Parameter Symbol

Units = Inches

Spring outer diameter OD

Spring inner diameter ID

Spring index C

Spring Pitch P

Pitch Angle IN Ra λ

Wahl factor
W
(Stress Correction Factor)

Shear stress at spring body (corrected

with Wahl factor)- used for unprestressed τmax
springs

Shear stress at spring body (uncorrected τs

)- used for prestressed springs

Spring rate
k
(Spring Engineering Constant)
NOTE: In spring calculations, a gravitational acceleration of 9806.65mm/s2, is used.
 Formula Value units

D outer 7.35 in

DMean= Douter - d 7.25 in

d 0.10 in
Na 7.00 -

OD=D outer + d 7.35 in

ID = D outer -d 7.14 in

C = D/d 69.45 -

Refer Pitch Formula 0.16 in

Tan-1 (P/πD) 0.01 rad

4C-1 0.615
W = -------- + ------------ 1.02 -
4C-4 C

8FD
Ƭ = W ---------- 384.21 Lbs/in2
π d3

2C+1 8FD
Ƭ = -------- × ------------ 379.45 Lbs/in2
2C π d3

d4G
k = -------- 0.06 Lbs/in
8D3Na
ration of 9806.65mm/s2, is used.
 Parameter Symbol

Nt 9.00

Free Length Lf 1.31

Force F

Wire Length of one coil L wire

Total Spring wire length L total

Spring Travel

Pitch Angle IN deg DEG

Torsional Shear Stress SS

Poisson’s ratio, ν

Young's modulus of material E

Shear modulus of material G

 Formula Values units

in

K(Lf - L solid) 0.02 Lbf

πxD 22.75 in

L wire x Nt 204.76 in

1Rad × 180/π 0.40 Deg

8XFXD
----------------- 376.74 Lbs/in2
π d3

Poisson's ratio of material -

initial slope of σ t − ε t curve = initial slope of σ -

n − ε n curve.

E
-------- 11200000.00 psi
2(1 + v)
 List of Parameters

Symbol Definition Parameter

OD Spring outer diameter Total coils [Nt]

ID Spring inner diameter Free height [Lf]

Douter Spring outer diameter Solid height [Ls]

D Spring mean diameter Pitch [p]

d Wire diameter

P Pitch

E Young's modulus of material

v Poisson ratio of material G-Value for Common

Lf Spring free length Music Wire

Ls Spring solid height Stainless Steel

F Force Phospher Bronze

Fs Force at solid length Monel

Na Active coils Inconel

ΔF Force difference (Ex: F2-F1) Copper

Δx Deflection (Ex: L2-L1) Beryllium Copper
Nt Total coils
 TYPE OF SPRING ENDS

Open or plain (Not Open or plain

Values Values
ground) (Ground)
Na 7 Na+1 8

pNa+d p(Na+1)

d(Nt+1) 1.0433070866 dNt 0.938976378

(Lf - d) / Na 0.1723847019 Lf / (Na+1) 0.1638779528

Guidelines for Dimensional Characteristics of Compression Springs

Source : From Design Handbook [Ref 1] page 32

Value for Common Spring Materials

11.5 x 10^6 11500000.00

11.2*10^6 11200000.00

5.9 x 10^6 5900000.00

9.6 x 10^6 9600000.00

11.5 x 10^6 11500000.00

6.5 x 10^6 6500000.00

6.9 x 10^6 6900000.00
SPRING ENDS

Squared or closed (Not Squared or closed

Values Values
ground) (Ground
Na+2 9 Na+2 9

pNa+3d pNa+2d

d(Nt+1) 1.0433070866 dNt 0.938976378

(Lf -3d) / Na 0.142575928 (Lf -2d) / Na 0.157480315

ristics of Compression Springs

book [Ref 1] page 32

Plain end Plain and ground Squared Squared and ground