11/27/2018 Demosponge - Wikipedia

Demosponge
Demospongiae is the most diverse class in the phylum Porifera. They
include 76.2% of all species of sponges with nearly 8,800 species
Demosponge
worldwide (World Porifera Database).[1] They are predominantly
leuconoid in structure. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting
of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where
spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in
the otherwise similar glass sponges.[2]

The many diverse orders in this class include all of the large sponges.
Most are marine dwellers, but one order (Spongillida) live in freshwater
environments. Some species are brightly colored, with great variety in
Included are the yellow tube sponge,
body shape; the largest species are over 1 m (3.3 ft) across.[2] They
Aplysina fistularis, the purple vase
reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are the only extant
organisms that methylate sterols at the 26-position, a fact used to sponge, Niphates digitalis, the red
identify the presence of demosponges before their first known encrusting sponge, Spiratrella
unambiguous fossils.[3][4] coccinea, and the gray rope sponge,
Callyspongia sp.

Scientific classification
Contents Kingdom: Animalia
Classification and Systematics
Phylum: Porifera
Chaetetids
Class: Demospongiae
Reproduction
Sollas, 1885
Economic importance
Notes Subclasses
References
Heteroscleromorpha
Keratosa
Verongimorpha
Classification and Systematics †Takakkawia
The Demospongiae have an ancient history. The first demosponges may
have appeared during the Precambrian deposits at the end of the
Cryogenian "Snowball Earth" period. Their presence has been indirectly detected by fossilized steroids, called
steranes, hydrocarbon markers characteristic of the cell membranes of the sponges, rather than from direct fossils of
the sponges themselves. They represent a continuous chemical fossil record of demosponges through the end of the
Neoproterozoic.[5] The earliest Demospongiae fossil was discovered in the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3;
approximately 515 Ma) of the Sirius Passet Biota of North Greenland:[6] this single specimen had a spicule assemblage
similar to that found in the subclass Heteroscleromorpha. The earliest sponge-bearing reefs date to the Early
Cambrian (they are the earliest known reef structure built by animals, exemplified by a small bioherm constructed by
archaeocyathids and calcified microbes at the start of the Tommotian stage about 530 Ma, found in southeast
Siberia.[7] A major radiation occurred in the Lower Cambrian and further major radiations in the Ordovician possibly
from the middle Cambrian.[8]

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The Systema Porifera (2002) book (2 volumes)[1] was the result of a collaboration of 45 researchers from 17 countries
led by editors J. N. A. Hooper and R. W. M. van Soest. This milestone publication provided an updated comprehensive
overview of sponge systematics, the largest revision of this group (from genera, subfamilies, families, suborders,
orders and class) since the start of spongiology in the mid-19th century. In this large revision, the extant
Demospongiae were organized into 14 orders that encompassed 88 families and 500 genera. Hooper and van Soest
(2002) gave the following classification of demosponges into orders:

Subclass Homoscleromorpha Bergquist 1978

Homosclerophorida Dendy 1905

Subclass Tetractinomorpha

Astrophorida Sollas 1888

Chondrosida Boury-Esnault & Lopès 1985
Hadromerida Topsent 1894
Lithistida Sollas 1888
Spirophorida Bergquist & Hogg 1969
Subclass Ceractinomorpha Lévi 1953 Monanchora arbuscula
(Poecilosclerida)
Agelasida Verrill 1907
Dendroceratida Minchin 1900
Dictyoceratida Minchin 1900
Halichondrida Gray 1867
Halisarcida Bergquist 1996
Haplosclerida Topsent 1928
Poecilosclerida Topsent 1928
Verongida Bergquist 1978
Verticillitida Termier & Termier 1977

However, molecular and morphological evidence show that the

Homoscleromorpha do not belong in this class. The Homoscleromorpha Geodia barretti (Tetractinellida)
was therefore officially taken out of the Demospongiae in 2012, and
became the fourth class of phylum Porifera.[9]

Morrow & Cárdenas (2015)[10] propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on
molecular data of the last ten years. Some demosponge subclasses and orders are actually polyphyletic or should be
included in other orders, so that Morrow and Cárdenas (2015) officially propose to abandon certain names: these are
the Ceractinomorpha, Tetractinomorpha, Halisarcida, Verticillitida, Lithistida, Halichondrida and Hadromerida.
Instead, they recommend the use of three subclasses: Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha. They retain
seven (Agelasida, Chondrosiida, Dendroceratida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Verongiida) of the 13
orders from Systema Porifera. They recommend to resurrect or upgrade six order names (Axinellida, Merliida,
Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida). Finally, they create seven new orders (Bubarida,
Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida). These added to the recently created
orders (Biemnida and Chondrillida) make a total of 22 orders in the revised classification. These changes are now
implemented in the World Porifera Database[11] part of the World Register of Marine Species.

Subclass Heteroscleromorpha Cárdenas, Pérez, Boury-Esnault, 2012

order Agelasida Verrill, 1907

order Axinellida Lévi, 1953
order Biemnida Morrow et al., 2013
order Bubarida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
order Clionaida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
order Desmacellida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
order Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928
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order Merliida Vacelet, 1979

order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928
order Polymastiida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
order Scopalinida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
order Sphaerocladina Schrammen, 1924
order Spongillida Manconi & Pronzato, 2002
order Suberitida Chombard & Boury-Esnault, 1999
order Tethyida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
order Tetractinellida Marshall, 1876
Chondrosia reniformis
order Trachycladida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
(Chondrosiida)
Heteroscleromorpha incertae sedis
Subclass Verongimorpha Erpenbeck et al., 2012

order Chondrillida Redmond et al., 2013

order Chondrosiida Boury-Esnault et Lopès, 1985
order Verongiida Bergquist, 1978
Subclass Keratosa Grant, 1861

order Dendroceratida Minchin, 1900

order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900

Chaetetids Spongia officinalis (Dictyoceratida)

Chaetetids, more formally called "chaetetid hyper-calcified demosponges"

(West, 2011), are common calcareous fossils composed of fused tubules.
They were previously classified as extinct corals, bryozoans, algae,
stromatoporoids and sclerosponges. The chaetetid skeleton has now been
shown to be of polyphyletic origin and with little systematic value. Extant
chaetetids are also described. This skeleton is now known from three
demosponge orders (Hadromerida, Poecilosclerida, and Agelasida). Fossil
chaetetid hyper-calcified demosponges can only be classified with
information on their spicule forms and the original mineralogy of their
skeletons (West, 2011). Spongilla lacustris (Spongillida)

Reproduction
Spermatocytes develop from the transformation of choanocytes and
oocytes arise from archeocytes. Repeated cleavage of the zygote egg takes
place in the mesohyl and forms a parenchymella larva with a mass of larger
internal cells surrounded by small, externally flagellated cells. The
resulting swimming larva enters a canal of the central cavity and is
expelled with the exhalant current.

Methods of asexual reproduction include both budding and the formation

of gemmules. In budding, aggregates of cells differentiate into small
Fossil chaetetid from the Bird Spring
sponges that are released superficially or expelled through the oscula.
Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of
Gemmules are found in the freshwater family Spongellidae. They are southern Nevada.
produced in the mesohyl as clumps of archeocytes, are surrounded with a
hard layer secreted by other amoebocytes. Gemmules are released when
the parent body breaks down, and are capable of surviving harsh conditions. In a favorable situation, an opening
called the micropyle appears and releases amoebocytes, which differentiate into cells of all the other types.

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Economic importance
The most economically important group of demospongians to human are
the bath sponges. These are harvested by divers and can also be grown
commercially. They are bleached and marketed; the spongin gives the
sponge its softness.

Cross-section of a fossil chaetetid

Notes (Bird Spring Formation, Upper
Carboniferous, Nevada.
1. "World Porifera Database" (http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/).
marinespecies.org. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
2. Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA:
Holt-Saunders International. pp. 105–106. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
3. Brocks, J. J.; Jarrett, A. J. M.; Sirantoine, E.; Kenig, F.; Moczydłowska,
M.; Porter, S.; Hope, J. (2016-03-01). "Early sponges and toxic
protists: possible sources of cryostane, an age diagnostic biomarker
antedating Sturtian Snowball Earth" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/1
0.1111/gbi.12165/abstract). Geobiology. 14 (2): 129–149.
doi:10.1111/gbi.12165 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgbi.12165).
ISSN 1472-4669 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1472-4669). Red volcano sponge (Acarnus
4. Love, Gordon D.; Grosjean, Emmanuelle; Stalvies, Charlotte; Fike, erithacus, Poecilosclerida).
David A.; Grotzinger, John P.; Bradley, Alexander S.; Kelly, Amy E.;
Bhatia, Maya; Meredith, William. "Fossil steroids record the
appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period" (http://w
ww.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature07673). Nature. 457 (7230):
718–721. doi:10.1038/nature07673 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature
07673).
5. Gordon D, Love et al., "Fossil steroids record the appearance of
Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period", Nature, 2009
6. Botting J.P.; Cárdenas P.; Peel J.S. (January 2015). "A crown-group
demosponge from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet Biota, North
Greenland". Palaeontology. 58 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1111/pala.12133 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12133).
7. Riding Robert; Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev (1995). "Structure and 5
thousand years diversity of oldest sponge-microbe reefs: Lower
Cambrian, Aldan River, Siberia". Geology. 23 (7): 649–52.
doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0649:SADOOS>2.3.CO;2 (https://d
oi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281995%29023%3C0649%3ASADOO
S%3E2.3.CO%3B2).
8. Finks, R.M. (1970). "The evolution and ecologic history of sponges
during Palaeozoic times:". Symposium of the Zoological Society of
London. 25: 3–22.
9. Gazave E.; Lapébie P.; Ereskovsky A.; Vacelet J.; Renard E.;
Cárdenas P.; Borchiellini C (2012). "No longer Demospongiae:
Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera".
Hydrobiologia. 687: 3–10. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0842-x(2012) (http
s://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-011-0842-x%282012%29).
10. Morrow Christine; Cárdenas Paco (2015). "Proposal for a revised
classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera)". Frontiers in Zoology.
12: 1–27. doi:10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8(2015) (https://doi.org/10.11
86%2Fs12983-015-0099-8%282015%29).
11. "World Porifera Database" (http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/).

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References
1. ^ J. N. A. Hooper and R. W. M. van Soest (2002). "Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885". Systema Porifera. A
guide to the classification of sponges. New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers.
2. ^ C. Borchiellini; C. Chombard; M. Manuel; E. Alivon; J. Vacelet; N. Boury-Esnault (September 2004). "Molecular
phylogeny of Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution". Mol.
Phylogenet. Evol. 32 (3): 823–37. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.021 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2004.02.
021). PMID 15288059 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15288059).

Barnes, R.S.K. et al. (2001). The Invertebrates: A Synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-04761-5
Bergquist, P. R. Sponges. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1978.
Hickman, C. P. Pages 86–103 in Biology of the Invertebrates. Saint Louis, MO: C.V. Mosely Publishing.
Kozloff, E. N. Pages 74–91 in Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing; 1990.
Kelly-Borges M.; Pomponi S. A. (1994). "Phylogeny and classification of lithistid sponges (Porifera:
Demospongiae): a preliminary assessment using ribosomal DNA sequence comparisons". Molecular Marine
Biology and Biotechnology. 3 (2): 87–103.
Reitner, J. and D. Mehl. 1996. Monophyly of the Porifera. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in
Hamburg. 36: 5–32.
West, R.R. 2011. Part E, Revised, Volume 4, Chapter 2A: Introduction to the fossil hypercalcified chaetetid-type
Porifera (Demospongiae). Treatise Online 20: 1–79.

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