Reproductive System

(Gonad Glands)
L I SA NA S I DQI A L I YA , S . FA RM. , M . BI OM ED., A PT.
P ROG R AM ST UDI FA R M A SI S 1 – FA KU LTAS FA R M ASI
I N STITUT SA I NS DA N T E K N OLOGI N A S I ONAL
A. Male Reproductive System
B. Female Reproductive System
TOPIC OUTLINE
A. Male Reproductive System
a. External Genital Organ b. Internal Genital Organs
Penis Epididymis
Scrotum Vas Deference
Testes
Accessory Glans
Prostate Gland
Seminal Vesicles
Bulbourethral Glans
Genital System- also known as reproductive system. Is a system
of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of
production.

Basic genital system consists of:

1. Gonads, or reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones.
2. Ducts that receive and transport the gametes.
3. Accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids into the ducts of the
reproductive system or into other excretory ducts.
4. Perineal structures that are collectively known as the external genitalia.
Key Words
In adult males,
 The testes or male gonads, secrete sex hormones called androgens
(the main androgen is testosterone) and male gametes, called
spermatozoa or sperm.
 The male produces about one-half billion sperm each day. During
emission, mature spermatozoa travel along a lengthy duct system,
where they are mixed with the secretions of accessory glands. The
mixture created is known as semen.
 During ejaculation, semen is expelled from the body
In adult females,
 The ovaries, or female gonads, release only one immature gamete,
called an oocyte. one oocyte is released each month.
 This oocyte travels along one of two short uterine tubes, which end
in the muscular organ called the uterus.
 If a sperm reaches the oocyte and starts the process of fertilization,
the oocyte matures into an ovum.
 If fertilization occurs, the uterus will enclose and support a
developing embryo as it grows into a fetus and prepares for birth.
A. Male Reproductive System
B. Female Reproductive System
TOPIC OUTLINE
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
Posisi testis selama kehamilan
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Penis
Is the anatomically male compulsory
organ.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Glans Penis
Is the sensitive bulbous structure at the
distal end of the penis.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
Testes
Also known as the testicles are the
anatomically male gonads, the organ
that produce:
- Sperm cells in seminiferous tubules
- Androgen (testosteron) in Leydig cells
- Secretion of inhibin, a negative control
of FSH production
Interstitial cells = Leydig cells  produce hormone
Nurse cells = Sertolli cells  nurture sperms
Spermatogonium = male gametes
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Scrotum
Is a pouch like structure that hangs
behind the penis. It holds and protect
the testes. It contains dartos and
cremastor muscle to maintain testicular
temperatures.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Epididymis
Is a whitish mass of tightly coiled tubes
cupped against the testicles. It acts as a
maturation and storage place of sperm
before they pass into the vas deferens,
tubes that carry sperm to the ampullary
gland and prostatic ducts.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Vas deferens
Also known as the sperm duct is a thin
tube approximately 17 inches long that
starts from the epididymus to the pelvic
cavity.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Accessory GlanDs

Three accessory glands provide fluids

that lubricate the duct system and
nourish the sperm cells. They are the
seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, the
bulbourethral glands.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Accessory glands:
1. Seminal Vesicles
(vesikula seminalis) are sac like structures
attached to the vas deferens at one side of
the bladder. They produce a sticky,
yellowish fluid that contains fructose. This
fluids provides sperm cells energy and aid
in their motility.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Accessory glands:
2. Prostate Gland
Surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base
of the urethra, just below the bladder. It is
responsible for the production of prostatic
fluid which contain seminalplasmin, a
protein with antibiotic properties that help
prevent urinary tract infection.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Accessory glands:
3. Bulbo-urethral Glands

Also called cowper glands, are two small

glands located on the sides of the urethra
just below the prostate gland. These glands
produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties
directly into the urethra.
Physiology of Male reproductive
system

Erection- is controlled by
parasympathetic reflex

Ejaculation- when
erection discontinued, sympathetic
reflex takes place and starts ejection
of semen (usually carrying sperm)
from the male reproductive tract.
Physiology of Male reproductive
system
Semen- a liquid mixture of testes
fluid (from leydig cells and epidydymis),
prostate fluid and seminal fluid.
Ejaculation consists of 5 – 25 ml semen
fluid (50 – 30 sperms/ml).

Semen  Mixed in urethra

- Testes = 5%
- Prostate fluid = 30%
- Bulbo-urethral fluid = < 5%
- Seminal vesicle fluid = 60%
Physiology of Male reproductive
system

Spermatogenesis-
production of gametes in
seminiferous tubules.

Steps of spermatogenesis:
- mitosis
- meiosis
- spermiogenesis
 Maturasi
Spermatogenesis
sperma
4 sel anak @
23 kromosom 3. SPERMIOGENESIS
2. MEIOSIS
2 sel anak @
46 kromosom
I & II

1. MITOSIS Spermatozoa
Spermatids (sperm)
Spermatocytes

Spermatogonia
SPERMATOGENESIS
- Mitosis
Spermatogonium (2n) 
1 spermatogoinium (2n)
1 spermatosit primer (2n)

- Meiosis I
Spermatosit primer (2n) 
2 spermatosit sekunder (n)

- Meiosis II
Spermatosit sekunder 
4 spermatid

- Spermiogenesis
Spermatid  spermatozoa
Pematangan sperma
(SPERMIOGENESIS)
A. Male Reproductive System
B. Female Reproductive System
TOPIC OUTLINE
B. Female Reproductive System
a. Internal Genital Organs b. External Genital Organs
Vagina Mons Pubis
Cervix Labia Majora
Uterus Labia Minora
Oviducts Bartholin’s Glands
Ovaries
Clitoris
Reproductive Tract
Posterior view of uterus, uterine ducts and ovaries
Anatomy of feMale Reproductive
System
Vagina
Is a fibro muscular tubular tract leading
from the uterus to the exterior of the
body in female mammals.
Anatomy of feMale Reproductive
System
Cervix
Is the lower, narrow portion of the
uterus where it joins with the top end
of the vagina. It is also called the neck
of the uterus.
Anatomy of feMale Reproductive
System
Uterus
Uterus or womb is the major female
reproductive organ of humans. It
contains three suspensory ligaments
that help stabilize the position of the
uterus and limits its range movement.
Anatomy of feMale Reproductive
System
Endometrium
Is the lining of the uterus.
Anatomy of feMale Reproductive
System
Ovaries
Are small, paired organs that are
located near the lateral walls of the
pelvic cavity. These organs are
responsible for:
 Production of the immature female
gametes (oocytes)
 Secretion of female sex hormones
 Secretion of inhibin, a negative
control of FSH production
Anatomy of feMale Reproductive
System
Oviducts
Oviducts or fallopian tubes are two
tubes leading from the ovary of female
mammals into the uterus.
Anatomy of feMale Reproductive
System
a. Uterosacral
ligaments
•keep the body from moving inferiorly and
interiorly.

b. Round ligaments
•restrict posterior movement of the uterus.

c. Cardinal ligament
•also prevent the inferior movement of the
uterus.
Physiology of feMale Reproductive
System
Pubic Hair- protects the vagina
from infection and is a sign of puberty.

Oogenesis - ovum production,

begins before birth.

Ovulation- the process by which

ovum is released.
 3 polar bodies
oogenesis
1 sel anak @
1 polar body 23 kromosom

1 sel anak @
46 kromosom

2 sel anak @ 2. MEIOSIS I

46 kromosom
Ovum
1. MITOSIS
Secondary Oocytes Pubertas

Primary Oocytes Bayi lahir

Oogonia Janin
 OoGENESIS
- Mitosis
Oogonium (2n) 
1 oogonium (2n)
1 oosit primer (2n)
----SEBELUM LAHIR----

- Meiosis I
Oosit primer (2n) 
1 oosit sekunder (2n)
---PUBERTAS---

- Meiosis II
Oosit sekunder (2n) 
Ovum (n)
--TERTAHAN DI METAFASE—
--SELESAI BILA DIBUAHI SPERMA--
 Siklus Ovarium
dan
Siklus Uterus (Menstruasi)
 Siklus ovarium
FASE FOLIKULAR FASE LUTEAL
 Sebelum ovulasi  Setelah ovulasi
 Tiap oosit primer berada di dalam 1
folikel primordial  Setelah ovum keluar, folikel de graaf
berubah menjadi korpus luteum
 Folikel primordial berubah menjadi (kuning) kemudian menadi korpus
folikel de graaf matang albikans (putih)
 Ovulasi: keluarnya oosit sekunder dari  Korpus luteum menghasilkan
folikel de graaf
hormon progesteron dan sejumlah
 Sel tekal dan sel granulosa bekerja kecil hormon estrogen
sama menghasilkan hormon estrogen
 Siklus uterus
 Disebut juga dengan siklus menstruasi yang terjadi setiap 28 hari

Terdiri dari 3 fase:

 Fase mens  rupturnya dinding endometrium. Umumnya tidak menyebabkan
rasa sakit, namun dismenore dapat terjadi akibat inflamasi dan kontraksi
uterus
 Fase proliferatif  fase pemulihan kondisi endometrium
 Fase sekretori  pembesaran uterus, penyiapan apabila terjadi kehamilan
regulasi
Hormon
pada
wanita
 Pengaruh
Hormon
pada siklus
ovarium dan
siklus
endometrium
video
FERTILISASI
video