CVEN 550C

Advanced Design of Concrete Structures

Submitted by:
Dinesha Kuruppuarachchi
Nahid Farzana
Oluwatobi Babarinde
 Designed Checked Drawing
Section properties DK NF OB
Loads DK, NF OB
Prestress Force & Losses OB NF OB
Transfer length & Development length OB NF
Working Stress Design (WSD) OB NF
Flexural Strength Design NF OB
Vertical Shear design OB NF
Horizontal Shear Design DK NF
Camber & Deflection NF DK
RISA Model NF DK
Report Writing NF/OB OB

1
 Table of Contents
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 3

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 4

Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 5

Objective ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 6

Materials and Load Details ........................................................................................................... 8

Section Properties .......................................................................................................................... 9

Live Load Distribution Factor (DF) Calculation ...................................................................... 10

RISA analysis ............................................................................................................................... 11

Calculation of Prestressing Forces ............................................................................................. 16

Calculation of Losses ................................................................................................................... 19

Working Stress Design ................................................................................................................ 20

Strength Design ............................................................................................................................ 24

Shear Design ................................................................................................................................. 25

Camber and Deflection ................................................................................................................ 28

2
 List of Figures

Figure 1: Bridge Elevation ........................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2: Cross-section of the bridge .......................................................................................... 6

Figure 3: Sections of the exterior and interior beams ............................................................... 9

Figure 4: HL-93 Load condition ................................................................................................ 12

Figure 5: Unfactored Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram for Beam self-weight ... 14

Figure 6: Unfactored Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram for Slab & Haunch

weight ........................................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 7: Unfactored Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram for HL-93 loading ........ 14

Figure 8: Summary Graph of Shear and Moment .................................................................. 15

Figure 9: Tension-Compression in the Beam ........................................................................... 16

Figure 10: Strand details of the Box Beam ............................................................................... 18

Figure 11: Steel stress diagram.................................................................................................. 20

Figure 12: Stress at different section of the beam .................................................................... 20

Figure 13: Summary graph of stress at release ........................................................................ 23

3
 List of Tables

Table 1: Properties of Composite Section................................................................................... 9

Table 2: Live Load Distribution Factor for moment and shear in Interior Beams .............. 10

Table 3: Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments for the Interior Beam ............... 13

Table 4: Stress at different stages of loading of the bridge ..................................................... 16

4
Introduction

The goal of this project is to perform the beam design of the following simple span highway
bridge shown in Figure 1, in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,
Seventh Edition, 2014. This bridge uses adjacent box precast prestressed concrete beams and
Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Deck slab. We take the unit weight of the HMA layer to be the same as
that of concrete as an approximation, however we assume the deck contributes in no way
structural strength of the system and no composite section therefore evaluated.

Figure 1: Bridge Elevation

The bridge is 85ft long from reference line A to reference line B. The bridge has 6 adjacent box
1
beams, which are 33”x48” in dimension and 2 " apart from each other, spanning 24’-11” in
4

total.

5
 Figure 2: Cross-section of the bridge

Objective

To design the interior beam for the given loads and material properties for the specified highway
bridge following the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
This report will contain the following items after completion of the project:

1. Calculation report summarizing the analysis

2. Design details of an interior beam
3. Moment and shear at tenth points of the beam
4. Section properties for the beam
5. Prestress losses
6. Working Stress Design at release and at service
7. Strength Design for flexure and shear at critical sections
8. Camber and Deflection.

Methodology

To perform the beam design, section properties of the beam was obtained using AutoCAD, while
slab and haunch were hand-calculated. Model for the bridge was made in RISA for the analysis.

6
An 83’ long design span was considered to design in RISA assuming the beam is supported on a
12 in bearing pad on both ends and additional 6 in was allowed at both ends for diaphragms.
Dead load from the slab, beam, wearing surface and barrier were applied on the beam span. HL-
93 moving load was considered for the design. Lane and truck load were considered as Live load
and applied separately. Live Load distribution factor for moment and shear were calculated
according to AASHTO specification. Moment and shear value for the beam was taken from
RISA analysis. The larger value was taken for design.

7
Materials and Load Details

Material:
Normal weight Concrete : fc’ = 8.0 ksi at 28 days
Assume fci’ = 6.8 ksi
Low relaxation strands : Grade 270, 0.6” diameter
Reinforcement : Grade 60
Slab: Asphalt deck
Concrete strength, fc’ = 4.0 ksi
Thickness = 4”
Future wearing surface = 2”
Haunch = 0.5”
Barrier = 0.3 kip/ft, New Jersey Style
Loads:
Dead load : 0.3 kips/ft./side for barrier weight
Live load : HL-93
Self-weight:
Beam : 0.837 kip/ft
Slab + Haunch : 0.226 kip/ft
F.W.S. : 0.096 kip/ft
Barrier : 0.1 kips/ft/beam
Design Span:
Beams: Simple span
Overall length : 85 ft at the longest end
Design length : 83 ft
We assume, this longest span as the length of the interior beam of interest.

8
Section Properties

Box Girder:

Figure 3: Sections of the exterior and interior beams

For the interior beam shown in Figure 3, section properties are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Properties of Composite Section

Sections Atr yb A yb ybc = Ayb/ Atr A (ybc-yb)2 I I+A(ybc-yb)2

(in2) (in) (in3) (in) (in4) (in4)

Beam 803.5 16.6 13338.1 13338.1 10285 114783.9
Haunch 23 33.25 764.75 20.18 764.75 25428 0
Deck 168 35.5 5964 5964 211722 224
Total 994.5 20066.85 362443

9
Live Load Distribution Factor (DF) Calculation
Distribution Factor for moment and shear is calculated according to section 4 in AASHTO
specification.
The distribution factor can be used for girders if meet the following conditions:
a) Width of deck is constant, 22’
b) Number of beams ≥ 4; there are 6 beams.

c) Curvature ≤ specified in 4.6.2.14; Straight.

d) Cross-section matches with one given in LRFD specification; Type g.

e) The overhang of the roadway from outside of the web, de ≤ 3ft.

f) Beams are parallel and approximately same stiffness.

Number of lane calculation

22 ft is clear roadway width.
22
Number of design lanes= = 2 lanes.
12

DF for moment (Interior Beam)

Distribution factor for moment and shear were calculated using the formula from Article
4.6.2.2.2 and 4.6.2.2.3 respectively. The equation for one lane and two lane loaded condition are
shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Live Load Distribution Factor for moment and shear in Interior Beams
Type One lane loaded Two lanes loaded Range of Value for Our
Applicability case
𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼
DF for k( )0.6 ( )0.25 k(305)0.6 (12.0 𝐿𝐿)0.2 (𝐽𝐽)0.06 One Two
Moment 33.3 𝐿𝐿 𝐽𝐽 35 ≤ b ≤ 60 lane lanes
20 ≤ L ≤ 120
5 ≤ Nb ≤ 20 0.192 0.292
k= 2.5 (Nb)-0.2 ≥ 1.5
DF for 𝑏𝑏 0.15 𝐼𝐼 0.05 𝑏𝑏 0.4 𝑏𝑏 0.1
𝐼𝐼 0.05 𝑏𝑏 35 ≤ b ≤ 60
� � � � � � � � � �
Shear 130 𝐿𝐿 𝐽𝐽 156 12.0 𝐿𝐿 𝐽𝐽 48 20 ≤ L ≤ 120 0.427 0.437
5 ≤ Nb ≤ 20
𝑏𝑏
≥ 1.0 25,000 ≤ J ≤ 610,000
48
40,000 ≤ I ≤ 610,000

10
Where,
b = width of beam
Nb = Number of beams
J = St. Venant’s torsional inertia
I = Moment of inertia of beam
L = Span of beam
In this project,
b = 46 in.
L = 85 ft
Nb = 6
4𝐴𝐴2𝑜𝑜 4𝑥𝑥11072
J= 𝑠𝑠 = 21 46 = 206536.34 in4
∑ 2𝑥𝑥� �+2𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑡𝑡 5 6

I = 114783.9 in4
K = 2.5x 6-0.2 = 1.747 > 1.5
Using all the values above, we get the DFM and DFV shown in Table 2. Distribution factor for
moment and shear were calculated using the formula from Article 4.6.2.2.2 and 4.6.2.2.3
respectively. The equation for one lane and two lane loaded condition are shown in Table 2.
Table 2, where factor for Two lanes controls in both cases.
So, DFM = 0.292 and DFV= 0.437 are used for Moving Load Combination in RISA analysis.

RISA analysis
A model in RISA was made considering an 85ft long simple span beam. Dead load includes
beam self-weight, slab weight, Haunch, barrier and future wearing surface weight. According to
AASHTO, HL-93 is considered as Live load, illustrated in Figure 4. Distribution Factor
calculated (shown in Table 2) was applied to the Live load and Lane load. 33% Impact factor is
also applied to the live load.

11
 Figure 4: HL-93 Load condition

Three loading case is considered for live load as following:

i. Single Truck loading
ii. Double truck loading
iii. Two tandem loading.
For both moment and shear, two tandem loading controls. Moment and shear value for tandem
loading is selected to continue with the design. Unfactored shear and moment values are listed in
Table 3 .

12
Table 3: Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments for the Interior Beam

Locations Beam weight Deck + Haunch weight Barrier weight Future wearing HL-93 live load
surface envelope
(simple span) (simple span) (simple span) (simple span) (simple span)
Distance Section Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment
x (ft) x/L (kip) (kip-ft) (kips) (kip-ft) (kip) (kip-ft) (kip) (kip-ft) (kip) (kip-ft)
0 0 34.74 0 9.34 0 4.15 0 3.98 0 57.47 0
2.4 0.0 32.71 75.90 8.80 20.50 3.91 9.07 3.75 8.71 55.15 82.22
8.3 0.1 27.79 259.47 7.5 70.06 3.32 31 3.19 29.76 49.55 281.07
16.6 0.2 20.84 461.29 5.63 124.55 2.49 55.11 2.39 52.91 41.27 486.21
24.9 0.3 13.89 605.44 3.75 163.48 1.66 72.34 1.59 69.44 33.35 621.24
33.2 0.4 6.95 691.93 1.88 186.83 0.83 82.67 0.8 79.36 25.07 686.15
41.5 0.5 0 720.76 0 194.61 0 86.11 0 82.67 17.15 675.13
49.8 0.6 6.95 691.93 1.88 186.83 0.83 82.67 0.8 79.36 25.07 686.15
58.1 0.7 13.89 605.44 3.75 163.48 1.66 72.34 1.59 69.44 33.35 621.24
66.4 0.8 20.84 461.29 5.63 124.55 2.49 55.11 2.39 52.91 41.27 486.21
74.7 0.9 27.79 259.47 7.5 70.06 3.32 31 3.19 29.76 49.55 281.07
83 1.0 34.74 0 9.34 0 4.15 0 3.98 0 57.47 0
Maximum moment occurred in the mid span of the beam for the dead loads and shear at the end
of the beam, as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. For moving load HL-93, shear force and moment
diagram is as shown in Figure 7 .

Figure 5: Unfactored Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram for Beam self-weight

Figure 6: Unfactored Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram for Slab &
Haunch weight

Figure 7: Unfactored Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram for HL-93 loading

Summary of Shear and moment for Beam, Slab and Haunch, Barrier, Future Wearing Surface,
and Moving load is plotted in graph as shown in Figure 8.
 Shear Force
Shear force for beam Shear for slab+haunch
Shear for barrier Shear for FWS
Shear for HL-93
80
60
40
20
V (kips)

0
-20 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0
-40
-60
-80
Location (ft)

Moments
Moment for beam Moment for slab+haunch
Moment for barrier Moment for FWS
Moment for HL-93
800

600
M (k-ft)

400

200

0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0
Location (ft)

Figure 8: Summary Graph of Shear and Moment

15
Calculation of Prestressing Forces

Service III Controlling

We find the bending stress due to applied load.
In our case, all load applied are acting on a non-composite box-beam.
𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏 + 𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠 + 𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 0.8𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝐼
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 =
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏
For the single span bridge, the maximum moments occur at midspan (0.5L)

Figure 9: Tension-Compression in the Beam

Table 4: Stress at different stages of loading of the bridge

Moment Sb F=M/S
(kip-in) (in3) (ksi)
Girder moment, Mg 8649.12 6914.69 1.251
Slab & haunch moment, MS+H 2335.32 6914.69 0.338
Barrier moment, MB 1033.32 6914.69 0.149
Wearing surface moment, MFWS 992.04 6914.69 0.143
Live load moment, 0.8MLL+IM 6481.25 6914.69 0.937
Total 2.819

16
Allowable tensile stress in Service III (LRFD Table 5.9.4.2.2-1)
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 = 0.19(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ )0.5 = 0.537 ksi
The applied load causes a TENSION of 2.819 ksi
The allowable tension is 0.537 ksi
Therefore, the minimum compressive stress at the bottom of the beam due to prestressing After
losses: fpb = 2.819 ksi - 0.537 ksi = 2.281 ksi, Compression.
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ≤ +
𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏
The eccentricity and effective prestressing in the equation above are unknowns.
Assuming the centroid of the prestressing tendons will be 3" from the bottom
e = yb -3” = 16.6” – 3” = 13.6 in
A = 803.5 *Sb = 6914.63 in3
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 × 13.6 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ≤ +
803 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2 6914.63 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛3

Ppe ≥ 710.406 kips, after losses.

Initial Stress in strands = 0.75 fpu = 0.75x270 = 202.5 ksi
Typical prestress loss experienced are between 15-30%. Assuming a 16% loss because we have a
box beam,
Effective stress after 16% loss:
fpe = 0.84x202.5 = 170.1 ksi
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 710.406 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≥ 4.18 in2
𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 ≥ =
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 170.1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

The area of each 0.6" strand = 0.217 in2

No. of strands = 4.18/0.217 = 19.3
Use 21 strands because of strand pattern requirement for beam section
Eccentricity, e = yb – 2” = 16.6” – 2” = 14.6”
Based on the strand pattern, the centroid is 2” in. from the bottom of beam as shown in
Figure 10.

17
Figure 10: Strand details of the Box Beam
Calculation of Losses
Prestress losses
1. Elastic Shortening
𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝
△fpES = fcgp
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒2𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑔 𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑐

fcgp = + +
𝐴𝐴 I I

Assuming initial loss is 5% for Box Beam, initial pull stress, fpi = 0.75fpu = 0.75*270 = 202.5 ksi
Pi = no. of strands x strand area x (1-0.05) x initial pull stress = 21x 0.217x (1-0.05) x 202.5
= 876.65 kips
876.65 2 8649.12𝑥𝑥14.6
876.65𝑥𝑥14.6
fcgp = + + = 1.619 ksi
803.5 114783.9 114783.9

Ep = 28500 ksi
Ec = 33000(w)1.5(f’ci)0.5 = 33000 x (0.15)1.5x (6.8)0.5 = 4999.25 ksi
28500
△fpES = x 1.619 = 9.23 ksi
4999.25
9.23
Loss = x100 = 4.56% < 5%
202.5

2. Creep & shrinkage

Approximate method
△fpT =△fpES + △fpLT
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
△fpLT = 10 γh γst + 12γh γst + △fPR
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔

γh = 1.7 – 0.01H = 1.7 – 0.01x70 = 1

5
γst = ′ = 0.641
1+ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

For low relaxation strand, ∆fpr = 2.5 ksi

202.5𝑥𝑥 4.56
△fpLT = 10 x1x0.641 + 12x1x0.641 + 2.5 = 17.55 ksi
803.5
Total loss, △fpT = 17.55 + 9.23 = 26.78 ksi
Loss = 26.78/202.5 *100 = 13.23 % <16%
fpe = Initial stress- △fpT = 175.72 ksi
Ppe = no. strand x strand area x fpe = 800.74 kips
Working Stress Design
Transfer Length
Stress is transferred from the prestressing steel to the concrete through bond.
Transfer length is the bonded length needed to develop service level
stresses in the prestressing steel, fpe.

Figure 11: Steel stress diagram

db = strand diameter = 0.6”

Figure 12: Stress at different section of the beam

20
 LRFD Table 5.9.4.1.2-1 limits tensile stresses in areas NOT in the precompressed tensile
zone. With bonded steel:
𝑓 0.24 𝑓
Without bonded steel:
𝑓 0.0948 𝑓 0.2𝑘𝑠𝑖

LRFD Table 5.9.4.1.2-1 limits compressive stresses in the precompressed tensile zone.
𝑓 0.6𝑓

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙 60𝑑 60 0.6 36" 3.0𝑓𝑡

Self weight moment at transfer length:
𝑤𝑥 𝐿 𝑥
𝑀
2
Mg = 101.693 k-ft = 1220.316 k-in
This calculation uses the overall length of 84’ as it is assumed the beam cambers up on release
and sits on its ends.

Top @ Transfer Length:

𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀 𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀
𝑓
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆 𝐴 𝑆 𝑆
𝑃 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 0.217𝑖𝑛 ∗ 1 𝐸𝑆 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓
Pi = 876.65 kips
876.65𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 14.6 𝑖𝑛 101.7𝑘. 𝑓𝑡 12𝑖𝑛/𝑓𝑡
𝑓 876.65 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
803.5𝑖𝑛 6999.02 𝑖𝑛 6999.02 𝑖𝑛
𝑓 -0.563 ksi (Tension)
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 0.24 𝑓 -0.62584 ksi (Tension)
Tension is below limit. OKAY
Bottom @ Transfer Length
𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀
𝑓
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆
876.65𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 14.6 𝑖𝑛 101.7𝑘. 𝑓𝑡 12𝑖𝑛/𝑓𝑡
876.65 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
803.5𝑖𝑛 6914.7 𝑖𝑛 6914.7 𝑖𝑛
𝑓 2.766 ksi (Compression)
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 0.6𝑓 4.08 ksi (Compression)
Compression is below limit. OKAY
Because the top and bottom stressses are below the respective limits,
there is no need for harping or strand debonding to control stresses.

STRESSES AT MIDSPAN
Top @ Midspan:
Mg = 738.216 k-ft = 8858.588 k-in
𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀
𝑓
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆
876.65𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 14.6 𝑖𝑛 8858.6 𝑘 𝑖𝑛
𝑓 876.65 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
803.5𝑖𝑛 6999.02 𝑖𝑛 6999.02 𝑖𝑛
𝑓 0.528 ksi (Compression)
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 0.6𝑓 4.08 ksi (Compression)
Compression stress is below limit. OKAY

21
 Bottom @ Midspan
𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀
𝑓
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆
876.65𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 14.6 𝑖𝑛 8858.6 𝑘 𝑖𝑛
𝑓 876.65 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
803.5𝑖𝑛 6914.7 𝑖𝑛 6914.7 𝑖𝑛
𝑓 1.661 ksi (Compression)
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 0.6𝑓 4.08 ksi (Compression)
Compression stress is below limit. OKAY

SERVICE LEVEL STRESSES

Prestressed concrete needs to be checked under service stresses.

We check for:

Service I: which applies to the compression side of the beam and

to the deck. Our deck is not checked since the HMA does not
form a composite with the box beams

Service III: applies to the precompressed tensile zone

In both cases, the midspan is the critical span. The design length
(83 ft) is used.

Bottom of beam @ Midspan - All loads Service III:

𝑃 𝑃 𝑒 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 0.8𝑀
𝑓
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆
Ppe = 800.74 kips A= 803.5 in^2 Sb = 6914.693 in^3
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 0.19√𝑓 -0.537 ksi
800.7𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 800.7𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 14.6𝑖𝑛 8649.12 2335.32 1033.32 992.04 6481.25 𝑘 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 2 3
803.5𝑖𝑛 6914.7 𝑖𝑛 6914.7 𝑖𝑛3
𝑓 -0.132 ksi OK

Top of beam @ Midspan - Permanent loads Service I:

𝑃 𝑃 𝑒 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
𝑓
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆

St = 6999.018 in^3
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 0.45√𝑓 3.6 ksi
800.7𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 800.7𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 14.6𝑖𝑛 8649.12 2335.32 1033.32 992.04 6481.25 𝑘 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡 2 3
803.5𝑖𝑛 6914.7 𝑖𝑛 6914.7 𝑖𝑛3
𝑓 1.185 ksi OK

Top of beam @ Midspan - All loads Service I:

𝑃 𝑃 𝑒 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
𝑓
𝐴 𝑆 𝑆
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 0.6√𝑓 4.8 ksi
800.7𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 800.7𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 14.6𝑖𝑛 8649.12 2335.32 1033.32 992.04 8101.56  𝑘 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡
803.5𝑖𝑛2 6914.7 𝑖𝑛3 6914.7 𝑖𝑛3
𝑓 1.281 ksi OK

22
 STRESS AT RELEASE ft(ksi)

5.000 fb(ksi)

Tension Limit
4.000
Compression Limit
Stress (ksi) +ve = compression

3.000 Series5

2.000

1.000

0.000
-6 4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84

-1.000
x (ft)

Figure 13: Summary graph of stress at release

23
Strength Design
Flexure Design
Assume, the compression stress block lies within the top flange of the beam, a ≤ 6.5”
Because there is no concrete slab deck and asphalt will not prevent much c
For equilibrium, compression = tension
 0.85 f’c ab = Aps fps
For rectangular section behavior,
𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
c= 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
0.85 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝛽𝛽1 𝑏𝑏+𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝

For 20 no. of 0.6” dia. strands, Aps = 21*0.217 = 4.56 in2

fpu = 270 ksi
dp = beam depth - ybs
= 33– 2 = 31 in.
Since, fc’>4 ksi, β1 = 0.85-0.05 x (8-4) = 0.65
4.56𝑥𝑥270
c= 270 = 5.74 in. from top
(0.85𝑥𝑥8𝑥𝑥0.65𝑥𝑥46)+{0.28𝑥𝑥4.56𝑥𝑥� �}
31

a = β1 c = 0.65* 5.74 = 3.73 in. < 6.5 in.

𝑐𝑐 5.74
Approximate stress in steel, fps = fpu (1-k ) = 270 (1- 0.28* ) = 256.01 ksi
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 31

𝑎𝑎
Mn = Aps fps (dp – ) = 4.56x256.01x(31-3.73/2) = 33989.81 k-in = 2832.48 k-ft
2
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 −𝑐𝑐
εt = ( )* 0.003 = 0.087 > 0.005
𝑐𝑐

Tension is in control.
φ = 1.0
At midspan, Mu = 1.25DC+1.5DW+1.75(LL+IM) = 2557.33 k-ft
Mu < φMn.

24
 Shear Strength Design
The beam is design using the sectional model per section 5.8.3 of AASHTO LRFD. The beam is
divided into sections:
- The critical section for shear: which is at a dsitance dv the face of the support in this case
- Every 0.1L section.
There are no harp points here.

𝑎
𝑑 𝑑
2
𝑑 𝑑 31 in a= 3.73 in
𝑑 29.14 in
0.9𝑑 27.90 in
0.72ℎ 23.76 in
𝑑 0.9𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.72ℎ. 𝑂𝐾𝐴𝑌
𝑀 1.25𝐷𝑊 1.5𝐷𝐶 1.75𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝑀
= 288.8 k-ft
𝑉 1.25𝐷𝑊 1.5𝐷𝐶 1.75𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝑀
= 158.9 kips
Assume minimum stirrups and that the section is CRACKED
.
𝜖
Vp = 0. There are no harped strands
Mu/dv = 118.94 kips < Vu-Vp = 158.9 kips
So Mu/dv = 158.9 kips
Nu = 0. No externally applied axial load
fpo = 0.7fpu= 189 ksi
2
Aps = 4.557 in All the 21 strands are on the tension side
As = 0. There is no reinforcement bars
. . .
𝜖
.

𝜖 -0.00418
The negative value implies that the section is in fact CRACKED contrary to the original
assumption. We can recalculate the value to include the uncracked concrete contribution or assume
zero. We take 𝜖 = 0.

For beams with at least minimum stirrups:

4.8
𝛽 = 4.8
1 750𝜖
𝜃 29 3500𝜖 29 degress
𝑉 0.0316𝛽 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑
𝑉 0.0316 4.8 8𝑘𝑠𝑖 10" 29.14" 125.0 kips
bv = 5"+5" 10 in - the sum of the thickness of both webs.
𝜙 0.9
𝑉
𝑉, 𝑉 𝑉
𝜙
158.9𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 51.6 kips
𝑉, 125.0𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 0
0.9

25
 Maximum spacing of stirrups (AASHTO LRFD 5.8.2.7)
|𝑉 𝜙𝑉 |
𝑣
𝜙𝑏 𝑑
|158.9𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 0| 0.606 ksi
𝑣
0.9 10" 29.14"
vu = 0.606 ksi < 0.125fc' = 1.000 ksi
smax = 24" or 0.8dv = 23.31 "
Use 24 in

Minimum area of stirrups (AASHTO LRFD 5.8.2.5-1)

0.0316 𝑓 𝑏 𝑠
𝐴 ,
𝑓
2
0.0316 8𝑘𝑠𝑖 10" 24" 0.36 in
𝐴 ,
60𝑘𝑠𝑖
fy = 60 ksi
2
#4 double leg stirrups at 24 in (Av = 0.4 in )

𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 cot 𝜃 cot 𝛼 sin 𝛼

𝑉
𝑠
𝛼 90°
0.4𝑖𝑛 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 29.14" co𝑡29° cot 90° sin 90°
𝑉
24"
𝑉 52.6 kips > 𝑉, 51.6 kips

2
Use #4 double leg stirrups at 24 in (Av = 0.4 in )
The same is required at every 0.1L section of the beam

Shear strength limit check (AASHTO LRFD 5.8.3.3):

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 0.25𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 𝑉
0.25𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 582.7 kips
𝑉 𝑉 177.6 kips OK

Minimum Longitudinal Steel:

The provided longitudinal steel in the beam must the following minimum
tension:
𝑀 𝑁 𝑉
𝑇 0.5 0.5𝑉 𝑉 cot 𝜃
𝜙𝑑 𝜙 𝜙

𝑇 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴 𝑓
Per Section 5.8.3.5, the provision applies to locations where a simply
supported girders are made continuous for live loads. This is unapplicable
to our simple span bridge.

26
Horizontal Shear
Vu1 = 1.25DC+ 1.5DW + 1.75(LL+IM) = 107.03 kips
Vui = Vu1/dv = 107.03/29.14 = 3.67 k/in
The vertical shear reinforcement was previously calculated to be #4@24inches.
Shear width is bvi =46inches as this is the width of the top of the girder.
If Lvi = 24 inches,
Vni = cAcv + μ[Avf fy + Pc]
Acv = 46x24= 1104 in2
We assume the parameters for cast-in-place concrete slab on clean concrete girder surfaces for
our asphalt deck,
c = 0.28
μ = 1.0
K1 = 0.3
K2 = 1.8 ksi for normal weight concrete
1.3 ksi for light-weight concrete
Vni = (0.28x1104) + 1.0 x [0.4x60+0] = 333.12 kips
Vri = φVni = 0.9x 333.12= 299.81kips
The nominal shear resistance Vni used in the design shall not be greater than the lesser of:
Vni ≤ K1 fc’ Acv or Vni ≤ K2 Acv
 0.3x7x46x12 or 1.8x46x12
 2318.4 kips or 1435.2 kips
Vui = 3.67k/in. x24 in. = 88.16 kips < Vri
Avf = 0.05x 1104/60= 0.92 in2 per 24 in.
So provided reinforcement 0.4 in2 per 24 in. is not sufficient.
Use min. reinforcement instead.
Use #5 double leg stirrups at 12 in spacing (As = 0.31 in2 x 4 = 1.24 in2)

27
Camber and Deflection

𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑐 𝐿𝐿2 𝑒𝑒 ′ 𝑎𝑎2

Camber due to prestressing force at transfer, △p = ( − )
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼 8 6

876.65 (83𝑥𝑥12)2 0𝑥𝑥02

= ( − )
4999.25𝑥𝑥114783.9 8 6

= 2.77 in ↑

5𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 4 5𝑥𝑥0.07𝑥𝑥(83𝑥𝑥12)4
Deflection due to self-weight at release, △g = = = 1.563 in ↓
384𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 384𝑥𝑥4999.25𝑥𝑥114783.9

5𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 4 5𝑥𝑥0.019𝑥𝑥(83𝑥𝑥12)4
Deflection due to slab and haunch, △s = = = 0.553in ↓
384𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 384𝑥𝑥3834.25𝑥𝑥114783.9

Camber at transfer, △transfer = 2.77-1.563 = 1.203 in ↑

Camber at erection = 1.8x2.77-1.85x1.563 = 2.087 in↑

28