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Disclosure of restrictions
B. Valuation or Allocation
[2]. Inspect lease agreements and ascertain the proper accounting treatment (e.g., capital vs. operating
lease).
D. Existence or Occurrence
To form the basis of an opinion on the fairness of the financial statements, the third generally accepted
fieldwork standard requires the gathering of sufficient competent evidential matter. Substantive tests
are the procedures by which auditors gather this evidential matter. Although the nature, extent, and
timing of substantive tests is a matter of professional judgment, effective client internal control is a
positive influence. Accordingly, the auditor may decide to decrease the amount of substantive testing,
omit certain procedures, and/or schedule interim testing.
Conversely, weak internal control will likely result in increased substantive testing, the need for
additional audit procedures, and/or scheduling testing at or after year-end.
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Tests of transactions
Analytical procedures
Omitted transactions and account understatement (tracing source documents to the books of entry)
Invalid or unsupported transactions and account overstatement (tracing recorded transactions to source
documents).
In analyzing details of account balances, auditors use professional judgment in determining which
accounts to scrutinize. Some of the accounts commonly requiring ‘scrutiny’ are:
Officers’ salaries
Contributions
Analytical procedures include the study and comparison of the relationships between data. This involves
the comparison of current period financial information with:
Expected results
Intra-industry information
Nonfinancial information
Next are examples of substantive testing procedure for cash, receivables, inventory and fixed assets
balances. Read on…
B. Valuation or Allocation
Account balances
Letters of credit
Authorized signatures
C. Completeness
[1]. Obtain bank cutoff statement and determine propriety of year-end outstanding checks and
deposits-in-transit.
[2]. Read or review the financial statements in order to verify disclosure of:
[3]. Trace amounts on trial balance to general ledger control accounts and subsidiary ledger totals.
B. Valuation or Allocation
[1]. Confirm account balances where reasonable and practicable using positive and/or negative
confirmation requests.
[6]. Review collectibility by checking credit ratings (e.g., Dun and Bradstreet ratings).
[9]. Perform tests for omitted and invalid (or unsupported) transactions with respect to subsidiary ledger
account balances.
C. Completeness
D. Existence or Occurrence
[1]. Inspect note agreements.
[3]. Determine pledging and contingent liabilities to bank by using a standard bank confirmation.
[1]. Read or review the financial statements to verify footnote disclosure of:
Pledged inventory
B. Valuation or Allocation
[2]. Recalculate inventory valuation under the full absorption costing method.
[7]. Consider using the services of a specialist to corroborate the valuation of inventory (e.g., a
gemologist to corroborate the valuation of precious stones).
C. Completeness
[1]. Perform cutoff tests for purchases, sales, purchase returns, and sales returns.
[2]. With respect to tagged inventory, perform tests for omitted transactions and tests for invalid
transactions.
D. Existence or Occurrence
[1]. Observe client inventory counts.
Disclosure of restrictions
B. Valuation or Allocation
[2]. Inspect lease agreements and ascertain the proper accounting treatment (e.g., capital vs. operating
lease).
C. Completeness
D. Existence or Occurrence