ratio or other anti-wear surface-protected materials according
to the practical conditions of the project in addition to selecting type 11 gate slot or other
special types of gate slot. Attention shall be paid to the accurate shape and the smooth and
even surface of the waterway in the construction.

C.O .4 Calculation of flow cavitation number and the definition of initially-appearing

cavitation number

The flow cavitation number can be calculated using following formula:

K=H 1 +Ha- H营
C1
暂tl 2 0
Where, Hl --- average pressure of the section c10se to the ups仕eam side of the ga臼 slot，

kP a;
Ha --- atmospheric pressure, kP a, refer to Figure C1;
Hv --- evaporating pressure, kP a, refer to Figure C2;
Vl--- average flow v e1 0city ofthe section c1 0se to the ups仕eam side of the

gate slot, m1s;

g ---acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m1s2 •
~r，
3838350( ℃)
EOJ

'血A.

飞 40
飞m

、 .Jf"'"
丘w。口

40创
唱血 J
N(B)

飞
跚跚
、
l/
、 20 /
aooo 司、 ,
100。
、
10 旷

o
50 回 相 制 盹
i、
飞

100 110 ,
4
4 自 10
Atmospheric Pressure (kP a) Evaporating Pressure ofWater (kP a) '
Fig.Cl Relationship Curve of Fig.C2 Relationship Curve of
Atmospheric Pressure to Elevation Evaporating Pressure ofWater to Temperature

When the flow cavitation number at the gate slot decreases to a certain value with the
shape of a gate slot keeping unchanged, cavitation begin to appear at the boundary of the
gate slot section and then the value w i11 be named for the initially-appearing cavitation
number of the gate slot shape , usually indicated as Ki. The number varies with the shapes of
gate slots.

Suitable gate slot type can be selected according to the flow cavitation number K near
the gate slots of practical projects. If Ki < K , cavitation w i11 rarely happens at the gate slots.
The safe allowance for K should be considered and safety factor n can be taken as 1.2 to 1.5
according to the importance ofa gate and its operation conditions, so K>= nKi.

145

41
AppendixD
Main Formulas for Calculation of Loads on Gate
D.O.l Calculation ofhydrostatic pressure

The hydrostatic pressure acting on a gate can be calculated as per the formula in Table
Dl.
D.O .2 Calculation ofhydrodynamic pressure

When a gate is working in flowing wat叽 the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the gate
consists of two parts: time-averaged pressure and pulsating pressure. In the case as of Clause
3.0.5 herein above , the action and effect of the pulsating pressure shall be considered as
dynamic coefficient.
The time-averaged hydrodynamic pressure acting perpendicular to the skin plate can be
calculated as hydrostatic press田e.
The water column pressure acting on the gate as well as the uplift force and downward
suction at the gate bottom edge can be calculated by referring to Formula (Dl) and (D2).
(1) Calculation ofuplift force:
If the gate bottom edge as shown in Figure D 1 is used,
the uplift force can be calculated as per Fo口nula (Dl):
P..t =
- 1t
1尸 8..H_D..B
t.... ，s...， l
Dl
Where , P t is the uplift force , in kN;
凡" D 1 : as shown in Figure D 1, m;
:z:
Bzs is the distance between the seals on the
two sides , in m;
y is the water density, in kNllm3, 10 kN /m 3
to be used;
卢t is the uplift force coefficie时， in calculating
the c10sing force , take 1.0 with the 曾

assumption that the gate is near1y fully Figure D1

c1 osed; in calculating the holding force 品 Schematic diagram of gate root edge

take the values specified in Table D2corresponding to respective gate opening.

Table Dl Calculation of Hydrostatic Pressure
No. Fi♂rres ofHydraulic Pressure Calculation Formulas
Total hydraulic pressure:

P 二:叫旦s
，苦

Position of acting point ofForce P:

Z
H_ = -H_
3 矗

146

42
No. Figures ofHydraulic Pressure calculation Fonnulas

Total hydraulic pressure:

而
，主
F =iy时 -H;)鸟s
2 Position of acting point ofForce P:
1-z

，矿
S
E H

擅
一-

， 自结飞飞
qh
C S

Total hydraulic pressure:

P ===÷==七=
，』『』『

3
Position of acting point ofForce P:
h 3H_ -2h
H_=H_ 一一·一」一一一
C S S ZHS-h

Mfm
伽 -HFMIaz
KNphH
ll·-ω=

FHiw也
LHV'
ω--t1-2 UM-m
m

t
4LECδ

yt

eEVK
组UM--

弘 -J
飞
J'm
Eri
飞

FAOVAFUPUW P
nf
嘈A

4
h
一
胃d
』

Total hydraulic pressure:

P =;YM 一刷一时]ι
5 Position of acting point of Force P:
E =3HzHJ-HJ-6Hfh+6HJZ-zhE
E 3H5-6Hsh 十 3h2

p
斗
!..n22 L
1G ;;;; ::;yR r2坤
-.一十 Zsi'πØi cru !þ" - ::; (si担 2号1) 1 + s部2f:þ
6 2'-- L180

乓=;呻
乌 =j叫盎 +2叫叫z-i阳{31 +5础i扭扭
曰
Tot刨
al hydraulic 严
p r臼s盯e
眩:

p= 飞/也 - P~)2 + cv.S' _~~YJ

147

43
No. I Figures ofHydraulic Pressure Calculation F ormulas

电 =;YH2B
1 ~，. r露φ1 ，.__ ___, 1
电 =FF 隘画 -2s部轨 α姐也 -EES部 2学'2， -5如 2φ斗 B

7 在 zi呻
l_~r呻 1..，.~.A""， 1
电 =ZYE2k画 +2 s:血且跚学a-j(跚地+血 2时jB
-'_'TaI

Total hydraulic pressure:

F ~ /(Ps - PJt )2 + (Ys - VJt)~
,.,.

骂一;呻
1's=抖 [::0- 础2如-础队一制 -2叫回，:.l(乓生))B
8 尾=争如吨B
咯=→iFt
叶[~蛊
2+2 跚叫品耐如-→iE胸阳
剖st郎盹叩
耐扭旧2 fJ:
曰T'otωωa
冽lh 均命
ydr阳 lic
臼C 严es臼s旧eι:
P= J{l!,- ~}l;+{尾_~):l
凡血~Y(且 + fF.) Iùl
凡 Et 耐(~哥十蛐扭曲
一专〈曲也向+时也〉
2ß飞 I
+二:8"(晒自-CCIIIiI削
1 8

Calculation formulas for Px> 凡 and P are the same as F ormula

(6).
Where, PS stands for the upstream horizontal component, kN;
民 stands for the upstream vertical ∞ mponent ， kN;
9
Px stands for the downstream horizontal component, kN;
民 stands for the downstream vertical component, kN;
凡 stands for the upstream water head, m;
凡 stands for the downstream water head, m;
R stands for the curvature radius of cambered skin plate, m;
ì' stands for the water density. 10 kN/m for 企esh water;
3

10 .4kN/m3 for sea water; to be determined by test 岛r 也 e sandy

water;
Bzs stands for the distance between seals on the two sides, m;
B stands for the width of the opening , m;
H stands for height of the ga旬， measured 丘。 m the bottom, m.

148

44
 Table D2 Coefficient of Uplift Lift f3t

\飞之TJ 2 4 8 12 16

60。 0.8 0.7 0 .5 0 .4 0.2 5

52.5 。 0.7 0.5 0 .3 0.15
45 。 0.6 0 .4 0.1 0.05

Notes:αstands 岛r lifting height of the gate, m; D1 stands for distance 企om the bottom seal of the
gate to the upstream skin plate, m, and αstands for the upstream inc1 ination of the gate bottom edge (see
Figure Dl).

The values ßt in Table D2 apply to the free open f1 0w behind the gate, and the
following conditions shall be satisfied in the application:
For the gate of a discharge conduit 。 <α <O.5H

For the quick-acting gate of a power station 。 <α<αk

α k isthe critical gate opening for altemation of the 仕ee-surface f1 0w to the full f1 0w
behind the gate when the quick-acting gate of the power station is c1osing. The critical
opening can be detennined by analogy with completed projects or by referring to relevant
test research reports , and can also be detennined by hydraulics model test when necessary.
Under nonnal circumstances， αk can be estimated as O.5H, in which H is the opening height
of the headrace.
The holding force curve can be calculated within the aforesaid relative opening range ,
and for special circumstances , shall be demons仕ated by means of hydraulic test.
(2) Calculation of downward suction:

Ps = PsD2Bzs (D2)
Where, P S is the downward suction, kN;
D 2 is the distance 企om gate bottom edge to bottom f1 ange of the beam, m;

ps is the average downward suction strength of Part D 2 of gate bottom edge, taking
20kN/m2 • The suction strength can be appropriately reduced when the f1 0w
state is good and the ventilation is sufficient in accordance Clause 5.1 .2 (4).
The downward suction pressure can be ignored in calculation for the spi11way gate, the
sluice gate and the in-dam bottom outlet with a 仕ee f1 0w in case that the requirement in
Clause 5. 1.2 (4) is satisfied, the downstream f1 0w state is good and the ventilation is
sufficient.
D.O.3 Calculation ofwave pressure
The wave pressure can be calculated as per the fonnulas listed in the current "Design
Specification for Concrete Gravity Dams" (SDJ21) or as per the calculation method for
shallowwater wave.

149

45
 D.O .4 Calculation of sediment pressure

In the case of sedimentation in front of a gate, the sediment pressure acting on the gate
can be calculated with Formula (D3):

4=;高FEZZ由f 一问B D3

Where, Pn is the sediment pressure, kN;

Yn is the sediment densi可 in the water, kN / m3 ;比=如 -ib-PL

Yo is the particle densi可 ofthe sediment, kN / m3 ;

ρis the porosity of the sediment;

hn is the sedimentation height, m;

B is the sedimentation width on the gate , m;

φis the intemal friction angle of the sediment, degree.

D.O .5 Calculation ofimpact force offloating debris

Impact force offloating debris can be calculated by Formula (D4):

FL= 吗uj9.81t D4

Where , Pz is the impact force of floating debris , kN;

呢 is the gravi句T of floating debris , kN, to be determined by in-si阳 survey
reselt of the floating debris in the river;

v is the water velocity, m1 s;

t is the impact time , s, to be estimated according to available data.

Note: The impact force of drift ice on the gate shall be determined as per the formulas in the current
"Design Specification for Concrete Gravity Dams" (SDJ21).
D.O.6 Calculation of seismic force:

The seismic force shall be determined in accordance with the current "Specification for
Seismic Design ofHydraulic Struc阳res" (SDI Jl O).

D.O.7 Calculation ofwind load

The wind load shall be employed in accordance with the current "Load Codes for
Design of Indus位ial and Civil Building Structures".

150

46
AppendixE
Typical Sizes and Performance of Rubber Seals of Gates
E. O.l The dimensions of different parts of standardized rubber seals are as indicated in
Table El (with reference to Figure El).

ι
~曲蝠'
'PL 刷 -A
P"己品圄
F4~i，~A
~L. 叫

I ~ 1: f 飞串
Z
11U~
E 幽·拇 lln-zp
E 回 -16 J 111)- UJ

FJZ酶..'
p4.&5 -111'

...:/1 电~::----ιζ:1.. 1 , dt\\

阳王
I J' I r
在
P 酶.i\ (P 幅...A) PIO-B 拮据-8)

Figure El

151

47
 Table El Typical Dimensions of Rubber Seals

Location Dimension ofEach Part (mm)

GateType Mode1 Application Scope
ofsea1s L Lj L2 b bj b2 R Rj r D
L3
1. P60-A app1ies to the gate
P60-A 110 40 6 20 6 8 30 24 10 20
with 1arge gate opening;
2. P45-A app1ies to 也e
top sea1s P60-B 110 40 6 60 20 6 8 24 10 20
gate with medium or small
and side 22. opemng;
sea1s P45-A 100 31 5 16 5 6 18 8 20 3. P60-B and P45-B app1y
5
to submerged gates;
P45-B 100 31 5 45 16 5 6 18 8 20 4. P60-A and P60-B have
three canvas 1ayers insides.
Pζ60-A 350 140 80 20 20
l. Pζ60-A， Pζ45-A， Pζ
Pζ60-A' 350 140 20 80 20 60-B and Pζ45-B app1y
Pζ60-B 350 140 60 80 20 20 to the comer for
P1ain gate
sea1s at Pζ60-B' 350 140 60 20 80 20 downstream watertight.
and sub-
COIτler Pζ45-A 350 122 .5 55 10 10 2.Pζ60-A'， Pζ45-A' ， Pζ
merged
gate Pζ45-A' 350 122.5 10 55 10 60-B' and Pζ45-B' app1y
Pζ45-B 350 122.5 45 55 55 10 10 to the comer for ups仕eam

watertight
Pζ45-B' 350 122.5 45 10 55 10

1130-20 l3 0 20 10 Applicab1e to the gates

with 1arge op 巳nmg

bottom (without canvas)

sea1s Ill O-16 110 16 8 Applicab1e to the gate with
medium or small opening
(without canvas)

Rubber 160-75 75 20 App1icab1e to P60-A

gasket 145-75 75 16 App1icab1e to P45-A

Emersed side
L8-A 80 60 6 12 6 3 8 5
gate sea1s

Note: The model and dimension of rubber-plastics compound seals are similar to those in the above
table.

E. O.2 The physical and mechanical performance of ordinary rubber seals for gates are
indicated in Table E2.

E. O.3 The physical and mechanical performance ofthe rubber-plastics compound seals
for gates

The rubber-plastics compound seals refer to those ordinary rubber seals with PTFE
abutted or sprayed on their surface; the abutted ones are of "multi-section 可庐" and the
sprayed ones are of "sectionless type". Refer to Table E3 for their performance.

152

48
 Table E2 Performance of Ordinary Rubber Seals
No. Performance index Value
Density (g/cm3) 1. 2~ 1.5

2 Rubber content (new rubber) , (%) not le咀s than 60

3 Tensile strength (MPa) 13~22

4 Shore hardness HS 50~70

5 Elongation (%) 400~500

Tensile modulus of elasticity (MPa)

6 In the case of 100% 1. 6~2.0

In the case of 200% 1. 8~2.5

Compression modulus of elasticity (MPa)

In the case of 20% 5.5~6.0
7
In the case of3 0% 5.6~6.0

In the case of 40% 6.2~6.8

8 Working under temperature 仕om -40"C to +40"C No 企ost crack or hardening w i11 happen.

Table E3 Physical and Mechanical Performance of Rubber-Plastics Compound Seals

No. Performance index Value

Shore hardness HS 65士5

2 Tensile strength (MPa) 16~26

3 Elongation at break (%) 450~500

4 Adhesion strengthσ4 is similar to rubber) (kN/m) 12~15

1.0- 1.2 for the abutted coating

5 Thickness ofPTFE coating (mm)
0.5土0.1 for the sprayed coating
Thickness of abrasion on sprayed coating
6 0.11~0.21
(pre-compressed by 3mm, in 3000m ofstroke) (mm)

Appendix F Performance of Several Materials for Gate Supports

laminated wood board (with short wood in

Performance index lamination)
MCS-l MCS-2 MCS-2一-1 MCS-3
3
Density (g/cm ) no less than 1.3 3 1.3 1.23 1.3
2. Moisture and volatile matter (%), no more than 6 7 7 7
3. Water absorption in 24h (%), no more than . 5 . 5
4. Ultimate water absorption (%), no more than 20 20 . .
5. Ultimate expansion (%), no more than 22 22 . .
6. Ultimate tensilestreng仕1 parall e1 to grain (MPa) ,
. 260 200 140
no less than
7. Ultimate compression strength parallel to grain
180 160 130 125
(MPa) , no less than
8. Ultimate bending s位ength (MPa) (no less tha时 . 280 220 180
9. Shock strength (J/cm2) ,
no less than . 8 6 3
10. Ultimate shear s仕ength of the glue line 仙。时，
15 15 12.5 14
no less than
11. Brinell hardness of the end face (MPa) , no less
2.5 2.5 回
2.5
than

153

49
 Table F2 Table of Physical and Mechanical Properties of PTFE Filled Board

No. Perfonnance index Unit 飞Talue

I Density g/cm3 1. 55

2 Compression strength, no less than MPa 43

3 Shock strength"without notch, no less than kJ/m2 3

4 Brinel1 hardness HB (no more than) 孔1Pa 1.2

5 Defonnability to rated load, 28 Mpa, 24h, no more than % 2.0

Pennanent defonnability to rated load , 24h , after unloading,

6 % 1. 5
no more than
」一一一一→

Table F3 Performance of Steel-based Copper-plastic Composite

Materials of Plastic Layer

No. Perfonnance index
PTFE Metafonnaldehyde

Total thickness of composite layer (mm) 1. 2~ 1.5 1. 2~ 1.5

2 Thickness deviation of composite layer (mm) , no more than 0.20 0.20

3 Bonding strength (MPa) , no less 伽n 16 16

4 Compression strength (MPa) , no less than 200 300

5 Brinel1 hardness HB (MPa) 3 3

6 Coefficient oflinear expansion (1/K) 3xl0-5 2.3x lO-5

7 Coefficient ofheat conductivity [J/(s'cm'K)] 0.42 0.017

8 Service temperature ('C) 四200---+280 -40可+1 00

154

50
Appendix G

Formulas and Diagrams of Skin Plate Checking Calculation

G.O.l Checking .calculation of reduced stress of skin plate

(1 ) When the side length ratio of the skin plate is b/a > 1. 5, and the longer side is
arranged in the axial direction of the rnain bearn (Figure G 1) ，吐le reduced stress of
Point A of the skin plate can be calculated & proved only as p町 Forrnula (Gl):

如= Ja:ny +比一电x)2 - o'my(om:x一 ω 王 1.la[a] (Gl)

Where，乌拉 =K，yqa f8 一 local bending stress of the rniddle point of the longer supporting
2 2

side of the skin plate perpendicularωthe axis ofrnain bearn (or the secondary bearn);
σ阳=严S骨I.JI' --- local bending stress of the skin plate along the axial direction of the
rnain bearn (or the secondary bearn) , in which μis Poisson's ratio.
Taking 0.3;
3可一 integral bending stress of the top f1 ange of the rnain bearn (or the secondary
bearn) corresponding to the check point ofthe skin plate;
国--- allowable buckli吨 S饰ss， as per Table 4.2.1-2;
α--- adjustrnent coe伍cient of elasωplasticity. When b/a >3 ， α= 1.4; when b/a ζ3 ， α= 1. 5
k
鸟L 一一- bending stress coefficient of the rniddle point of the longer supporting side, see
Table Gl to G3;
q --- hydraulic pressure strength of the calculation grid center on the skin plate, MPa;
The absolute value of .u，町，乌:c and rJ出 shall be taken.

A摇s.ofn审.00由四

Figure Gl

155

51
 Table Gl Bending Stress Coefficient ofRectangular Elastic Sheet (with Four Sides Fixed) under
Uniform Load K(μ，=0.3)

L Yç ]去
卡 b 斗

Ca飞l\culatedpbb
omp\
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 2.0 2.5 α〉

岛1idd1e point of the

longer supporting side 0.308 0.3 49 0.3 83 0 .4 12 0.436 0 .4 54 0.4 68 0 .479 0 .4 87 0.4 93 0.497 0.500 0.500
Ky (PointA)
Middle point of the
shorter supporting side 0.308 0.3 23 0.3 32 0 .3 38 0.3 41 0.342 0.343 0 .3 43 0 .3 43 0.3 43 0.3 43 0 .3 43 0 .3 43
鸟 (PointB)

Table G2 Bending Stress Coefficient of Rectangular Elastic Plate (with Three Sides Fixed and One
Side Simply Supported) under Uniform Load K (~=0.3)

11 y争 18 fr a

L b
在
L b
斗
sit国匾。1\ 1
sil固自0"2

Situation 1

M、u、\飞、\Calç飞UP、IMc、mcdd Middle point of the longer supporting side Middle point of the shorter supporting
Ky(PointA) side Kx (Point B)

1.25 0 .4 72 0 .425
1. 5 0 .5 65 0 .4 55
1.75 0.632 0 .4 65
2.0 0.683 0 .470
2 .5 0.732 0 .4 70
3.0 0.740 0 .4 71
α3 0.750 0 .4 72

156

52
 Situation 2

~吧
Middle point of the longer supporting side Middle point of the 蜘
Ky(PointA) side K (Point B)
1.0 0.360 0.328
1.25 0.448 0.341
1.5 0.473 0.341
1.75 0.489 0.341
2.0 0.500 0.342
2.5 0.500 0.342
3.0 0.500 0.342
α3 0.500 0.342

Table G3 Bending Stress Coefficient of Rectangular Elastic Plate (with Two Adjacent Sides Simply
Supported and Two Adjacent Sides Fixed) under Uniform Load K (μ.=0.3)

iYLsìI
4棋
b

b/.α
I 1.0 I 1.1 I 1.2 I 1.3 I 1.4 I 1.5 I 1.6 I 1.7 I 1.8 I 1.9 I 2.0

Middle point of the

longer supportingl 0.407 I 0.459 I 0.506 I 0.549 I 0.585 I 0.616 I 0.640 I 0.662 I 0.680 I 0.695 I 0.702
side Ky (Point A)
Middle point of the
shorter supportingl 0.407 I 0.425 I 0.441 I 0珩2 I 0.459 I 0.463 I 0.467 I 0.468 I 0.470 I 0.471 I 0.472
side Kx (Point B)

(2) When the side length ratio of the skin plate b/a 运 1 .5， or the longer side is
vertical to the axial direction of 也e main beam ( as shown in Figure G2) , the
reduced stress of Point B of the skin plate can also be calculated and checked as per
Formula (G2):

ι
(J~h= 扑
J 也如
L 十比 +σ吨晶JJzJ)
尹2 一(Jm.
yω .y{凡{
2
wh田e吼， . 吗瞄= Kqa 月 2-healb臼时ing stress of 白白恤1 plate along the axial direction of 也e
main beam, in which μis Poisson's ratio. Kxfor Figure (a) and Kγfor Figure (b);
5
邮 =μσ
阳一 local bending s仕ess of the skin plate perpendicular to 由 e axis of

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53
rnain bearn, in which， μ，=0 .3;

%:c--- integral bending stress of the flange on the rnain bearn corresponding to
the calculated point of the skin plate, which can be calculated with the following forrnula
。卢=〔15仁 -0玛MjW

Sl --- effective width factor of the skin plate acting concurrently as the top flange
on the rnain bearn (or the secondary bearn) (see Figure G4);

M --- bending rnornent of the rnain bearn corresponding to the calculated point of
the skin plate;

W --- sectional resistance rnornent of the rnain bearn corresponding to the

calculated point of the skin plate;

The absolute values of 0"，吨~σ帘=andCF"x shall be taken. Meanings of other syrnbols

are the sarne as above.
axis of main beam axis of main beam

-rHS ø. I 1
(ø瞄牛 0..) 冒
oè
tZ721+B
L
一L
e 」
{a} (b)

Figure G2

G. 0 .2 Calculation of effective width of a skin plate which is considered as part of a

bearn

(1) B , the effective width of a skin plate which acts concurrently as the flange of the
rnain bearn (or the secondary bearn) corresponding to the positive bending rnornent of the
sirnply supported bearn or continuous bearn can be calculated as per Forrnula (G3) and (G4)
(refer to Figure G3 for syrnbols in the forrnula), whichever is srnaller:

B= 仨 h

B '5.二 508+ br (Q235 steel) (G3)

Or B < 508 + b (1 6 孔1n steel)
i (G4)
Where, b= (b]+b 2 )/2 一 spacing between the rnain bearn and secondary bearn;

ι--- effective width factor (refer to Table G4);

s 一 thickness of skin plate;

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54
 b1 --- width of beam rib , or width of the top flange (in case there is any top
flange ofthe beam).

FJg .M

a垣sof lM由lbeam

Figure G3

(2) For the negative bending moment or cantilever sections of the continuous
beam, the effective width ofthe skin plate can be taken as per Formula (G5):

B= 电b G5
Where， ~2 --- effective width factor (refer to Table G4).

Note:
1. 10 is the distance between zero points of bending moment of the main beam and the
secondary beam). For the simp1y supported beam, 10=1; for the positive bending moment
section of continuous beams , 10 = 0.6 1 ~ 0.8/; for their negative bending moment, 10 can be
approximate1y taken as 0.4 1 , in which 1is the span ofthe main beam (or the secondary beam)
(see Figure G3).
2. 1:;1 applies to a beam whose positive bending moment is a parabola, and 1:;2 applies to a beam
whose negative bending moment is approximat e1y taken as a triangle.

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55
AppendixH
Calculation of Critical Load for Screen Rack Stability
H.O.l Criticalload of the screen rack with rectangular cross section can be calculated
respectively with the following formulas (H l) and (H2):
(1) F or cantilever beam under uniform load:

Pl.，= 王子乒再加) Hl

(2) For simply supported beam under uniform load:

R =辛~J哥哥;由 H2

Where, PL ---criticalload for the overall stability of the screen rack, PL 三kql， N;
q ---load per unit length ofthe screen rack, N/cm;

1 --- span of the screen rack, cm;

E --- elastic modulus of steel bars , 104pa;

G --- shear modulus of steel bars , 104pa;

ι 一- inertia moment of screen rack against Axle y , cm4 ;

L
;}' =ihsz
12
h 一 torsional inertia moment of screen rack cross section, cm4 ;
直

s
''ae
同
一-

a
-3
，g 晶

4 zsw

h --- height of screen rack section, cm;

ð --- thickness of screen rack section, cm;

k --- safety factor for overall stability, taking 2.

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56
Appendix 1

Relevant Requirements for Laminated Wood and

PTFE- Filled Slide Shoes

1. 0.1 Laminated wood slide shoe
(1) The physical and mechanical performances of the laminated wood shall meet the
requirements in Table F1. The moisture content ofthe laminated wood shall not
exceed 5% after it is dried before being pressed into the c1amped slot.
(2) The working face shall be composed
of three pieces of laminated wood,
with the preferable total width of
100-150mm, and the load-bearing
surface shall be the end face of the
laminated wood along the direction
of its grain (Figure 11).
(3) The total width of three pieces of
- -咽........--

side laminated wood shall be 1. 3%- 1. 7%

greater than that of the c1amped slot. The fi忧ing tolerance of the c1 amped slot
and the laminated wood can be H8/s7.

(4) 儿， the machining surface roughness of the laminated wood, shall reach 3 .2μm
after it is pressed into the slot.
(5) The surface shall be protected with lubricating grease a丘er processing.
1. 02 Slide shoe ofPTFE filled board
(1) The physical and mechanical performances of PTFE filled board shall meet the
requirements in Table F2.
(2) There are two dimensions of PTFE filled board: one is 130mmx 250mm, 20m
thick, and the other is 140mmx 250mm, 25mm thick.
(3) The width of PTFE filled board shall be 1. 5%-2.0% larger than that of the
c1amped slot.
(4) The fitting tolerance ofthe c1amped slot and PTFE filled board can be H7/p 6.

(5) Ra , the machining surface roughness of the board, shall reach 3 .2 μm after it is
pressed into the c1amped slot.

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57
AppendixJ

Calculation of Gate Wheels

J.0.1 Calculation formula for gate wheels

(1) The cylindrical wheel and the plain track shall be in line contact, and the contact
stress can be checked as per Formula (11):

σmax = 0.418岳E IbR S;; 3.00'马 (11)

(2) The cylindrical or cylindroconical wheel and the track with curved railhead as
well as the wheel of hyperbolicity and the plane track shall be in point contact, and the
contact stress can be checked as per Formula (12):

σ={非F耳R S;; 1.150二 (J2)

When the ratio of R 1 and R 2 is between 0.3 and 0.8 , it can be approximately checked as
per F ormula (13):

丐叩=。因 2岳飞/ PB' 2(1/R1. + 1/R 2 )2 呈 4.50马 (13)

Where， P 一 load acting on the wheel, N;

B --- width of the flange , mm;

R --- radius of the wheel, mm;
R 1 、 R 2 … radiuses of two contact surfaces, mm, in which R2 is greater than R1;
E --- elastic modulus of materials , N/mm2, If two materials of different elastic
modulus contacted, combined elastic modulus E I shall be used for calculation:
2E唔 E"
E' =一
E 1 十 E2
2
U3 一 the smaller yielding point of two contact materials, N/mm ; In (j3

determination, atlentions shall be paid that it is related to hardness of the material

surface after heat treatment;
ç --- determined by the ratio of Rl to R 2 as listed in Table J 1.
Table Jl Coefficient of ;;

Note: ç'I stands for stress coefficient at the center point of the contact surface; Ç2 stands for s仕ess
coefficient at the end of el1ipse m苟 or axis of the contact surface.

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58
AppendixK

Calculation of Lifting Eye and Lifting Rod

K. O.1 Calculation ofthe lifting eye

(1) The relationship between the width and
thickness of the lifting eye and the diameter of the
hole of lifting eye (Figure K) can be selected as
per Fonnula (K1):
B = (2.4 fV 2.6如
(K1)
ö> 王 E
20

a=(i哑.9 rv L回)d

(2) The bearing stress of the hole wall of hoist eye

can be checked as per Fonnula (K2), and the fIiI 气十
tensile stress of hole of lifting eye can be checked
as per F onnula (K3): Fig.K

电=丰< [UCj ) (K2)

吨 =4IE辛王国 (K3)

Where, P---load bom by one hole oflifting eye, N;

ð --- thickness of lifting eye plate, mm;
randR 一 as indicated in Figure K, and R 切kes the smaller one of B/2 and (汁a);

[σiA and [6月 are --- allowable local compression bearing stress and tensile

stress ofhole wall, as shown as Table 4 .2.2.

In case shaft bearing plates are used to a司just the position of the li仕ing eye hole , the
total thickness of two plates shall not be less than 1 .2δ.
K. O.2 Calculation ofthe lifting rod
The tensile stress of the weakest cross section of the lifting rod can be checked as per
Fonnula (K4):

s=j 主 0.9国 (K4)

Where, P --- tensile force bom by the gate lifting rod, N;

A 一- area of the weakest cross section of lifting rod, mm ;
2

[U] --- allowable tensile stress, N/mm2, as shown as Table 4 .2 .1-2.

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59
AppendixL
Calculation Formulas of Track

L. O.l The contact stress of the track and the roller can be calculated as per relevant
formulas shown in Appendix J.

L. O.2 The strength of main track of plain gate can be calculated and checked with the
following methods , or the manner of regarding the track as a beam on elastic foundation.

(1) The checking items for the tracks under the action ofroller (refer to Figure Ll).

\
\

3/Ja: 」
• Figure Ll
a. The bearing stress of the concrete below the track base plate:
L
UFz--E一 < [Uh]

/，.‘、、

、‘.，/
4·EA

B
3hJc k

Where the center distance of two a司jacent rollers is less than 3仇， it can be
approximately calculated as per Formula (L2):

σ~= 子τ 呈 [Uh ] (L2)

"'It""
Where, P is the load acted on the track by roller, N;
hk is the height of the track, mm;
Bk is the width oftrack base plate, mm;
L is the center distance oftwo adjacent rollers , mm;
[σ.ñ.] is the allowable bearing stress of the concrete, MPa, refers to

Table 4.2.5.
b. The bending stress of transverse section of the track:
。=尝与国 (L3)
奋..."
3
Where, WK is the section modulus oftrack, mm ;

同 is allowable bending stress , MPa, refer ωTable 4 .2 .2 for casting

and forging.

c. The local bearing stress of track neck:

(L4)
鸟卓=王;呈 [llcd]

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60
 Where, s is the distance 仕om the neck to the rail surface, mm;
t is the thickness of the neck, mm;
[ucdl is allowable local bearing stress, MPa, refer to Table 4.2 .2 for
casting and forging.

d. The bending stress oftrack base plate:

嚣

σ= 3a:民主言三二 [u] (L5)

计?
"(1幽

Where, c is the length of cantilever segment of

base plate, mm;
ð is the thickness of base plate, mm;
国 is allowable bending stress, MPa，邵阳 Table 4 .2.2.

Fig.12 (2) For tracks supporting the slide shoe of laminated

wood, the following items shall be checked. (refer to Figure L2).
a. The bearing s仕ess of the concrete below the track base plate:

O"h = q/Bk ~二 EσJ (L6)

Where, q is the specific line load acting on track, N/mm;

b.The bending s仕ess of track base plate:
~

σ= 30;币 5 间 (L7)

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61
AppendixM
Table of Friction Coefficients
Value
飞rpe Materials and Service Conditions
Max Min
Steel to steel (dry 企iction) 0.5~0.6 0.15
2. Steel to cast iron (dry 企iction) 0 .3 5 0.16
3. Steel to wood (with water) 0.65 0 .3
4. For slide shoe of laminated wood, wood to stainless steel in 企esh
water①②
0. 1O~0.11 0.06
Specific line pressure q>2.5日-.T/mm
0.11~0.13 0.065
Specific line pressure q=2 .5 -2.0kN/mm
0.13~0.15 0.075
Specific 1ine pressure q=2.0-1.5kN/mm
0.17 0.085
Specific line pressure q<1.5 kN/mm
Sliding
friction 5. For slide shoe of steel七ase copper-plastic composite materials and
coe证icient filled with PTFE materials .
slide shoe to stainless steel, in 企esh water①
0.09 0.04
Specific line pressure q>2.5卧~/mm
0.09~0.11 0.05
Specific line pressure q=2.5-2.0kN/mm
0.11~0.13 0.05
Specific line pressure q=2.0- 1. 5kN/mm
0.13~0.15 0.06
Specific line pressure q= 1. 5- 1. 0kN/mm
0.15 0.06
Specific line pressure q<1.0 kN/mm
Friction
Steel to bronze (dry friction) 0.03 0 .1 6
coe旺icients
2. Steel to bronze (being lubricated) 0.25 0 .1 2
of sliding
3. Steel-based copper-plastic composite ωchromized steel (stainless steel) 0.12~0 .1 4 0.05
bearing
Friction Rubber to steel 0.70 0.35
coefficient 2. Rubber to stainless steel 0.50 0 .2 0
ofseals 3. Rubber plastics compound seal to stainless steel 0 .2 0 0.05
Rolling
1. Steel to steel 1mm
企iction
2. Steel to cast iron 1mm
force arm

1. Surface roughness of work piece: For working surface of the track, surface roughness Ra shall
reach 1. 6μm， and for working surface oflaminated wood (filled with PTFE) , 3 .2μm.

2. The values listed in the above table for slide shoe of laminated wood apply to emergency gate and
stop gate , and for service gate, special study shall be done depending on operation conditions.

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62